Дисертації з теми "Aéronautique – Facteur humain"
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Bernard, Fabien. "Intégration du facteur humain en maintenabilité aéronautique : apports des outils de simulation." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA015.
Maintainability, the entity of the design office anticipates the future maintenance of a product, is interested more and more in Human Factors. To do this, in a multi-disciplinary context with a strong engineering and design focus, the maintenance stakeholders try to understand the future activity of the maintenance operators and anticipate the potential risk exposures only through their specific knowledge. Our research question was formulated in this context as "how to better integrate human factor in the development and design process of maintainability, where the stakeholders are neither trained nor familiarized with the human factor and ergonomics." Four significant axes of this study that was conducted in a French helicopter company are: (1) studying how human factor is already integrated into aviation maintainability; (2) understanding the limitations and strengths of simulation tools (digital human modeling, virtual reality, physical model) widely used for ergonomics purposes; (3) proposing an innovative approach (consists of a methodology and a tool) to improve the integration of human factors into maintainability by non-experts in ergonomics; (4) testing this approach to determine its effectiveness on the design process in the maintainability department. These axes allowed us to answer our research questions and thus contribute to the improvement of the human factor integration in maintainability
Constans, Florian. "Méthodologie de conception d'un système d'assistance au pilotage, application à l'aéronautique civile : sécurisation des phases d'approche et d'atterrissage." Toulouse, ISAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0015.
Doniat, Christophe. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie d'analyse systématique des vols centrée facteur humain : le système S-ethos." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30081.
Steiner, Kelly. "Étude des mécanismes du contrôle sensorimoteur pour la spécification de nouvelles métriques d'évaluation du coût cognitif." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS064.
In the field of aeronautics, and particularly in neuro-ergonomics, assessment of the cognitive load on pilots is essential to reduce flight risks and improve the design/understanding of cockpit elements (flight controls, pilot aids). The complexity of the piloting task (sensorimotor and cognitive aspects) determines the workload associated with different flight situations, through flight qualities. The latter can be defined as the ease with which an aircraft can be controlled by the pilot. This notion of ease is assessed by the pilot's cognitive workload when controlling the aircraft's movement. There are various types of measures of this cognitive load, such as subjective, physiological or performance measures, but it is mainly subjective measures that are used. All these measures of cognitive load have their advantages and limitations in aeronautical applications, where the environment is highly demanding and constraining. Thus, a pilot action control approach could be complementary to these more particularly subjective measures of workload.To establish an activity-dependent measure, it is necessary to have a detailed, multi-level understanding of the action control mechanisms associated with variation in cognitive load. This approach could improve the limitations of some existing measures. In this context, Fitts' law represents an interesting tool for studying motor behavior during movement execution in conditions with standardized environments involving variations in cognitive load. With this method, it is possible to characterize the relationship between certain motor control mechanisms and the measure of cognitive load associated with the task.The aim of this thesis is to provide metrics for assessing cognitive load, based on the modeling and characterization of motor control mechanisms observed in stick activity. This study is conducted by investigating the relationship between aspects of motor control (kinematics, electromyography) and the measurement of cognitive load (NASA-TLX questionnaire) across different levels of environmental constraints.To establish this approach, we had the following objectives: (1) to characterize the relationship between task difficulty, motor control and movement optimality (kinematics, EMG), (2) to characterize the relationship between the different levels of movement analysis and measures of workload more classically used in the field of ergonomics (NASA-TLX), then to describe their sensitivity to task difficulty, (3) to evaluate our metrics in the context of an ecological helicopter flight situation. To address the first two thesis objectives, we carried out an initial laboratory experiment. This experiment was a classic Fitts reciprocal pointing task. To meet the last objective, we carried out flight tests involving an ADS33 maneuver similar to a Fitts task in the field
Bourgy, Marthe. "L'adaptation cognitive et l’improvisation dans les environnements dynamiques : pour une intégration de l’expérience sensible dans les modèles de l’activité experte." Paris 8, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA084127.
Dealing with the unexpected is now a major concern in complex systems. The role of improvisation in this form of adaptation is recognized in the literature. This thesis tries to clarify the nature of improvisation at the individual level. The applied goal is to improve expert decision making in unforeseen situations. The thesis points a limit of the cognitive approach of adaptation. In this view, a relevant representation of the situation at stake is a prerequisite to adaptive decision making. But such appropriate representations are difficult to build in unforeseen situations because structuring schemas are lacking and attentional resources are too limited to process all the available information. Moreover, the cognitive control function cannot entirely solve the relevance problem because it is based on representations as well. To go out of this deadlock, it is proposed to extend the cognitive model of adaptation. Rooted in sensitive experience, intuition is situated below the level of representation. It can catch both the global and unique nature of experienced situations. Consequently, anchoring the cognitive system in sensitive experience could help this one to select relevant information in unforeseen situations. A study on simulator in the field of combat aviation is presented. Differences in the quality of expert pilots’ improvisations are observed and related to differences in their level of receptivity to sensitive experience. Classic factors, such as expertise level, are also analysed. Results confirm a model of improvisation that combines representation and sensitive experience
Durantin, Gautier. "Contrôle de l’état attentionnel en conditions aéronautiques écologiques par imagerie cérébrale." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0021/document.
The attentional state of operators is one of the main reasons for errors during human control of complex systems, and controlling these errors is critical especially in aeronautics, where errors are directly linked to safety and lives might be at stake. In particular, excessively high or low task demands encountered during the operation of such systems result in varying levels of mental workload and engagement which are linked with the operator performance. This research project adopts a Neuroergonomics approach and investigates the use of brain measurement techniques to monitor the attentional state of the operator under ecological conditions. We studied the behavior of the operator under both excessively low and high task demands with the use of multiple physiological and neurophysiological measurement techniques. Our results show that it is possible to use such techniques to characterize the attentional state. We then analyze the potential of real time application for such techniques. We investigated signal processing and analysis tools to improve the real-time usability of brain signals in ecological conditions, and proposed solutions towards the development of brain computer interfaces for assisting the human operator
Guéron, David. "Modélisation d'activités et agrégation de profils de vol." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30044.
Aggregating activities in order to identify categories of behaviour is a major topic of actual complex socio-technical systems. The key issue lies in incorporating the variability of implied human operators in the synthesis of ways of doing (or praxis). Aggregation of piloting activities is directed to allow a faster and more secure determination of procedures enhancing flight security and mission efficiency; it is based on the objective data of flight parameters recorded during significant flight phases, and is carried under thorough expert interpretation.A Supervised Aggregation model, consisting in the 3 steps of 1) decomposition, 2) maieutics, and 3) reconstruction, is thus devised in the present PhD. At the heart of this aggregation process, the 2nd maieutic step generalizes and enriches the usual concept of ''mean'', deeply related to probabilistic approaches: a set of activities analyzed and characterized by the expert, the learning basis, is related to significant patterns in the lot of recorded flight parameter values, in other words the praxis resulting of the aggregation of the activities. The patterns are selected from a collection of customizable generic patterns, whose thresholds are incrementally adjusted using the learning basis. The obtained patterns are then assessed according to the three criteria of 1) coherence and 2) likelihood of the thresholds, as well as the 3) conformity of these patterns used on the learning basis. At this stage, groups among the studied behaviours might emerge, gathering those for which an activity would be depicted by similar patterns. Expert-knowledge must be generalized in order to perform the joint analysis of several key points in this maieutic step.This generic model defines an activity as a formal structure of praxis, paving the way towards the further developments of the process, through the enrichment of the 3rd step, incorporating the multiplicity of operating roles
Giraudet, Louise. "Caractérisation de la surdité inattentionnelle, application à la sécurité aérienne." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0030/document.
The analysis of airplane accidents has recently highlighted the crucial role of humanoperators, their mistakes having potential dramatic consequences. A specific type ofhuman error remains little discussed: inattentional deafness, which is defined as thetemporary inability to hear or to become aware of auditory information. In aeronautics,this cognitive failure is obviously critical because it can lead to the omission of auditoryalarms. The first challenge of this research project is to define behavioral and physiologicalcharacteristics of inattentional deafness. For this purpose, we focused on the twofundamental jobs in aviation safety and subjected to auditory alarms: piloting and airtraffic control. We planned to highlight the contextual conditions favoring the appearanceof inattentional deafness, in particular the operators' workload. A second challenge was toidentify potential adaptation in the interfaces with pilots and air traffic controllers toprevent or limit the apparition inattentional deafness. To address these issues, threeexperiments were conducted. The first experiment studied the impact of workload on thetreatment of auditory alarms during a landing task. It was determined that P3b was anindicator of deafness. The second experiment focused on the impact of design visualalarms on cognitive processing abilities auditory alarms, as part of air traffic control. Theresults showed a restoration of auditory P300 with the enhanced visual design us. Finally,the last experiment tested the relevance of eye measurements to detect contexts favoringinattentional deafness. These results open promising possibilities for prevention anddetection of inattentional deafness in critical positions of aviation safety
Perret, Viviane. "Élaboration et validation de critères ergonomiques pour les Interactions Homme Système Simplexe." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20028.
The aeronautical field is clearly a complex system; a complexity that should be extended in the coming years with the increased traffic and the autonomy diversification of the aircraft. The complexity is embedded in the technological systems design in order to enable the operators to define in an effective, efficient and satisfactory way a solution facing challenges posed by the complexity of the reality on their performance and safety. These properties are those of a system that we name here simplex. Nevertheless, the current available methods in ergonomics to assess Human-Simplex System Interactions (HSSI) are limited face the Human Oriented Approach of Complexity. In this regard, we focused on the development of ergonomic criteria in support of the human factors specialists’ diagnosis task. The criteria definition followed a user-centred design process by involving 4 Human Factors specialists from the industrial and university sector throughout the whole design and assessment process. A primary version has been built by following the Grounded Theory methodology. Then, the criteria have been successively updated after 3 assessments. Two studies focused on the usability level of the criteria. They were based on an assignment task of aeronautical problems to the elementary criteria proposed. A study focused on the reliability and valid level of the criteria to identify problems. It was based on an inspection task carried out with an aeronautical concept and a system from the general public. The set of these studies has been performed with 39 Human Factors specialists and 22 engineers involved in Human Complex System Interactions This work led to the development of 26 elementary criteria dealing with the adaptability properties of the system (i.e., adapted and adaptive). The results highlight that the criteria are reliable, valid and usable as a method assisting the human factors specialist diagnosis, but their usability level still requires to be improved
Hosseini, Shahrzad. "Human-robotic performance quantification under time-delay for lunar mission control scenarios." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESAE0019.
The Space Exploration Strategy of the Agency requires an affordable and efficient approach to operating and controlling space systems. In the exploration programme an optimum approach to integrate human decision makers in orbit and on the ground must be found. In the proposed activity the next logical step is taken: a systematic analysis of existing experimental data and execution of new experiments to find the most efficient and affordable approach to human-robotic integrated technology and operations. In a first phase, existing experimental data from METERON, but also large datasets from non- space operations will be processed to provide a clear metric of operations performance with respect to quantitative parameters of communication link properties, robotic asset capabilities, level of automation, and operator environment. The second phase of the study will define and implement affordable ground-based experiments with robotic assets deployed in analogue environments and operators hosted in a simulation environment. The third and final phase of the activity will culminate in the drafting of three documents in addition to the PhD thesis: 1) Crew-training manual for operating human-robotic technology on ESA exploration missions 2) Guideline for assessing human performance for human-robotic operations in the frame of astronaut selection 3) Human-robotic technology assessment document
Moricot, Caroline. "Des avions et des hommes : socio-anthropologie des pilotes de ligne face à l'automatisation des avions." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010641.
The object of this thesis is to study the way in which airline-pilots have appropriated glasscockpit aircrafts during the first year following their coming into service in the big french air companies. Its theoretical purpose is, with the help of the concept of appropriation, to understand how men, faced with a situation new to them, build a new representation of the technical object, of their work and of themselves, in a context in which automation is more present everyday and in which security is a necessity. Beside apprenticeship, adaptation or training, appropriation is a process which is not determined beforehand, and the success of which can never be told in advance. From this process springs a form of collective efficiency of men at work ; it is often little visible but our hypothesis is that it affects the performance and the safety of the large technical systems. Thinking over the appropriation process means that one has to pay particular attention to the way in which the relation between men and machines is built up day after day and also the way this relation alters. How can an unknown environment become familiar little by little and upon what is this familiarity built, which are the significant stages of this process and how does it start? Among the results of this research-work we found out (which might seems paradoxal or at least unexpected) that this intensification of automatic devices in the glass-cockpit aircrafts makes the presence of men even more necessary. Furthermore, because of the automatic devices, this presence of men is even more demanding, though on many ways these automatic devices dont make this presence easy. This thesis is based on the results of a field work combining the methods of anthropology (in situ observations in aircraft-cockpits as well as interviews) and those of sociology (survey by means of a questionnaire to which 800 pilots answered)
Dehais, Frédéric. "Modélisation des conflits dans l'activité de pilotage." Phd thesis, École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2004. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/2137/1/Dehais_2137.pdf.
Plat, Marielle. "Choisir de comprendre ou décider d'agir en environnement dynamique : le cas de l'activité de pilotage en situation incidentelle atypique." Paris 8, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA081998.
Behrend, Julia. "The influence of personality, habits, hierarchy, and role on decision-making in real-life : application to aviation safety." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS557.
From nuclear power to medical surgery and commercial aviation, where safety is the priority, individuals have to make critical decisions in dynamic, uncertain and technical environments. In order to cope with complexity and unify behaviour, individuals have procedures (operating rules) while being highly trained. The research conducted during this PhD was aimed at investigating the influence of psychological factors such as personality, habits, hierarchy, and role on the decision-making of highly trained individuals in highly procedural real-life environments – illustrated via commercial aviation. The first questionnaire study showed that impulsivity – rather than habits and hierarchy – predicted airline pilots’ landing decisions and reported procedure compliance in real airline operations. The second study contrasted two low interdependence decision scenarios in a full-flight simulator. Hierarchy and habits – rather than impulsivity – predicted decisions to switch away from the default option under high time pressure. Under low time pressure, however, impulsivity – rather than hierarchy and habits – impacted default choices. Finally, a third study with eye-tracking showed that team role assignment – a particular aspect in flight crews in addition to formal hierarchy – interacted with hierarchy and was important for information acquisition during decision-making. Fixations on decision-relevant information predicted decision-making. Altogether, these findings shed light on the influential power of psychological factors on decision-making in highly procedural work environments. The results show that impulsivity is a profound personality trait that persists even in highly trained professionals within highly procedural environments. Yet, hierarchy and habits impact and alleviate the influence of impulsivity on decision-making between options with distinct temporal consequences. We discuss future implications of these results for highly trained individuals in highly procedural environments, in particular for commercial aviation
Mallat, Charlotte. "Évaluation et mise en évidence des effets de la charge mentale de travail sur l’adaptabilité comportementale et physiologique A curvilinear effect of mental workload on mental effort and behavioral adaptability Time pressure modulates the curvilinear effect of mental workload on behavioral and physiological adaptability Mental workload effect on behavioral and physiological adaptability in air traffic control task." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20091.
Faced with a growing technological evolution-oriented design and automation, studying the effects of mental workload on human efficiency and adaptability arouses genuine interest. The objective of this manuscript is to evaluate the mental workload and to highlight its effects on efficiency, resulting in a behavioral and physiological adaptability of the operator. More precisely, it is a matter of varying the task demand (for example, the difficulty, the temporal pressure, the complexity) to evaluate and identify the effects on the behavioral and physiological adaptability of operator. Behavioral and physiological adaptability was indexed by performance and pre-ejection period reactivity related to effort mobilization. The first article allowed us to highlight a curvilinear effect of mental workload on behavioral and physiological adaptability, as postulated by Hancock and Szalma (2006). The second article has showed that the temporal pressure could to a certain extent promote behavioral adaptability, especially the implementation of strategy. The third article has demonstrated that the air traffic control complex tasks are likely to activate a performance-effort trade-off resulting both behavioral and physiological adaptability of the operator.The applicative purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of human factors in the environments design loop, in order to rethink them and/or to bring in tools of help if necessary, at the most opportune moment and in its form the most convincing, in order to promote an optimal mental workload
Dubois, Emilien. "Optimisation de la formation des pilotes par l’éducation du comportement oculaire." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0027/document.
This thesis focuses on how to optimize the learning of piloting by improving the ocular behavior educationIn several fields (e.g., medical, aeronautics), various methods of ocular behavior educating have demonstrated their effectiveness in their ability to optimize the learning of a task. However, the education of ocular behavior has received few empirical validations in the field of piloting training (Ziv, 2016) especially because of difficulties in the technical and methodological implementation (e.g., real-time analysis of the gaze location) inherent in the dynamic and complex nature of the piloting situation (Eyrolle, Mariné & Mailles, 1996). In order to educate the ocular behavior of the pilot students, we first modeled the characteristics of the ocular behavior to be adopted. Then we designed, developed and validated experimentally a first specific tool, the PilotGazeTrainer (a software), which allows the implementation of a new and original method of ocular behavior education based on two essential principles: the permanent analysis of the participant's ocular behavior, and the production in real-time of visual or sound feedbacks. In order to evaluate this new method, we conducted several experiments on a flight simulator and on a microworld developed for the purposes of this evaluation (the AbstractFlyingTask). The first results show that our method allows a lasting modification of the ocular behavior in a very short intervention time. These behavioral results also revealed the potential of the developed tools - the AbstractFlyingTask microworld and the PilotGazeTrainer - to educate ocular behavior
Gouraud, Jonas. "Mind wandering dynamic in automated environments and its influence on out-of-the-loop situations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30269/document.
Higher levels of automation are progressively integrated in critical environments to satisfy the increasing demand for safer systems. Such philosophy moves operators to a supervisory role, also called out-of-the-loop (OOTL) situations. Unfortunately, OOTL situations also create a new kind of human-machine interaction issues, called OOTL performance problem. The dramatic consequences of OOTL performance problem stress the need to identify which mechanisms could influence their appearance. The emergence of thoughts unrelated to the here and now, labeled mind wandering (MW), could affect operators in OOTL situations through the perceptual decoupling induced. This thesis investigates MW dynamic in OOTL situations and its influence on operators. We firstly reviewed the evidences in the literature underlining a link between OOTL performance problem and MW. We completed theoretical insights by reporting pilots' tendency (collected with a questionnaire) to encounter more problems with autopilots when experiencing more task-unrelated MW. Then, we conducted three experiments in OOTL conditions using an obstacle avoidance task. With non-expert population and sessions longer than 45 minutes, we observed a significant increase of MW in OOTL situations compared to manual conditions, independently of system reliability. MW episodes were also accompanied by a perceptual decoupling from the task induced by task-unrelated MW. This decoupling was visible on reports of mental demand as well as oculometric (pupil size, blinks) and encephalographic (N1 component, alpha activity) signals. Overall, our results demonstrate the possibility to use physiological markers of MW in complex OOTL environments. We discuss new perspectives towards the use of MW markers to characterize the OOTL performance problem. Instead of blindly stopping MW episodes, which could have benefits for operators, future research should focus on designing systems able to cope with MW and identify information needed to facilitate the reentry in the control loop when needed
Reseco, Bato Miguel. "Nouvelle méthodologie générique permettant d’obtenir la probabilité de détection (POD) robuste en service avec couplage expérimental et numérique du contrôle non destructif (CND)." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESAE0014/document.
The performance assessment of non-destructive testing (NDT) procedures in aeronautics is a key step in the preparation of the aircraft's certification document. Such a demonstration of performance is done through the establishment of Probability of Detection (POD) laws integrating all sources of uncertainty inherent in the implementation of the procedure. These uncertainties are due to human and environmental factors in In-Service maintenance tasks. To establish experimentally these POD curves, it is necessary to have data from a wide range of operator skills, defect types and locations, material types, test protocols, etc. Obtaining these data evidences high costs and significant delays for the aircraft manufacturer. The scope of this thesis is to define a robust methodology of building POD from numerical modeling. The POD robustness is ensured by the integration of the uncertainties through statistical distributions issued from experimental data or engineering judgments. Applications are provided on titanium beta using high frequency eddy currents NDT technique. First, an experimental database will be created from three environments: laboratory, A321 aircraft and A400M aicraft. A representative sample of operators, with different certification levels in NDT technique, will be employed. Multiple inspection scenarios will be carried out to analyze these human and environmental factors. In addition, this study will take into account the impact of using different equipments in the HFEC test. This database is used, subsequently, to build statistical distributions. These distributions are the input data of the simulation models of the inspection. These simulations are implemented with the CIVA software. A POD module, based on the Monte Carlo method, is integrated into this software. This module will be applied to address human and ergonomic influences on POD. Additionally this module will help us to understand in a better way the equipment impact in POD curves. Finally, the POD model will be compared and validated with the experimental results developed
Gigan, Daniel. "Modélisation des comportements d'un pilote expert en situation de collision en vol vers une nouvelle technologie "voir et éviter" pour les drones : Pour un fonctionnalisme holistique à vocation intégrative." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESAE0022.
The aim of this doctoral thesis is the modeling of expert pilot behaviors in flight collisions. This modeling gives the first echnologic steps to elaborate a new "sense and avoid" system allowing the future integration of Unmanned Air Vehicles in eneral air traffic. The proposed modeling is the result of global and holistic way and describes the cognitive process and he architecture of systems allowing the expression of these cognitive processes. This model allows solving the collision problem thanks to an observable and adapted piloted behavior. Besides a generic modeling of cognitive process of ategorization has been built and based on non linear regression theory and numeric methods for the resolution of ptimization problems.hanks to this global modeling, this new "sense and avoid" system is made of a simple passive optic sensor and it emulates he detection process, the recognition process and the and the actions selection process allowing the resolution of collision problem by a adapted piloted behavior. Thanks to the generic categorization modeling, the main technologic result is to be ble to determinate the Time To Collision (ITC) with a passive sensor. The determination of the TTC is essential for the 'sense and avoid" systems to get the level safety certification required to integrate drones in general air traffic
Reboul, Lucie. "La construction de parcours de travail en santé et en compétences : le rôle des régulateurs dans la médiation des parcours de travail des personnels au sol d'une compagnie aérienne." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC016.
This research is carried out with ground staff and their supervisors in an airline company. It aims to report, from an ergonomic approach, on weakening or construction’s processes of these employees’ work paths in a context of multiple and continuous transformations (digitalization of the service relationship of customer service agents, internal and external flexibility of baggage handler teams, overall demographic ageing, etc.). This thesis pursues the hypothesis that the work of regulators (firstlevel managers in charge of assigning tasks to ground staff schedules) mediates the construction of health/work relations between ground staff by being a vector of the path wear and tear or path construction. It mobilizes methodological tools specific to the demography of work and the ergonomics of the activity, by combining diachronic (revealing multiple temporalities with individual, collective and managerial dimensions) and synchronic (articulation or tension between these temporalities in the activity) approaches. The results reveal the multiplicity of health indicators and their temporalities mobilized by regulators to organize work, the individual and collective prevention strategies developed in the course of their experience and the role of temporal constraints in the possibilities of implementing them