Дисертації з теми "AEFI"
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Westphal, Darren W. "Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in Western Australia." Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/135771.
Повний текст джерелаKopec, David M., and Jeff J. Gilbert. "AEF 130360 Overseeding Safety." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216558.
Повний текст джерелаWanner, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Seismic attenuation system (AEI-SAS) for the AEI 10 m prototype / Alexander Wanner." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036694690/34.
Повний текст джерелаJackson, Rova Felice. "Mellan aiai och aei : Tystnad i Aischylos Niobe." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-166143.
Повний текст джерелаVillaseñor, Palma Karla Monserratt. "Un buen inicio: indicadores de buenas prácticas de AEPI en Puebla, México." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117480.
Повний текст джерелаThe general framework of this thesis was the EDUTODOS Project. Progress and limitations of the Education for All: policy of educational agenda, the trend of educational inequalities, and the quality of democracy in Latin America, of the Interdisciplinary Group on Educational Policy (Autonomous University of Barcelona and University of Barcelona). Specifically, it was studied the relationship among the first of the Objectives of Education For All, the Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), and the reduction of social inequalities in Mexico. Currently, the Non-schooled Initial Education (NSIE) is the main ECCE strategy applied in that country. The aim of this research was to develop a profile of indicators of good practice in ECCE in contexts of social inequality in the State of Puebla, Mexico. After reviewing the most relevant literature on the subject, it was described the status of ECCE in the world and its relationship with the reduction of social inequalities. It was developed a proposal of indicators of ECCE in contexts of social inequality that was called Model of Indicators of Good Practice in Early Childhood Care and Education. Finally, based on the proposed indicators, and as a result of the fieldwork, common factors were found in experiences of good practice in ECCE in Puebla and it was developed a profile of indicators of good practice in ECCE in contexts of social inequality. It was concluded that good practices are embedded in contexts characterized by inequalities in demographic, economic and socio-cultural areas, and that some of these inequalities are compensated by the good practices of the NSIE program.
Kalemba, Nicole. "Quality and safety in the airline industry and their influence on company profitability." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457138.
Повний текст джерелаEl objetivo de la presente tesis era contribuir al conocimiento de las consecuencias e impacto de la calidad y seguridad operacional en la rentabilidad de las compañías aéreas, así como destacar la importancia y necesidad de la contabilidad de gestión y sus indicadores clave de gestión (KPIs, o Key Performance Indicators) en la industria aérea. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo, se desarrolló un compendio de seis artículos académicos para responder a las preguntas de investigación planteadas y resolver los gaps existentes en la literatura. Las principales conclusiones y resultados revelaron una influencia positiva y significativa de la calidad de servicio en la rentabilidad medida como rentabilidad económica (ROI, o return on investment) de las compañías aéreas estadounidenses; y un efecto no significativo de la calidad sobre los ingresos de pasaje de las aerolíneas. Al mismo tiempo, se comprobó que el efecto de la seguridad operacional era en sentido contrario. Por lo tanto, se confirmó un efecto no significativo para la seguridad operacional en la rentabilidad de las aerolíneas, mientras que el efecto de la seguridad operacional sobre los ingresos de pasaje de las aerolíneas fue significativo.
This Doctoral Thesis aimed to contribute to an understanding of the consequences and impact of quality and safety on profitability of airline companies, as well as to emphasize the importance and need for management accounting and its Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in the airline industry. In order to cover this goal, a compendium of six academic papers were developed to answers to the research questions introduced and deal with existing gaps in the literature. The main findings and results revealed a positive and significant influence of service quality on the profitability measured as Economic return (ROI, or return on investment) of US airline companies; and a non-significant effect for quality on airline passenger revenues. While the effect of safety was vice versa. Thus, a non-significant effect for safety on profitability of airlines was confirmed, whereas the effect of safety on airline passenger revenues was significant.
Tyszczuk, Renata. "In spem melioris aevi : the architecture and writings of Stanislaw Leszczynski, roi bienfaisant, 1737-1766." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413086.
Повний текст джерелаEl, challah Rana. "Innovation en formation continue et dynamiques coopératives : etude sur le travail en réseau des enseignants au sein des établissements de l'Agence pour l'Enseignement Français à l'Etranger au Liban (AEFE)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2020.
Повний текст джерелаStudy of networking among teachers within the schools of The Agency for French Education Abroad in LebanonRésumé : This dissertation draws on a number of research studies in education and sociology (Huberman, 1995 ; Fullan and Hargreaves, 2012). It is based on the fact that teachers’ networking can be a lever for their professional development. Our research study examines the modalities of secondary school teachers’ interactive dynamics in the AEFE (Agency for French Education Abroad) school network in Lebanon. This specific network which comprises 43 schools across the country is known for being one of the biggest AEFE networks in the world. Its particular geopolitical and multicultural structure helps reflect the excellence and the visibility of French education abroad. Indeed, the inherent specificity and complexity of this network, characterised by its various leadership styles, questions the articulation between teacher training, professional development and networking. Our aim is to better understand how each school operates. Our goal is also to understand teacher training modalities within the school network and the teachers’ perceptions of their efficacy. More precisely, we need to know whether the current three teacher training programmes foster teachers’ networking and enhance their professional development. We have selected a stratified sample of 10 schools. Our representative sample consists of secondary school teachers, school principals, assistant head teachers and academic advisors. Our work is based on the findings of an exploratory survey on head teachers conducted in three AEFE schools in 2010-2011. We have designed many questionnaires : 423 were completed by teachers and coordinators, 380 others were completed by 380 students. We have conducted 51 interviews with schools principals, assistant head teachers, academic advisors as well as AEFE representatives. Given the complexity of the parameters to be taken into consideration, our methodology is both qualitative and quantitative. Statistical analysis tools were designed, sociogrammes and thematic analysis methods were applied as well. The frequency of occurrences in the interviewees’ utterances were analysed. The combination of analysis methods helped us draw a map representing teachers’ interactive dynamics of the school network.Our research findings show that, despite the directives and official texts, the AEFE teacher training programmes offer little support that fosters teachers’ professional development. There is little cooperation between teachers. These phenomena prevent teachers from embracing a professional development model. Furthermore, the three teacher training programmes do not really fulfill their mission since they are not synergistically connected, which hampers the emergence of networking culture. The paradigm of « imaginary cities » belonging to political philosophy helps better understand complex causalities and challenges. We show evidence that governance models can vary or overlap depending on several cyclical factors. These governance models correspond to the various leadership styles in the AEFE network and affect teachers’ networking practices. We suggest a new paradigm which enables the AEFE school network to shift from a culture of « city governance » to a « networking culture ». Our paradigm consists of a teacher training programme which establishes a dialectic unity between intra- and inter-establishment networking and synergy between the teacher training programmes. The student’s academic path as well as the teacher’s professional path will be at the heart of this paradigm. This will launch the essential foundations of a networking culture which fosters teachers’ professional development. Moreover, this new model can be implemented worldwide in other school networks which might be confronting similar issues
Hébert, Lise. "The"Amyloid-enhancing factor" (AEF) in the development of experimental secondary amyloidosis /." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74542.
Повний текст джерелаBergmann, Gerald [Verfasser]. "Improving the seismic isolation for the AEI 10 m prototype / Gerald Bergmann." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160378908/34.
Повний текст джерелаGutierrez, Edward Anthony. ""Sherman was right" the experience of AEF soldiers in the Great War /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228073243.
Повний текст джерелаDoty, James L. III. "“With A Little Help From Our Friends:” The Development of Combat Intelligence in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1918." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1275499860.
Повний текст джерелаWestphal, Tobias [Verfasser]. "A coating thermal noise interferometer for the AEI 10 m prototype facility / Tobias Westphal." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1127247204/34.
Повний текст джерелаScott-Smith, Tom. "Defining hunger, redefining food : humanitarianism in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a19a116e-21b6-4cac-aef1-1a1feb642ba2.
Повний текст джерелаKingham, Guy L. "Screening for inhibitors of and novel proteins within the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2988d0b-c6d4-42a8-aef9-f320a13d6391.
Повний текст джерелаNeve, Jonathan. "Investigating the contribution of alternative polyadenylation to the regulation of gene expression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e4dbc401-0152-4cee-aef4-3bc205db5d86.
Повний текст джерелаSun, Bin. "Epigenetic regulation of postnatal subventricular zone development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e9ee95c1-b6cb-43c5-aef8-780e3fd50422.
Повний текст джерелаHeise, Verena. "How can magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging improve our understanding of genetic susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a3c670f3-aef5-4f34-b983-37f21d0019ad.
Повний текст джерелаHoag, Gary G. "The teachings on riches in 1 Timothy in light of Ephesiaca by Xenophon of Ephesus." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/bd009f3c-aef2-4918-9af0-e8480c6a0bdf.
Повний текст джерелаCarless, David. "Mental health and physical activity in recovery." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/261d3734-2195-480d-aef8-64dde3fed29e.
Повний текст джерелаNyberg, Roy. "Examining institutional entrepreneurship at early moments : the case of mobile health in England and Finland." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9fc5103-d06b-4562-aef8-8746d31c2ea7.
Повний текст джерелаRivas, Cruz Manuel A. "Medical relevance and functional consequences of protein truncating variants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a042ca18-7b35-4a62-aef0-e3ba2e8795f7.
Повний текст джерелаHansell, Richard Allen. "Ground and satellite-based remote sensing of mineral dust using AERI spectra and MODIS thermal infrared window brightness temperatures." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1607105291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерелаGrotelueschen, Mark Ethan. "The AEF way of war: the American army and combat in the First World War." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/569.
Повний текст джерелаKöhlenbeck, Sina Maria [Verfasser]. "Towards the SQL Interferometer - length stabilization at the AEI 10 m-Prototype / Sina Maria Köhlenbeck." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1165251736/34.
Повний текст джерелаDahl, Katrin [Verfasser]. "From design to operation : a suspension platform interferometer for the AEI 10 m prototype / Katrin Dahl." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042069042/34.
Повний текст джерелаGräf, Christian [Verfasser]. "Optical design and numerical modeling of the AEI 10 m prototype sub-SQL interferometer / Christian Gräf." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044694904/34.
Повний текст джерелаPetersen, Imme Friedel. "Grenzkonflikte um Person und Leben." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AEF2-4.
Повний текст джерелаHieronymi, Philipp Christian Karl. "The real field with an irrational power function and a dense multiplicative subgroup." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f9733a2-d8d7-4ec3-aeff-a1653e971817.
Повний текст джерелаDyer, M. R. "Observation of the stress distribution in crushed glass with applications to soil reinforcement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:98dee0c7-5e27-45b7-aef8-01bd56240671.
Повний текст джерелаFranco, Teresa Rita. "'Maschera della maschera' : le traduzioni dall'anglo-americano di Giovanni Giudici (anni 1950-1960)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82618fc1-d59d-4641-aef4-70b46125ee3e.
Повний текст джерелаTatton, Matthew R. "New methods for the synthesis of aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:52a95189-d8ea-432f-aefd-4f9ae7ef996a.
Повний текст джерелаTennent, Seaneen. "Attempting to understand the effects of Thiel embalming and addressing potential legislative changes." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e1e2f197-ab6c-487d-aeff-4ce280056c20.
Повний текст джерелаCairns, Andrew B. "Mechanical and configurational degeneracy in transition metal cyanide materials." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49948a4e-4fde-403b-aef8-301227893856.
Повний текст джерелаDeng, Xin. "Identification and characterization of Pseudomonas syringae mutants altering the induction of type III secretion system." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2253.
Повний текст джерелаMartín, García Nuria. "PREPARACIÓN DE ZEOLITAS DE PORO PEQUEÑO CON CONTROL DE SUS PROPIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CATÁLISIS." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/94628.
Повний текст джерелаThe present doctoral thesis focuses on the preparation of small-pore zeolites (3.5-4 Å), preferentially those also containing large cavities. This type of materials has attracted great technological interest during the last years due to their recent commercial application as catalysts in relevant industrial and environmental processes, such as the transformation of methanol into light olefins (MTO), or the selective catalytic reduction (RSC) of NOx. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the preparation of new small pore structures and/or the improvement of the physico-chemical properties or the synthesis protocols of the zeolites currently in use. In fact, the industrial application of a particular zeolite could be limited by the high costs associated to its preparation, and in particular, to the high costs associated to the organic structure directing agent (OSDA) employed. In this sense, the discovery and development of new synthetic strategies could not only favor the crystallization of novel small-pore zeolites with improved physico-chemical properties (i.e. Si/Al ratio, crystal size, among others), but also optimizing the production costs, avoiding the use of expensive OSDAs or, at least, substituting those by less-expensive organic molecules. These features could encourage the potential commercialization of such novel small pore zeolites as competitive catalysts for relevant industrial processes. In the first part of this thesis, the synthesis protocols of two different high-silica small pore zeolites, CHA and AEI, have been intensively evaluated in order to develop a new procedure to direct the crystallization of these two zeolites with excellent solid yields. It has been found that the combination of a particular OSDA with a crystalline zeolite as the sole Si and Al sources, as FAU, allows the obtention of both zeolites with optimal physico-chemical properties (crystal size and acidity) for its application as efficient catalysts for the MTO process. In the second part of this thesis, different small-pore zeolites (CHA, AEI, AFX y ERI) containing copper or iron as isolated active catalytic sites, have been prepared. To introduce these metallic species within the zeolite crystals, either conventional ion-exchange methods or direct 'one-pot' synthetic methods have been employed. Interestingly, the use of 'one-pot' synthesis methods not only eliminates the need for post-synthetic ion-exchange treatments, but also allows obtaining better metal dispersions along the zeolite crystals. The catalytic activity and hydrothermal stability of such zeolites has been evaluated for the SCR of NOx.
Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en la preparació de zeolites de por menut (3.5-4 Å), i en particular, aquelles amb una estructura que presenta, a més, grans cavitats. Aquest tipus de materials han despertat un gran interès als últims anys, degut al potencial que presenten com a catalitzadors eficients en processos rellevants per la indústria i el medi ambient, com son el processos de transformació de metanol a olefines (MTO) o la reducció catalítica selectiva (RCS) de NOx. Per aquest motiu, existeix un interès creixent tant en la preparació de noves estructures de por menut, com en la millora de les propietats fisico-químiques o dels mètodes de preparació de les zeolites ja existents. Aquest motiu es deu a que en ocasions, l'aplicació industrial d'aquestes zeolites, es pot veure limitada per els costs associats a la seua preparació, en particular de l'agent director d'estructura orgànic (ADEO) emprat. En aquest sentit, el desenvolupament de noves estratègies de síntesi podria donar lloc a l'obtenció d'algunes estructures de por menut amb propietats físico-químiques millorades (relació Si/Al, acidesa, tamany de cristall, entre altres), així com a una reducció dels costos de preparació, eliminant l'ús de ADEOs o substituint-los per molècules de menor cost. Tot això, podria afavorir la possible aplicació industrial d'aquestes noves zeolites de por menut. La primera part de la tesi es centra en l'optimització del procés de síntesi de dos estructures zeolítiques de por menut, CHA i AEI, amb un elevat contingut de sílice i amb bons rendiments de síntesi. Per això, s'ha desenvolupat una nova metodologia de síntesi que combina l'ús d'agents directors d'estructura orgànics (ADEO) amb una zeolita cristal¿lina com a única font de Si i Al. Mitjançant aquest procediment, s'han pogut obtenir els dos materials amb unes propietats físico-químiques (tamany de cristall i acidesa) òptimes per al seu ús com a catalitzadors en el procés MTO. En la segona part de la tesi s'han preparat diverses zeolites de por menut (CHA, AEI, AFX I ERI), amb àtoms de coure o ferro com a centres catalítics aïllats. Per a la introducció de les espècies metàl¿liques al seu interior, s'han utilitzat tant mètodes convencionals d'intercanvi iònic com mètodes de síntesi directa. En particular, els mètodes directes eliminen la necessitat de introduir diferents tractament post-síntesi, a més de permetre una dispersió més homogènia del metall als cristalls de la zeolita. L'activitat catalítica i l'estabilitat hidrotermal d'aquestes zeolites s'ha avaluat per a la RCS de NOx.
Martín García, N. (2017). PREPARACIÓN DE ZEOLITAS DE PORO PEQUEÑO CON CONTROL DE SUS PROPIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CATÁLISIS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/94628
TESIS
Grotelueschen, Mark E. "Success and failure in the AEF style of warfare, artillery, 2 division, and the search for solutions in 1918." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0011/MQ31289.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGleed-Owen, C. P. "Quaternary herpetofaunas of the British Isles : taxonomic descriptions, palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, and biostratigraphic implications." Thesis, Coventry University, 1998. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/8ee6cd03-3f4f-aef0-7889-1b1783d4efd5/1.
Повний текст джерелаBourhaleb, Houssine. "Etude et expérimentation d'une chaîne énergétique solaire avec capteur à air, stockage thermique souterrain et récupération par pompe à chaleur." Valenciennes, 1987. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/69924e8c-5370-4c55-aef3-3e377d2fa6a1.
Повний текст джерелаSapienza, Michael. "Recognising and localising human actions." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2014. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/8c520676-aef0-4b67-a160-b6dd8e6a3e58/1.
Повний текст джерелаUribe, Laura. "Des pratiques d’enseignement en contexte bilingue à la formation des enseignants. Une perspective convergente : Les écoles primaires du réseau AEFE en Amérique latine. Étude de cas." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA117.
Повний текст джерелаThis investigative work is part of the theoretical field of language instruction and bilingualism. Its purpose is the study of, and the reflection upon the harmonization of teaching practices in two primary schools belonging to the network of the Agency for French Instruction Abroad (AEFE) in Latin America: one in Santiago, Chili, and the other in La Paz, Bolivia. After a certain point in its development, this study extends to other schools in the AEFE network located in Latin America. The interlanguage of young learners is the matrix for this theorization work. A large part of the dissertation is dedicated to analyzing linguistic interactions in French class, Spanish class and bilingual class in order to grasp the pedagogical means used by instructors to deal with language features and in particular, inherent linguistic interferences. This analysis deals closely with the dynamics of articulation between the national language and the french language in daily classroom practices. This investigation uses theoretical reflections and field experiments to examine the taking into account of certain didactic parameters needed to implement a convergent instruction curriculum, on the one hand, and the conceptualization and implementation of an instructor training curriculum in convergent didactics, on the other hand
Este trabajo de investigación se enmarca en el ámbito teórico de la didáctica lingüística y del bilingüismo. Contempla el estudio y la reflexión sobre la armonización de prácticas de enseñanza y de aprendizaje en dos escuelas primarias asociadas a la red educativa de los centros de la Agencia para la Enseñanza Francesa en el Extranjero (A.E.F.E): la escuela de Santiago de Chile (Centro de la Alianza Saint-Exupéry) y la de La Paz en Bolivia (Centro del Colegio Franco Boliviano Alcide d’Orbigny). A partir de cierto grado de su desarrollo, este estudio abarca otras escuelas de la red de centros A.E.F.E ubicadas en el continente suramericano.La interlengua de los alumnos que en este contexto inician su aprendizaje a una edad temprana constituye la matriz en la que se fundamenta este trabajo de teorización.Gran parte de la tesis se centra en el análisis de las interacciones lingüísticas en las clases de francés, de español y en la clase bilingüe, a fin de potenciar la comprensión de los recursos pedagógicos utilizados por los docentes para plantear fenómenos lingüísticos y, en particular, las interferencias lingüísticas que los caracterizan. Siendo así, este análisis se fija en la dinámica de articulación entre la lengua nacional y la lengua francesa en las prácticas educativas cotidianas.A partir de reflexiones teóricas y de experiencias directas, esta investigación cuestiona, por una parte, el tener presentes ciertas consideraciones didácticas necesarias en el planteamiento convergente de una enseñanza curricular, y, por otra, la conceptualización y la aplicación de un currículo de capacitación docente en didáctica convergente
Lima, Paulo Roberto Moura. "Alterações moleculares no gene da banda 3 (AEI) na esferocitose hereditaria e a participação da isoforma renal no equilibrio acido-basico." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314649.
Повний текст джерелаTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A esferocitose é um tipo comum de anemia hemolítica hereditária cujo primeiro defeito molecular foi caracterizado em 1992. A proteína banda 3, codificada pelo gene AE1, foi a primeira isoforma clonada de uma famma de genes de trocadores de ânions "Anion Exchanger-AE gene family" e é a mais abundante das proteínas integrais da membrana eritrocitária. Alterações moleculares neste polipeptídeo estão associadas à formação de esferócitos. Hemácias esferocíticas são osmoticamente frágeis, estando mais sujeitas à lise e ao sequestramento pelo baço, o que encurta seu tempo de vida. A proteína banda 3 também é expressa nos rins, na membrana basolateral de células alfa intercaladas do tubo coletor cortical, onde é responsável pela reabsorção de bicarbonato, compensando a secreção de ácidos pela H+ ATPase vacuolar apical, e participando da regulação fina do equilíbrio ácido-básico. Tanto a banda 3 eritrocitária como a renal são isoformas de um mesmo gene que através de um promotor tecido específico, diferem quanto à transcrição. O mRNA da banda 3 renal não apresenta os três primeiros exons observados na forma eritróide. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de investigar as alterações moleculares e regulação do gene da banda 3 na esferocitose hereditária em 5 pacientes com deficiência de banda 3, e investigar possíveis alterações neste gene em cinco pacientes com acidose renal tubular distal. Este estudo foi baseado no rastreamento de mutações e polimorfismos no gene mencionado, incluindo a região promotora, que também pode estar envolvida na fisiopatologia da doença. Para detecção das alterações moleculares foram utilizadas as técnicas de PCR, análise de polimorfismo de conformação em fita simples, subclonagem e sequenciamento. O estudo do cDNA foi realizado após a transcrição reversa do mRNA extraído de reticulócitos por RT-PCR. Outro objetivo foi investigar as alterações renais de pacientes com esferocitose hereditária e deficiência de banda 3, uma vez que esta proteína também é expressa nos rins. Os estudos renais foram realizados através da avaliação da capacidade de acidificação tubular distal e obtenção de medidas de bicarbonatúria, pH urinário, acidez titulável e excreção de amônia no período basal e após estímulo com furosemida. Também foi avaliado o contratransporte de sódio e lítio em hemácias de pacientes com esferocitose hereditária, uma vez que esta é uma medida indireta do contra-transporte Na+/H+, envolvido na regulação do pH intracelular do eritrócito e na homeostase ácido-básica do organismo, por secretar ácido e reabsorver Na+ em epitélio renal. Nossos resultados caracterizaram duas novas mutações no gene AEI. O estudo da Banda 3 Campinas, uma mutação no sítio doador de clivagem no intron 8, demonstrou a perda de bicarbonato pela urina dos pacientes afetados e um aumento na atividade de contra-transporte de sódio e lítio nas hemácias. A Banda 3 Pinhal, uma substituição de um resíduo de arginina altamente conservado, por histidina no domínio transmembrana, é a segunda mutação afetando o codon 490 da banda 3, e pode ser um "hot spot" para mutações no gene AEI. As hemácias destes pacientes apresentaram menor número de sítios para o inibidor DIDS. Outra mutação caracterizada foi a Banda 3 MODtefiore, previamente descrita. O estudo dos pacientes com acidose renal tubular distal revelou uma nova mutação na região promotora renal em um paciente com acidose renal tubular distal incompleta, que pode estar associada com o defeito na reabsorção de bicarbonato pelos rins. O estudo da acidose também caracterizou um novo polimorfismo no intron 3, a deleção da adenina 1233, com frequência alélica de 0,34 em 120 cromossomos analisados. Um conflito de sequência (quatro guaninas no lugar de três nt. 1272-1274) também foi verificado em todos indivíduos estudados. O polimorfismo Asp38-7Ala (Darmstad) foi encontrado em uma paciente com acidose, mas parece não estar relacionado com a doença. Finalmente concluímos que mutações no gene da banda 3 podem estar associadas com a esferocitose hereditária e com a acidose renal tubular distal incompleta, pois isoformas da proteína são expressas nas hemácias e nas células a-intercaladas. Sugerimos que em casos onde há perda de ânions pelos rins, mecanismos de compensação podem estar ativados, como o aumento da atividade excretora de prótons pela Na+/H+, ou pela H+-ATPase vacuolar apical. A fim de realizar estudos de interações protéicas, foi subclonado o domínio citoplasmático completo da fosfolípide scramblase dos seguintes tecidos humanos: cérebro, testículos e baço. A sequência do cDNA da enzima scramblase usada no ensaio duplo-híbrido resultou no fenômeno de auto-ativação, que é uma razão comum da falha do rastreamento pelo método duplo-híbrido
Abstract: Hereditary spherocytosis is a common type of hemolytic anemia. The first molecular defect in the band 3 gene associated with spherocytosis was characterized in 1992. Band 3, codified by the AEl gene, was the first isoform to be c10ned of a family of genes of anion exchangers (Anion Exchanger-AE gene family) and is the most abundant of the integral proteins of the erythrocyte membrane. The molecular alterations in this polypeptide are associated to spherocyte formation. Spherocytic red cells have osmotic fragility , and are more liable to undergo lise and splenic sequestration, which decreases their life span. Band 3 protein is also expressed in the kidney, in the basolateral membrane of the cortical collecting duct intercalated alpha cells, where it is responsible for the bicarbonate reabsorption, compensating the acid secretion at apical membrane by the H+ ATPase vacuolar, and taking part in the fine regulation of the acid-base equilibrium. Both erythrocyte and renal band 3 are isoforms of the same gene, which differ in transcription due to a tissue-specific promoter. The first three exons are not present in the erythroid form of renal band 3 rnRNA. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular alterations and gene regulation, of band 3 in hereditary spherocytosis in 5 families with band 3 deficiency. This study was based on the screening of mutations and polymorphisms of the gene formerly mentioned, inc1uding the promoter region, which might be involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. In order to detect the molecular alterations, PCR technique, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, subc10nning and sequencing were used. The cDNA study was performed afier the reverse transcription of the rnRNA extracted from the reticulocytes using RT-PCR. Another aim was to investigate the renal alterations of patients with hereditary spherocytosis and band 3 deficiency, as this protein is also expressed in the kidneys. Renal studies were performed using urinary acidification tests and measures of. bicarbonate, urinary pH, acid titration and ammonia excretion during the basal period and afier furosemide stimulation. The sodiumllithium countertransport activity in the red blood cells of patients with hereditary spherocytosis was also assessed, as it is an indirect measure of the Na + /Ir countertransport, which is involved in the intracellular pH regulation of the erythrocyte and in the acid-base homeostasis of the organism, secreting acid and reabsorbing Na + in the renal epithelium. Our results caracterized two novel mutations in the AEI gene. The study of Band 3 campinas, a mutation at the splice donor site in the intron 8, revealed a bicarbonate loss by the urine from patients and an increase in the sodiumllithium countertransport activity of their red blood cells. The Band 3 Pinhal is a highly conserved arginine to histidine substitution in the transmembrane domain. This is the second mutation affecting the codon 490 of band 3, and could represent a hot spot for mutations in the AEI gene. The red blood cells of these patients showed a reduced number of sites for DIDS, the band 3 anion exchange inhibitor. Another mutation found was the Band 3 Montefiore, previously described. The study of the patient's tubular acidosis revealed a new mutation neighboring the kidney promoter in a child presenting incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis, which might be associated with the kidney bicarbonate reabsorption defect. The acidosis study also caracterized a novel polymorphysm in intron 3, the adenine 1233 deletion, with an allele frequency of 0.34 in the 120 chromossomes analyzed. A sequence conflict (four guanines in the place of three nt.1272-1274) was also verified in all subjects studied. The polymorphysm Asp38-7Ala (Darmstad) was found in one patient with acidosis, but was not related with the disease. Finally, we conc1uded that mutations in the band 3 gene may be associated with hereditary spherocytosis and with incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis, as the band 3 isoforms are expressed in the red cells and in the renal {X-intercalated cells. We suggest that the proton excretion mechanisms, as the Na+/H+ exchanger or the vacuolar Ir-ATPase, might be activated to compensate the basal bicarbonate loss by the kidney. In order to perform protein interaction studies, we have subc10ned the entire cytoplasmic domain inc1uding part of the transmembrane segment of phospholipid scramblase from the following human cDNA tissues: brain, testis and spleen. The cDNA sequence of phospholipid scramblase used in the two-hybrids system caused auto-activation, a common reason for failure of two-hybrid screens
Doutorado
Bioquimica
Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
Leblanc, François. "Contribution to a methodology for the analysis of fracture phenomena in encapsulated components." Valenciennes, 2004. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/77ec9a9e-1442-4e80-aeff-e549c7704a9f.
Повний текст джерелаThe work focuses on potting materials for electronic components. A methodology to analyse the behaviour of cracks initiated in homogeneous materials or at the interface between different materials is addressed. An experimental procedure is described in order to measure the critical stress intensity factor of a homogeneous material. This procedure is then used to compare the crack behaviour in a bimaterial structure and to determine the results degree of validity. Hereafter a method is proposed to determine crack growth under subcritical loading conditions. In the case of a crack at the interface of bimaterials, a methodology has been developed to measure the energy release rate necessary to let the crack propagates. With the help of numerical simulations, the corresponding stress intensity factors are computed as well as the resulting mixed mode angle. The whole work realised experimentally and the developed numerical simulations allow to propose a methodology to analyse the behaviour of a crack placed in a multi-materials structure under thermo-mechanical loads
Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Vergussmassen fur elecktronische Erzeugnisse. Eine Vorgehensweise wird vorgeschlagen, um das verhalten von initiierten Rissen in homogenen Materialien oder entlang der Grenzschicht zwischen verschiedenen Materialien zu analysieren. Ein experimenteller Verfahrensschritt wird beschrieben, um den kritischen Spannungsintensitatsfaktor von homogenen Materialien zu messen. Dann wird dieser Verfahrensschritt benutzt, um das Rissverhalten in verschiedenen Materialien zu vergleichen und um das Ergebnisskonfidenzintervall festzulegen. Danach wird eine Methode vorgeschlagen, um das Risswachstum des betrachteten Materials unter subkritischer Belastung festzulegen. Im Fall eines Grenzschichtrisses wird eine Vorgehensweise entwickelt, um die Energiefreisetzungsratezu messen, die benotigt wird, um den Riss sich ausbreiten zu lassen. Mit Hilfe von von numerischen Simulationen werden die entsprechenden Spannungsintensitatsfaktoren und die Modusmischungswinkel ermittelt. Die komplette experimentelle, um das Verhalten von einem Riss verbundwerkstoffen und Bauteilen unter thermischen und mechanischen belastungen zu beurteilen
Abderemane-Ali, Fayal. "Étude de la régulation des canaux ioniques par le potentiel membranaire et le PIP2 : vers une nouvelle approche thérapeutique ?" Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=09a26491-3518-4274-aef2-4b60dc598eea.
Повний текст джерелаVoltage-dependent ion channels are plasma membrane proteins allowing ionic exchanges between cells and their environment. These proteins regulate the passage of ions such as potassium, sodium and calcium, and are responsible of the electrical activity in the heart, the squeletal muscles and the brain. The activity of these ion channels is regulated by the membrane potential as well as extracellular, cytosolic or membrane compounds such as the phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2). Impaired regulation of these channels triggers cardiac, muscular or neuronal pathologies called channelopathies, whose treatments are limited by their low specificity. Discovery of efficient and more specific pharmacological tools against these channelopathies requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ion channels regulation. Consequently, my thesis researches were focused on three main projects: 1) the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying voltage-gated potassium channels regulation by PIP2 and 2) the study of the mechanisms of the cardiac potassium channel KCNQ1 voltage dependency. In this second project, we established a new molecular model of KCNQ1 regulation by the membrane potential, allowing us to generate KCNQ1-specific modulator peptides (activators and inhibitors). Consequently, I was interested to study (3) if this new model applies to other ion channels such as the muscular sodium channel Nav1. 4, in order to generate specific modulator peptides for these channels. In order to improve the potency of these modulator peptides, the structural bases of peptidechannel interaction are under investigations. In short, these studies on the mechanisms of ion channels regulation by PIP2 and by the membrane potential provide both basic and therapeutic insights
Alhadad, Nagham. "Bridging the gap between social and digital works : system modeling and trust evaluation)." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=9f95fd53-f840-42e5-aef8-42fe66c89199.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, digital systems are connected through complex architectures. Participants to these systems perform activities like chatting or sharing data. Persons, physical and digital resources are involved in these activities, such that a system can be considered as a representation of two worlds, the social world and the digital world and their relations. Evaluating these systems is generally limited to technical aspects. Today, trust becomes an important key in the evaluation process. In this context, we raise two questions: how to formalize the entities that compose a system and their relations for a particular activity? and how to evaluate trust in a system for this activity? Our contributions are divided into two parts. The first part proposes a formal metamodel named SocioPath, to model a system with all entities of social and digital worlds and their relations. The second part evaluates the users’ trust in the systems they use for a given activity. We propose an approach named, SocioTrust, to compute the user’s trust in a system using probability theory. Then we propose a second approach named, SubjectiveTrust that takes into account the uncertainty in the trust values. This approach is based on subjective logic
Abarrategui-Pontes, Cécilia. "Mise au point de stratégies d'édition de gène à l'aide d'endonucléases artificielles pour le traitement des hépatopathies héréditaires : application à la maladie de Crigler Najjar de type I." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=a293f552-5bf5-4c97-aef0-fc19f1307cd1.
Повний текст джерелаCrigler Najjar type 1 (CNI) disease is a liver metabolic inherited disease due to UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT1A1) enzyme deficiency. The patients have a mutation into the UGT1A1 gene responsible for an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that lead to an icterus. They are treated with phototherapy and liver transplantation. CNI is a paradigm for liver inherited diseases. Gene therapy represents a new hope for the treatment of such diseases. Lifelong cure of the Gunn rat model of CNI has been obtained through gene therapy with viral vectors. However, there are still drawbacks, such as risks of insertional mutagenesis. Thus, it is important to develop strategies of targeted gene therapy. Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) and Transcription Activator-like Effectors Nucleases (TALENs) allow targeted genome editing, through gene repair for example. They induce a specific DNA double strand break that promotes the insertion of an exogenous custom DNA donor through homologous recombination. The first part of this thesis consisted in the development of lentiviral and AAV vectors to deliver a whole ZFNs pair. The second part consisted in using these tools for in vivo gene repair in the Gunn rat. We showed that the endogenous mutation of UGT1A1 gene in the Gunn rat can be repaired in vivo at a level sufficient to obtain a subtherapeutic effect. Such recent strategies may offer safer therapeutic options to treat inherited monogenic diseases
Mota, Casals Susana. "Limitació del flux aeri durant l’exercici en atletes i en pacients amb MPOC greu. Relacions amb la hiperinflació dinàmica, la funció dels músculs respiratoris i variables clíniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51429.
Повний текст джерелаThe expiratory flow limitation (EFL) determines the existence of a peak flow for each lung volume and ventilatory capacity limits. The EFL slow down the emptying lung, favoring an increase in teleexpiratory volume (End-Expiratory Lung Volume - EELV) and Dynamic Hyperinflation (HD). The HD allows a higher peak flow, but EFL and HD have negative effects on ventilatory capacity: inspiratory muscle overload and disfunction, increased respiratory elastic work and contributing to dyspnea perception. The classical determination of the EFL by superimposition of spontaneous flow-volume curve with the maximum tends to overestimate it. The validation in 1994 of the application of negative expiratory pressure (Negative Expiratory Pressure, NEP) to detect EFL, a simple technique applicable during exercise, allows us to revise and expand knowledge. Objectives: To study the EFL development and changes in lung volumes and the relationships of both during exercise in athletes and severe COPD patients. In the second scenario, to assess the potential role of dysfunction of the respiratory muscles in the behavior of EFL-HD and their relations with main clinical variables: dyspnea and quality of life related to health (QOL). Population, material and methods: The work includes two substudy A) athletes and B) COPD patients. A) Ten men, racing cyclists, were enroled; they performed spirometry (pre and postexercise), measure of maximum respiratory pressures and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and maximum incremental cycloergometry with measures of EFL (NEP-10cm H2O) and EELV (inspiratory capacity, IC). B) included 25 men with COPD stage 3-4; lung function (spirometry, MVV, plethysmography and diffusion), exercise capacity (incremental cycloergometry and 6-minutewalking test), submàximal cycloergometries with NEP (-3) and EELV ( CI) measures, respiratory muscle function (strength: maximum ins-and expiratory pressures; endurance: maximum load threshold ins-and expiratory time and incremental test tolerance of 80% of these charges), dyspnea measure (MRC scale) and QOL assessement (St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ) were performed. Results: A) peak oxygen consumption was 72 (67-82) ml.kg-1.min-1 and Ventilation 147 (122-180) L.min-1 (88% VVM). Middle-expiratory flows and FEV1 were significantly increased after exercise, only the older rider (33) presented EFL (26% of tidal volume) and only at peak exercise, the group EELV descended during light-moderate exercise in 13 (5-33)% FVC (p <0.05), increasing later (at peak exercise was similar to pre-exercise value). B) Patients (mean FEV1 = 31% v.ref.) showed a moderate reduction of respiratory muscles strength and endurance; 19 showed EFL at rest and 24 at 70% of the maximum load (Wmax); those patients with EFL showed less resting (MRC scale) and at maximal exercise (Borg) dyspnea, and best score on the SGRQ impact domain; the EELV increased from rest to 70% Wmax (9% FVC ref), at 70% Wmax correlated inversely with the percentage of tidal EFL, with respiratory muscle endurance and exercise capacity and positively with effort dyspnea and SGRQ score; those 6 patients who showed not EFL increase during exercise had lower expiratory muscle endurance; multivariate analysis selectioned FEV1, expiratory muscle endurance and EFL as independent predictors of 70% Wmax EELV. Conclusions: EFL is rare and does not explain the HD near the maximum, which returns to the level of resting EELV in progressive exercise in young men, trained cyclists. Men with advanced COPD often have EFL at rest, exercise often increase it, despite the great variability. Submaximal exercise usually produces HD, but not always. The inverse relationship EFL% - EELV could indicate that the use of the volume and expiratory flow reserves are alternative and complementary mechanisms to increase ventilation, depending the volume increase of the degree of obstruction, expiratory muscle endurance and % EFL. The frequent expiratory muscle dysfunction may favor the development of HD and less EFL, a more clinically unfavorable ventilatory strategy associated with more dyspnea, lower exercise capacity and worse QOL.
Prats, Xavier. "Contributions to the Optimisation of aircraft noise abatement procedures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5929.
Повний текст джерелаEls procediments actuals per a la reducció de soroll estan molt lluny de ser els òptims. En general, la seva optimització no és possible a causa de les limitacions d'avui en dia en els mètodes de navegació, els equips d'aviònica i la complexitat present en alguns espais aeris. D'altra banda, molts PAS s'han dissenyat de forma manual per un grup d'experts i amb l'ajuda de diverses iteracions. Tot i això, en els propers anys s'esperen nous sistemes d'aviònica i conceptes de gestió del trànsit aeri que permetin millorar el disseny d'aquests procediments, fent que siguin més flexibles. En els pocs casos on s'optimitzen PAS, se sol utilitzar una mètrica acústica en l'elaboració de les diferents funcions objectiu i per tant, no es tenen en compte les molèsties sonores reals. La molèstia és un concepte subjectiu, complexe i que depèn del context en que s'usa i la seva integració en l'optimització de trajectòries segueix essent un aspecte a estudiar.
La present tesi doctoral es basa en el fet que en el futur serà possible definir trajectòries més flexibles i precises. D'aquesta manera es permetrà la definició de procediments de vol òptims des d'un punt de vista de molèsties acústiques. Així doncs, es considera una situació en que aquest tipus de procediments poden ser dissenyats de forma automàtica o semi-automàtica per un sistema expert basat en tècniques d'optimització i de raonament aproximat. Això serviria com una eina de presa de decisions per planificadors de l'espai aeri i dissenyadors de procediments.
En aquest treball es desenvolupa una eina completa pel càlcul de PAS òptims. Això inclou un conjunt de models no lineals que tinguin en compte la dinàmica de les aeronaus, les limitacions de la trajectòria i les funcions objectiu. La molèstia del soroll es modela utilitzant tècniques de lògica difusa en funció del nivell màxim de so percebut, l'hora del dia i el tipus de zona a sobrevolar. Llavors, s'identifica i es formula formalment el problema com a un problema de control òptim multi-criteri. Per resoldre'l es proposa un mètode de transcripció directa per tal de transformar-lo en un problema de programació no lineal. A continuació s'avaluen una sèrie de tècniques d'optimització multi-objectiu i entre elles es destaca el mètode d'escalarització, el més utilitzat en la literatura. No obstant això, s'exploren diverses tècniques alternatives que permeten superar certs inconvenients que l'escalarització presenta. En aquest context, es presenten i proven tècniques d'optimització lexicogràfica, jeràrquica, igualitària (o min-max) i per objectius. D'aquest anàlisi es desprenen certes conclusions que permeten aprofitar les millors característiques de cada tècnica i formar finalment una tècnica composta d'optimització multi-objectiu. Aquesta última estratègia s'aplica amb èxit a un escenari real i complex, on s'optimitzen les sortides cap a l'Est de la pista 02 de l'aeroport de Girona. En aquest exemple, dos tipus diferents d'aeronaus volant a diferents períodes del dia són simulats obtenint, conseqüentment, diferents trajectòries òptimes.
Aunque en las últimas décadas la reducción del ruido emitido por los aviones ha sido sustancial, su impacto en la población ubicada cerca de los aeropuertos es un problema persistente. Contener este ruido, asumiendo al mismo tiempo la creciente demanda de vuelos, es uno de los principales desafíos a que se enfrentan las autoridades aeroportuarias, los proveedores de servicios para la navegación y los operadores. Aparte de mejorar la aerodinámica o las emisiones sonoras de las aeronaves, su impacto acústico se puede reducir también gracias a la definición de nuevos procedimientos de vuelo optimizados. Éstos, se denominan generalmente Procedimientos de Atenuación de Ruido (PAR) y pueden incluir rutas preferenciales de vuelo (a fin de evitar las zonas pobladas) y también perfiles de vuelo optimizados.
Los procedimientos actuales para la reducción de ruido están muy lejos de ser los óptimos. En general, su optimización no es posible debido a las limitaciones de hoy en día en los métodos de navegación, los equipos de aviónica y la complejidad presente en algunos espacios aéreos. Por otra parte, muchos PAR se han diseñado de forma manual por un grupo de expertos y con la ayuda de varias iteraciones. Sin embargo, en los próximos años se esperan nuevos sistemas de aviónica y conceptos de gestión del tráfico aéreo que permitan mejorar el diseño de estos procedimientos, haciendo que sean más flexibles. En los pocos casos donde se optimizan PAR, se suele utilizar una métrica acústica en la elaboración de las diferentes funciones objetivo y por lo tanto, no se tienen en cuenta las molestias sonoras reales. La molestia es un concepto subjetivo, complejo y que depende del contexto en que se usa y su integración en la optimización de trayectorias sigue siendo un aspecto a estudiar.
La presente tesis doctoral se basa en el hecho de que en el futuro será posible definir trayectorias más flexibles y precisas. De esta manera se permitirá la definición de procedimientos de vuelo óptimos desde un punto de vista de molestias acústicas. Se considera una situación en que este tipo de procedimientos pueden ser diseñados de forma automática o semi-automática por un sistema experto basado en técnicas de optimización y de razonamiento aproximado. Esto serviría como una herramienta de toma de decisiones para planificadores del espacio aéreo y diseñadores de procedimientos.
En este trabajo se desarrolla una herramienta completa para el cálculo de PAR óptimos. Esto incluye un conjunto de modelos no lineales que tengan en cuenta la dinámica de las aeronaves, las limitaciones de la trayectoria y las funciones objetivo. La molestia del ruido se modela utilizando técnicas de lógica difusa en función del nivel máximo de sonido percibido, la hora del día y el tipo de zona a sobrevolar. Entonces, se identifica y se formula formalmente el problema como un problema de control óptimo multi-criterio. Para resolverlo se propone un método de transcripción directa para transformarlo en un problema de programación no lineal. A continuación se evalúan una serie de técnicas de optimización multi-objetivo y entre ellas se destaca el método de escalarización, el más utilizado en la literatura. Sin embargo, se exploran diversas técnicas alternativas que permiten superar ciertos inconvenientes que la escalarización presenta. En este contexto, se presentan y prueban técnicas de optimización lexicográfica, jerárquica, igualitaria (o min-max) y por objetivos. De este análisis se desprenden ciertas conclusiones que permiten aprovechar las mejores características de cada técnica y formar finalmente una técnica compuesta de optimización multi-objetivo. Esta última estrategia se aplica con éxito en un escenario real y complejo, donde se optimizan las salidas hacia el Este de la pista 02 del aeropuerto de Girona. En este ejemplo, dos tipos diferentes de aeronaves volando a diferentes periodos del día son simulados obteniendo, consecuentemente, diferentes trayectorias óptimas.
Despite the substantial reduction of the emitted aircraft noise in the last decades, the noise impact on communities located near airports is a problem that still lingers. Containing the sound generated by aircraft operations, while meeting the increasing demand for aircraft transportation, is one of the major challenges that airport authorities, air traffic service providers and aircraft operators may deal with. Aircraft noise can be reduced by improving the aerodynamics of the aircraft, the engine noise emissions but also in designing new optimised flight procedures. These procedures, are generally called Noise Abatement Procedures (NAP) and may include preferential routings (in order to avoid populated areas) and also schedule optimised vertical flight path profiles.
Present noise abatement procedures are far from being optimal in regards to minimising noise nuisances. In general, their optimisation is not possible due to the limitations of navigation methods, current avionic equipments and the complexity present at some terminal airspaces. Moreover, NAP are often designed manually by a group of experts and several iterations are needed. However, in the forthcoming years, new avionic systems and new Air Traffic Management concepts are expected to significantly improve the design of flight procedures. This will make them more flexible, and therefore will allow them to be more environmental friendly. Furthermore, in the few cases where NAP are optimised, an acoustical metric is usually used when building up the different optimisation functions. Therefore, the actual noise annoyance is not taken into account in the optimisation process. The annoyance is a subjective, complex and context-dependent concept. Even if sophisticated noise annoyance models are already available today, their integration into an trajectory optimisation framework is still something to be further explored.
This dissertation is mainly focused on the fact that those precise and more flexible trajectories will enable the definition of optimal flight procedures regarding the noise annoyance impact, especially in the arrival and departure phases of flights. In addition, one can conceive a situation where these kinds of procedures can be designed automatically or semi-automatically by an expert system, based on optimisation techniques and approximate reasoning. This would serve as a decision making tool for airspace planners and procedure designers.
A complete framework for computing optimal NAP is developed in this work. This includes a set of nonlinear models which take into account aircraft dynamics, trajectory constraints and objective functions. The noise annoyance is modelled by using fuzzy logic techniques in function of the perceived maximum sound level, the hour of the day and the type of over-flown zone. The problem tackled, formally identified and formulated as a multi-criteria optimal control problem, uses a direct transcription method to transform it into a Non Linear Programming problem. Then, an assessment of different multi-objective optimisation techniques is presented. Among these techniques, scalarisation methods are identified as the most widely used methodologies in the present day literature. Yet, in this dissertation several alternative techniques are explored in order to overcome some known drawbacks of this technique. In this context, lexicographic, hierarchical, egalitarian (or min-max) and goal optimisation strategies are presented and tested. From this analysis some conclusions arise allowing us to take advantage of the best features of each optimisation technique aimed at building a final compound multi-objective optimisation strategy. Finally, this strategy is applied successfully to a complex and real scenario, where the East departures of runway 02 at the airport of Girona (Catalonia, Spain) are optimised. Two aircraft types are simulated at different periods of the day obtaining different optimal trajectories.
Prats, Menéndez Xavier. "Contributions to the Optimisation of aircraft noise abatement procedures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5929.
Повний текст джерелаAunque en las últimas décadas la reducción del ruido emitido por los aviones ha sido sustancial, su impacto en la población ubicada cerca de los aeropuertos es un problema persistente. Contener este ruido, asumiendo al mismo tiempo la creciente demanda de vuelos, es uno de los principales desafíos a que se enfrentan las autoridades aeroportuarias, los proveedores de servicios para la navegación y los operadores. Aparte de mejorar la aerodinámica o las emisiones sonoras de las aeronaves, su impacto acústico se puede reducir también gracias a la definición de nuevos procedimientos de vuelo optimizados. Éstos, se denominan generalmente Procedimientos de Atenuación de Ruido (PAR) y pueden incluir rutas preferenciales de vuelo (a fin de evitar las zonas pobladas) y también perfiles de vuelo optimizados.Los procedimientos actuales para la reducción de ruido están muy lejos de ser los óptimos. En general, su optimización no es posible debido a las limitaciones de hoy en día en los métodos de navegación, los equipos de aviónica y la complejidad presente en algunos espacios aéreos. Por otra parte, muchos PAR se han diseñado de forma manual por un grupo de expertos y con la ayuda de varias iteraciones. Sin embargo, en los próximos años se esperan nuevos sistemas de aviónica y conceptos de gestión del tráfico aéreo que permitan mejorar el diseño de estos procedimientos, haciendo que sean más flexibles. En los pocos casos donde se optimizan PAR, se suele utilizar una métrica acústica en la elaboración de las diferentes funciones objetivo y por lo tanto, no se tienen en cuenta las molestias sonoras reales. La molestia es un concepto subjetivo, complejo y que depende del contexto en que se usa y su integración en la optimización de trayectorias sigue siendo un aspecto a estudiar. La presente tesis doctoral se basa en el hecho de que en el futuro será posible definir trayectorias más flexibles y precisas. De esta manera se permitirá la definición de procedimientos de vuelo óptimos desde un punto de vista de molestias acústicas. Se considera una situación en que este tipo de procedimientos pueden ser diseñados de forma automática o semi-automática por un sistema experto basado en técnicas de optimización y de razonamiento aproximado. Esto serviría como una herramienta de toma de decisiones para planificadores del espacio aéreo y diseñadores de procedimientos.En este trabajo se desarrolla una herramienta completa para el cálculo de PAR óptimos. Esto incluye un conjunto de modelos no lineales que tengan en cuenta la dinámica de las aeronaves, las limitaciones de la trayectoria y las funciones objetivo. La molestia del ruido se modela utilizando técnicas de lógica difusa en función del nivel máximo de sonido percibido, la hora del día y el tipo de zona a sobrevolar. Entonces, se identifica y se formula formalmente el problema como un problema de control óptimo multi-criterio. Para resolverlo se propone un método de transcripción directa para transformarlo en un problema de programación no lineal. A continuación se evalúan una serie de técnicas de optimización multi-objetivo y entre ellas se destaca el método de escalarización, el más utilizado en la literatura. Sin embargo, se exploran diversas técnicas alternativas que permiten superar ciertos inconvenientes que la escalarización presenta. En este contexto, se presentan y prueban técnicas de optimización lexicográfica, jerárquica, igualitaria (o min-max) y por objetivos. De este análisis se desprenden ciertas conclusiones que permiten aprovechar las mejores características de cada técnica y formar finalmente una técnica compuesta de optimización multi-objetivo. Esta última estrategia se aplica con éxito en un escenario real y complejo, donde se optimizan las salidas hacia el Este de la pista 02 del aeropuerto de Girona. En este ejemplo, dos tipos diferentes de aeronaves volando a diferentes periodos del día son simulados obteniendo, consecuentemente, diferentes trayectorias óptimas.
Despite the substantial reduction of the emitted aircraft noise in the last decades, the noise impact on communities located near airports is a problem that still lingers. Containing the sound generated by aircraft operations, while meeting the increasing demand for aircraft transportation, is one of the major challenges that airport authorities, air traffic service providers and aircraft operators may deal with. Aircraft noise can be reduced by improving the aerodynamics of the aircraft, the engine noise emissions but also in designing new optimised flight procedures. These procedures, are generally called Noise Abatement Procedures (NAP) and may include preferential routings (in order to avoid populated areas) and also schedule optimised vertical flight path profiles. Present noise abatement procedures are far from being optimal in regards to minimising noise nuisances. In general, their optimisation is not possible due to the limitations of navigation methods, current avionic equipments and the complexity present at some terminal airspaces. Moreover, NAP are often designed manually by a group of experts and several iterations are needed. However, in the forthcoming years, new avionic systems and new Air Traffic Management concepts are expected to significantly improve the design of flight procedures. This will make them more flexible, and therefore will allow them to be more environmental friendly. Furthermore, in the few cases where NAP are optimised, an acoustical metric is usually used when building up the different optimisation functions. Therefore, the actual noise annoyance is not taken into account in the optimisation process. The annoyance is a subjective, complex and context-dependent concept. Even if sophisticated noise annoyance models are already available today, their integration into an trajectory optimisation framework is still something to be further explored. This dissertation is mainly focused on the fact that those precise and more flexible trajectories will enable the definition of optimal flight procedures regarding the noise annoyance impact, especially in the arrival and departure phases of flights. In addition, one can conceive a situation where these kinds of procedures can be designed automatically or semi-automatically by an expert system, based on optimisation techniques and approximate reasoning. This would serve as a decision making tool for airspace planners and procedure designers.A complete framework for computing optimal NAP is developed in this work. This includes a set of nonlinear models which take into account aircraft dynamics, trajectory constraints and objective functions. The noise annoyance is modelled by using fuzzy logic techniques in function of the perceived maximum sound level, the hour of the day and the type of over-flown zone. The problem tackled, formally identified and formulated as a multi-criteria optimal control problem, uses a direct transcription method to transform it into a Non Linear Programming problem. Then, an assessment of different multi-objective optimisation techniques is presented. Among these techniques, scalarisation methods are identified as the most widely used methodologies in the present day literature. Yet, in this dissertation several alternative techniques are explored in order to overcome some known drawbacks of this technique. In this context, lexicographic, hierarchical, egalitarian (or min-max) and goal optimisation strategies are presented and tested. From this analysis some conclusions arise allowing us to take advantage of the best features of each optimisation technique aimed at building a final compound multi-objective optimisation strategy. Finally, this strategy is applied successfully to a complex and real scenario, where the East departures of runway 02 at the airport of Girona (Catalonia, Spain) are optimised. Two aircraft types are simulated at different periods of the day obtaining different optimal trajectories.
Vílchez, Sánchez Fernando Arturo. "Propiedades psicométricas del test de Aptitudes de Educación Infantil Revisado (AEI-R) en una muestra de niñas y niños de Lima Metropolitana." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/17008.
Повний текст джерела