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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 28 вересня 2022

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Karadimas, Dimitri. "Tlaloc, le dieu parasite." Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 47, no. 2-3 (June 12, 2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1048594ar.

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Travaillant à partir de sources variées et composites, l’auteur livre une analyse iconographique originale sur Tlaloc, le dieu parasite des Mayas, figure centrale de leur panthéon, souvent qualifié par les spécialistes des sociétés mésoaméricaines comme le « dieu de la pluie », mais aussi des tornades, des séismes et autres éléments météorologiques. À travers une démarche archéologique et anthropologique, l’auteur propose de mettre en lumière une « pensée analogique », traversant différentes sociétés précolombiennes, qui, pour créer les êtres imaginaires, trouve son inspiration dans les formes significatives apparaissant au sein du monde vivant, notamment dans certaines espèces d’insectes.

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Berrada Rkhami, O., and C. Gabrion. "Synchronisation par la lumière de l’éclosion des larves de deux espèces de Bothriocéphales." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 61, no. 2 (1986): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1986612255.

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Tardieux, Isabelle. "Lumière sur le « twist » final du parasite Toxoplasma pour envahir sa cellule hôte nourricière." médecine/sciences 35, no. 2 (February 2019): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019013.

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Roychoudhury, Pavitra, Neelima Shrestha, Valorie R. Wiss, and Stephen M. Krone. "Fitness benefits of low infectivity in a spatially structured population of bacteriophages." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1774 (January 7, 2014): 20132563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2563.

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For a parasite evolving in a spatially structured environment, an evolutionarily advantageous strategy may be to reduce its transmission rate or infectivity. We demonstrate this empirically using bacteriophage (phage) from an evolution experiment where spatial structure was maintained over 550 phage generations on agar plates. We found that a single substitution in the major capsid protein led to slower adsorption of phage to host cells with no change in lysis time or burst size. Plaques formed by phage isolates containing this mutation were not only larger but also contained more phage per unit area. Using a spatially explicit, individual-based model, we showed that when there is a trade-off between adsorption and diffusion (i.e. less ‘sticky’ phage diffuse further), slow adsorption can maximize plaque size, plaque density and overall productivity. These findings suggest that less infective pathogens may have an advantage in spatially structured populations, even when well-mixed models predict that they will not.

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Allan, J. C., and P. S. Craig. "Partial characterization and time course analysis of Hymenolepis diminuta coproantigens." Journal of Helminthology 68, no. 2 (June 1994): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00013596.

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AbstractAn analysis of Hymenolepis diminuta specific antigens in infected rat faeces was carried out. Using a capture type antibody sandwich ELISA assay based on a hyperimmune rabbit anti-worm somatic antisera it was demonstrated that, although antigen was present in faeces before patency, the onset of egg production led to a sharp increase in the levels of parasite antigen in the faeces. Levels of antigen in host faeces were independent of worm burden. Parasite eggs did not contribute significantly to faecal antigen levels. Western blot analysis indicated a number of highly specific antigens at around Mr 69,000, Mr 37,000, Mr 50,000 and Mr 27,000 with a low molecular weight smear at between Mr 30,000 and Mr 34,000 present in the faeces of H. diminuta infected rats. Some cross reaction occurred with an antigen of around Mr 66,000 in the faeces of non H. diminuta infected rodents. Antibody activity against this antigen was removed by affinity adsorption of the antibody solution against normal rat faeces.

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Thiramanas, Raweewan, Rujira Wanotayan, Sakon Rahong, Kulachart Jangpatarapongsa, Pramuan Tangboriboonrat, and Duangporn Polpanich. "Improving Malaria Diagnosis via Latex Immunoagglutination Assay in Microfluidic Device." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.292.

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Attempt to improve latex immunoagglutination assay, a rapid method in medical diagnostics, reporting as quantitative results was interested in this study by using microfluidic device. Sensitized latex was produced by physical adsorption of human polyclonal IgG antibody to Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite onto carboxylated polystyrene particle. Conventional latex agglutination assay was firstly performed to verify specific interaction of antibody on the bead surface versus antigen in malaria plasma. The agglutinate size around 30 µm was observed under optical microscope. The proportion of the plasma and the particle was optimized, and an appropriate ratio was applied in microfluidic device. Three patterns of the device were used with the agglutinate size comparison after 10 min as followed: rapid mixing > U-shaped loop > straight capillary Y-junction patterns. However, compared with patient plasma, small agglutinates were also observed when using normal serum.

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Barreiro-Costa, Olalla, Gabriela Morales-Noboa, Patricio Rojas-Silva, Eliana Lara-Barba, Javier Santamaría-Aguirre, Natalia Bailón-Moscoso, Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides, et al. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes: A Potential Application against Leishmaniasis." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164960.

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This work focuses on the search and development of drugs that may become new alternatives to the commercial drugs currently available for treatment of leishmaniasis. We have designed and synthesized 12 derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes. We then characterized their potential application in therapeutic use. For this, the in vitro biological activities against three eukaryotic models—S. cerevisiae, five cancer cell lines, and the parasite L. mexicana—were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxicity against non-cancerous mammalian cells has been evaluated and other properties of interest have been characterized, such as genotoxicity, antioxidant properties and, in silico predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The results that we present here represent a first screening, indicating two derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes as good candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They have good specificity against parasites with respect to mammalian cells.

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Pathak, Sulabha, K. Rajeshwari, Swati Garg, Sudarsan Rajagopal, Kalpesh Patel, Bidyut Das, Sylviane Pied, Balachandran Ravindran, and Shobhona Sharma. "PlasmodiumRiboprotein PfP0 Induces a Deviant Humoral Immune Response in Balb/cMice." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/695843.

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Passive immunization with antibodies to recombinantPlasmodium falciparumP0 riboprotein (rPfP0, 61–316 amino acids) provides protection against malaria. Carboxy-terminal 16 amino acids of the protein (PfP0C0) are conserved and show 69% identity to human and mouse P0. Antibodies to this domain are found in 10–15% of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. We probed the nature of humoral response to PfP0C0 by repeatedly immunizing mice with rPfP0. We failed to raise stable anti-PfP0C0 hybridomas from any of the 21 mice. The average serum anti-PfP0C0 titer remained low (5.1±1.3×104). Pathological changes were observed in the mice after seven boosts. Adsorption with dinitrophenyl hapten revealed that the anti-PfP0C0 response was largely polyreactive. This polyreactivity was distributed across all isotypes. Similar polyreactive responses to PfP0 and PfP0C0 were observed in sera from malaria patients. Our data suggests that PfP0 induces a deviant humoral response, and this may contribute to immune evasion mechanisms of the parasite.

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Campos-Neto, Antonio, Isabelle Suffia, Karen A. Cavassani, Shyian Jen, Kay Greeson, Pamela Ovendale, João S. Silva, Steven G. Reed, and Yasir A. W. Skeiky. "Cloning and Characterization of a Gene Encoding an Immunoglobulin-Binding Receptor on the Cell Surface of Some Members of the Family Trypanosomatidae." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (September 2003): 5065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5065-5076.2003.

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ABSTRACT Several members of the Trypanosomatidae family, when freshly isolated from their mammalian hosts, have immunoglobulins adsorbed to their cell surfaces. However, a significant portion of these antibody molecules is not parasite specific, i.e., the immunoglobulins are bound to the parasite's cell surface molecules via noncognitive interactions. It has been proposed that this noncognitive adsorption of immunoglobulins to the parasite is mediated by an Fc-like receptor present in several members of the Trypanosomatidae family. However, the molecular identification of this receptor has never been defined. Here, we describe the cloning of a gene encoding a protein that might represent this molecule. The gene, named Lmsp1, was cloned by screening a Leishmania major cDNA expression library using a rabbit antiserum. Lmsp1 is present in both Leishmania and Trypanosoma and is expressed in all developmental stages of these parasites. The predicted protein has a molecular mass of 16.6 kDa and contains an RGD sequence starting at residue 104 and three cysteine residues at positions 55, 74, and 116. The purified recombinant protein strongly binds to normal immunoglobulins of various animal species (humans, rabbits, sheep, goats, guinea pigs, donkeys, rats, and mice) and the binding to human immunoglobulins appears to be immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM isotype specific. Moreover, Lmsp1 binds to both purified Fc and Fab fragments of IgG from both humans and rabbits. The mapping of the Lmsp1 epitopes that bind human IgG revealed that different sequences of the molecule bind to Fc or Fab. In addition, fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses with a specific rabbit anti-Lmsp1 antiserum showed that Lmsp1 is associated with the parasite's cell surface. Finally, inhibition experiments point to an active role of this molecule in the immunoglobulin-mediated attachment and penetration of Trypanosoma cruzi in its macrophage host cells, thus suggesting that Lmsp1 is a putative Trypanosomatidae immunoglobulin receptor.

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PERETTI, LEANDRO E., VERÓNICA D. G. GONZALEZ, IVÁN S. MARCIPAR, and LUIS M. GUGLIOTTA. "Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Evaluation of latex–protein complexes by immnunoagglutination." Parasitology 144, no. 8 (March 14, 2017): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000294.

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SUMMARYThe aim of this work was to obtain a reagent based on latex particles for ruling out acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women by immunoagglutination (IA). Latex–protein complexes (LPC) were previously synthesized coupling the recombinant protein ofToxoplasma gondiiP22Ag and the homogenate of the parasite to latex particles with different size, chemical functionality and charge density. LPC were tested in IA assays against a panel of 72 pregnant women serum samples. Results were analysed through receiver operating characteristic curves, determining area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively). It was observed that the antigenicity of proteins was not affected during sensitization by either physical adsorption or covalent coupling. The best results in the sense of maximizing discrimination of low avidity sera from chronic ones were observed for the IA test based on latex particles with carboxyl functionality and the recombinant P22Ag, obtaining an AUC of 0·94, a sensitivity of 100% and a NPV of 100%. In this way, the proposed test could be useful for the toxoplasmosis diagnosis in pregnant women, with the advantages of being cheap, rapid and easy to be implemented.

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Güther, Maria Lucia Sampaio, Sylvia Lee, Laurence Tetley, Alvaro Acosta-Serrano, and Michael A. J. Ferguson. "GPI-anchored Proteins and Free GPI Glycolipids of Procyclic Form Trypanosoma brucei Are Nonessential for Growth, Are Required for Colonization of the Tsetse Fly, and Are Not the Only Components of the Surface Coat." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 5265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0702.

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The procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei exists in the midgut of the tsetse fly. The current model of its surface glycocalyx is an array of rod-like procyclin glycoproteins with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors carrying sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine side chains interspersed with smaller sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine–containing free GPI glycolipids. Mutants for TbGPI12, deficient in the second step of GPI biosynthesis, were devoid of cell surface procyclins and poly-N-acetyllactosamine–containing free GPI glycolipids. This major disruption to their surface architecture severely impaired their ability to colonize tsetse fly midguts but, surprisingly, had no effect on their morphology and growth characteristics in vitro. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mutants retained a cell surface glycocalyx. This structure, and the viability of the mutants in vitro, prompted us to look for non-GPI–anchored parasite molecules and/or the adsorption of serum components. Neither were apparent from cell surface biotinylation experiments but [3H]glucosamine biosynthetic labeling revealed a group of previously unidentified high apparent molecular weight glycoconjugates that might contribute to the surface coat. While characterizing GlcNAc-PI that accumulates in the TbGPI12 mutant, we observed inositolphosphoceramides for the first time in this organism.

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Olafson, Katy N., Megan A. Ketchum, Jeffrey D. Rimer, and Peter G. Vekilov. "Mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by the antimalarial drug chloroquine." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 16 (March 23, 2015): 4946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501023112.

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Hematin crystallization is the primary mechanism of heme detoxification in malaria parasites and the target of the quinoline class of antimalarials. Despite numerous studies of malaria pathophysiology, fundamental questions regarding hematin growth and inhibition remain. Among them are the identity of the crystallization medium in vivo, aqueous or organic; the mechanism of crystallization, classical or nonclassical; and whether quinoline antimalarials inhibit crystallization by sequestering hematin in the solution, or by blocking surface sites crucial for growth. Here we use time-resolved in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and show that the lipid subphase in the parasite may be a preferred growth medium. We provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence of the molecular mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by chloroquine, a common quinoline antimalarial drug. AFM observations demonstrate that crystallization strictly follows a classical mechanism wherein new crystal layers are generated by 2D nucleation and grow by the attachment of solute molecules. We identify four classes of surface sites available for binding of potential drugs and propose respective mechanisms of drug action. Further studies reveal that chloroquine inhibits hematin crystallization by binding to molecularly flat {100} surfaces. A 2-μM concentration of chloroquine fully arrests layer generation and step advancement, which is ∼104× less than hematin’s physiological concentration. Our results suggest that adsorption at specific growth sites may be a general mode of hemozoin growth inhibition for the quinoline antimalarials. Because the atomic structures of the identified sites are known, this insight could advance the future design and/or optimization of new antimalarials.

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Gumila, C., M. L. Ancelin, A. M. Delort, G. Jeminet, and H. J. Vial. "Characterization of the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of ionophore compounds." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 3 (March 1997): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.3.523.

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Large-scale in vitro screening of different types of ionophores previously pinpointed nine compounds that were very active and selective in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum; their in vitro and in vivo antimalarial effects were further studied. Addition of the ionophores to synchronized P. falciparum suspensions revealed that all P. falciparum stages were sensitive to the drugs. However, the schizont stages were three- to ninefold more sensitive, and 12 h was required for complete parasite clearance. Pretreatment of healthy erythrocytes with toxic doses of ionophores for 24 to 48 h showed that the activity was not due to an irreversible effect on the host erythrocyte. No preferential ionophore adsorption in infected or uninfected erythrocytes occurred. On the other hand, ionophore molecules strongly bound to serum proteins since increasing the serum concentration from 2 to 50% led to almost a 25-fold parallel increase in the ionophore 50% inhibitory concentration. Mice infected with the malaria parasites Plasmodium vinckei petteri or Plasmodium chabaudi were successfully treated with eight ionophores in a 4-day suppressive test. The 50% effective dose after intraperitoneal administration ranged from 0.4 to 4.1 mg/kg of body weight, and the therapeutic indices were about 5 for all ionophores except monensin A methyl ether, 5-bromo lasalocid A, and gramicidin D, whose therapeutic indices were 12, 18, and 344, respectively. These three compounds were found to be curative, with no recrudescence. Gramicidin D, which presented impressive antimalarial activity, requires parenteral administration, while 5-bromo lasalocid A has the major advantage of being active after oral administration. Overall, the acceptable levels of toxicity and the good in vivo therapeutic indices in the rodent model highlight the interesting potential of these ionophores for the treatment of malaria in higher animals.

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Noordin, Rahmah, Emelia Osman, Nor Suhada Anuar, Nor Mustaiqazah Juri, Anizah Rahumatullah, and Nur Athirah Ahmad Hilmi. "Serum Adsorption Study to Validate the Specificity of a Rapid Test to Detect Strongyloides stercoralis Infection." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, August 30, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0674.

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A lateral flow rapid test for strongyloidiasis will greatly facilitate the control and elimination of the disease. Previously SsRapid™ prototype rapid test showed high diagnostic specificity to detect Strongyloides infection, determined using non-Strongyloides sera negative by IgG-ELISAs. Since high specificity is crucial before a test is used for public health control activities, further validation of its specificity is needed. Also, it needs to be ascertained whether non-Strongyloides sera positive by IgG-ELISAs and SsRapid are truly positive for Strongyloides or are cases of cross-reactivity. We performed 84 rapid tests (two types of dipsticks and cassettes) using 34 serum samples. They were divided into four groups based on Strongyloides infection and coinfection with other parasites and the availability of recombinant proteins and rapid tests for the latter. Sera was adsorbed using polystyrene microspheres beads separately coated with four recombinant parasite proteins. The small sample size is a limitation of this study; however, the overall results showed that the sera adsorption procedure was successful, and the SsRapid test is specific.

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NEFERTITI, ALINE SILVA DA GAMA, MARCOS MEUSER BATISTA, PATRÍCIA BERNARDINO DA SILVA, EDUARDO CAIO TORRES-SANTOS, EDEZIO F. CUNHA-JÚNIOR, JULIUS GREEN, ARVIND KUMAR, ABDELBASSET A. FARAHAT, DAVID WILSON BOYKIN, and MARIA DE NAZARE CORREIA SOEIRO. "Anti-parasitic effect of novel amidines against Trypanosoma cruzi: phenotypic and in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis." Parasitology Open 3 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pao.2017.5.

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SUMMARYNew more selective and potent drugs are urgently need to treat Chagas disease (CD). Among the many synthetic compounds evaluated againstTrypanosoma cruzi, aromatic amidines (AAs) and especially arylimidamides (AIAs) have potent activity against this parasite. Presently, the effect of four mono-amidines (DB2228, DB2229, DB2292 and DB2294), four diamidines (DB2232, DB2235, DB2251 and DB2253) and one AIA (DB2255) was screenedin vitroagainst different forms (bloodstream trypomastigotes – BT and intracellular forms) and strains from discrete typing unit (DTU) I and VI ofT. cruziand their cytotoxic profile on mammalian host cells. Except for DB2253, all molecules were as active as benznidazole (Bz), resulting in 50% of reduction in the number of alive BT, with EC50ranging from 2·7 to 10·1µmafter 24 h of incubation. DB2255 was also the most potent against amastigotes (Tulahuen strain) showing similar activity to that of Bz (3µm).In silicoabsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis demonstrated probability of human intestinal adsorption, while mutagenicity and inhibition of hERG1 were not predicted, besides giving acceptable predicted volumes of distribution. Our findings contribute for better knowledge regarding the biological effect of this class of aromatic molecules againstT. cruziaiming to identify novel promising agent for CD therapy.

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Ochola, Juliet, Laura Cortada, Onesmus Mwaura, Meklit Tariku, Shawn A. Christensen, Margaret Ng’ang’a, Ahmed Hassanali, et al. "Wrap-and-plant technology to manage sustainably potato cyst nematodes in East Africa." Nature Sustainability, February 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00852-5.

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AbstractRenewable eco-friendly options for crop protection are fundamental in achieving sustainable agriculture. Here, we demonstrate the use of a biodegradable lignocellulosic banana-paper matrix as a seed wrap for the protection of potato plants against potato cyst nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis. Potato cyst nematodes are devastating quarantine pests of potato globally. In East Africa, G. rostochiensis has recently emerged as a serious threat to potato production. Wrapping seed potatoes within the lignocellulose banana-paper matrix substantially reduced G. rostochiensis field inoculum and increased potato yields by up to fivefold in Kenya, relative to farmer practice, whether or not impregnated with ultra-low doses of the nematicide abamectin (ABM). Markedly, ABM-treated banana paper at ~1,000 times lower than conventional recommendations reduced PCN inoculum. Assays and analyses revealed that the lignocellulose matrix disrupts parasite–host chemical signalling by adsorbing critical PCN hatching and infective juvenile host location chemicals present in potato root exudate. Recovery experiments confirmed adsorption of these host location chemicals. Our study demonstrates the use of waste organic material to sustainably manage PCN, and potentially other crop root pests, while increasing potato yields.

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Said, Nusa Idaman. "DAUR ULANG AIR LIMBAH (WATER RECYCLE) DITINJAU DARI ASPEK TEKNOLOGI, LINGKUNGAN DAN EKONOMI." Jurnal Air Indonesia 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jai.v2i2.2300.

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In line with fast growth of populations in urban area the discharged waste water from daily activities have caused contamination of ground water and also surface water. Unbalance between distribution of source and usage of water have caused unbalance between supply and demand. Therefore, new innovation in the case supply of raw water has come to important attention. One of the alternatives which getting much attention in many state in world is to use recycle wastewater especially municipal wastewater as one source of raw water for water supplySeveral things which need to be paid attention in the case of usage of recycle wastewater are consistency of the treated water quality as according to enabled condition. In usage of recycle wastewater to be used as clean water supply there is several categorize of contaminant which must be paid attention peculiarly namely for example organic contaminant including pesticide, pathogenic bacteria, parasite, virus and also heavy metal contaminant for example mercury, lead, chrome, cadmium etc. Therefore the treatment process must be done neglectlessly with control of quality which able to be justified.One of the concept for processing of urban wastewater to be made clean water is use combination of primary treatment, secondary treatment with biological process continued by advanced treatment by physico-chemical process for example covering clarification process, nutrient removal, recarbonation, filtration, adsorption with activated carbon, ion exchange process, and also demineralization with process of reverse osmosis and also ozonization and chlorination. With these processes combination can treat wastewater yield treated water with quality of as drinking water.This paper explained some example of wastewater treatment process for recycle wastewater which have been applicated in some state. One of the example of wastewater recycle process using combination of biological process continued with ultra filtration process, reverse osmosis process, and disinfection by ultraviolet, and also pH control such as those which have been conducted by NEWATER Factory, Singapore. Kata Kunci : Daur ulang, air limbah, teknologi, lingkungan.

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