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Книги з теми "Additional radiation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 26 жовтня 2023

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1

Kulepanov, Vladimir. Ionizing radiation in the hydrosphere. Introduction to radiobiology and radioecology of hydrobionts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014635.

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The textbook contains information about the history of the discovery and study of ionizing radiation, about the development and formation of radiobiology and radioecology. The characteristics of ionizing radiation, radiation dose units and activity are given. The effect of ionizing radiation on biological systems is described. Modern problems of radioecology are considered. Compiled taking into account the current curriculum for the specialty "Life safety in the technosphere", it includes the main provisions of radiobiology and radioecology. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for independent work of students, bachelors and postgraduates, it can also be used as additional material at lectures and methodological material at seminars on the courses "Ecology "and"Marine Ecology".

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2

United States. Government Accountability Office. Energy employees compensation: Adjustments made to contracted review process, but additional oversight and planning would aid the advisory board in meeting its statutory responsibilities : report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 2006.

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3

Rainer, Bauske, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter impact: Auroral and high energy processes : final report for NASA grant NAGW-4797; original funding period: September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996, extended at no additional cost to September 30, 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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4

Rainer, Bauske, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter impact: Auroral and high energy processes : final report for NASA grant NAGW-4797; original funding period: September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996, extended at no additional cost to September 30, 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Telecommunications: Additional federal efforts could help advance digital television transition : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: General Accounting Office (441 G St. NW, Room LM, Washington, 20548), 2002.

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6

Great Britain. Health and Safety Commission., ed. Dose limitation: Restriction of exposure : additional guidance on regulation 6 of the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 : approved code of practice Part 4. London: H.M.S.O., 1991.

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7

Great Britain. Health and Safety Commission., ed. Draft approved code of practice, part 4: Dose limitation-restriction of exposure: Additional guidance on regulation 6 of the Ionising Radiations Regulations (IRR 85). London: Health and Safety Executive, 1990.

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8

Lee, Christoph I. Imaging Utilization Trends and Radiation Exposure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0049.

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Анотація:

This chapter, found in the radiation exposure from medical imaging section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining advanced imaging utilization trends and radiation-induced cancer risks. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Results showed that the utilization rates for advanced imaging in a population enrolled in various integrated health systems increased substantially from 1995 to 2010. Given the potential radiation-induced cancer risks associated with advanced imaging, researchers concluded that the clinical benefits of advanced imaging should be quantified to determine the relative risk-benefit ratios of advanced imaging procedures. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette is included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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9

Lee, Christoph I. Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation from Medical Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0050.

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This chapter, found in the radiation exposure from medical imaging section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining low-dose ionizing radiation exposure and radiation-induced cancer risks. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study reported that a substantial proportion of the nonelderly US population is exposed to medium to very high annual effective doses from medical imaging procedures. Strategies ensuring the appropriate use of medical imaging associated with ionizing radiation should be developed and adopted widely. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette is included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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10

Syed, Almas, Robert Evans Heithaus, and Chet R. Rees. Reducing Operator Exposure Using Suspended Radiation Protection System. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0105.

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The increasing utilization of radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has provided impetus for improved strategies of radiation protection for interventionalists. The associated discomfort, disability, and career-shortening effects of lead aprons for heavy fluoroscopy users have served as an impetus for the development of lighter and more comfortable models. A suspended radiation protection system employs the use of a “weightless” shield resembling a thick large lead apron with head shield and arm shields. The shield moves with the operator like a garment, providing extensive protection without orthopedic strain or discomfort while maintaining full user functionality. Utilization of a suspended radiation protection system provides the operator with optimum radiation protection, without any additional weight, and maintains procedural flexibility.

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11

Lee, Christoph I. Cancer Risk from Pediatric CT. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0048.

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This chapter, found in the radiation exposure from medical imaging section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study estimating the potential radiation-induced cancer risk to pediatric patients undergoing computed tomography scans. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study demonstrated that pediatric patients are at significantly increased lifetime radiation risks from CT compared to adults, and that every effort should be made to eliminate unnecessary radiation exposure among them. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette is included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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12

Gilbert, Mark R., and Roberta Rudà. Ependymal tumours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0005.

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Ependymomas are uncommon central nervous system cancers that can arise in the supratentorial, infratentorial, or spinal cord region. Recently, there have been several seminal findings regarding the molecular profiles of ependymomas that have led to marked changes in the classification of this disease. In addition to the World Health Organization grading system that designates ependymomas based on histological appearance into grade I, II, or III, a new molecular classification with distinct entities within the three anatomical regions provides additional subtyping that has prognostic significance and may ultimately provide therapeutic targets. Ependymomas are typically treated with maximum safe tumour resection. Grade III tumours always require radiation treatment even with extensive resection. Radiation is also often administered to patients with grade II ependymomas. Grade I tumours typically receive radiation if there is extensive residual disease, but complete resection may be curative. Local radiation is optimal unless there is imaging or cytological evidence of dissemination in the cerebrospinal fluid. Chemotherapy is less well established although recent molecular findings may lead to subtype specific treatments.

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13

Lee, Christoph I. Imaging for Suspected Nephrolithiasis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0029.

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This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of ultrasound and computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. The study found that initial imaging with ultrasonography for suspected nephrolithiasis has similar diagnostic accuracy and short-term patient outcomes, but is associated with lower cumulative radiation exposure, compared to initial imaging with CT for suspected nephrolithiasis. Thus, ultrasound should be used as the initial diagnostic imaging test for patients with suspected renal colic, with additional imaging performed as needed. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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14

Finlay, Esmé, and Diaa Osman. Decompressive Surgery for Malignant Spinal Cord Compression (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0013.

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Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a potentially disabling complication associated with advanced cancer. To address whether decompressive surgery followed by radiation therapy is superior to radiation therapy alone, this multi-institutional randomized trial compared outcomes among 101 patients with MESCCC. The study assessed functional outcomes such as ability to ambulate posttreatment, length of ambulation and maintained continence posttreatment, survival time after intervention, and additional functional, quality of life, and medication use outcomes. The practice-changing results of this study indicate that patients who received decompressive surgery and radiation had a longer length of posttreatment ambulation (122 days vs. 13 days, P = 0.03), better overall survival (126 days vs. 100 days, Relative risk 0.60, P = 0.033), lower doses of palliative medications, as well as better performance on several other secondary outcomes. From this landmark study, in appropriately selected patients with MESCC, surgery followed by radiation has become the standard of care.

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15

Martin, Colin J., and David G. Sutton, eds. Practical Radiation Protection in Healthcare. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.001.0001.

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Practical Radiation Protection in Healthcare provides a practical guide for medical physicists and others involved with radiation protection in the healthcare environment. The guidance is based on principles set out in current recommendations of the International Commission for Radiological Protection and methods developed by a variety of professional bodies. Written by practitioners experienced in the field, this practical online reference covers both established techniques and new areas of application. This new edition is fully revised and updated to cover new requirements linked to the increased knowledge of radiation effects, and the development of new technology. Each specialist area is covered in a separate chapter to allow easy reference with individual chapters being assigned to different types of non-ionising radiations. Additionally, tabulated data is included to allow the reader to carry out calculations for situations encountered frequently without reference to further resources.

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16

Wolter, Tilman. Cervical Transforaminal/Nerve Root Injections: Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0006.

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Computed tomography (CT)–guided selective cervical nerve root blocks, particularly in the dorsal/posterior access, are sensitive, specific, efficacious, and safe. If performed with a lateral/anterolateral access, the CT-fluoroscopic technique with real-time visualization should be chosen. In comparison to fluoroscopy-guided nerve root blocks, CT guidance offers a more precise visualization of the contrast agent. While the advantages of CT guidance seem to outweigh the slightly higher exposure to radiation, this specific topic is debatable and requires additional scientific inquiry. Comparative studies are needed to address the sensitivity, specificity, efficacy, complication rates, and radiation exposure of CT- and fluoroscopy-guided cervical nerve root blocks.

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17

Electronic warfare: Additional buys of sensor system should be delayed pending satisfactory testing : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (441 G St., NW, Room LM, Washington 20548): U.S. General Accounting Office, 1996.

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18

Jo, Jasmin, and David Schiff. Brain Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0141.

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In the past, detection of brain metastases signaled the conclusion of aggressive systemic treatment and shifted the focus of care toward palliation. The median survival for patients with single brain metastasis without brain-directed treatment is about a month. Whole brain radiation therapy was the traditional palliative treatment utilized, offering an additional 2 to 5 months. More recently, in addition to whole brain irradiation, the roles of surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies in the definitive management of brain metastases have been investigated in numerous studies. In selected patients, the use of aggressive local therapies can be associated with long survival and good quality of life. This chapter discusses the current state of the art therapeutic options for brain metastases.

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19

The Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter impact: Auroral and high energy processes : final report for NASA grant NAGW-4797; original funding period: September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996, extended at no additional cost to September 30, 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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20

The Shoemaker-Levy 9/Jupiter impact: Auroral and high energy processes : final report for NASA grant NAGW-4797; original funding period: September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996, extended at no additional cost to September 30, 1997. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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21

Green, Adèle C., and David C. Whiteman. Ultraviolet Radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0014.

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the principal cause of over 95% of keratinocyte cancers (basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin), the most common cancers in white populations worldwide. UV radiation also causes an estimated 60%–90% of cutaneous melanoma, the cancer affecting the skin’s pigment-producing cells. In addition, UV radiation is the major cause of many eye diseases, including ocular cancers and cataract, the commonest cause of blindness, and is responsible for the underlying changes in skin aging, on which billions of dollars are spent annually in efforts to repair the damage. The sun is the principal source of human exposure to UV radiation. However, artificial sources are encountered in a wide range of industrial and medical settings, and increasingly from commercial tanning facilities. By the late twentieth century, nearly epidemic increases in skin cancer incidence had occurred in white populations, especially in Australia and New Zealand.

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22

Lee, Christoph I. Low-Dose CT for Suspected Appendicitis in Young Adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0026.

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This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of low-dose computed tomography (CT) among young adults with suspected appendicitis. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Low-dose CT was shown not to be inferior to standard-dose CT with respect to negative appendectomy rates among young adults presenting with suspected appendicitis. If used as the first-line imaging study in a common indication for CT, potential radiation-induced cancer risks can be reduced among this radiosensitive patient population. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.

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23

Cohen-Inbar, Or, Daniel M. Trifiletti, and Jason P. Sheehan. Stereotatic Radiosurgery and Microsurgery for Brain Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0024.

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This chapter describes the case of a patient with brain metastases due to metastatic breast cancer. MRI is the best imaging modality for visualizing brain metastases, and advanced techniques such as perfusion imaging and diffusion weighted imaging may provide important additional information beyond standard anatomic imaging. Patients with brain metastases due to systemic cancer may benefit from targeted therapies such as surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery. Understanding the differences between radiation modalities such as stereotactic radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy is important for counseling patients.

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24

Diaz, Roberto Jose, Gregory W. Basil, and Ricardo J. Komotar. Primary CNS Lymphoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0008.

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Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any immunocompromised patient with a solid brain lesion. In such patients, diagnosis can be made via a careful review of important signs, symptoms, and classic radiologic findings. While there is no single physical exam finding classic for lymphoma, the clinician must carefully evaluate patients for the presence or absence of findings that may suggest an alternative diagnosis. Such findings include the stigmata of endocarditis, symptoms suggestive of pneumonia, or additional non-CNS mass lesions. Additionally, several imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, susceptibility weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging can be useful in identifying this condition. While steroids can be helpful in reducing the disease burden and decreasing edema, they may also hinder diagnosis. Surgery may be indicated for either diagnostic or decompressive purposes; however, the mainstay of treatment is chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents with radiation reserved for refractory cases.

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25

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Radiation by a charge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0036.

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This chapter takes a look at the energy radiated by a single charge. After deriving the Larmor formulas, it studies the paradigmatic cases of the radiation of a linearly accelerated charge. Next, it turns to the synchrotron radiation of a charge in circular motion. Finally, the chapter considers the radiation of a charge accelerated by an electromagnetic wave—Thomson scattering, which is when the energy is radiated to infinity. In addition, the chapter also reveals that the hydrogen atom as described by the Rutherford model of an electron orbiting a proton is highly unstable in Maxwell theory.

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26

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. The radiation reaction force. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0037.

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This chapter observes the reaction force acting on a charge due to the radiation it emits. It also considers the related questions of renormalization and physical interpretation. Modifying the Lorentz equation introduced in Chapter 11 by including a radiation reaction force provides a heuristic method of describing the expected slowing of an accelerated charge in response to the radiation it emits. The chapter then goes on to describe the Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac reaction force, the counter-effect of the radiation of an accelerated charge on its motion. In addition, the chapter shows that a hydrogen atom, this time described by the Thomson model, is unstable in Maxwell theory.

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27

Smith, Kendric. Aging, Carcinogenesis, and Radiation Biology: The Role of Nucleic Acid Addition Reactions. Springer, 2013.

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28

Smith, Kendric. Aging, Carcinogenesis, and Radiation Biology: The Role Of Nucleic Acid Addition Reactions. Springer, 2013.

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29

Meeker, John D. Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0008.

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This chapter covers occupational and environmental hygiene principles and their application. This information is vital to understanding and preventing hazardous exposures and associated adverse health effects, among workers and the general population. The chapter addresses anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards, including toxic materials, noise, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, air pollution, water contamination, and related topics. Illustrative examples of these topics are described, such as common industrial processes that may result in exposure to hazardous agents, important exposure pathways, strategies to characterize exposure, the hierarchy of exposure control strategies, and known sources of environmental contaminants of concern. The chapter also includes lists of resources that provide additional information on relevant topics of interest.

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30

Harris, Eric A., and Keith Candiotti. Anesthesia in the Radiation Oncology Suite. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495756.003.0016.

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Cancer continues to be a leading cause of mortality worldwide and ranks second among the pediatric population. Radiation therapy (XRT) is a potent tool used by oncologists to manage this disease. Although treatment is typically painless, the need for immobilization has resulted in anesthesiologists frequently being consulted to provide service to these patients during their treatment. In addition to the challenges of providing anesthesia in a non–operating room environment, the provider must tailor an appropriate anesthetic for the simulation or XRT treatment sessions. Complications are rare but may be exacerbated by the distance between the patient and the anesthesia provider. Finally, the anesthesiologist must be prepared to discuss issues related to multiple anesthetic exposures with the patient and caregivers.

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31

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Interacting charges I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0038.

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This chapter addresses the problem of radiation by a system of point charges. Owing to the fact that the electromagnetic interaction propagates at finite speed, this problem can only be solved iteratively, by assuming that all speeds are small compared to the speed of light. The chapter then derives the dipole and quadrupole formulas giving the radiation field and the energy radiated by the system in the lowest orders. Finding the field and the radiation of a system of charges beyond the dipole approximation is rather more difficult, but necessary in the absence of dipole radiation. This is also a useful exercise for studying the radiation of a mass system in theories of gravitation where the gravitational mass is equal to the inertial mass. In addition, the chapter finds the equations of motion of the charges of the system to third order in the velocities.

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32

Lemons, Don S., William R. Shanahan, and Louis J. Buchholtz. On the Trail of Blackbody Radiation. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14416.001.0001.

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An account of Max Planck's construction of his theory of blackbody radiation, summarizing the established physics on which he drew. In the last year of the nineteenth century, Max Planck constructed a theory of blackbody radiation—the radiation emitted and absorbed by nonreflective bodies in thermal equilibrium with one another—and his work ushered in the quantum revolution in physics. In this book, three physicists trace Planck's discovery. They follow the trail of Planck's thinking by constructing a textbook of sorts that summarizes the established physics on which he drew. By offering this account, the authors explore not only how Planck deployed his considerable knowledge of the physics of his era but also how Einstein and others used and interpreted Planck's work. Planck did not set out to lay the foundation for the quantum revolution but to study a universal phenomenon for which empirical evidence had been accumulating since the late 1850s. The authors explain the nineteenth-century concepts that informed Planck's discovery, including electromagnetism, thermodynamics, and statistical mechanics. In addition, the book offers the first translations of important papers by Ludwig Boltzmann and Wilhelm Wien on which Planck's work depended.

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33

Wernli, Karen J., and Erin J. Bowles. Breast Cancer Screening: Evidence and Recommendations. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0002.

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Breast cancer screening in the United States was first recommended to women in 1976. Over the past decade, mammography screening has changed from film screen mammography to primarily digital mammography, which, as of 2016, accounts for over 97% of all mammograms performed in the United States. Several systematic reviews, which have included results from up to 9 randomized clinical trials from the United States, Europe, and Canada, have demonstrated a reduced risk of breast cancer mortality associated with breast cancer screening. Potential harms from breast cancer screening include false-positive mammograms (which may lead to unnecessary additional imaging and benign breast biopsies), overdiagnosis, and radiation exposure. This chapter summarizes evidence from randomized controlled trials for mortality benefit; current society and task force recommendations for mammography screening; evaluation of the evidence; risk–benefit analysis; and supplemental screening in high-risk women.

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34

Tyndall, John. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat: A Series of Memoirs Published in the 'philosophical Transactions' and 'philosophical Magazine, ' with Additions. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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35

Tyndall, John. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat: A Series of Memoirs Published in the 'philosophical Transactions' and 'philosophical Magazine, ' with Additions. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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36

Tyndall, John. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat: A Series of Memoirs Published in the 'philosophical Transactions' and 'philosophical Magazine' with Additions. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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37

Tyndall, John. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat: A Series of Memoirs Published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' and 'Philosophical Magazine', with Additions. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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38

Tyndall, John. Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat: A Series of Memoirs Published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' and 'Philosophical Magazine', with Additions. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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39

Dolman, Han. Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779308.001.0001.

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This book describes the interaction of the main biogeochemical cycles of the Earth and the physics of climate. It takes the perspective of Earth as an integrated system and provides examples of both changes in the current climate and those in the geological past. The first three chapters offer a general introduction to the context of the book, outlining the climate system as a complex interplay between biogeochemistry and physics and describing the tools available for understanding climate: observations and models. These chapters describe the basics of the system, the rates and magnitudes and the crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycles needed to understand their functioning. The second part of the book consists of four chapters that describe the physics required to understand the interaction of the climate with biogeochemistry and change. These chapters describe the physics of radiation, and that of the atmosphere, ocean circulation and thermodynamics. The interaction of aerosols with radiation and clouds is addressed in an additional chapter. The third part of the book deals with Earth’s (bio)geochemical cycles. These chapters focus on the stocks and fluxes of the main reservoirs of Earth’s biogeochemical cycles—atmosphere, land and ocean—and their role in the cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and water, as well as their interactions with climate. The final two chapters describe possible mitigation and adaptation actions, in relation to recent climate agreements, but always with an emphasis on the biogeochemical aspects.

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40

Seligman, Neil S., and Mitchell Chess. Fetal Imaging for the Neurologist. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0005.

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In general, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are not associated with maternal or fetal risks and are the imaging techniques of choice for the pregnant patient. Ultrasound is the mainstay of obstetric imaging because it is safe and easily performed. However, MRI is becoming more useful as an adjunct in cases of questionable ultrasound findings or if additional information is needed to plan patient care. MRI lacks the potential risks of ionizing radiation associated with other forms of imaging and, when needed, gadolinium can be used (however, use remains uncommon in current practice). For maternal evaluation in patients with neuromuscular disorders MRI is ideal for imaging. Nevertheless, any imaging (either maternal or fetal) should be used only when needed. Furthermore, if other imaging modalities (CT, MRI with contrast, etc.) are better for assessing the mother’s or fetus’s condition and the information will influence the pregnancy care, these should be utilized.

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41

Glockner, James F., Kazuhiro Kitajima, and Akira Kawashima. Magnetic resonance imaging. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0015_update_001.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent anatomic detail and soft tissue contrast for the evaluation of patients with renal disease. MRI needs longer scan time than computed tomography (CT); however, no radiation is involved. Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are used to help provide additional image contrast during MRI. MRI is indicated for characterization of renal mass, staging of malignant renal neoplasms, and determination of vena cava involvement by the renal tumour. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is widely accepted as a non-invasive imaging work-up of renal artery stenosis. MR urography is an alternative to CT urography to assess the upper urinary tract but does not identify urinary calculi. Diffusion-weighted imaging is a functional MR technique being used to characterize parenchymal renal disease and renal tumours. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare but debilitating and potentially life-threatening condition which has been linked to exposure of GBCAs in patients with severe renal insufficiency. The risk versus benefit must be assessed before proceeding.

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42

Robin, Adam M., and Steven N. Kalkanis. Brain Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0010.

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A significant percentage of patients with systemic cancer will develop brain metastasis at some point in the course of their disease. Brain metastases should be suspected if patients with known cancer histories present with new neurologic symptoms. Treatment for brain metastasis typically involves radiation. Patients with large, symptomatic and/or solitary brain metastases may benefit from surgical resection in addition to radiation. The role of systemic therapy for brain metastases remains somewhat limited, but newer treatment strategies such as immune therapy and molecular targeted agents may play a role in the future.

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43

Glynne-Jones, Rob, Mark Harrison, and David Sebag-Montefiore. Rectal cancer. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696567.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 assesses the role of radiation therapy in rectal cancer, with emphasis on preoperative imaging, patient selection for preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and short-course preoperative radiotherapy (SCPRT), and postoperative chemoradiation. We describe the various available planning techniques. More conformal techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volume-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and brachytherapy are also described. In addition, chemoradiation and radiotherapy as an adjunct to local excision and endoluminal irradiation are also reviewed.

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44

Renfrow, Jaclyn J., Aqib H. Zehri, Kyle M. Fargen, Jasmeet Singh, John A. Wilson, and Stacey Q. Wolfe. Management of Intracranial Vascular Lesions During Pregnancy. Edited by Emma Ciafaloni, Cheryl Bushnell, and Loralei L. Thornburg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0016.

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Management of cerebral vascular lesions in pregnancy requires special consideration to an altered natural history in the pregnant patient, such as a higher rupture rate of arteriovenous malformations. Additionally, treatment challenges exist including radiation exposure, medication selection, optimal treatment timing, and modalities. If identified prior to a pregnancy most vascular lesions warrant a definitive treatment discussion to circumvent the risks associated with an intracranial hemorrhage during pregnancy. The treatment team consists of a multidisciplinary approach involving neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, neurointensivists, and obstetricians.

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45

Malajikian, Krikor, and Daniel Finelli. Basics of Computed Tomography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199908004.003.0003.

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Computed tomography (CT)-guidance is typically used when precise needle placement is essential for a successful procedure. It uses ionizing radiation, which could pose risks to the patient and operating staff if proper technique is not used. The performing physician should adhere to all principles of minimizing radiation exposure to the patient and clinicians. Common CT-guided imaging procedures include facet injections, nerve root injections, sacroiliac joint injections, intradiscal procedures, vertebroplasty/sacroplasty, and image-guided ablation of painful bone lesions. Computed tomography is also the imaging modality of choice for aspiration of deep paraspinal soft tissues in addition to disc space or bone biopsy in acute discitis/osteomyelitis. In fluoroscopic-guided knee or shoulder joint injections, CT arthrography is a useful adjunct to better assess anatomy when MRI is contraindicated. When imaging the postoperative spine, CT myelography has some advantages over MRI, and CT is also superior to MRI in assessing par intra-articularis defects or spondylolysis.

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46

Brönmark, Christer, and Lars-Anders Hansson. Biodiversity and Environmental Threats. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0006.

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The last chapter of Lakes and Ponds deals with how human activities affect the natural ecosystems and their function through eutrophication, contamination, acidification, brownification and increases in UV radiation, and how such anthropogenic disturbances may affect biodiversity and the ability of organisms to utilize a specific habitat. In addition, the chapter addresses novel environmental threats, such as global climate change and effects from our everyday chemicals, such as contraceptives, nanoparticles and antidepressant drugs. However, also possibilities and signs of improvement are discussed, providing hope for coming generations.

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47

McClenahan, Maureen F., and William Beckman. Pain Management Techniques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0011.

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This chapter provides a broad review of various interventional pain management procedures with a focus on indications, anatomy, and complications. Specific techniques reviewed include transforaminal epidural steroid injection, lumbar sympathetic block, stellate ganglion block, cervical and lumbar radiofrequency ablation, gasserian ganglion block, sacroiliac joint injection, celiac plexus block, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block, ilioinguinal block, lumbar medial branch block, obturator nerve block, ankle block, occipital nerve block, superior hypogastric plexus block, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug delivery systems. The chapter reviews contrast agents, neurolytic agents, botulinum toxin use, corticosteroids, and ziconotide pharmacology and side effects in addition to diagnosis and management of local anesthetic toxicity syndrome. It also discusses indications for neurosurgical techniques including dorsal root entry zone lesioning. In addition, information on radiation safety and the use of anticoagulants with neuraxial blocks is covered.

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48

Sexton, Claire E., Verena Heise, and Klaus P. Ebmeier. Neuroimaging. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0012.

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Neuroimaging provides a way of examining the structure and function of the brain in life. This chapter gives an up-to-date summary of the methods employed in research and clinic, what is involved for the patient in taking part in imaging, and the clinical applications, both current and about to enter general old age psychiatry practice. Magnetic resonance imaging and imaging with ionising radiation, such as CT, SPECT and PET, are covered. In addition we give a short summary of the applications and potential of electro- and magneto-physiological techniques. We summarise the current and potential use of neuroimaging methods in diagnosis, prognosis, understanding illness mechanisms and the brain mechanisms that confer resilience against the brain diseases of old age.

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49

Martin, Colin J., and David G. Sutton. Risk control in diagnostic medical exposures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0011.

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All medical exposures to ionizing radiation carry an increased risk of malignant disease. This chapter describes methods for evaluating the risks from exposures of varying magnitude from either the effective dose or doses to individual organs. Risk factors which can be utilized in assessments are included. Procedures should only be carried out if they will influence patient management and factors to be considered in the justification process are considered. In addition, techniques should be optimized so that doses to individual patients are as low as compatible with the medical requirements of each examination. The explanation of risks to patients is discussed for situations when a patient is to undergo a high dose procedure or has received an exposure greater than intended.

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50

Brandt, Sebastian, and Hartmut Gehring. Anaesthesia for medical imaging and bronchoscopic procedures. Edited by Peter F. Mahoney and Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0077.

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Anaesthesia in ‘remote areas’ is required for medical imaging (CT, MRI, PET-CT), angiography, endoscopy, and interventions (stenting, thrombectomy, coiling, laser therapy, biopsies, radiotherapy) in a number of medical disciplines (paediatrics, radiology, cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, surgery, cardiac surgery, emergency medicine). The spectrum of anaesthetic techniques is broad. It reaches from standby (monitored anaesthesia care), through analgesia and sedation (with spontaneous breathing), to general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation. Regional anaesthesia techniques are also required under certain circumstances. In the last few years there has been a move away from open procedures to interventional techniques. The complexity of these interventions has increased (i.e. interventional cardiac valve replacements) and the patients tend to be older and suffer from a multitude of co-morbidities. Many of these interventions are performed in the ‘hostile environment’ of the intervention suite. Intervention suites are typically not designed to offer anaesthetists an ideal working area. The space may be limited and medical equipment impedes access to the patient. The infrastructure may be suboptimal (e.g. no central medical gases supply). Protection for staff and equipment against radiation and high magnetic fields must be considered. Loud noise from machinery and shielded walls, doors, and windows may hinder communication and hearing acoustic alarms. The distance to the operating theatre may be considerable and thus support from senior anaesthetists and supply of additional equipment may take some time to arrive. Anaesthesia outside the operating theatre is sometimes underestimated as trivial. Performing a ‘quick’ interventional case can evolve within seconds into a challenge even for the experienced anaesthesiologist if a surgical or anaesthesiological complication occurs. Non-operating-theatre anaesthesia has a higher severity of injuries and more substandard care than operating theatre anaesthesia. This is not acceptable and anaesthetists must ensure the same high standard of anaesthesia care and patient safety both inside and outside the operating theatre.

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