Статті в журналах: "Additional layers"

1

Sashkova, Ya V., and Ye N. Odarenko. "THE MODIFIED BRAGG WAVEGUIDE WITH ADDITIONAL LAYERS." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 77, no. 6 (2018): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v77.i6.20.

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2

Kerr, Arnold D. "Additional comments on buckling analyses of embedded layers." Tectonophysics 169, no. 1-3 (November 1989): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90188-1.

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3

STEWART, ANDREW L., and PAUL J. DELLAR. "Multilayer shallow water equations with complete Coriolis force. Part 1. Derivation on a non-traditional beta-plane." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 651 (March 24, 2010): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009993922.

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We derive equations to describe the flow of multiple superposed layers of inviscid, incompressible fluids with constant densities over prescribed topography in a rotating frame. Motivated by geophysical applications, these equations incorporate the complete Coriolis force. We do not make the widely used ‘traditional approximation’ that omits the contribution to the Coriolis force from the locally horizontal part of the rotation vector. Our derivation is performed by averaging the governing Euler equations over each layer, and from two different forms of Hamilton's variational principle that differ in their treatment of the coupling between layers. The coupling may be included implicitly through the map from Lagrangian particle labels to particle coordinates, or explicitly by adding terms representing the work done on each layer by the pressure exerted by the layers above. The latter approach requires additional terms in the Lagrangian, but extends more easily to many layers. We show that our equations obey the expected conservation laws for energy, momentum and potential vorticity. The conserved momentum and potential vorticity are modified by non-traditional effects. The vertical component of the rotation vector that appears in the potential vorticity for each layer under the traditional approximation is replaced by the component perpendicular to the layer's midsurface. The momentum includes an additional contribution that reflects changes in angular momentum caused by changes in a fluid element's distance from the rotation axis as it is displaced vertically. Again, this effect is absent in the traditional approximation.

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4

Mickaitis, Marius, Aleksandras Jagniatinskis, and Boris Fiks. "AIRBORNE SOUND INSULATION IMPROVEMENT ON MASONRY PARTITIONS USING ADDITIONAL PLASTERBOARD LAYERS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2011): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2011.04.

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For the purposes of accumulating knowledge of how to comply with requirements for new buildings of obligatory sound class C or enhanced acoustic comfort sound classes A and B (Lithuanian Building Technical regulations STR 2.01.07:2003), the article discusses improvement on airborne sound insulation of partitions between dwellings using additional plasterboard layers. The results of an empirical approach were obtained performing in situ measurements of the partitions of masonry from silicate blocks and expanded-clay concrete blocks. Theoretical calculations without the evaluation of flanking paths are added. The paper looks at the peculiarities of in situ measurement methods and the estimation of the limiting uncertainty of the sound reduction index. It is showed that the values of the in situ measurements of the airborne sound reduction index in accordance with requirements EN ISO 140 and EN ISO 717 series for rooms having volume higher than 50 m3 varies depending on frequency range. It has been stated, that improvement on the weighed airborne sound reduction index in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 3150 Hz depends on the properties of additional layers and on the characteristics of the main constructions. Resonance in the low frequency range arising due to additional layers may reduce the weighed airborne sound reduction index defined in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 3150 Hz. This fact must be taken into account when designing improvement on masonry wall insulation using an additional layer in dwellings.

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5

Maslov, V. P., A. V. Fedorenko, V. P. Kladko, O. Yo Gudymenko, K. M. Bozhko, and N. M. Zashchepkina. "Structure and electrical resistance of the passivating ZnSe layer on Ge." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 24, no. 04 (November 23, 2021): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo24.04.425.

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In this article, we have considered the p-i-n Ge photodetector with ZnSe passivating layer. Passivation layer needs to be protected photodetector from dust, rain drops and other external influences. However, this passivation layer can cause errors in photodetector image. When creating a passivating ZnSe layer on Ge, which is used in p-i-n Ge photodetectors, we found two additional phases GeSe and GeSe2 that do not contradict with their state diagram. The above phases can have an essential effect on performances of the passivating layer. Therefore, to study the electrical resistance of this layer, we prepared model samples of layers containing the GeSe and GeSe2 with the thickness 0.5…1.8 µm and area 1 cm2. To measure the electrical resistance of these layers, we used elastic contacts. The performed measurements have shown that Se layers on Ge have an intermediate resistance between that of ZnSe on Ge and pure Ge, and, therefore, the effect of additional phases practically does not worsen the passivating properties of the ZnSe layer on Ge.

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6

Lampropoulos, Andreas, Ourania Tsioulou, and Stephanos Dritsos. "Shrinkage Effect on Beams Strengthened with Additional Concrete Layers." IABSE Symposium Report 102, no. 20 (September 1, 2014): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137814814067996.

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7

Leandro, Lorenzo, Radu Malureanu, Noemi Rozlosnik, and Andrei Lavrinenko. "Ultrathin, Ultrasmooth Gold Layer on Dielectrics without the Use of Additional Metallic Adhesion Layers." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 10 (March 4, 2015): 5797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am508681u.

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8

Kondrashov, Ivan, Maxim Komlenok, Pavel Pivovarov, Sergey Savin, Elena Obraztsova, and Maxim Rybin. "Preparation of Copper Surface for the Synthesis of Single-Layer Graphene." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051071.

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Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of graphene on copper foil from methane is the most promising technology for industrial production. However, an important problem of the formation of the additional graphene layers during synthesis arises due to the strong roughness of the initial copper foil. In this paper, various approaches are demonstrated to form a smooth copper surface before graphene synthesis to reduce the amount of few layer graphene islands. Six methods of surface processing of copper foils are studied and the decrease of the roughness from 250 to as low as 80 nm is achieved. The correlation between foil roughness and the formation of the additional layer is demonstrated. Under optimized conditions of surface treatment, the content of the additional graphene layer drops from 9 to 2.1%. The quality and the number of layers of synthesized graphene are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and measurements of charge mobility.

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9

Duanghathaipornsuk, Surachet, Sushil Kanel, Emily F. Haushalter, Jessica E. Ruetz, and Dong-Shik Kim. "Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals Using Cerium Oxide/Graphene Oxide Composite on Prussian Blue." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061136.

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A composite sensor consisting of two separate inorganic layers of Prussian blue (PB) and a composite of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) and graphene oxide (GO), is tested with •OH radicals. The signals from the interaction between the composite layers and •OH radicals are characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The degradation of PB in the presence of H2O2 and •OH radicals is observed and its impact on the sensor efficiency is investigated. The results show that the composite sensor differentiates between the solutions with and without •OH radicals by the increase of electrochemical redox current in the presence of •OH radicals. The redox response shows a linear relation with the concentration of •OH radicals where the limit of detection, LOD, is found at 60 µM (100 µM without the PB layer). When additional composite layers are applied on the composite sensor to prevent the degradation of PB layer, the PB layer is still observed to be degraded. Furthermore, the sensor conductivity is found to decrease with the additional layers of composite. Although the CeNP/GO/PB composite sensor demonstrates high sensitivity with •OH radicals at low concentrations, it can only be used once due to the degradation of PB.

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10

Wei, Ying Rong, and Fu Ma. "The Numerical Analysis of Isolation System in the Sandwich Structure Based on Properties of Reinforced Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 788 (September 2013): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.788.578.

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The calculation of isolated structures mature finite element analysis software MIDAS / Gen choice of 8 degrees Area with five framework for the establishment of the original five-layer structure model, the five-story concrete frame + two layers of steel frame structure model, the five-story concrete frame + two layers of concrete frame structure model, the five-story concrete frame + two layers of steel frame structure model (isolation), the five-story concrete frame two layers of concrete frame structure model (isolated) five models numerical Analysis. Being frequently occurred earthquake response spectrum analysis to come to the results that the building structure using additional layers isolation measures compare with not using layer structure measures, the former can significantly reduce the seismic action [1].

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11

Kim, Kyung-Tae, Hiroaki Tsuchiya, Koushu Hanaki, Masato Yamashita, and Shinji Fujimoto. "Modification of Rust Layer on Carbon Steel with Reactive Actions of Metallic Cations for Improved Corrosion Protectiveness." Corrosion 76, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3408.

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In the present work, the modification of a rust layer on a carbon steel surface was examined during a cyclic corrosion test. The rust layer grown in a coastal region of Japan was used as a model rust layer. The x-ray diffraction analysis of the model rust layer revealed that the layer consisted of α-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, and Fe3O4. During the cyclic corrosion test, an additional immersion of the surface in solutions containing metal cations such as Mg2+, Al3+, Cu2+, or Ni2+ was performed. The additional immersion in the cation-containing solutions modified the model rust layer, that is, the fraction of stable α-FeOOH increased in the rust layer. Furthermore, the modification of the model rust layer could suppress the corrosion of steel. The decreased corrosion rate was attributed to the suppressed cathodic reduction of the rust layers due to the presence of the stable α-FeOOH in the rust layers.

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12

Panic, Vladimir, Aleksandar Dekanski, Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic, Slobodan Milonjic, and Branislav Nikolic. "The role of the concentration profile of titanium oxide on the electrochemical behavior of RuO2-TiO2 coatings obtained by the sol-gel procedure." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 68, no. 12 (2003): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0312979p.

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In order to understand the role of TiO2 in the deactivation mechanism of an active RuO2?TiO2 coating, an additional TiO2 layer was introduced in the support coating interphase of regular Ti//[RuO2?TiO2 anode in one case and on the surface of the coating in the other. The electrochemical behavior of these, with TiO2 enriched, anodes was compared with the behavior of anodes with regular RuO2?TiO2 coatings, which were subjected to an accelerated stability test. A high-frequency semicircle in the complex plane plot obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, for a regular RuO2?TiO2 coating corresponds to TiO2 enrichment in the coating as a consequence of anode corrosion. In the case of the coatings with additional TiO2 layers, a high-frequency semicircle was not observed. The additional TiO2 layers increase the coating overall resistance and influence the coating impedance behavior at low frequencies. Similar equivalent electrical circuits were used to analyze the impedance behavior of coatings having an additional TiO2 layer at different position within RuO2?TiO2 coating.

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13

Sun, Ru-Jing, Hung Ji Huang, Chien-Nan Hsiao, Yu-Wei Lin, Bo-Huei Liao, Yuan-Fong Chou Chau, and Hai-Pang Chiang. "Reusable TiN Substrate for Surface Plasmon Resonance Heterodyne Phase Interrogation Sensor." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071325.

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A TiN-based substrate with high reusability presented high-sensitivity refractive index measurements in a home-built surface plasmon resonance (SPR) heterodyne phase interrogation system. TiN layers with and without additional inclined-deposited TiN (i-TiN) layers on glass substrates reached high bulk charge carrier densities of 1.28 × 1022 and 1.91 × 1022 cm−3, respectively. The additional 1.4 nm i-TiN layer of the nanorod array presented a detection limit of 6.1 × 10−7 RIU and was higher than that of the 46 nm TiN layer at 1.2 × 10−6 RIU when measuring the refractive index of a glucose solution. Furthermore, the long-term durability of the TiN-based substrate demonstrated by multiple processing experiments presented a high potential for various practical sensing applications.

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14

Petrulis, Donatas, and Salvinija Petrulyte. "Packing Properties of Fibres in the Open-Packed Yarn Mode." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (April 30, 2017): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1228171.

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Theoretical observations of the packing properties of non-compressible round fibres for two idealized modifications of the open-packed yarn model are discussed. The modifications differ in the method of arrangement of fibres within the cross-sectional ring layer. Modification I has a number of fibres regularly increasing in further layers, and Modification II has the fibres maximum packed in the layers. A procedure for obtaining the number of fibres in the layers of Modification II was proposed. The investigation showed that with the beginning of the 5th layer, the above-mentioned modifications have different packing properties. Because of additional fibres in the layers of Modification II, packing fractions in the layers and yarn obtained were greater if compared with those for Modification I. Analysis of packing properties was made up to 12 layers of the yarn model and also was done for a case of an infinitely large numbers of layers or fibres in a yarn.

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15

Bueno, S., and Carmen Baudín. "Fracture Mechanisms in Laminates in the Alumina - Titania System." Key Engineering Materials 290 (July 2005): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.290.208.

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Alumina (Al2O3)-aluminium titanate (Al2TiO5) composites present higher toughness than alumina materials but rather low strength due to microcracking. Laminates in which a flaw tolerant material is located between high strength layers is one way to overcome this problem. In this work, the fracture behaviour of a laminated structure constituted by five layers, where low residual stresses are expected, is studied. In this system, external and central layers of monophase alumina with high strength were combined with intermediate layers of alumina with 10vol.% of aluminium titanate. In the monophase alumina layers, an additional "in situ" formed layer of about 200 µm, constituted by large (@10µm) grains was found, close to the composite layers. The laminated structure presented semistable behaviour during SENVB tests for conditions in which stable crack propagation is not predicted for small grain sized alumina materials. Toughening mechanisms related to thermal expansion mismatch between matrix and second phase in the composite layers and crack bridging in the large grain sized alumina layer were identified.

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16

Dzaparova, I. M., A. F. Yanin, M. M. Boliev, Zh Sh Guliev, L. V. Inzhechik, M. M. Kochkarov, M. G. Kostyuk, et al. "Baksan Underground Scintillation Telescope upgrade and DAQ of additional layers." Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2011): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/astra-7-187-2011.

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17

Huffman, Michaela, and Daniel Antoine. "Analysis of Cementum Layers in Archaeological Material." Dental Anthropology Journal 23, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v23i3.79.

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The aim of this study was to assess the utility of cementum layers for estimating age at death of remains from an archaeological site. Variability in cementum layer counts due to interobserver error and variation among dental regions were analyzed. Interobserver error was later incorporated into age ranges based on counts of cementum layers and compared with age estimates derived from the skeleton. The layers were counted, using 9 teeth from 3 individuals, and the eruption age of the tooth was summed with the average layer count to achieve an estimated age. The research indicates that the assessment of archaeological dental cementum layers has a relatively high interobserver error. The cementum layer aging method resulted in large age ranges and did not correspond with age ranges from skeletal techniques. Chemical diagenetic processes can affect the observation and count of cementum layers by obscuring bands and/or creating additional bands. The variables that affected observability of cementum layers were: high interobserver error, discrepancy of readability of root regions, and large age ranges using the cementum layer technique that exceeded age ranges derived from other, skeletal methods.

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18

Zhang, Yu, Wei Wei Gao, Shi Xian Xu, and Meng Lan Duan. "The Research about the Strength of Composite Riser Pipes Based on Finite Element Method ." Key Engineering Materials 665 (September 2015): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.665.177.

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Composite riser pipes are being paid more and more attention because of its lightweight and high strength comparing with the steel riser pipes. It mainly includes internal liner, elastic shear layer, structural composite overlap layers, external protective sleeve and additional composite layer and so on. In this paper, the mechanical analytical model of composite riser pipe is constructed. The equivalent material properties are obtained in the globe analysis, and from the local analysis, it found that the helical layers mainly bear bend loadings, and the hoop layers mainly bear internal pressures from the simplified composite joint local analysis. It is proved that the composite riser pipe has the excellent designability.

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19

Bonsen, Karel J. M., and Martin Walter. "Calcium-Layers in Xylem Vessels." IAWA Journal 12, no. 1 (1991): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001205.

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Additional layers on the inner vessel walls and on perforation plates in 'pathological' xylem parts were EDX-analysed. The layers contain high amounts of calcium. The origin of these layers in relation to bacterial activity is discussed.

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20

Hasanov, V. T. "On perspectives of additional exploration of oil and gascondensate reservoirs in kenizdagh area." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-12-4-11.

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The paper studies the features and exploration state of oil and gascondensate deposits of VII horizon of Productive Series in Kenizdagh field based on the actual data. The oil deposit was discovered in1930 in the north-east part of the south-east pericline of the fold and gascondensate field - in the south-west part of the same pericline and they seperate from each other with the fault. Both fields border on the pinchout line of sand layers of the horizon from northern and eastern parts. The results of test intervals justify that oil and gas was produced from the sand layer VIIa in the lower part of VII horizon. The reason for water obtaining from the wells with positive logging of the horizon is that the horizon was tested together with the watered layers above VIIa horizon and at the same time – the failure of casing string. The drilling of new wells is offered with the purpose of exploitation of recoverable hydrocarbon resources and completing the exploration.

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21

Leow, E. L., B. P. Pereira, A. K. Kour, and R. W. H. Pho. "Lifelikeness in multilayered digital prostheses." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 21, no. 1 (April 1997): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649709164529.

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The appearance of the skin is dependent on the optical properties of the various layers of tissue and the presence of pigments. In order to reproduce the lifelikeness of the skin in developing digital prostheses, a multiple layered moulding technique was utilised. The prosthesis was moulded in two coloured layers, an outer layer and an inner layer. Four combinations of multiple coloured layers and two single coloured layers varying in their optical properties and base colours were assessed. In two groups an additional intermediate layer of detailed colours was added between the two layers, to enhance the creaselines, nails, blood vessels, and other features. All prosthesis were moulded to a total thickness of 0.6 mm. This method of moulding was based on the anatomical characteristics of the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and their optical characteristics. The aim was to determine which combination of multiple layers gave the best outcome and made the prosthesis look lifelike in appearance. The appearance and lifelikeness of the prostheses were qualitatively assessed by a panel of assessers divided according to their vocation. The study showed that the best combination for moulding the prosthesis in multiple layers was to have the outer layer translucent and the inner layer opaque. An intermediate layer should be incorporated to enhance the more prominent surface features and the nails. The base colour of the inner layer should be darker than the outer layer to allow the intermediate layer to have a reflective background.

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22

Соломникова, А. В., В. Н. Бессолов, Е. В. Коненкова, Т. А. Орлова, С. Н. Родин, Н. В. Середова, М. П. Щеглов, Д. С. Кибалов та В. К. Смирнов. "Cвойства полуполярного GaN, выращенного на подложке Si(100)". Физика и техника полупроводников 53, № 7 (2019): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.07.47881.9049.

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AbstractSemipolar GaN layers synthesized on a nanostructured Si(100) substrate are studied. It is shown that using a Si(100) nanoprofile combined with Si_ x N_ y nanostrips on top of nanostructures can yield, via metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition, GaN(10 $$\bar {1}$$ 2) layers. An additional SiC buffer layer makes it possible to obtain GaN(10 $$\bar {1}$$ 1) layers with a full-width at half-maximum of the diffraction-curve of ω_θ ≈ 35′ arcmin. It is found that the luminescence properties of the semipolar layers are mostly due to basal plane stacking faults BSF_ S -I_1, in contrast to polar layers in which these properties are mostly due to the recombination of excitons.

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23

Saravanos, D. A., and J. M. Pereira. "Dynamic Characteristics of Specialty Composite Structures with Embedded Damping Layers." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2873868.

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Damping mechanics for predicting the damped dynamic characteristics in specialty composite structures with compliant interlaminar damping layers are presented. Finite-element based mechanics incorporating a discrete layer (or layer-wise) laminate damping theory are utilized to represent general laminate configurations in terms of lay-up and fiber orientation angles, cross-sectional thickness, shape and boundary conditions. Evaluations of the method with exact solutions and experimental data illustrate its accuracy. Additional parametric studies demonstrate the unique capability of angle-ply composite laminates with cocured interlaminar damping layers to significantly enhance structural damping.

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24

Bęczkowski, R., and M. Gucwa. "Defects Appearing in the Surfacing Layers of Abrasion Resistant." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0077.

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Abstract The surfacing technologies are used for constitution of protection layer against wear and is destined for obtaining coating with high hardness. Among many weldings methods currently used to obtain the hard surface layer one of the most effective way of hardfacing is using flux cored arc welding. This additional material gives more possibilities to make expected hard surface layer. Chemical composition, property and economic factors obtained in flux cored wire are much richer in comparison to these obtained with other additional materials. This is the reason why flux cored wires give possibilities of application this kind of material for improving surface in different sectors of industry. In the present paper the imperfection in the layers was used for hardfacing process in different situations to show the possible application in the surface layer. The work presents studies of imperfection of the welds, contains the picture of microstructures, macrostructures and shows the results of checking by visual and penetrant testing methods.

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25

Watson, Trystan, Cecile Charbonneau, Daniel Bryant, and David Worsley. "Acid Treatment of Titania Pastes to Create Scattering Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/637839.

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In dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) scattering layers are used to increase the path length of light incident on the TiO2film. This is typically achieved by the deposition of an additional TiO2layer on top of an existing transparent film and designed to trap light. In this work we show that a simple acid pretreatment can lead to the formation of a scattering “skin” on the surface of a single TiO2film performing a similar function to a scattering layer without any additional depositions. This is important in increasing manufacturing throughput for DSCs as further TiO2depositions require additional materials and heat treatment. The pretreatment leads to self-assembly of a scattering layer of TiO2which covers the surface on short-term immersion (<30 min) and penetrates the bulk layer upon longer immersion. The method has been shown to increase the efficiency of the device by 20%.

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26

Kurasaki, Tanaka, Sugisaki, Matsuda, Koretomo, Magari, Furuta, and Kimura. "Memristive Characteristic of an Amorphous Ga-Sn-O Thin-Film Device with Double Layers of Different Oxygen Density." Materials 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2019): 3236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193236.

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We have found a memristive characteristic of an amorphous Ga-Sn-O (α-GTO) thin-film device with double layers of different oxygen density. The double layers are deposited using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering, whose gas for the lower layer contains less oxygen, whereas that for the upper layer contains more oxygen, and it is assumed that the former contains more oxygen vacancies, whereas the latter contains fewer vacancies. The characteristic is explained by drift of oxygen and is stable without forming operation because additional structures such as filament are unnecessary. The fabrication is easy because the double layers are successively deposited simply by changing the oxygen ratio in the chamber.

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27

French, Paddy J. "IC Compatible Materials for Sensors." Key Engineering Materials 843 (May 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.843.58.

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In cases where we can achieve integrated sensors using only layers already in the standard IC layers, the only compatibility issues may be the requirement for additional etch steps. In cases where additional layers are required, either for sensing or protection, we have to consider the compatibility of the materials. These issues can be thermal budget during processing, mechanical stress or chemical contamination. In some cases, this led to the option of hybrid, where the sensor and electronics are on separate chips, but combined in a single package. This paper will examine the development of integrated sensors, and the issues combining additional layers with a standard IC process.

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28

Hymes, Jeffrey P., Brant R. Johnson, Rodolphe Barrangou, and Todd R. Klaenhammer. "Functional Analysis of an S-Layer-Associated Fibronectin-Binding Protein in Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 9 (February 26, 2016): 2676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00024-16.

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ABSTRACTBacterial surface layers (S-layers) are crystalline arrays of self-assembling proteinaceous subunits called S-layer proteins (Slps) that comprise the outermost layer of the cell envelope. Many additional proteins that are associated with or embedded within the S-layer have been identified inLactobacillus acidophilusNCFM, an S-layer-forming bacterium that is widely used in fermented dairy products and probiotic supplements. One putative S-layer-associated protein (SLAP), LBA0191, was predicted to mediate adhesion to fibronectin based on thein silicodetection of a fibronectin-binding domain. Fibronectin is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of intestinal epithelial cells. Adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells is considered an important trait for probiotic microorganisms during transit and potential association with the intestinal mucosa. To investigate the functional role of LBA0191 (designated FbpB) inL. acidophilusNCFM, anfbpB-deficient strain was constructed. TheL. acidophilusmutant with a deletion offbpBlost the ability to adhere to mucin and fibronectinin vitro. Homologues offbpBwere identified in five additional putative S-layer-forming species, but no homologues were detected in species outside theL. acidophilushomology group.

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Brongersma, S. H., E. Kerr, I. Vervoort, A. Saerens, and K. Maex. "Grain Growth, Stress, and Impurities in Electroplated Copper." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 3 (March 2002): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0082.

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The widely observed secondary grain growth in electroplated Copper layers is shown to be incomplete after the sheet resistance and stress of the layer appear to have stabilized. Instead the layer is in an intermediate state with a grain size distribution that depends on the plating conditions. Further extensive annealing at high temperatures results in an additional considerable enlargement of the grain structure, accompanied by an additional decrease of the sheet resistance and desorption of impurities that were incorporated during plating.

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30

Mahajan, P., R. Kalakuntla, and C. Chandel. "Numerical simulation of failure in a layered thin snowpack under skier load." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54 (2010): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386436.

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AbstractFracture initiation and propagation in a snowpack due to compressive and shear loads, generated by the self-weight of the snow and a skier, is modeled. The snowpack has three layers, with a weak layer sandwiched between two strong layers. The height of the snowpack above the weak layer is such that failure occurs only because of additional stresses generated by the skier. A static analysis is performed to determine stresses due to the self-weight of snow, followed by an explicit dynamic analysis to determine additional stresses and subsequent failure due to skier load. The failure is either due to interface crack growth or due to middle-layer failure accompanied by slope-normal displacements. The former is modeled using cohesive elements, while a softening stress–displacement relation is used for the latter. Both mechanisms are active in the snowpack, although one may be predominant depending on slope angle, shear strength and interface energy.

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31

HAN, FEI, XU-QIN LI, MICHAEL R. LYU, and TAT-MING LOK. "A MODIFIED LEARNING ALGORITHM INCORPORATING ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONAL CONSTRAINTS INTO NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 20, no. 02 (March 2006): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004569.

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In this paper, a modified learning algorithm to obtain better generalization performance is proposed. The cost terms of this new algorithm are selected based on the second-order derivatives of the neural activation at the hidden layers and the first-order derivatives of the neural activation at the output layer. It can be guaranteed that in the course of training, the additional cost terms for this algorithm can penalize both the input-to-output mapping sensitivity and the high frequency components to obtain better generalization performance. Finally, theoretical justifications and simulation results are given to verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed learning algorithm.

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32

Novikov, A. B., and G. I. Evtushenko. "Optimal additional data layers amount determining for interconnect latency hiding scheme." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2017-1-95-98.

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33

Tomljenovic-Hanic, S., A. Ankiewicz, and J. D. Love. "Effect of additional layers on bend loss in buried channel waveguides." IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics 150, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-opt:20030393.

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34

Franzheld, R., H. Sobotta, W. Seifert, and E. Butter. "Carrier Concentration Profile of GaN Layers bei Using Additional Dried NH3." Crystal Research and Technology 21, no. 5 (May 1986): K71—K73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170210528.

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35

Jeffries, Clark D., Howard M. Fried, and Diana O. Perkins. "Additional layers of gene regulatory complexity from recently discovered microRNA mechanisms." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 42, no. 8 (August 2010): 1236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2009.02.006.

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36

Fitting, Hans Joachim, L. Fitting Kourkoutis, R. Salh, E. V. Kolesnikova, M. V. Zamoryanskaya, A. von Czarnowski, and Bernd Schmidt. "Silicon Cluster Aggregation in Silica Layers." Solid State Phenomena 156-158 (October 2009): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.156-158.529.

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Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) have been used to investigate Si+-implanted amorphous silicon dioxide layers and the formation of Si nanoclusters. The microstructure of the Si doped silica films was studied by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) in a 200 kV FEI Tecnai F20 TEM. The samples were amorphous, thermally grown 500 nm SiO2 layers on Si substrate doped by Si+ ions with an energy of 150 keV up to an atomic dopant fraction of about 4 at%. A thermal post-annealing leads to formation of silicon clusters with sizes 1-5 nm and concentrations of about 1018 cm-3. Respective cathodoluminescence spectra in the near IR region indicate such structural changes by appearance of an additional band at 1.35 eV as well as additional emission bands in the visible green-yellow region.

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37

Ratnawati, D., M. Luthfi, D. Pamungkas, and L. Affandhy. "Motility characterization of albumin sexed spermatozoa in two different diluents and additional antioxidant." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 45, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.45.4.277-286.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize spermatozoa motility of sexed semen (X and Y) using albumin by diluents and antioxidant treatments. The material used in this study was fresh semen of Ongole Crossbreed (OC) bull with progressive motility >70%. The sperm sexing methodology used albumin gradient of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The diluents used were CEP-2 and andromed with or without the addition of 1mM Glutathione as an antioxidant. The sexed semen was made into liquid semen and stored at 3-5°C. The motility was observed at day 0 (H0) and day 5 (H5). Motility was analyzed using SCA v.2.1. The parameters measured were total motility, progressive motility, VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, WOB, ALH, BCF and sperm hyperactive. The experimental applied was the factorial pattern 2 x 2. The first factor was the type of diluents (CEP-2 and Andromed), and the second factor was additional glutathione (with or without). Data was analyzed by general linear model of SPSS-IBM 24 program. Sexed semen with CEP-2 diluents showed better motility of spermatozoa than andromed in the upper layers (spermatozoa X) and lower layers (spermatozoa Y). The CEP-2 diluent had a big role to maintain motility, progressive motility and velocity spermatozoa during cold storage. The addition of Glutathione 1mM could support the motility of sexed spermatozoa at cold storage, especially for LIN, STR, and WOB values.

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38

Renko, Miha, Ajda Taler-Verčič, Marko Mihelič, Eva Žerovnik, and Dušan Turk. "Partial rotational lattice order–disorder in stefin B crystals." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 70, no. 4 (March 19, 2014): 1015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004714000091.

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At present, the determination of crystal structures from data that have been acquired from twinned crystals is routine; however, with the increasing number of crystal structures additional crystal lattice disorders are being discovered. Here, a previously undescribed partial rotational order–disorder that has been observed in crystals of stefin B is described. The diffraction images revealed normal diffraction patterns that result from a regular crystal lattice. The data could be processed in space groupsI4 andI422, yet one crystal exhibited a notable rejection rate in the higher symmetry space group. An explanation for this behaviour was found once the crystal structures had been solved and refined and the electron-density maps had been inspected. The lattice of stefin B crystals is composed of five tetramer layers: four well ordered layers which are followed by an additional layer of alternatively placed tetramers. The presence of alternative positions was revealed by the inspection of electron-density score maps. The well ordered layers correspond to the crystal symmetry of space groupI422. In addition, the positions of the molecules in the additional layer are related by twofold rotational axes which correspond to space groupI422; however, these molecules lie on the twofold axis and can only be related in a statistical manner. When the occupancies of alternate positions and overlapping are equal, the crystal lattice indeed fulfills the criteria of space groupI422; when these occupancies are not equal, the lattice only fulfills the criteria of space groupI4.

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39

Li, Jun Wei, Guo Guang Zhang, and Yu Hai Wang. "Study on Vehicle Stability Based on Coordinated Control of Direct Yaw Moment Control and Slip Rate Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.597.

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A coordinated control strategy based on Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC) and slip rate control was proposed aiming at improving vehicle stability. The system was divided into two layers: an upper layer and a lower layer. DYC was the upper-layer control, which calculates the additional yaw moment exerted on the vehicle based on the working condition of the vehicle. A simplified arithmetic of transferring additional yaw moment to desired slip rate was adopted in order to achieve differential braking. Slip rate controller was the lower-layer control that exerts braking force on the braking wheels to achieve the desired slip rate and to achieve desired yaw moment.

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40

Kim, Kwang-Dae, Dong Chan Lim, Myung-Geun Jeong, Hyun Ook Seo, Bo Yeol Seo, Joo Yul Lee, Youngsup Song, Shinuk Cho, Jae-Hong Lim, and Young Dok Kim. "Enhanced Stability of Organic Photovoltaics by Additional ZnO Layers on Rippled ZnO Electron-collecting Layer using Atomic Layer Deposition." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 35, no. 2 (February 20, 2014): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.2.353.

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41

Bieniaś, Jarosław, Patryk Jakubczak, Magda Droździel, and Barbara Surowska. "Interlaminar Shear Strength and Failure Analysis of Aluminium-Carbon Laminates with a Glass Fiber Interlayer after Moisture Absorption." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132999.

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This article presents selected aspects of an interlaminar shear strength and failure analysis of hybrid fiber metal laminates (FMLs) consisting of alternating layers of a 2024-T3 aluminium alloy and carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Particular attention is paid to the properties of the hybrid FMLs with an additional interlayer of glass composite at the metal-composite interface. The influence of hygrothermal conditioning, the interlaminar shear strength (short beam shear test), and the failure mode were investigated and discussed. It was found that fiber metal laminates can be classified as a material with significantly less adsorption than in the case of conventional composites. Introducing an additional layer of glass composite at the metal-composite interface and hygrothermal conditioning influence the decrease in the interlaminar shear strength. The major forms of damage to the laminates are delaminations in the layer of the carbon composite, at the metal-composite interface, and delaminations between the layers of glass and carbon composites.

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42

Santiago, Erican, Shailu Shree Poudyal, Sung Y. Shin, and Hyeun Joong Yoon. "Graphene Oxide Functionalized Biosensor for Detection of Stress-Related Biomarkers." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020558.

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A graphene oxide (GO)-based cortisol biosensor was developed to accurately detect cortisol concentrations from sweat samples at point-of-care (POC) sites. A reference electrode, counter electrode, and working electrode make up the biosensor, and the working electrode was functionalized using multiple layers consisting of GO and antibodies, including Protein A, IgG, and anti-Cab. Sweat samples contact the anti-Cab antibodies to transport electrons to the electrode, resulting in an electrochemical current response. The sensor was tested at each additional functionalization layer and at cortisol concentrations between 0.1 and 150 ng/mL to determine how the current response differed. A potentiostat galvanostat device was used to measure and quantify the electrochemical response in the GO-based biosensor. In both tests, the electrochemical responses were reduced in magnitude with the addition of antibody layers and with increased cortisol concentrations. The proposed cortisol biosensor has increased accuracy with each additional functionalization layer, and the proposed device has the capability to accurately measure cortisol concentrations for diagnostic purposes.

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43

Khatsenovich, A. M., D. Bazargur, Ya Tserendagva, D. V. Marchenko, E. P. Rybin, G. Margad-Erdene, A. M. Klementiev, et al. "Holocene Archaeological Material from Tsagaan Agui Cave Recovered During the 2021 Excavation Campaign." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0308-0313.

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Tsagaan Agui Cave, situated in Tsagaan Tsakhir limestone massif in the Gobi Altai Mountains of southern Mongolia, is the one of the rare stratified Holocene archaeological sites known in the Gobi Desert. During 1995-2000 excavation campaigns, cultural material spanning the late Bronze Age through the ethnographic present was recovered. In 2021, an excavation pit (2021/1) was dug in the gallery that joints the cave’s Main and Small Chambers, and an additional sondage (2021/2) was excavated in the Main Chamber itself. Excavation Unit 2021/1 is subdivided into Layers 1, 2, and 3, in which Layers 1 and 2 are attributed to the Holocene, and 3, the lowermost, is likely of Pleistocene age. Birch barkfragments bearing Old Mongolian inscriptions, cylindrical paste beads, and one additional, presumably carnelian, bead were found in Layers 1 and 2. Excavation Unit 2021/1, Layers 1-3, yielded lithic artifacts made of yellow jasper and Devonian flint, typical of the local Paleolithic industry. Only a single transparent chalcedony microblade can be tentatively dated to the Holocene. The suite of Holocene cultural material obtained during the 2021 excavations at Tsagaan Agui requires additional analysis and interpretation and is of particular interest with respect to the reconstruction of late prehistoric trade networks linking arid southern Mongolia with remote regions and the appearance of historical documents in the Gobi Desert. The study of the Holocene layers at Tsagaan Agui Cave is also of timely significance in terms of preserving Mongolian cultural heritage, since the upper layer of the site is being destroyed due to unregulated and unsupervised tourist activity in spite of its relatively remote location.

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44

PYSARENKO, S. V., A. V. PAN, S. DOWNING, and S. X. DOU. "DEVELOPMENT OF MULTILAYER COATED CONDUCTORS WITH SIMPLIFIED BUFFER STRUCTURE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 17 (July 10, 2009): 3526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062918.

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The quality superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films and YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7/ NdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 multilayered film structures have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on metallic templates with magnesium oxide (MgO) buffer layer grown by incline substrate deposition. Different supplementary buffer layers have been deposited between the superconductor and MgO buffer layer. This additional buffer layer reduces the crystal structure misalignment of the superconducting layers. The critical current density has been observed to be higher in the multilayered structures in comparison with the same thickness of monolayer YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 films. The origin of this enhancement is the improved microstructure of the multilayered systems obtained.

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45

Quon, Charles. "Cross-sectional convection induced by an insulated boundary in a cylinder." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 202 (May 1989): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112089001151.

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When a long horizontal cylinder filled with fluid is differentially heated at the end walls at high Rayleigh number, A, the axial flow in the midsection consists of boundary layers at the top and bottom of the cylinder flowing in reverse directions, and the temperature is stably and linearly distributed in the vertical. Both the temperature is stably and linearly distributed in the vertical. Both the temperature and the flows are almost independent of the axial dimension. The adiabatic boundary condition on the cylinder requires temperature corrections which can induce cross-section boundary layers on the cylindrical wall and vertical internal boundary layers in the middle. Both types of boundary layers are O(A−¼) in width. Matching different boundary layers at the poles is achieved through additional A−⅙ and A−⅛ layers. The maximum boundary-layer velocity is calculated to be almost one-quarter of the axial velocity observed in experiments for A = 108.

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46

Klimenko, M. V., B. Zhao, A. T. Karpachev, and V. V. Klimenko. "Stratification of the Low-Latitude and Near-EquatorialF2Layer, Topside Ionization Ledge, andF3Layer: What We Know about This? A Review." International Journal of Geophysics 2012 (2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/938057.

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A large number of researches have been devoted to the formation of additional layers in theFregion of the equatorial ionosphere, first of which has been published in 1940s. Originally the occurrence of such layer was named “stratification of equatorialF2layer.” The additional layer was later named as theF3layer. The theoretical researches have shown that theF3layer is formed by zonal component of electric field with assistance of meridional component of thermospheric wind and field-aligned plasma diffusion. The physical mechanism of theF3layer formation is clearly formulated for the morning-noon period, although theF3layer is also observed at other hours. This paper presents a brief review into the history of the additional layer researches, describes the current progress of these researches, and identifies the most important problems in this field of the ionospheric physics.

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47

Benilov, E. S., and P. V. Sakov. "Dynamics of large-amplitude geostrophic flows over bottom topography." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 4, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-4-55-1997.

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Abstract. We examine the interaction of near-surface and near- bottom flows over bottom topography. A set of asymptotic equations for geostrophic currents in a three-layer fluid is derived. The depths of the active (top/bottom) layers are assumed small, the slope of the bottom is weak, the interfacial displacement is comparable to the depths of the thinner layers. Using the equations derived, we examine the stability of parallel flows and circular eddies. It is demonstrated that eddies with non-zero near-surface component are always unstable; eddies localized in the near-bottom layer may be stable subject to additional restrictions imposed on their horizontal profiles and bottom topography.

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48

Van Gent, Marcel R. A., Guido Wolters, and Ivo M. Van der Werf. "ROCK SLOPES WITH OPEN FILTERS UNDER WAVE LOADING: EFFECTS OF STORM DURATION AND WATER LEVEL VARIATIONS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.structures.6.

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Rubble mound breakwaters and revetments typically contain granular filters in one or more layers. The transition from the armour layer to the filter layer, and transitions between other layers within the structure, are normally geometrically tight to prevent material washout. This requires a limited ratio of the material size of the upper layer and neighbouring layer. An alternative is a geometrically open filter where in principle underlayer material can be transported into the upper layer, but if the hydraulic load at this transition between two layers remains low, the transition can be designed such that no or limited transport occurs, see for instance Van Gent and Wolters (2015), Van Gent et al (2015) and Jacobsen et al, (2017). This allows for larger ratios of material sizes, which can reduce the number of filter layers, and relax the material requirements with respect to the width of gradings. This can lead to considerable cost savings. In Van Gent and Wolters (2015) physical model tests for the transition between a layer of rock and an underlayer that consists of sand have been performed and design guidelines have been derived. Here, additional physical model tests are presented to study the influence of the storm duration and water level variations on the response of sand underneath a layer of rock.

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49

Panigrahi, Siddharth Arun, and Umamaheswari V. "A STUDY ON CLOUD BASED BIO-SIGNALS MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19557.

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An analytical study of the complete framework for the management of biosignals is done. The framework provides for the acquisition, and storage of the biosignals, along with the associated metadata. It also provides solutions for validation, synchronization of acquired signals, thus allowing error-free signal inputs for further statistical analysis. The model comprises primarily of four layers, namely, acquisition, validation, post-processing and statistical analysis layers. Additionally, a presentation layer is also provided, wherein the appropriate end-user can use a suitable client or Web service to access the results of the statistical analysis. The raw data is deliberately spilt into two: Internal data (actual signal data) and External data (metadata) and they interact only when necessary (e.g. Identifying the biosignal’s origin). Microservices are used to compartmentalize the functionalities required in the system. Additional solutions to problems plaguing the present models (like cloud-upload bottleneck) are also discussed.

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50

Henne, Stephan, Markus Furger, and AndréS H. Prévôt. "Climatology of Mountain Venting–Induced Elevated Moisture Layers in the Lee of the Alps." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2217.1.

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Abstract Elevated moisture layers in the lower free troposphere (2000–6000 m MSL) in the lee of the Alps were investigated. Specific humidity was analyzed within a Lagrangian concept for fair-weather days during a 12-yr period at the windward and the leeward sides of the Alps for the sounding sites of Payerne, Switzerland, and Milan, Italy. During daytime fair-weather conditions (different criteria), specific humidity increased significantly in air masses that advected from Payerne to Milan in a layer ranging from ∼2500 to 4000 m MSL. The maximum relative increase of specific humidity in this layer was ∼0.3, meaning that ∼30% of the air in this layer originated from the Alpine atmospheric boundary layer. On average, ∼30% of the mass of the Alpine boundary layer was vented to altitudes higher than 2500 m MSL per hour during the daytime. The total precipitable water within a layer reaching from 2500 to 3500 m MSL increased by ∼1.3 mm. Similar elevated layers were observed for different selection methods of fair-weather days, and climatologically for the whole of June, July, and August. Average observations of the relative increase and boundary layer export rate agree with results from the local case studies. Daytime thermally driven flow systems seem to be the main source of additional water vapor in the observed elevated layers over the Alps. Subsequently, horizontal advection toward flat terrain where the average ABL top was well below the elevated layer bottom results in the export of ABL air to the free troposphere (mountain venting). Mountain venting was enhanced in situations with larger global radiation, lower atmospheric stability, and additional moist convection as was detected by lightning activity.

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