Книги з теми "Additional layers"

While current scholarly interest has assured Marshall McLuhan's (1911-80) foundational status as a media theorist, much room still exists for further exploration of his writings, which have taken on additional layers of significance in our contemporary digital moment. Holding that media were extensions of the human, McLuhan also posited that the human was a product of technology. Ranging across fields as diverse as art history, biotechnology, and beyond, this collection of essays considers McLuhan's ground-breaking approach within a number of new contexts and explores the distinguishing features of his media theory.

Multilayer networks have a mesoscale structure organized in multilayer communities, spanning different layers and often revealing important functional properties of the network. In this chapter the major techniques proposed for detecting and characterizing the multilayer communities are described, including: generalized modularity, consensus clustering, multilayer infomaps, multilink communities, tensorial decomposition, Normalized Mutual Information, theta indicators. The main benefits and limitations of these approaches are discussed and revealed by analysing the results obtained on real datasets coming from sociology, technology, molecular biology and brain networks. Additionally, techniques for layer aggregation and disaggregation are here discussed. These methods are compared and commented in order to provide a general perspective on the subject.

Façade technology of the 20th century is related to the dissolution of the massive wall into a separation of structure and façade. Looking at the development of façade technology, after 60 years of curtain wall systems, 30 years of element-façade systems and ten years of experience with the integration of environmental services in double façades, it can be concluded that the peak of optimisation has been reached. No further technical developments can be expected by continuing to apply extra layers for each additional technical function. Understanding façades - or better envelopes - as part of an integral building, we have to see that creating the future envelope has to be done on a ’network’ basis: employing systems - but also methods of thinking - which provide the possibility to develop different aspects simultaneously and combine them as required. The envelope has to be seen as a functional part of the entire building, serving a part of the demand by providing the necessary technologies and qualities. In this regard, we have to withdraw from material and structure-orientated thinking and construction – we have to develop the envelope as a hybrid system: materials, technologies and production processes have to be integrated into the summation and combined into an all-encompassing result. Façades comprise various themes covering strategic, material and technological developments. Aspects such as function integration, networking of elements, new structures and materials as well as the addition of functions to existing structures will be investigated and explained in 85 or so concrete ideas.

The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, in which vascular dysfunction plays a prominent role. It occurs in over 30% of adults worldwide and an additional 30% are at high risk of developing the disease. Vascular pathology is both a cause of the disease and a key manifestation of hypertension-associated target-organ damage. It leads to clinical symptoms and is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease. All layers of the vascular wall and the endothelium are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Pathogenetic mechanisms, whereby vascular damage contributes to hypertension, are linked to increased peripheral vascular resistance. At the vascular level, processes leading to change sin peripheral resistance include hyper-contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial dysfunction, and structural remodelling, due to aberrant vascular signalling, oxidative and inflammatory responses. Increased vascular stiffness due to vascular remodelling, adventitial fibrosis, and inflammation are key processes involved in sustained and established hypertension. These mechanisms are linked to vascular smooth muscle and fibroblast proliferation, migration, extracellular matrix remodelling, calcification, and inflammation. Apart from the key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, hypertensive vasculopathy also predisposes to atherosclerosis, another risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This is linked to increased transmural pressure, blood flow, and shear stress alterations in hypertension, as well as endothelial dysfunction and vascular stiffness. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and identifying potential novel treatments targeting hypertensive vasculopathy are of primary importance in vascular medicine.

Graphene supercapacitors, also called ultracapacitors or electrical double-layer capacitors, have increasingly begun to rival conventional batteries. They allow to manipulate the nanoscale structure of carbon-based supercapacitors and offer the additional advantage of sequestering increasing amounts of carbon from the environment, thus helping to limit global warming. The book focuses on the choice of electrode materials, their properties and methods of fabrication. It references 494 original resources with their direct web links for in-depth reading.

This auto-critique examines the intersection of and nexus between dance studies and race/identity studies as viewed through the author’s life in dance and based on her fifty-year career that includes actualizations as professional dancer, professor, scholar-researcher, author, mentor, presenter, and consultant. It is a reflexive turn on the politics of writing, teaching, and speaking race, with dance as the lens. In order to revisit/reassess the backlash that resulted from scrutinizing an iconic “white” dance figure through an Africanist lens, the author dissects an essay that she wrote in 2004 which, in itself, was a deconstruction of the original controversy (dating back to the “culture wars” of the 1990s). Uncovering layer upon layer, the author presents additional complexities by bringing to bear her responses to ongoing issues of systemic and cultural racism as encountered in the dance field and discussed in her recent work.

In this chapter the principal characteristics of a turbulent flow are outlined and the way that Reynolds’ time-averaging procedure, applied to the Navier-Stokes equations, leads to a set of equations (RANS) similar to those governing laminar flow but including additional terms which arise from correlations between fluctuating velocity components and velocity-pressure correlations. The complex nature of turbulent motion has led to an empirical methodology based upon the RANS and turbulence-transport equations in which the correlations are modelled. An important aspect of turbulent flows is the wide range of scales involved. It is also shown that treating near-wall turbulent shear flow as a Couette flow leads to the Law of the Wall and the log law. The effect of surface roughness on both the velocity distribution and surface shear stress is discussed. It is shown that the distribution of mean velocity within a turbulent boundary layer can be represented by a linear combination of the near-wall log law and an outer-layer Law of the Wake.

This chapter describes the formation of the adult four-chambered heart from the precardiac mesodermal cells. The precardiac mesoderm develops into a linear heart tube by the process of folding. The subsequent increase in size of the heart by the addition of precursor cells derived from the first and second heart fields is discussed. For the sake of clarity, the chapter describes the addition of precursor cells to the inflow and outflow, separately. Next, the formation of the ventricular chambers with respect to ballooning and differentiation into a compact and trabecular layer is discussed. Finally, the formation of the septa in the heart tube is described, creating the adult four-chambered heart.

This chapter outlines the ways in which the workforce is becoming increasingly global, such that having an international perspective on diversity is ever more important. Using an intersectional framework on diversity, this chapter suggests that intersectionality, or the consideration of multiple identity statuses, might be enriched with the consideration of culture as a personal identity layer and/or as a factor that may change perceptions of identity categories across context. This chapter will then outline how national context might shape the meaning of and reactions to diverse identities, highlighting the additional effects of organizational, local, and regional contexts. Finally, this chapter provides implications for research and practice related to discrimination, in order to ensure more nuanced approaches to diversity management, for academics and practitioners alike.

Situated at the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the Hindu-Kush-Himalayas-Gangetic (HKHG) region is under the clear and present danger of climate change. Flash-flood, landslide, and debris flow caused by extreme precipitation, as well as rapidly melting glaciers, threaten the water resources and livelihood of more than 1.2 billion people living in the region. Rapid industrialization and increased populations in recent decades have resulted in severe atmospheric and environmental pollution in the region. Because of its unique topography and dense population, the HKHG is not only a major source of pollution aerosol emissions, but also a major receptor of large quantities of natural dust aerosols transported from the deserts of West Asia and the Middle East during the premonsoon and early monsoon season (April–June). The dust aerosols, combined with local emissions of light-absorbing aerosols, that is, black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and mineral dust, can (a) provide additional powerful heating to the atmosphere and (b) allow more sunlight to penetrate the snow layer by darkening the snow surface. Both effects will lead to accelerated melting of snowpack and glaciers in the HKHG region, amplifying the greenhouse warming effect. In addition, these light-absorbing aerosols can interact with monsoon winds and precipitation, affecting extreme precipitation events in the HKHG, as well as weather variability and climate change over the TP and the greater Asian monsoon region.

Imaging techniques play a key role in the assessment of patients with the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can reveal muscle inflammation similarly to muscle scintigraphy and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, but is also able to visualize findings of chronic muscle damage such as muscle atrophy or fat replacement. Ultrasonography has a more limited role because it can only depict the superficial muscle layers. Imaging findings are not specific to IIM, but in the appropriate clinical context they support the diagnosis. MRI is also useful to target biopsy to affected muscles, thus increasing biopsy yield. In addition, because different myopathies present with different patterns of muscle involvement, imaging studies can provide differential diagnostic clues. Finally, imaging studies—especially MRI—can be used to monitor the effects of treatment by serially evaluating changes in muscle inflammation and damage.

This chapter examines photographs of Pacific Island women laboring in fields in Queensland in the late 1890s, arguing that colonial photography can be a critical means of filling archival silences. It reflects on how we may read this photography in layers, both as a candid snapshot of the physical world of the past, as well as a more subtle register of that world's ideological composition. This is significant in the context of colonial histories in the western Pacific and Australia where indigenous and colonized women's labor, and their contribution to colonial and colonized societies, has been subjected to the violence of a structural amnesia. Photography offers not only visual evidence of a barely told history of Pacific Islander women's labor as told through the agency of their physical presentation. In addition, the medium itself, the photograph and its visual language, points in interesting ways to the discursive contours that shaped indigenous and colonized women's agency.

Buoyancy largely supports fish, reducing the role of the skeleton, which functions as an attachment for muscle involved in movement and in protection, as exoskeleton (scales, scutes, bony plates) and as endoskeleton (vertebral column, skull). The general organization of fish skeletons and their component parts are described, as well as bone and cartilage. The interesting occurrence of acellular bone, additional to cellular bone, in teleosts is considered. Fish show metameric segmentation with myotomes on either side of the vertebral column, the latter acting as a compression strut, preventing shortening. Myotome muscle is organized into linear units named sarcomeres which contract by means of protein fibres, myosin and actin, sliding past each other. Usually fish body wall muscles occur as a thin outer layer of aerobic red muscle, with an inner thick region of anaerobic white muscle. Interspecific variability in the relative roles of myotomes and fin musculature in swimming is discussed.

The origin and migration of cardiovascular progenitors have been identified using multiple cell fate mapping techniques monitoring marked epiblast cells through time at carefully defined stages of early gastrulation. These studies have revealed that ordered groups of cells from the epiblast move into the anterior region of the primitive streak, and then migrate anterior laterally to define the first heart field in the mesodermal layer. Subsequently, the right and left components of the first heart field fuse into a single straight heart at the embryonic midline. Additional cells derived from the second heart field are added to the cardiac tube and contribute to further heart development. Heterotopic and heterochronic transplantation studies have revealed that cardiac precursor cells are plastic and do not form a specific subpopulation of the cardiac mesoderm. Specification of the heart fields occurs after ingression of precardiac cells through the primitive streak.

This chapter presents the semantics and pragmatics of prosodic focus in alternative semantics. Half a dozen examples are given of empirical phenomena that are to be covered by the theory. Then a syntax marking the locus, scope, and antecedent for focus is introduced. The syntax is interpreted semantically and pragmatically by a presupposition involving alternatives. The alternative sets that are used in the definition are computed compositionally using a recursive definition. Alternatives are also employed in the semantics of questions, and this ties in with the phenomenon of question-answer congruence, where the position of focus in an answer matches questioned positions in the question. A different semantic interpretation for focus is entailment semantics, which uses a generalized entailment condition in place of a condition involving alternatives. The semantic and pragmatic interpretation for contrastive topic uses an additional layer of alternatives. Independent of focus, alternatives are deployed in the semantics of disjunction and of negative polarity items.

Our knowledge and understanding of bioethics is informed by cancer communication research, particularly around the informed consent process and participation in clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of several ethical theories used to guide bioethics, including principlism, casuistry, and virtue ethics. With these in mind, the informed consent process and the importance of quality communication is described. Despite many patients preferring a style of communication that is more participatory in nature, physicians still struggle with how much and what kind of information to share regarding clinical trials. In the context of palliative care, surrogate decision-making adds an additional layer of complexity to this process. Further, many patients still endorse the ‘therapeutic misconception’, meaning they believe experimental treatments are superior to standard treatments. The communication models of paternalism, the fully informed model, and shared decision-making are described, with the goal to provide patients with clear, unbiased information to inform decision-making.

Rapid advancements in wireless digital networking technologies have enabled the emergence of capabilities that software systems are just now starting to utilize. Wireless computing is becoming more affordable for both enterprise customers and private customers as the expense of contact and handheld computing devices (laptop computers, hand-held phones, etc.) continues to decline. Mobile computing is not a condensed and well-studied subset of the proven and wellstudied area of distributed computing. Because of the nature of wireless communication media and the versatility of devices, radically new challenges in networking, operating systems, and information systems have been created. Additionally, many of the mobile computing applications envisaged impose novel demands on software systems. While mobile computing is still in its infancy, several fundamental principles and some seminal experimental systems have been established. Mobile Computing includes chapters that explain certain principles and frameworks, as well as software that are being implemented and evaluated at the moment. Mobile Computing is an excellent reference book and can also serve as a text for a mobile computing course. This book has been developed as per the Course syllabus of Dr. M. G. R Educational And Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This syallbus is on par with the other Universities and Deemed to be Univsersites in India. Keywords: Mobile computing, Wireless Transmission, Radio Transmission, Media Access Control, Wireless LAN, Mobile Network Layer and Transport Layer

Rapid advancements in wireless digital networking technologies have enabled the emergence of capabilities that software systems are just now starting to utilize. Wireless computing is becoming more affordable for both enterprise customers and private customers as the expense of contact and handheld computing devices (laptop computers, hand-held phones, etc.) continues to decline. Mobile computing is not a condensed and well-studied subset of the proven and wellstudied area of distributed computing. Because of the nature of wireless communication media and the versatility of devices, radically new challenges in networking, operating systems, and information systems have been created. Additionally, many of the mobile computing applications envisaged impose novel demands on software systems. While mobile computing is still in its infancy, several fundamental principles and some seminal experimental systems have been established. Mobile Computing includes chapters that explain certain principles and frameworks, as well as software that are being implemented and evaluated at the moment. Mobile Computing is an excellent reference book and can also serve as a text for a mobile computing course. This book has been developed as per the Course syllabus of Dr. M. G. R Educational And Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This syallbus is on par with the other Universities and Deemed to be Univsersites in India. Keywords: Mobile computing, Wireless Transmission, Radio Transmission, Media Access Control, Wireless LAN, Mobile Network Layer and Transport Layer

This book examines the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 and argues that it became the crucible of change in the state, creating a cultural shift from a society based on class to one based on race, though both remained important in the culture. State leaders called the convention to address the threat from outside the state – the Lodge Elections Bill – as well as the rising violence within the state. The convention delegates created layers of qualifiers for voting: payment of the poll tax, literacy, the Understanding Clause, no felony convictions, and lengthy residency requirements. In addition, the delegates utilized reapportionment to further strengthen provisions to disfranchise not only African Americans, but also a number of poor white voters. The newly promulgated constitution then withstood attacks by Congress during the debates over the Lodge Elections Bill and appeals to the federal courts, especially with Williams v Mississippi. The delegates succeeded in their charge to disfranchise, but in doing so unleashed new violence and a struggle to control the state that held it back economically and politically for seven decades.

Member States started adopting carrier liability regulations from the mid-1980s, seemingly as a direct response to increasing numbers of asylum requests, with immigration liaison officer (ILO) schemes proliferating afterwards. Techniques of ‘remote control’ have now been communautarised, providing an additional layer of control. Both carriers and ILOs have privileged access to migrants bound to the EU already at the pre-entry phase. Making them responsible for the anticipated enforcement of visas has the potential to block lines of regular (and safe) access to those in need of international protection. This chapter is concerned with these developments. It analyses carrier sanctions and ILOs legislation, comparing the EU regime with its international counterparts. The review encompasses the pre- and post-Schengen periods as well as recent innovations concerning the automated treatment and transfer of advance passenger information (API) and the creation of ‘Frontex liaison officers’. The impact of carrier sanctions and ILO activities on refugee flows is scrutinized at the end, pointing at a structural incompatibility of advance border enforcement, through a model of ‘imperfect delegation’/’hidden coercion’, with basic guarantees against denial of entry.

The coronary circulation is essential for human life. In embryonic development, abnormal formation of the coronary vasculature can cause death in utero or after birth. In adulthood, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the commonest cause of death worldwide. The last decade has witnessed significant strides forward in our understanding of coronary development. Multiple sources of coronary endothelial cells have been identified using genetic tools for fate mapping. The epicardium, the outermost layer of the developing heart, has emerged as both a source of cell progenitors and key signalling mediators. Knowledge of the specific genes underlying formation, function, and heterogeneity of the epicardium is expanding. Significant challenges remain, however, in understanding the spatiotemporal signalling patterns required for organized migration, differentiation, and patterning of the vasculature. In addition, dissecting how coronary development is perturbed in patients with congenital coronary anomalies is a major ongoing focus of research.

Underground coal mining disturbs both the overburden strata and the immediate floor strata. The subject of surface subsidence deals with the issues associated with the movement of overburden strata, which are the layers from the seam to the surface, where structures and water resources important to human activities are located. Surface Subsidence Engineering provides comprehensive coverage of the major issues associated with surface subsidence. The chapters are written by experts on surface subsidence in the three leading coal producing and consuming countries in the world: Australia, China and the United States. They discuss general features and terminologies, subsidence prediction, subsidence measurement techniques, subsidence impact on water bodies, subsidence damage, mitigation and control, and subsidence on abandoned coal mines. In addition, the final chapter addresses some of the unique features of surface subsidence found in Australian coal mines. The book provides information on coal seams ranging from flat to gently inclined to steep to ultra-steep seams. Written for mining engineers, geotechnical engineers and students of mining engineering, this book covers both theories and practices of surface subsidence. Unlike previous publications, it also deals with the subsidence impact on surface and groundwater bodies, crucial resources that are often neglected by subsidence researchers.

Population genetics is an inherently quantitative discipline. Because the focus of population genetics studies is usually on abstract concepts like the frequencies of genetic variants over time, it can at first glance be difficult to conceptualize and appropriately visualize. As more and more quantitative models and methods have become established in the discipline, it has become necessary for people just entering the field to quickly develop a good understanding of the many layers of complex approaches, so as to correctly interpret even basic results. An unfortunate side effect of the widespread implementation of ready-to-use quantitative software packages is that some facets of analysis can become rote, which at best might lead to implementation without the full understanding of the user and at worst, inappropriate application leading to misguided conclusions. In this book a “learning by doing” approach is employed to encourage readers to begin developing an intuitive understanding of population genetics concepts. The analytical software R, which has increasingly been the program of choice for early exposure to basic statistical programming, is freely available online, has cross-platform compatibility (Windows, Mac, and Linux all support distributions of R), and offers the potential for hands-on implementation by the students, in addition to using pre-packaged functions.

A History of the Ozarks, Vol. 2: The Conflicted Ozarks focuses on the long era of Civil War and Reconstruction, stretching roughly from the 1850s through the 1880s. The book begins with an analysis of slavery (the most thorough examination of the institution in the region to date) and the secession crisis. Almost half the book deals with the four years of civil warfare, including a summary of the formal, battlefield war in the Ozarks and an examination of various facets of the home front, from guerrilla fighters to the role of women. It also features the most comprehensive portrait of the long Reconstruction era in the Ozarks, including a comparison of political Reconstruction in Arkansas and Missouri as well as an extended treatment of social and economic reconstruction that chronicles railroad building, manufacturing, extractive industry, and the development of educational institutions in the postwar years. In addition to the continuation of volume 1’s argument that the story of the Ozarks is mostly an unexceptional, regional variation of the American story, volume 2 is built on the thematic concept of multiple layers of conflict in the region--divisions over slavery, wartime violence and its stubborn continuation in the Reconstruction era, and the continuing conflicted identity of the Ozarks as part southern and part midwestern, part Union and part Confederate, part modern and part backwoods.

Chapter 2 deals with the foundations of the framework outlined in the book. The basic assumptions of the framework are made explicit, and the chapter continues with three main sections on the major principles of the framework, best practices for conducting research within the framework, and a section on data-driven historical linguistics. The section on principles lays down twelve principles underpinning the framework. These principles are referred to throughout the rest of the book, including the case studies. The aim of these principles is to make historical linguistic research more transparent and reproducible, to facilitate communication across different theoretical paradigms, and to allow researchers to tackle complex problems in a systematic way. The best practices section explains additional methodological points, while the final section discusses the role of corpora in historical linguistics research practice.

This chapter lays out the parameters of one developmental approach to sexuality politics in the United States. Whereas much scholarship in LGBTQ politics has focused on public opinion, interest groups, and social movement behavior, this chapter focuses on citizenship as the primary unit of analysis since citizenship, as it connotes a relationship between the individual and the state in which the latter acknowledges the former to fall within its responsibility to regulate and protect, brings the connection between state development and sexual identity to the fore. State institutions have recognized the LGBTQ citizen in distinct ways, often simultaneously, creating frictions among multiple regulatory orders and laws and creating additional opportunity and motivation for social change. The chapter details five such modalities of state recognition and regulation suggesting that the nature of sexual citizenship is contingent on the particular order of authority with which the LGBTQ individual engages.

This chapter considers recognition and enforcement under the Hague Convention. Hague applies only to judgments given by a court of a State to which the Hague Convention applies, and it applies only if the court of origin had jurisdiction under a choice-of-court agreement. The position under Hague is different from that under Brussels 2012 and Lugano 2007 since the court addressed is not precluded from deciding for itself whether the choice-of-court agreement was valid and the claim was within its scope. Apart from this, Hague has a great deal in common with Brussels and Lugano, though there are a number of additional provisions in the former that find no counterpart in the latter. The relevant provisions are found in Part III of the Convention. Article 8 lays down the general conditions for recognition; Article 9 provides certain specific grounds for non-recognition and subsequent Articles deal with special issues. Each of these provisions are considered in turn.

This book covers the implementation of telemental health (TMH) in resource-limited global settings. This book focuses on the current state of the technology, the different modalities, and the emergence of mobile-health. The global applicability, especially in resource-limited settings, is a new frontier for implementation sciences, and one that is proposed to reduce the mental health gap. The book reviews the global application of TMH internationally with examples from each continent. Case studies of TMH implementation from India, Taiwan, Africa, the Middle East, and more are layed out in this book. In addition, the book discusses provision of such care to underserved resource-limited populations globally, such as refugees in Denmark, Native Americans in the United States, and Aboriginal populations in Australia. This book promises a collective review of global TMH and hopes to provide anchorage for scholars and researches interested in this developing field.

The introduction analyzes the impact of modernization and population growth on Madrid’s society from the 1850s to the 1930s, attending to the widening of social inequalities and the escalation of problems such as crime, epidemics, and poverty. In addition, the introduction lays out the theoretical framework of the book. On one hand, it explores the different ways in which the relationship between marginality and social control can manifest in society and accounts for the way in which music can help to negotiate those tensions. On the other hand, it explores the construction of discourse around the categories music, noise, and sound. The media used those categories to marginalize certain sound and musical practices and to prompt legal and police action against the groups that owned them.

This introduction lays out the direction of the book on the whole by discussing the movie palace, Ben Schlanger, modernism, and new cinema histories. Schlanger’s life and career are briefly introduced, and the importance of using archival materials and the Better Theatres section of Motion Picture Herald for documenting Schlanger’s theory of theater design is explained. From such writings, one can gather that Schlanger’s ideal theaters would be places of both bodily passivity and contemplation, yet also of immersion in the sense that the local environment and fellow viewers would fall away in service of the screen. Furthermore, the term “neutral” is examined via Bertrand Russell and neutral monism; in addition, the introduction explores the neutral and neutralization’s connections to the apparatus. All of these strands are connected via a modern approach to spectatorship explicated by Schlanger in his theaters.

Article 21 of the Rome Statute sets out a complex system of sources of applicable law. In addition to the Statute itself, which contains a relatively detailed list of crimes, Articles 21 includes the Elements of Crimes, a very detailed document which unnecessarily limits the scope of the crimes listed in the Statute and reveals mistrust with regard to the Court, the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, and the case law of the Court, despite the absence of stare decisis. In order to avoid risks of non liquet, Article 21 also refers to other norms and rules of international law. Article 21 establishes a hierarchy between the sources of law it refers to. It combines a formal hierarchy, on top of which lays the Statute, with a substantial hierarchy dominated by ‘internationally recognized human rights’ (Article 21(3)).

The nature of teamwork in professional service firms, as in many other knowledge-intensive environments, is evolving from highly structured project teams to more fluid, open-ended, peer-to-peer collaboration such as that between powerful, high-autonomy partners. This shift is especially challenging because senior-level collaboration requires peers from different practice groups or offices with different sub-cultures to negotiate task allocation, credit recognition, and decision-making norms, which can be difficult and politically charged. Increased partner-level collaboration is further complicated by other trends in the PSF arena such as expertise specialization, heightened professional mobility, and increased competition. Yet, this phenomenon remains largely under-researched and under-theorized. The chapter therefore lays out a research agenda focusing on opportunities to better understand peer collaboration in PSFs. In addition, the chapter identifies ways that recent changes in the professional sector challenge our understanding of traditional teamwork, and it identifies specific gaps that deserve scholarly attention.

What configuration of institutions and policies is most conducive to human flourishing? The historical and comparative evidence suggests that the answer is social democratic capitalism — a democratic political system, a capitalist economy, good elementary and secondary schooling, a big welfare state, pro-employment public services, and moderate regulation of product and labor markets. Lane Kenworthy shows that this system improves living standards for the least well-off, enhances economic security, and boosts equality of opportunity. And it does so without sacrificing other things we want in a good society, from liberty to economic growth to health and happiness. Its chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations. The Nordics have gone farther than other rich democratic countries in coupling a big welfare state with public services that promote high employment and modest product- and labor-market regulations. Many believe this system isn’t transferable beyond Scandinavia, but Kenworthy shows that social democratic capitalism and its successes can be replicated in other affluent nations, including the United States. Today, the U.S. lags behind other countries in economic security, opportunity, and shared prosperity. If the U.S. expanded existing social programs and added some additional ones, many Americans would have better lives. Kenworthy argues that, despite formidable political obstacles, the U.S. is likely to move toward social democratic capitalism in coming decades. As a country gets richer, he explains, it becomes more willing to spend more in order to safeguard against risk and enhance fairness. He lays out a detailed policy agenda that could alleviate many of America’s problems.

Without a doubt, parents play a critical role in socializing moral development in their children. This handbook provides a collection of state-of-the-art theories and research on the important role that parents play in moral development. The contributors take a comprehensive, yet nuanced approach to considering the links between parenting and different aspects of moral development. The volume begins by providing an overview of traditional and contemporary theories on parenting and moral development, including perspectives related to parenting styles, domain theory, attachment theory, and evolutionary theory. In addition, there are several chapters that explore the genetic and biological influences related to parenting and moral development. The second section of the volume explores cultural and religious approaches to parenting and moral development and presents examples of contemporary research with diverse populations such as Muslim cultures and US Latino/as. The last major section of the volume examines recent developments and approaches to parenting, including chapters on topics such as helicopter parenting, proactive parenting, parent-child conversations and disclosure, parental discipline, and other parenting practices designed to foster moral development. Overall, the volume brings together the latest scholarship on parenting and moral development and lays out the next set of fundamental theoretical and empirical issues that will significantly advance the field. This volume is a must-read for scholars, practitioners, educators, students, and policy makers interested in the latest scholarly developments in the field of parenting and moral development.

The relationship of the Swiss population to the forest has been investigated in surveys since 1978, and in 1997 for the first time as part of the so-called “Sociocultural forest monitoring” or “Waldmonitoring soziokulturell” WaMos. This report describes the results of the national Wa- Mos3 survey 2020. The online panel of the market research institute LINK was used for the sur- vey. In addition to the representative survey of the adult population, a sample of 156 adolescents was also interviewed. The self-assessed level of information on forest topics has declined since WaMos2 (2010), with older people feeling better informed than younger people. The level of knowledge regarding the increase in forest area in Switzerland and the management of mountain forests for protection against natural hazards is also lower among younger people than among older ones. Today, the population attributes greater importance to most forest functions for society than in WaMos2. In particular, the ecological function, the production function and the recreational function have gained importance. More people than in WaMos2 (2010) assume that forest health has deteriorated. Changes due to climate change, such as drought damage, are perceived by the population. The majority of the population is in favour of active forest management for climate adaptation. With regard to the ecological function of the forest, most people know that biodiversity has decreased. Accor- dingly, the acceptance of forest reserves is high, as is that of large carnivores. Climate change, the expansion of settlements, introduced animal and plant species and pests are seen as the greatest threats to the forest. Great importance is attached to the protective function of the forest. Nevertheless, knowledge about the interrelation between the management and the pro- tective function of mountain forests is declining. In principle, the population is satisfied with the management of the most frequently visited forest. The felling of trees and closing of roads for logging are well accepted by the population. Leaving branches lying on the ground after logging is controversial, and is either well accepted or not accepted at all. Sustainability criteria have gained in importance when purchasing timber products. In terms of forest preferences, the population likes mixed forests best. The presence of a shrub layer is better liked than in WaMos2 (2010) and the liking of deadwood is also increasing at a low level. However, recreational infrastructure is valued less and less. For the first time, forest photos were also presented to the respondents for assessment. It turns out that already existing forest preferences, motives for visiting the forest, the importance of the forest in childhood and the language region have an influence on visual attractiveness of forest. Forest characteristics such as visibility range, shrub layer cover and cover of berry bushes, stage of stand development, stand structure and the presence of deadwood also have an influence. In order to get a picture of which forests people visit, they were asked to mark the forest they visit most often on a map using PPGIS. Local recreation dominates; the densest cloud of points is found where Switzerland is most densely populated. As always, most people go to the forest frequently. The most frequently cited motives for visiting the forest are “experiencing nature”, “enjoying fresh air” and “escaping from everyday life”. Adolescents go to the forest less often. Their activities in the forest are dominated by barbecues/bonfires/parties, jogging and sports in general. Satisfaction with forest visits has decreased at a high level compared to 2010. Forest attractiveness is rated lower, the visit to the forest is perceived as less restorative and the per- ceived disturbances are increasing. In sum, the Swiss population highly values the forest, as a recreational area, but also in particu- lar as a habitat for plants and animals. Ecological awareness seems to have risen again in the last 10 years, and with it concerns about the state of the forest and biodiversity. On the other hand, satisfaction with forest recreation – at a high level – has somewhat declined.

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.

Unambiguous and homogeneous geodetic reference frames are essential to the proper determination of locations and heights. The reference frames used in the Netherlands are the Rijksdriehoekmeting (RD) for locations and the Normaal Amsterdamse Peil (NAP) for heights. The RD has traditionally been managed by the Kadaster; the NAP by Rijkswaterstaat. The emergence of satellite positioning has resulted in drastic changes to these geodetic reference frames. A surveyor is now offered one instrument, GPS (the Global Positioning System), capable of the simultaneous determination of locations and heights. This is possible by virtue of one three-dimensional geodetic reference system - the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89) - which in the Netherlands is maintained in a collaborative arrangement between the Kadaster and Rijkswaterstaat. GPS has been advanced as a practical measurement technique by linking the definition of the RD grid to ETRS89. Nevertheless the introduction of GPS also revealed distortions in the RD grid, which are modelled in the RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation. Furthermore, the use of the geoid model has become essential to the use of GPS in determining the height in comparison to NAP. Subsidence that has disrupted the backbone of the NAP gave cause to the need for a large-scale adjustment of the heights of the underground benchmarks and, in so doing, of the grid. Consequently new NAP heights have been introduced at the beginning of 2005; a new definition of the RD grid that had already been introduced in 2000 was once again modified in 2004. During the past few years two NCG subcommissions have devoted a great deal of time to these modifications. This publication lays down ETRS89, the RD and the NAP, together with their mutual relationships. In addition to reviewing the history of the reference frames and the manner in which they are maintained (including, for example, the use of AGRS.NL as the basis for the Dutch geometric infrastructure), the publication also discusses the status of the frames as at 1 January 2005. This encompasses the realisation of ETRS89 via AGRS.NL, the revision and new definition of the RD grid in 2004, and the new NAP publication in 2005. The publication also describes the mutual relationships between the frames in the modernized RDNAPTRANSTM2004 transformation consisting of the new NLGEO2004 geoid model and a model for the distortions of the RD grid. In conclusion, the publication also devotes attention to the future maintenance of the ETRS89, RD and NAP. The continuity of the link between the traditional frames and the three-dimensional frames is of great importance, and ETRS89 will continue to fulfil this linking role. The GPS base network and AGRS.NL reference stations will increasingly assume the leading role in the maintenance of the RD frame. The maintenance of the NAP will continue to be necessary, although during the coming decades the the primary heights will not need revision. In so doing the high quality of the geodetic reference frames required for their use in actual practice will continue to be guaranteed.

The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.