Статті в журналах: "Addictive goods"

1

Grossman, Michael, Frank J. Chaloupka, and Richard Anderson. "A Survey of Economic Models of Addictive Behavior." Journal of Drug Issues 28, no. 3 (July 1998): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800304.

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In economic analyses of addictive behavior, the consumption of a certain good is termed to be an addiction if an increase in past consumption of the good leads to an increase in current consumption. From policy, legal, and public health perspectives, addictive goods are of interest because the consumption of many of these goods harms the consumer and others. The U.S. government and those of many other countries have chosen to regulate such addictive substances as cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana by means of policies that raise their prices. Consequently, the responsiveness of these substances to price is an important parameter in determining the optimal level of taxation or the impacts of legalization of cocaine or marijuana. The economics of addiction is very relevant to these issues because recent theoretical advances predict that addictive goods should be more sensitive to price than previously believed. Current empirical studies confirm this prediction.

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2

Cutler, David M., Amber Jessup, Donald Kenkel, and Martha A. Starr. "Valuing Regulations Affecting Addictive or Habitual Goods." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 6, no. 2 (2015): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2015.44.

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The analysis of regulations affecting addictive or habitual goods has drawn considerable controversy. Some studies have suggested that such regulations have only small welfare benefits, as consumers value these goods despite health benefits from quitting, while other studies suggest that information or behavioral problems make existing consumption decisions a poor guide to welfare evaluation. We examine potential utility offsets to health benefits of regulations affecting addictive or habitual goods theoretically and empirically. Our analysis focuses on individuals who consume these goods only, ignoring other social costs and benefits. Theoretically, we show the importance of several factors including: money saved in addition to health improvements; differentiating steady-state utility losses from short-term withdrawal costs; lack of utility loss for people dissuaded from starting to consume the good; and accounting for utility consequences of explicit or implicit cost increases. Our empirical analysis considers regulations that affect smoking. To measure the welfare cost of smoking cessation, we divide the population into those with more and less rational smoking behavior and use the valuation of smoking from more rational smokers to impute values of losses for less rational smokers. Our results show that the utility cost of smoking cessation is small relative to the health gains in people for whom withdrawal costs are the main utility loss of quitting, and even among people who have some ongoing loss, the utility offsets represent 20%–25% of the health gains. While marginal smokers induced to quit by regulations can be expected to have low or no steady-state loss, even this higher estimate is far below prevailing estimates of the utility cost of smoking used by the Food and Drug Administration and other analysts.

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3

Driskill, Robert, and Stephen McCafferty. "Monopoly and Oligopoly Provision of Addictive Goods." International Economic Review 42, no. 1 (February 2001): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.00100.

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4

Skokov, Roman Yu, and Olga V. Brizhak. "Consumption of addictive goods in Russian regions and its impact on the quality of human capital." R-Economy 6, no. 1 (2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2020.6.1.005.

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Research relevance. Consumption of addictive goods and its impact on the human capital is widely discussed in contemporary research literature, not only on the micro- and macro- but also on the meso-level. At the present stage of the ongoing transformations we are prompted to reassess current approaches to this problem and to re-evaluate its public significance; moreover, practical application of available research outcomes should also be reconsidered. In Russia, consumption of addictive goods is subject to significant regional variations determined by socio-economic and other factors. Research aim. The study is aimed at investigating the impact of consumption of addictive goods (alcohol) on the quality of Russian consumers' human capital and at building a system of indicators to estimate this impact. Data and methods. The study uses the methods of comparative analysis, expert estimation, ranking, and economic-statistical analysis, it also proposes a spatial approach to problems associated with regional variations in human capital of consumers of addictive goods. The study relies on the Russian and international research evidence; the data of the Federal State Statistics Service and its regional offices; expert estimates and the authors' own calculations. Results. The study demonstrates the connection between consumption of addictive goods and consumers' human capital. It also describes a system of statistical indicators that can be used for estimating the impact of alcohol consumption on human capital and the criteria such indicators should meet. Based on the proposed indicator set, the study analyzes and compares the trends in human capital deterioration on the regional and national levels. As a result of cross-regional analysis, regions with the highest and lowest figures of human capital deterioration are identified. Conclusions. As their addiction progresses, alcohol consumers face an increasing devaluation of their human capital. This parameter varies significantly across Russian regions due to a range of climatic, regional, and socio-economic factors, which should be taken into account when devising and implementing regional alcohol policies. The existing system of statistical observations uses a limited set of indicators that needs to be expanded to allow for a more comprehensive cross-regional analysis.

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5

Skokov, Roman Yu. "Forms of the Condition of Addictive Goods Market." Journal of Economic Regulation 8, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2078-5429.2017.8.2.016-029.

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6

Andersson, Linda, Mikael Bask, and Maria Melkersson. "Economic Man and the Consumption of Addictive Goods: The Case of Two Goods." Substance Use & Misuse 41, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826080500522019.

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7

Ben Lakhdar, Christian, and Tanja Bastianic. "Economic constraint and modes of consumption of addictive goods." International Journal of Drug Policy 22, no. 5 (September 2011): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.004.

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8

Skokov, Roman. "The Evolution of the Economic Theory of Addictive Goods Markets." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 3. Ekonomika. Ekologija 20, no. 1 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2018.1.2.

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9

Cutler, David M., Amber I. Jessup, Donald S. Kenkel, and Martha A. Starr. "Economic Approaches to Estimating Benefits of Regulations Affecting Addictive Goods." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50, no. 5 (May 2016): S20—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.12.002.

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10

Skokov, Roman. "The Scenario Approach in the State Regulation of Addictive Goods Market." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 3. Ekonomika. Ekologija., no. 4 (December 2015): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2015.4.2.

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11

Skokov, R. Yu. "Model of the Mechanism of Institutional Regulation of Addictive Goods Markets." Zhurnal Economicheskoj Teorii 16, no. 2 (2019): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2019.16-2.9.

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12

IDRISOV, A. Kh A. "THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXCISE TAX ADMINISTRATION OF “BAD HABITS”." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 11 (2020): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2020.11.02.016.

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The article deals with the administration of the so-called bad habits associated with the consumption of addictive goods, alcohol, tobacco products and nicotine substitutes. The most important role is assigned to control the possible concealment of the tax base and the turnover of excisable goods of these groups and measures to improve the efficiency of tax administration.

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13

SKOKOV, Roman Yu. "Welfare in Russian regions and the prospects for anti-alcohol policy." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 19, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1610–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.19.9.1610.

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Subject. This article studies the changes in the quality of human capital under the influence of expenditures on the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Objectives. The article aims to assess the relationship between the Human Development Index and the expenditures of the population of Russian regions on the alcoholic beverage purchase. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of mathematical and statistical data analyses. Results. The article identifies Russian regions with relatively high alcohol expenditures and low Human Development Index, as well as regions with high alcohol costs and relatively high and average Human Development Indices. The article proposes comprehensive measures to reduce alcohol consumption at the regional and municipal levels. Conclusions. The Human Development Index can be an indicator of the potential use of addictive goods. In Russia, it is recommended to switch to the Nordic State monopoly marketing model for addictive goods.

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14

Skokov, Roman. "The Evolution of the Theory and Practice of State Regulation of Addictive Goods Markets." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 3. Ekonomika. Ekologija., no. 1 (March 2016): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu3.2016.1.1.

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15

Autio, Minna, Jaana Lähteenmaa, Ulrika Holmberg, and Jukka Kujala. "Young consumer identity in a restrictive school environment — Addictive substances, symbolic goods and consumer skills." Children and Youth Services Review 68 (September 2016): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.07.003.

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16

Skokov, Roman Yu, and Olga V. Brizhak. "Consumption of addictive goods in Russian regions and its impact on the quality of human capital." R-Economy 6, no. 1 (2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2019.6.1.005.

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17

Skokov, Roman. "The relationship between human development and the cost of addictive goods in the regions of Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 270 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127001001.

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The study is aimed to establish the relationship between the indicator of the share of expenditures on alcoholic beverages in household final consumption expenditures and the value of the human development index. The object of research is the regions of the Russian Federation. The research is based on methods of the mathematical and statistical analysis of data of UNDP and Rosstat. Alcohol expenditures are decreasing in almost all regions against the background of the growth of the human development index. At the same time, half of the regions with a relatively low human development index have higher spending on alcoholic beverages and vice versa. In the Stavropol Territory and the Ivanovo Region, spending on alcoholic beverages is growing and there is a direct link with the human development index. The leaders in spending on alcoholic beverages are the Rostov Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Kirov Region, the Murmansk Region, Karelia, the Kostroma Region, the Kaluga Region, the Komi Republic, the Khabarovsk Territory, and the Pskov Region. In these regions, except for Komi, against the background of high spending on alcoholic beverages, a relatively low human development index. In St. Petersburg with a high index of development, high expenditures on alcoholic beverages, in Moscow and the Republic of Tatarstan, also with a high human development index, expenditures on alcoholic beverages are average. North Ossetia, Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Chechen Republic have the lowest expenditures on alcoholic beverages among all constituent entities of Russia, but also relatively low human development index indicators. The regions with low expenditures on alcoholic beverages are also the Tambov Region, Novgorod Region, Ryazan Region, Republic of Adygea, Buryatia, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Altai, Magadan Region, Irkutsk Region, Ulyanovsk Region.

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18

Weimer, David L., Aidan R. Vining, and Randall K. Thomas. "Cost-benefit analysis involving addictive goods: contingent valuation to estimate willingness-to-pay for smoking cessation." Health Economics 18, no. 2 (February 2009): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.1365.

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19

SCHMITZ, ANDREW, DWAYNE HAYNES, and TROY G. SCHMITZ. "THE NOT-SO-SIMPLE ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION QUOTA BUYOUTS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 48, no. 2 (May 2016): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2016.5.

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AbstractThis article updates and expands the literature on the impact of production quotas. Unlike many of the early studies, our focus is largely on the removal of production quota programs. We study cases wherein production quota programs have been eliminated and quota owners were compensated for their losses. Specifically, we examine (1) production quotas in both the absence and presence of trade, (2) production quota buyouts (three case studies), (3) sources of funding, and (4) general equilibrium considerations. A fifth section briefly discusses externalities, the interpretation of consumer surplus measures, and the nature of conducting economic analyses of addictive goods.

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20

LEE, JIE-MIN, SHENG-HUNG CHEN, HSIANG-HSI LIU, JUNG-YAO HUNG, and MEI-YUN HUANG. "EFFECTS OF HEALTH RISK INFORMATION ON ADDICTIVE GOODS CONSUMPTION: A CASE OF TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND BETEL NUTS IN TAIWAN." Contemporary Economic Policy 28, no. 3 (December 30, 2009): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2009.00178.x.

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21

Skokov, Roman, and Tatiana Dugina. "Screen Time: Society Costs vs Revenues of Transnational Corporations." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 4 (February 2022): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2021.4.1.

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The article presents the periodization of the theory of behavioral design and the theory of time. The direction of the modern stage of development of behavioral design is digital technologies of persuasion, the tools of which are used to influence the behavior of users of social networks, video hosting and other digital goods. Social media accounts for half of the screen time. The business model of multinational technology corporations in the use of screen time is to advertise, collect and sell user data, which can also be accompanied by the formation of a shadow market. Digital persuasion technologies are addictive and provide an increase in the time users spend on social networks. When assessing the use of unproductive screen time, the lost value of time must be taken into account. Social losses of unproductive use of digital goods are significant and tend to grow in a pandemic, turning into revenue for companies. In the absence of public and state regulation of the use of digital technologies of persuasion in digital goods and their uncontrolled use, children and youth are the most vulnerable category. Within the framework of the evolutionary development of synergetics, the source of which is disequilibrium, instability, irreversibility and nonlinearity of time, it is necessary to pay attention to the mechanism of self-organization of users.

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22

Mokwena, Kebogile. "“Consider our plight”: A cry for help from nyaope users." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.944.

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Nyaope is a relatively new drug which until recently was not classified as illegal. It is widely used by many young and poor people in predominantly Black townships and users can be easily identified as they usually assemble in open spaces such as parks and taxi ranks and have formed a community through which they support one another in the habit. In addition to this, users often display poor personal hygiene and often resort to stealing and selling stolen goods in order to sustain their habit. There is a paucity of literature on nyaope and its use and impact, and the present study is a qualitative exploration of the experiences of nyaope users in three provinces, namely Gauteng, Mpumalanga and North West. The findings highlight the strong addictive nature of the drug, the ease of access, and the unfavourable social environment which promotes initial use and difficulty in quitting. Nyaope users typically express a desire to find and utilise help in order to overcome their current circumstances.

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23

Gupta, Shubham, Sachin Sinha, and Deepti Sinha. "Moving Towards Responsible Consumption: The Road Ahead for Sustainable Marketing." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19579ecst.

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The fundamental tenet of consumerism revolves around the belief that the burgeoning consumption of goods is favorable for the economy. Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, humanity has witnessed an exponential upsurge in consumerism. It has been related both to the increase in the population size as well as an increase in our demands due to constant changes in lifestyle. Multiple sources have corroborated the fact that if this consumption behavior continues unabated, we will soon face an acute shortage of resources of all kinds. Both consumer behavior patterns, such as addictive consumption and conspicuous consumption, can be attributed to this. Amongst the solutions available, ‘Demarketing’ is one. It is a type of marketing when a brand wants to discourage you from buying its product. The paper is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data, which will be collected from journals, blogs, websites, magazines, books, etc. The paper intends to explore the theme of demarketing vis-à-vis the materialistic purchase behavior of a modern-day consumer and green demarketing strategies that companies are adopting by way of sustainable marketing.

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24

Roy, Rajyasri, and Amit Kundu. "Consumption Nature of Indian Informal Workers: Engel’s Law Revisited." Asian Development Policy Review 10, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v10i4.4662.

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The level of informal employment in the Indian labor market shows the importance of investigating the nature of consumption among informal workers and determining the budget share among them. The Working-Leser model is used to identify the necessary and luxury goods among Indian informal workers. The budget share of food and non-food items among them will help us to validate Engel’s law. Informal workers are divided into three categories: self-employed workers, employees in the informal sector, and informal employees in the formal sector. Using the 68th round of the National Sample Survey data on Indian Employment and Unemployment for 2011–2012, we find food items, addictive items (e.g., alcohol and tobacco products), entertainment items, fuel, lights, and other non-food items are necessary, while health, education, jewellery and personal transport are luxury items for all types of informal workers in India. Engel’s law is therefore validated among the informal workers. The policy recommendation is that the government needs to spend more on health and education for informal workers. Spending more on these would not only improve the skills and efficiency of workers but also reduce their vulnerability.

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25

Mery Yanti and Yusnaini Yusnaini. "Social Media Acceptability among Ulama in Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra, Indonesia." Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Indonesia 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2021): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/jpii.v5i2.286.

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Social media was born as a derivative of information and communication technology (ICT) development. It is stimulating new habits for people to produce, consumption, and distribution information in online interaction. Although many researchers have studied social media, no one has provided attention to social media and ulama (Islamic scholar). This article aims to describe patterns of ownership, access, perceived usefulness, and ease of use of social media among ulama. Based on qualitative research in Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatera Province, we found that the acceptability of social media among ulama in Ogan Ilir District is positive. Online life has become the new identity of ulama in this area. They use social media for broadcasting da’wah message and selling or buying goods and service. However, no ulama are producing their messages of da'wah. Facebook is the most popular social media among ulama. We also find that feeling safe and comfortable, get the real benefits from social media, network quality, and jihad in cyberspace have positive contributions to social media adoption within ulama. We identify the availability of time, audience response, negative content, addictive situations, and internet cost as the inhibiting factor of social media adoption among ulama. We discussed these findings and suggested practical recommendations and agenda for further research.

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26

Shakun, E. U., A. M. Lanovaya, and Fadeeva E. V. Fadeeva. "Addiction and Problematic Internet Use among Girls and Young Women: Prevalence, Main Features and Measures (A Review of Russian Studies)." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 30, no. 2 (2022): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2022300204.

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Introduction. The article provides data on the prevalence of internet-addicted behavior. Aims. The purpose of the article is to analyze studies devoted to addiction and problematic use of the Internet among girls and young women in the Russian Federation. Methods. The review is based on national researches and international monitoring projects, which include analysis of the situation in Russia. Results. The key gender features of Internet addiction, specific to girls and young women, mentioned in the article are: vulnerability to the formation of Internet addictive behavior in the presence of emotional distress signs (alexithymia, fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety); more pronounced manifestations of addictive behavior, including compulsive symptoms, withdrawal symptoms and tolerance, as well as mood changes, irritability, anxiety, depression and anxiety. The measures for the internet- addiction that have good predictive validity are presented (the CIAS (Chen Internet Addiction Scale), validated on a sample of young Russian adults in 2021; the GPIUS2 (Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2), validated among adolescents and youth in 2018).

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Chiruta, Victor, Paulina K. Zemla, Pixie Miller, Nicola Santarossa, and John A. Hannan. "Critique of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Psychedelic Therapy Clinical Memorandum, Dated May 2020." Journal of Medical and Health Studies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jmhs.2021.2.2.18.

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Objective: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) has positioned itself against medically controlled patient access (at this current time) to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybin-assisted therapies in its Therapeutic Use of Psychedelic Substances Clinical Memorandum, May 2020. The main reason given by the RANZCP for its stance is safety concerns. Methods: Every reference in the clinical memorandum (CM) was checked against the original publications used by RANZCP to justify its position. In addition, the search engines Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Therapies (MAPS) website, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) website, relevant Australian and New Zealand legislation were searched for pertinent and up-to-date- information. Results: There is no scientific or medical evidence from the last 70 years to suggest that either psilocybin or MDMA, when administered as an adjutant to therapy in a controlled clinical setting, are linked to either mental illness or negative health outcomes. On the contrary, MDMA and psilocybin have been shown to be safe, non-toxic, non-addictive, and efficacious when administered in a medically-controlled clinical environment. All associated risks are apparent in an uncontrolled setting. Conclusion: The RANZCP’s position is based on outdated, irrelevant, misinterpreted, and misinformed evidence. With the recent positive media coverage of the efficacy of these medicines when used as an adjunct to therapy, there is an intrinsic risk of self-medication or underground therapy. This means that any medical discussion must also purvey the ethical responsibilities and social duties associated with these substances.

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Arman, Zuhdi, Michael Jibrael Rorong, and Irene Svinarky. "PEMBINAAN ANCAMAN HUKUMAN PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA DI MADRASAH ALIYAH DARUL IHSAN TANJUNG SENGKUANG KOTA BATAM." PUAN INDONESIA 3, no. 1 (July 29, 2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/jpi.v3i1.44.

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The spread of drugs in Indonesia, which is increasing every year, is increasing by the large population of Indonesia's population. Indonesia is one of the extraordinary markets for drug mafia to bring these illegal goods into the archipelago. The largest number of drug users in Indonesia from year to year are still dominated by students, in this case students and school children, especially high school and junior high school levels. In the medical world, drugs can be medicinal properties for healing. Drug use in the medical world is legal. So what becomes a policeman is when someone consumes drugs without the supervision of a health professional or doctor. If someone uses drugs without the supervision of a doctor, they think it will be very dangerous because drug users are because drugs are poisonous substances that can cause drug users to always depend or be addicted to these drugs, damage organs, affect a person's decline or make thoughts do not become irrational and damage the brain permanently. The result is even more terrible, which leads to death. The abuse of narcotics and illicit drugs among the younger generation is increasing. The proliferation of deviant behavior of the young generation can endanger the survival of this nation in the future. Because youth, as the generation expected to become the nation's successor, are increasingly vulnerable to being eaten away by nerve-destroying addictive substances. So that the young man could not think clearly. As a result, the generation of hope for a nation that is strong and intelligent will only be a memory. The target for the spread of these drugs is young people or teenagers.

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Caretti, Vincenzo, Alessio Gori, Giuseppe Craparo, Marco Giannini, Giuseppe Iraci-Sareri, and Adriano Schimmenti. "A New Measure for Assessing Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: The Addictive Behavior Questionnaire (ABQ)." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7080194.

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This article evaluates the psychometric properties of a new measure for assessing Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: the Addictive Behavior Questionnaire (ABQ). The ABQ is a self-report measure composed of two sections: the Severity Index (SI) and the Seven Domains Addiction Scale (7DAS). Materials and methods. A total sample of 698 subjects divided into two groups (515 subjects in the clinical sample and 183 subjects in the control sample), participated in this study. We applied Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to examine features of ABQ construct validity, we used Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to assess its internal reliability, and explored some aspects of its concurrent validity by examining its associations with other measures assessing addictive behaviors and psychopathology. Results and conclusions: results of EFA indicated that all the scales of the ABQ are unidimensional and showed good internal consistency. The correlations between the sections of the ABQ and the other measures used in the current study were significant and in the expected directions. These results suggest that the ABQ has good psychometric properties and allows researchers and clinicians to gather relevant information regarding behaviors, psychopathology and severity of symptoms, for the best clinical reasoning and for planning tailored treatment for each patient.

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30

Andreassen, Cecilie Schou, Torbjørn Torsheim, Geir Scott Brunborg, and Ståle Pallesen. "Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale." Psychological Reports 110, no. 2 (April 2012): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517.

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The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), initially a pool of 18 items, three reflecting each of the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), was constructed and administered to 423 students together with several other standardized self-report scales (Addictive Tendencies Scale, Online Sociability Scale, Facebook Attitude Scale, NEO–FFI, BIS/BAS scales, and Sleep questions). That item within each of the six addiction elements with the highest corrected item-total correlation was retained in the final scale. The factor structure of the scale was good (RMSEA = .046, CFI = .99) and coefficient alpha was .83. The 3-week test-retest reliability coefficient was .82. The scores converged with scores for other scales of Facebook activity. Also, they were positively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion, and negatively related to Conscientiousness. High scores on the new scale were associated with delayed bedtimes and rising times.

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31

Hawi, Nazir S., and Maya Samaha. "The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students." Social Science Computer Review 35, no. 5 (August 10, 2016): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340.

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The use of social media has grown exponentially to the extent of engaging close to one third of the world’s population as of January 2016. Actually, social media statistics have been reporting an average annual increase of 10% in total number of users. These extremely impressive statistics have been triggering researchers’ interest in investigating this phenomenon and its impact on every aspect of users’ lives. Our study is an attempt to contribute to the knowledge that is building up in relation to this phenomenon by examining the relationships between the addictive use of social media, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. To achieve this purpose, a generic questionnaire, the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ), was used stemming from the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire. Respondents completed an online survey questionnaire which collected demographic information and responses to SMAQ, Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In addition to assessing SMAQ’s psychometric properties, data analyses included Pearson correlations between the variables, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results showed that a one-factor model of SMAQ had good psychometric properties and had high internal consistency. As for relations, addictive use of social media had a negative association with self-esteem, and the latter had a positive association with satisfaction with life. Furthermore, path analysis showed that self-esteem mediated the effect of social media addiction on satisfaction with life.

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Rachidi, Linda, Wafae Jbilou, Youssra Asbai, Myriam Tarabelsi, and Ghizlane Benjelloun. "Reciprocal Links between Cyberaddiction and Depression in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional General Population Study in Casablanca." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i10.020.

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Cyberaddiction, a relatively new phenomenon, is a recent field of research in mental health, particularly among adolescents. Recent research indicates that depression and cyberaddiction are two closely related phenomena. This work aims to determine its characteristics of the cyberaddiction and highlight a probable link between cyberaddiction and depression. This is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study conducted on a population of adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19. The study was preceded by a pre-test. Adolescents were recruited in public places and in a medical general practice in Casablanca. An anonymous voluntary self- administered questionnaire was administered to them. We noted socio-demographic characteristics, internet use, internet addiction with IAT, video game addiction with GAS, depression with BDI-2, and drug use. Our study included 102 adolescents. 85.3% consider their parents to be available and 81.4% have good communication with their parents. 97.1% use the Smartphone and 93.1% use Social Networks. As for cyberaddiction, 36.3% have a problematic use or moderate addiction and 3.9% have a severe addiction to the Internet. Sevrel variables significantly related to cyber addiction were fond. In the end, internet can lead vulnerable people to real addictive behaviors. This vulnerability is particularly exacerbated during adolescence. There is a link between cyberaddiction and depression. We need to be able to identify and treat these two pathologies in order to ensure better mental health for adolescents.

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Forte, Giuseppe, Francesca Favieri, Domenico Tedeschi, and Maria Casagrande. "Binge-Watching: Development and Validation of the Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire." Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11020027.

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The approach to the vision of TV series has deeply changed in the last years, and watching multiple episodes of TV content in a single session becomes a popular viewing pattern referred as binge-watching. Early studies defined binge-watching as a potentially addictive behavior showing characteristics similar to other behavioral addictions, such as loss of control and pleasure anticipation. This study aims to validate a short self-report questionnaire focused on assessing binge-watching behavior and determining whether it shows characteristics similar to addictive behavior, the Binge-Watching Addiction Questionnaire (BWAQ). An online survey was adopted to administer the questionnaire in the general population (N = 1277). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses assessed both the validity and the structure of the scale in two independent samples. The statistical analyses confirmed a four-factor model (i.e., “Craving”, “Dependency”, “Anticipation”, “Avoidance”) of the BWAQ with good psychometric properties. The BWAQ can differentiate between people who adopt maladaptive watching activities from those who use TV-series as leisure and entertainment activities. Therefore, this questionnaire may enable researchers to improve this emerging field of research significantly.

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Perali, Federico, and Luca Piccoli. "An Extended Theory of Rational Addiction." Mathematics 10, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10152652.

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This study extends the rational addiction theory by introducing an endogenous discounting of future utilities. The discount rate depends on habits accumulating over time because of the repeated consumption of an addictive good. The endogeneity of the discount rate affects consumption decisions via a habit-dependent rate of time preference and discloses a patience-dependence trade-off. The existence of a steady state in which habits do not grow and its optimality are proven. The local stability properties of the steady state reveal that the equilibrium can be a saddle node, implying smooth convergence to the steady state, but also a stable or unstable focus, potentially predicting real-world behaviors such as binge drinking or extreme addiction states that may drive to death. The stability of the steady state mostly depends on the habit formation process, suggesting that heterogeneity in habit formation may be a key component to explain heterogeneity in time preferences.

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Pratiwi, Dhea Nanda, Kadek Suranata, and Kadek Ari Dwiarwati. "Rasch Analysis of Indonesian Version Technology Addiction Scale for Students." Bisma The Journal of Counseling 5, no. 3 (December 10, 2021): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v5i3.42021.

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This study aim at calibrating the Indonesian version technology addiction scale by using the Rasch model analysis. The Rasch model used on this study to get more accurate information about the scales fit and properties. The online survey involved 30 students of junior high school in east of Java Indonesia. There were 71 items of technology addiction from five dimension by initial development. Rasch analysis preform by WINSTEPS 3.73 program to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of technology addictive scale by exanimating the item-person fit measure, alpha Cronbach value, items-person separations index, dimensionality, the response pattern in scalogram, and items biases by gender. The results of this study show that’s there was 6 from 71 items that do not meet on the fit criteria and must be eliminated from the scale. The pattern of students’ response of every item this scale show that’s there were two respondents who indicated exchanging answers, this can be seen from the pattern of respondents' answers which only had differences in the pattern of answers in only three statements. The reliability of person and items in good criteria, 0.91 for item and 0,78 for person, and alpha Cronbach 0,82 is moderate good value. The DIF analysis show that’s there were five items gender biases and need to rewrite by the new statement. From total 64 items, the total value of the row variance explain by measure is 98.7%, it means this scale able and with good prediction to measure the technology addiction of the students. The conclusion of the study is about the 64 items of Indonesian version technology addiction scale for student is meet criteria to be a good measurement tool from the Rasch perfective.

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Regaya, M., W. Abdelghaffar, B. Amamou, R. Rafrafi, and L. Gaha. "Internet addiction in times of COVID-19: Review of the situation." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1757.

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IntroductionCovid-19 pandemic represents a sanitary crisis with social, economic and political negative impacts. Studies had well established the link between stress and the display or maintenance of addictive behaviour. Measures like social distancing and confinement imposed by governments during this pandemic, could explain an outbreak of internet addiction cases.ObjectivesAssess the prevalence of internet addiction in times of the covid-19 pandemic and to study its relationship with personal and family factors but also with the psychiatric comorbidities.MethodsWe conducted a cross sectional analytical study during the period of the covid-19 pandemic, using an internet survey exploring socio-demographic and clinical data: through Hamilton depression and anxiety rating scale and the Rosenberg self esteem scale. The assessment of internet addiction was carried out using Young’s Internet Addiction test.ResultsOur study included 150 users, the average age was 36 years, mainly made up of women, married, having children, with a good socioeconomic level and of university education. The prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms were respectively 7.3% and 18.7%. The prevalence of internet addiction in our study was 9.4% including 0.7% having severe repercussions. Being married (p<10-3) and having children (p=0.006) were considered as protective factors against internet addiction. People having an internet addiction were at bigger risk of having low self esteem (p=0.023), depressive (p=0.04) and anxious symptoms (p<10-3).ConclusionsInternet addiction is a new concept, though it’s impact on the well being is well established and it’s likely to worsen in times of pandemic. Therefore, it’s necessary to take preventive measures to deal with it.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Lichtenstein, M., and R. K. Støving. "Exercise addiction: Identification and prevalence in physically active adolescents and young eating disordered patients." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S116—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.127.

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IntroductionExercise addiction is characterized by increasing exercise amounts, withdrawal symptoms and lack of control. Eating disorders and exercise addiction often appear together, but only eating disorders are recognized as diagnoses. However, exercise addiction can exist independently from eating disorders and can be as harmful as any other addictive behavior.ObjectivesThe Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is useful to identify exercise addiction symptoms in adults and prevalence rates of 3–10% have been found. But a scale for adolescents does not yet exist even though behavioral addictions seem to be more prevalent among young people.AimsTo develop an instrument for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents and to estimate the prevalence and negative consequences.MethodsWe developed a Youth version of the EAI and screened 383 adolescents in sport settings and 69 patients from an eating disorder department (age range 11–20 years).ResultsThe psychometric properties of the scale were good (Cronbachs alpha 0.71). The prevalence of exercise addiction was 5.5% in adolescents in sport settings and 21.2% in eating disorder patients. We found a positive linear relationship between EAI-score and “high weekly exercise amounts” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “the tendency to exercise in spite of injury” (r = 0.4, P = 0.00), “feelings of guilt when not exercising” (r = 0.5, P = 0.00), “reduced sport performance related to overtraining” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00), and “food dominating life” (r = 0.2, P = 0.00).ConclusionsOn basis of this study, we recommend the EAI-Y for identification of exercise addiction in adolescents. Early identification is important since it can prevent excessive and obsessive exercise, injuries, reduced sport performance and eating disorder pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Carey, Lisa A. "HER2—a good addiction." Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 9, no. 4 (March 13, 2012): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.36.

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Berthon, Pierre, Leyland Pitt, and Colin Campbell. "Addictive De-Vices: A Public Policy Analysis of Sources and Solutions to Digital Addiction." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 38, no. 4 (July 28, 2019): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743915619859852.

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We spend our days looking at them, talking to them, and touching them. We sleep with them, work with them, and play with them. They increasingly consume our time, attention, and money: we are addicted to our digital devices—or, more precisely, the digital experiences they enable. This addiction is both akratic (we are aware of the negative consequences) and engineered (designed on purpose). Marketers are complicit in this engineering: through digital networks and big data they ubiquitously monitor and experiment on consumers. This knowledge is used to create ever-more addictive digital experiences enabled by devices, their platforms, and their content. In this article, the authors explore marketing’s role in the rise of the phenomenon: from product design, through advertising and big data, to the dynamics of ubiquitous distribution and “free” pricing. The authors then turn to policy solutions and discuss how informing, guiding, and restricting can help ameliorate the problem and promote the public good. The article concludes by outlining multiple areas for marketing and public policy research.

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Wan Yaacob, Wan Mohd Yusoff, Nur Haryani Zakaria, and Zahurin Mat Aji. "Identification of Factors Contributing to Online Game Addiction among Adolescents." Journal of Information and Communication Technology 20, No.4 (September 27, 2021): 565–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jict2021.20.4.5.

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Nowadays, there are growing views of potentially addictive behaviors such as digital addiction, especially Online Game Addiction (OGA). This study argues that all types of addictions are related to common components, such as salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems. Despite the plethora of online game consequences, there is no standard or benchmark used to classify between addicted and non-addicted users. Therefore, this study is organized to identify the factors that contribute to OGA and examine the level of OGA especially among adolescents by utilizing the Online Game Addiction Scale (OGAS). Using the same scale, the adolescents were classified into addicted and non-addicted categories. Driven by previous studies of conventional game addiction, this study adopted all the distinct common components to measure seven underlying criteria related to OGA. The dimensional structure of the scale was analyzed based on the samples of adolescents among students of higher learning institutions (HLI) in Northern Malaysia. Data were collected from 389 participants who responded to an online survey. Based on OGAS, 35 percent of the participants were found to be addicted to online games. In addition, the findings demonstrated good concurrent validity as shown by the coherent associations between the time spent on playing games and the category of the games. This study contributes to the identification of factors that influence OGA among adolescents, which are significant in preventing the occurrence of other behavioral issues such as insecure cyber and emotional behaviors.

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Khreiche, Mario. "Gamified Flow and the Sociotechnical Production of AI." Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/23.6172.

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Recent advances in AI, computer algorithms, and automation applications across industries have generated hyperbolic discourses about disruptive technologies. Futurists envision fleets of driverless cars delivering human bodies, armies of robots taking over jobs, and advanced AI systems outgrowing their superfluous masters. Extending into science fiction, such predictions distract from scrutinizing contexts in which lesser versions of these technologies already proliferate and appreciating subtler, long-term implications. Particularly the interfaces of a rapidly expanding attention capitalism and its gamified operations warrant closer analysis. Here, demands for frictionless services and coordinated mobilities necessitate strict surveillance protocols and continued engagement with platforms that transform attention into revenue. More than the formalized and singular manifestation, for instance, DeepMind’s AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, and most recently AlphaStar, the current logic of accumulation desires the continued sociotechnical production of active participants in evermore data networks. The most lucrative and transformative AI systems of the future will rest on a gamified subjectivity, whose datafied claims to entertainment, movement, and income coincide with increasingly vertical corporate network structures.Attention capitalism appeals to sensibilities of entertainment and, in no small part, competition. Applications therefore feature score-based systems, monetary and nonmonetary rewards, and certain privileges of access. Habit-forming interface design represents a crucial strategy whereby corporate platforms inject their on-demand services, automations, and AIs with life. To guarantee uninterrupted consumer experiences and efficient processing of goods and people, service environments are increasingly designed around concept emulating “flow,” a state that psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (2009) describes as an “optimal experience” in which the constraints of the inner and outer world are suspended. Csikszentmihalyi derives his ideas primarily from athletes and artists, but anybody losing themselves in an enjoyable and challenging activity can relate. In Csikszentmihalyi hands, however, flow remains largely a phenomenological account, abstracted from social and historical context. A more critical concept of flow might follow Natasha Dow Schüll’s (2012a) “machine zone,” a space in which addictive algorithms, ergonomics, and built environments capture gamblers’ attention. Dow Schüll grasps rising figures of machine gambling in Las Vegas and elsewhere not merely for flow’s own sake, but rather as a result of bankrupt states betting on casinos to fill their cashboxes. In other words, flow must be theorized as a priced commodity, a history of deregulation, and a market that continues to show immense potentials for global capital.

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Tarigan, Bryan Egianta. "In This Ground I Can Take Aumnd Grow (Disini Saya Bisa Tumbuh Dan Berkembang)." ABDISOSHUM: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Bidang Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/abdisoshum.v1i1.472.

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Recovery is a process that a drug addict must go through if he wants to be completely cured of his addiction. Recovery does not mean just stopping using (drugs), recovery must be understood as the creation of a new lifestyle, thus it will be easier for someone to decide not to use (drugs) again. In recovery there are three things that must be considered, namely avoiding high-risk situations, learning how to relax, and telling the truth. Recovery demands total honesty, that is, if you want to recover, you have to be one hundred percent honest with the people who support you, such as family, doctors, therapists, etc. If you can't be honest with them then the recovery won't go well. Being totally honest means not giving his addictive nature a place to hide. If you lie, it means you have opened the door for relapse. An opportunity to change life can be seen as an opportunity to change life. Changing lives is what makes recovery difficult but also profitable. Recovery is difficult because a person has to change his or her life, and all changes are difficult, even if it turns out to be good. Recovery is beneficial because a person gets the opportunity to change his life. If we take the opportunity to change, then we will look back and reflect on our addiction as the one good thing that ever happened in life. In recovery, people often describe themselves as grateful addicts. Why should someone be grateful to have experienced an addiction because starting from that addiction they are then helped to find the peace and serenity that many people seek. Recovery (recovery) can encourage a person to change his life.

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Pangistu, Lalu Arfi Maulana, and Ahmad Azhari. "Deep Learning on Game Addiction Detection Based on Electroencephalogram." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v5i3.3061.

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Playing games for too long can be addictive. Based on a recent study by Brand et al, adolescents are considered more vulnerable than adults to game addiction. The activity of playing games produces a wave in the brain, namely beta waves where the person is in a focused state. Brain wave activity can be measured and captured using an Electroencephalogram (EEG). Recording brain wave activity naturally requires a prominent and constant brain activity such as when concentrating while playing a game. This study aims to detect game addiction in late adolescence by applying Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Recording of brain waves was carried out three times for each respondent with a stimulus to play three different games, namely games included in the easy, medium, and hard categories with a consecutive taking time of 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes. Data acquisition results are feature extraction using Fast Fourier Transform to get the average signal for each respondent. Based on the research conducted, obtained an accuracy of 86% with a loss of 0.2771 where the smaller the loss value, the better the CNN model built. The test results on the model produce an overall accuracy of 88% with misclassification in 1 data. The CNN model built is good enough for the detection of game addiction in late adolescence.

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Jiang, Nan, Manmeet Kaur, Mohd Muttaqin Bin Mohd Adnan, Jason James Turner, and See Kwong Goh. "An Antecedent Study of Mobile Social Game Addiction vs. Virtual Goods Purchase." International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2022010105.

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This study aims to investigate how cognitive antecedents impact on social game addiction and virtual properties purchase among Generation Y players in Malaysia. Using a quantitative method with 341 Generation Y gamers and analysed via structural equation modeling through a two-step analysis approach, the results demonstrate that social game addiction is influenced by enjoyment, play intensity and self-control. The purchase intention of virtual goods is affected by flexibility and play intensity. However, social game addiction has no impact on a gamer’s intentional purchase of virtual items. A player’s income level interacts with the relationship between flexibility and likelihood of virtual property purchase, which could be insightful for gaming publishers and vendors.

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Goldbaum, D. "Life cycle consumption of a harmful and addictive good." Economic Inquiry 38, no. 3 (July 2000): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00029.x.

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Kang, Xiaohan, Hong Ri, Mohd Nor Akmal Khalid, and Hiroyuki Iida. "Addictive Games: Case Study on Multi-Armed Bandit Game." Information 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12120521.

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The attraction of games comes from the player being able to have fun in games. Gambling games that are based on the Variable-Ratio schedule in Skinner’s experiment are the most typical addictive games. It is necessary to clarify the reason why typical gambling games are simple but addictive. Also, the Multiarmed Bandit game is a typical test for Skinner Box design and is most popular in the gambling house, which is a good example to analyze. This article mainly focuses on expanding on the idea of the motion in mind model in the scene of Multiarmed Bandit games, quantifying the player’s psychological inclination by simulation experimental data. By relating with the quantification of player satisfaction and play comfort, the expectation’s feeling is discussed from the energy perspective. Two different energies are proposed: player-side (Er) and game-side energy (Ei). This provides the difference of player-side (Er) and game-side energy (Ei), denoted as Ed to show the player’s psychological gap. Ten settings of mass bandit were simulated. It was found that the setting of the best player confidence (Er) and entry difficulty (Ei) can balance player expectation. The simulation results show that when m=0.3,0.7, the player has the biggest psychological gap, which expresses that player will be motivated by not being reconciled. Moreover, addiction is likely to occur when m∈[0.5,0.7]. Such an approach can also help the developers and educators increase edutainment games’ efficiency and make the game more attractive.

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Geyer, Kristoffer, Xavier Carbonell, Marta Beranuy, and Fran Calvo. "Absence of Objective Differences between Self-Identified Addicted and Healthy Smartphone Users?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073702.

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Smartphones are used by billions of people worldwide. However, some psychologists have argued that use of this technology is addictive, even though little research utilises objective smartphone usage records to verify this claim. We conducted an exploratory study to identify whether behavioural differences exist between those who self-identify as addicted smartphone users and those who do not. We gathered retrospective smartphone usage data from 131 Android users and asked them about their past use to compare their perception of their usage against their actual usage. We could not identify any reliable differences between the smartphone activity of those self-identified as addicted smartphone users and other users. Furthermore, smartphone scales are generally good at identifying who believes themselves to be addicted, although they do not reflect objective smartphone use. This study questions the use of self-report measures to diagnosis behavioural addictions without relevant psychopathological constructs and emphasises the need for more rigorous study to conceptualise smartphone addiction.

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Meade, Elaine, Sarah Hehir, Neil Rowan, and Mary Garvey. "Mycotherapy: Potential of Fungal Bioactives for the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders and Morbidities of Chronic Pain." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8030290.

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Mushrooms have been used as traditional medicine for millennia, fungi are the main natural source of psychedelic compounds. There is now increasing interest in using fungal active compounds such as psychedelics for alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders including major depressive disorder, anxiety, and addiction. The anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-addictive effect of these compounds has raised awareness stimulating neuropharmacological investigations. Micro-dosing or acute dosing with psychedelics including Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin may offer patients treatment options which are unmet by current therapeutic options. Studies suggest that either dosing regimen produces a rapid and long-lasting effect on the patient post administration with a good safety profile. Psychedelics can also modulate immune systems including pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a potential in the treatment of auto-immune and other chronic pain conditions. This literature review aims to explore recent evidence relating to the application of fungal bioactives in treating chronic mental health and chronic pain morbidities.

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Mametja, Molewane, and Eleanor Ross. "Decriminalized, Not Legalized: A Pilot Study of South African University Students’ Views on the Use, Impact, Legalization and Decriminalization of Marijuana." Journal of Drug Issues 50, no. 4 (June 15, 2020): 490–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042620931480.

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Given the 2018 decriminalization of marijuana in South Africa for personal use and medicinal consumption, the aim of this research was to explore the perceptions of university students regarding the use, impact, legalization, and decriminalization of marijuana. Key findings revealed that a fair number of participants acknowledged using marijuana. When asked about the potential impact of marijuana on users, their families and significant others, they seemed to have a good understanding of the effects of the drug. However, while some participants were aware of the addictive nature of marijuana, others were not aware of the risk of addiction from smoking or ingesting this substance. However, they were able to weigh up the risks as well as the benefits of legalization/decriminalization of marijuana. This study has implications for health care professionals working with youth who use illicit substances such as marijuana, and in developing prevention and intervention programs aimed at the youth.

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Vochozka, Marek, Filip Petrách, and Svatopluk Janek. "Changes in perception of coffee in EU: Luxury good becoming inferior good." Economics & Sociology 15, no. 3 (2022): 248–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2022/15-3/14.

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Coffee is a very popular commodity on a global scale. Its consumption is somewhat influenced by the fact that coffee is addictive and potentially harmful to health. Using price elasticity, income elasticity, and subsequent multiple regression, the demand function for coffee is formulated on a sample of the EU countries. Our findings confirm that in today´s Europe, coffee is considered an inferior good with almost perfect price inelasticity. This confirms the importance of coffee for everyday consumption, and at the same time, determines the awareness of potential health risks it possesses for consumers in the case of its excessive consumption. The obtained results could be applied in further analyses of coffee within the supply-demand chain, including new views on the heterogeneity of coffee as an economic asset.

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