Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Actual remembering"

ABSTRACT: Several Icelandic texts from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries depict female characters from the pre-Christian past. In both poetry and prose, these heathen women are often portrayed as recalling the old, pre-Christian religion or the magical practices associated with it. Within this literature, different genres correlate with strata of cultural memory that are associated with different periods in Norse history and pre-history. This link between genre and era is largely independent of the actual dates of composition of the texts or the historicity of the events they describe. An analysis of illustrative examples from this corpus reveals how the evaluation and representation of heathen women depend on how deeply in the past they are situated by the narratives that describe them.

Problems occur for users when they attempt to navigate or purchase items from a virtual shopping environment that has to correlate in the physical world. These problems arise in part, because online shoppers do not have the benefit of external memory provided by the physical world. The memory zones idea attempts to solve these problems by providing an online parallel to this external memory. The system reported uses a profile of previous purchases and a representation of the physical environment of the actual shop to recommend items to shoppers, that they may have otherwise forgotten because of the lack of suitable external memory.

This paper offers a short history of Agnes Heller’s relationship to China through three aspects: imaginative aesthetic enjoyment, real encounters with Chinese cultural spectacles and actual audiences, and the construction of an academic community through creative dialogue. These discussions suggest that Heller felt at home in China. Although Heller has passed away, a home for us remains in her work through remembering her and engaging further with her writings.

Abstract Objective: Prospective memory (PM) involves remembering to carry out an intended action in the future and is impacted in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (ad). Subjective ratings have been used in reporting patient PM outcomes. This study examined the utility of subjective reports in predicting objective PM in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI) and healthy older adults. Methods: Participants included 58 healthy controls (HC), 37 persons with aMCI, and 28 individuals with naMCI. Subjective reports were assessed using caregiver and participant ratings on the Prospective-Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. An objective PM measure was used during the neuropsychological assessment. Simple PM involves remembering to request any pill after a task. Complex PM involves remembering to request the correct number of pills after each task. Results: Linear regression analyses revealed that subjective caregiver and participant ratings predicted simple PM performance for only the HC group, where caregiver reports were unique predictors. Subjective caregiver and participant ratings were not predictive of complex PM performance in any of the groups. Conclusion: Results indicate that subjective caregiver reports were only predictive of healthy participants’ objective simple PM outcomes. This indicates that generally overall subjective ratings are not a substitute for actual PM outcomes in ad and MCI groups. In conclusion, researchers and clinicians should not rely solely on subjective reports in predicting objective outcomes.

Abstract While the general link between storytelling and remembering has often been underlined with regard to such topics as traumatic experience or the construction of identity, there are hardly any studies that analyse the mnestic performance that underpins the reading of narrative plots in literary texts. In order for a story to create meaning, the reader has to remember earlier events, thus becoming able to understand how conflicts arise and are resolved. If this fact seems much too obvious to require any questioning, the process of plot-related remembering takes on considerable complexity when it comes to long novelistic texts. In these cases, reading amounts to an exercise in remembering and writing becomes a way of addressing and guiding the reader’s memory. This article proposes a theory of emplotted memory, i. e. of how narrative texts create a sequence of events in the memory of the reader. It argues, furthermore, that emplotted remembering is a dimension of implied readership and that it can be analysed on a textual level. Gathering elements and cues for such a theory, the first section of the article begins with an examination of the rule laid down in Aristotle’s Poetics that the mythos of tragedy has to be easily rememberable (eumnēmoneuton). As the famous analogy of the animal body suggests, both the limited extension and the holistic structure of the ideal tragic plot prevent the audience from forgetting how events tie in with each other. The very intelligibility and the cathartic effect of tragedy hence depend on a mnestic activity. But whereas tragedy has to become rememberable by means of the plot’s inner structure and limited size alone, epic can use narrative techniques such as flashbacks and summaries in order to comprehend a much longer time span. In his theory of narrative desire, Peter Brooks builds on these insights and conceives plot as a dynamic process of anticipation and retrospection that heavily involves the reader’s memory. For Brooks, emplotted remembering amounts to a passionate quest for meaning: Narrative tension implies that a psychic need prevents the reader from forgetting as long as the end of the plot has not been reached. The more coherent the narrative structure of the text, the more intense the activity of emplotted remembering will be. The theoretical section of the article concludes with a review of some studies from the field of empirical psychology that have addressed the recall of stories. It turns out that the basic assumptions derived from Aristotle and Brooks – such as the importance of remembering for the comprehension of narrative, the correlation between structural coherence and memorability or the strife for meaning – are in tune with empirical findings. The goal of the article, however, is not to develop a theory that is able to predict the mnestic processes triggered by a given text. On the contrary, it uses theory as a heuristic tool that is meant to be transformed by each reading. Whereas the first section constructs a heuristic model of plot-related remembering, the second aims to account for its particularity in different texts and contexts. Its purpose is to flesh out the theory of emplotted remembering by examining the interaction of plot and memory in three romances and novels. Narrative texts give rise to various processes of remembering and forgetting that depend on plot structure, narrative technique and cultural factors. The first case study is dedicated to Yvain ou le chevalier au lion by Chrétien de Troyes. This 12th-century romance not only tells a story of forgetting and remembering – Yvain fails to respect a deadline set by his wife Laudine and then strives to redeem himself – but also addresses the problematics of memory on a narrative level. While the protagonist begins by forgetting his engagements to Laudine, the reader’s perspective is always firmly located on the side of remembering. This effect, which is achieved by diverging measures between discourse and story time as well as by mirroring relationships between the part and the whole, testifies to the great axiological and ethical prestige of remembering in Chrétien’s text. Rodríguez de Montalvo’s lengthy romance Amadís de Gaula is at the centre of the second case study. It can be shown that the Amadís involves two kinds of emplotted memory and two corresponding sets of narrative strategies. The episodic elements of the romance invite the reader to remember minor incidents over hundreds of pages, but they are accompanied by almost no mnemotechnic hints because the intelligibility of the plot is guaranteed – even in the case of actual forgetting – by the permanent recurrence of the same schematic pattern. However, in the case of narrative strands that build up a coherent chain of causation, remembering is not an option but an absolute necessity. This is the reason why the narrator then gives extensive mnemotechnic comments in order to help the reader to tie the corresponding events together. The last case study focuses on Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship. The hero’s development is contingent on the fact that he vividly remembers certain incidents from his childhood and makes new experiences in the light of his infantile impressions. While the reader is made to remember alongside Wilhelm on the level of psychological causation, Goethe’s novel also creates a network of symbolic relationships between the characters that is fully accessible to the reader alone. This network involves a sense of simultaneity and complements the linear order of the plot with a synchronic memorial dimension. The conclusion of the article suggests perspectives for further inquiry and argues that emplotted remembering is likely to respond to cultural discourses on memory. Narrative texts encourage certain practices of remembering and forgetting and can thus be understood as interventions in cultural and political debates.

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to expand research showing that older adults' expectations that they will recall particular medication instructions do not coincide with their actual ability to do so. Seventy-one younger-old adults (M = 68.10 years, range = 57–74) and 62 older-old adults (M = 80.31 years, range = 75–89) made judgements about the likelihood of their recalling medication instructions and about their confidence in their recall. The results indicate that older-old adults recall fewer instructions than do younger-old adults and that both groups overestimate their ability to recall the instructions. This research suggests that problems remembering to take medication may be due, in part, to older adults' overestimating the ease with which they will remember medication instructions.

Space-use problems have been well investigated. Spatial memory capacity is assumed in many home-range algorithms; however, actual living things do not always exploit spatial memory, and living entities can exhibit adaptive and flexible behaviour using simple cognitive capacity. We have developed an agent-based model wherein the agent uses only detected local regions and compares global efficiencies for a habitat search within its local conditions based on memorized information. Here, memorized information was acquired by scanning locally perceived environments rather than remembering resource locations. When memorized information matched to its current environments, the agent changed resource selection rules. As a result, the agent revisited previous resource sites while exploring new sites, which was demonstrating a weak home-range property.

Background: Environmental volunteering can increase well-being, but environmental volunteer well-being has rarely been compared to participant well-being associated with other types of volunteering or nature-based activities. This paper aims to use a multidimensional approach to well-being to explore the immediately experienced and later remembered well-being of environmental volunteers and to compare this to the increased well-being of participants in other types of nature-based activities and volunteering. Furthermore, it aims to compare volunteer managers’ perceptions of their volunteers’ well-being with the self-reported well-being of the volunteers. Methods: Onsite surveys were conducted of practical conservation and biodiversity monitoring volunteers, as well as their control groups (walkers and fieldwork students, respectively), to measure general well-being before their nature-based activity and activity-related well-being immediately after their activity. Online surveys of current, former and potential volunteers and volunteer managers measured remembered volunteering-related well-being and managers’ perceptions of their volunteers’ well-being. Data were analysed based on Seligman’s multidimensional PERMA (‘positive emotion’, ‘engagement’, ‘positive relationship’, ‘meaning’, ‘achievement’) model of well-being. Factor analysis recovered three of the five PERMA elements, ‘engagement’, ‘relationship’ and ‘meaning’, as well as ‘negative emotion’ and ‘health’ as factors. Results: Environmental volunteering significantly improved positive elements and significantly decreased negative elements of participants’ immediate well-being, and it did so more than walking or student fieldwork. Even remembering their volunteering up to six months later, volunteers rated their volunteering-related well-being higher than volunteers rated their well-being generally in life. However, volunteering was not found to have an effect on overall mean well-being generally in life. Volunteer managers did not perceive the significant increase in well-being that volunteers reported. Conclusions: This study showed how environmental volunteering immediately improved participants’ well-being, even more than other nature-based activities. It highlights the benefit of regarding well-being as a multidimensional construct to more systematically understand, support and enhance volunteer well-being.

This chapter introduces the basic problem addressed in this book: Do persons with dementia still have identities, and can they tell autobiographical stories although their memories are challenged? In the chapter, this question will be expanded and explained in terms of the relation between stories, identity, and dementia. In the narrative tradition, it is often argued that stories are forged from memories, and identity is presented through stories. As persons with dementia often face severe challenges remembering and telling stories, it has been argued that they no longer have an identity. There is a need to change focus from the individual’s loss of abilities to a conception that stresses what persons with dementia actually can do with some support from others. Central concepts are introduced by reviewing research on identity and narrative, broken stories, and theories about joint activities and collaboration.

Following the execution of Charles I in January 1649, England’s fledgling republic was faced with a dilemma: which parts of the nation’s bloody recent past should be remembered, and how, and which were best consigned to oblivion? Across the country, the state’s opponents, local communities, and individual citizens were grappling with many of the same questions, as calls for remembrance vied with the competing goals of reconciliation, security, and the peaceful settlement of the state. Recollection in the Republics provides the first comprehensive study of the ways Britain’s Civil Wars were remembered in the decade between the regicide and the restoration. Drawing on a wide-ranging and innovative source base, it places the national authorities’ attempts to shape the meaning of the recent past alongside evidence of what the English people—lords and labourers, men and women, veterans and civilians—actually were remembering. It demonstrates that memories of the domestic conflicts were central to the politics and society of the republican interval, inflecting national and local discourses, complicating and transforming interpersonal relationships, and infusing and forging individual and collective identities. In so doing, it enhances our understanding of the nature of early modern memory and the experience of post-civil war states more broadly. Described as ‘ground breaking’ and an ‘intellectually brilliant’ work by ‘one of the outstanding talents of her generation’, Recollection in the Republics makes a major contribution to the fields of both early modern history and memory studies.

This chapter presents a narrative account of the tragic events of October 19 that led to the killing of Grenada’s Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and key members of his cabinet. It seeks to recreate the events of the day through the eyes of a junior member of the New Jewel Movement (NJM) who had been summoned to Ft. Rupert (now Ft. George) along with other members of the NJM. The narrative is based on an actual interview with a young woman in her mid-twenties a year following the tragedy. The piece is written from the perspective of the interviewee but shifts in the last paragraph to the perspective of the interviewer who provides the reader with some insight into her responses to the interview.

Working with a painterly rather than a poetic language, Himid made the radical decision to do justice not to ‘fettered and blind’ bodies and souls as torn apart by ‘agony and blood’, but to reimagine and recreate empowering narratives of Black diasporic artistry, agency and authority across Le Rodeur (2016–18), a series of acrylic on canvas works which is the subject of this chapter. She was inspired to create these paintings by listening to the pioneering cultural historian Anita Rupprecht deliver an academic paper, entitled ‘Modernity, Melancholy and the Transatlantic Slave Trade: The Story of the Slave Ship, Le Rodeur (1819)’, in Preston in 2015. As Himid admits, Rupprecht’s talk had an immediate impact by inspiring her own imaginative response. ‘I was having to make pictures while I was listening to her’, she confirms, remembering that ‘I was just listening to her and making pictures in my head about the actual occurrence’. And yet she was all too aware that ‘I couldn’t make paintings of hundreds of people going blind as it was too horrible’. This chapter examines her powerful statement that, ‘I was struck by the horror of the incident but also by the dread of losing sight, especially as a visual artist’, she readily confides, admitting that ‘[i]t was the most frightening thing I could think of’.

The main causes of an acutely swollen calf are shown in Figure 28.1. Note that it is possible for different pathologies to coexist: a patient may present with a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and ruptured Baker’s cyst, for example. Also, many patients will get a swollen leg following surgery to that leg, but this shouldn’t present much of a diagnostic challenge (although you must obviously exclude DVT if the symptoms and signs warrant this) and therefore this is not included in the list in Figure 28.1. Yes, because most of the diseases listed in Figure 28.1 are local diseases and it would be highly unlikely for the patient to have two similar events in both legs at the same time. Instead, it would be more likely that the patient has either a systemic problem or a problem affecting central vessels. However, it is worth remembering that a DVT can arise in a patient with pre-existing bilateral leg oedema, so don’t rule out a DVT just because both legs are swollen. Figure 28.2 gives the main causes of bilateral swollen legs. • Are there any risk factors for venous thrombosis? Consider Virchow’s triad: ■ Hypercoagulable blood? Trauma, major surgery within the last 3 months, pregnancy and postpartum state (women are at increased risk of a venous clot for 6 weeks after birth and the risk is actually higher during the first few weeks after birth than during pregnancy itself), inflammatory bowel disease, active cancer, obesity (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2), combined oral contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy (HRT), family history or past medical history of DVTs. ■ Stasis? Bed rest (>3 days) or long-haul travel (the actual length of flight that qualifies as ‘high risk’ is controversial). ■ Vessel injury? Trauma, surgery. • Has she felt breathless, had any chest pain, or coughed up any blood? If DVT is high on your differential list, it would be wise to enquire about symptoms of a possible pulmonary embolism (PE).

Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of soldiers had dreams, presentiments or premonitions that they would be killed in battle. Whether or not most of these prophetic visions actually occurred can never be known. Their significance, however, lies in that so many soldiers remembered them years after the firing had ceased. Indeed, veterans’ postwar remembering of these dreams reveals how Civil War Americans clung to a sense that God had providentially superintended their lives and deaths—and that their sacrifices on the battlefield had been with purpose.

Are financial crises actually remembered—and if so, how and by whom? Surprisingly, there has hardly been any attempt to answer this question, whether by economists or historians or indeed other social scientists. And yet they are extremely important questions to address, if we want to understand not only the causes and consequences of financial crises, but more generally how the modern financial system has been shaped. This chapter is a preliminary attempt to answer these questions. This will be done in two steps: first by considering the notion of memory and the extent to which it can be used to in connection with financial crises; and second by providing some evidence, mostly drawn from the press, on the memory of the financial crises of the Great Depression, especially in connection with the Global Financial Crisis of 2008.

This chapter will focus on the impact on children of traumatic events other than child abuse or neglect, which are covered in Chapter 9.3.3. According to the DSM-IV-TR definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic events involve exposure to actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to physical integrity. The child's response generally involves an intense reaction of fear, horror, or helplessness which may be exhibited through disorganized or agitated behaviour. Terr suggested separating traumatic events into type I traumas which are single sudden events and type II traumas which are long-standing or repeated events. If the traumatic event includes bereavement, the reactions may be complicated and readers should consult Chapter 9.3.7 to address the bereavement aspects of the event. Following a traumatic event, children may react in a variety of ways (see Chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 for the adult perspective on reactions to stressful and traumatic events). Many show some of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder—re-experiencing the event (e.g. through nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, re-enactment, or repetitive play of the event), avoidance and numbing (e.g. avoidance of conversations, thoughts, people, places, and activities associated with the traumatic event, inability to remember a part of the event, withdrawal from previously enjoyed activities, feeling different from others, restriction of emotions, sense of foreshortened future), and physiological arousal (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability, concentration problems, being excessively alert to further danger, and being more jumpy). In young children the nightmares may become general nightmares rather than trauma-specific. Other reactions to trauma in children are: ♦ becoming tearful and upset or depressed ♦ becoming clingy to carers or having separation anxiety ♦ becoming quiet and withdrawn ♦ becoming aggressive ♦ feeling guilty ♦ acquiring low self-esteem ♦ deliberately self-harming ♦ acquiring eating problems ♦ feeling as if they knew it was going to happen ♦ developing sleep disturbances such as night-terrors or sleepwalking ♦ dissociating or appearing ‘spaced out’ ♦ losing previously acquired developmental abilities or regression ♦ developing physical symptoms such as stomach aches and headaches ♦ acquiring difficulties remembering new information ♦ developing attachment problems ♦ acquiring new fears ♦ developing problems with alcohol or drugs. Such problems may individually or in combination cause substantial difficulties at school and at home. The reactions of some children will diminish over time; however, for some they will persist, causing distress or impairment, warranting diagnosis, and/or intervention. Research predicting which children will be more likely to be distressed following a traumatic event suffers from a number of methodological flaws. However, factors which are often identified as constituting a risk for developing PTSD across a number of studies include: level of exposure, perceived level of threat and peri-traumatic fear, previous psychological problems, family difficulties, co-morbid diagnoses, subsequent life events, and lack of social support.

This chapter offers a detailed synopsis of Neil Marshall's The Descent (2005). This serves to clarify what actually happens (going by the reviews, the film has been for certain viewers a confusing experience) and to introduce some speculative ideas that do not fit neatly anywhere else. The film is about a group of women who went on a caving expedition which would eventually go horribly wrong. The chapter highlights the significance of one of the scenes in the beginning of the film in establishing various subtle fault lines in the group dynamic. Rather than opting for unrealistically distinct character types, Marshall presents a group whose credibility is actually enhanced by an apparent initial similarity, as though the viewer has been introduced around at a party or a new workplace and has trouble remembering exactly who everyone is. This credibility, along with the length of the scene, demonstrates that the film has a certain compassion for its characters, prompting a copycat response from the viewer. These characters are neither ciphers nor witless irritants, and the film spends some time building them up as credible individuals.

The shooting star - Hilton Hotels have seen it all, oil boom in Texas, prohibition, the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War, the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the landing on the Moon, the birth of digital age and expansion of social media, and many other events which have contributed not only to the development of business but, actually, influenced people’s lives the world over. It has been the aim of this book to tell the stories of a handful of properties which had to overcome various challenges on the path to the internationalisation of this American company. In all cases these are actually stories of people, those who created the Hilton Hotels, who made it expand, or sometimes, those who made it lose. Stories of struggle, success or defeat are not unique to Hilton, but some of the ways in which Hilton navigated through these challenges are, undeniably, worth remembering. This final chapter focuses on the key solutions employed by Hilton and its people to navigate the stormy waters of international business in the 20th Century. Historical events cannot, however, be studied in isolation from the wider socio-cultural context in which they unravelled, and the internationalisation of Hilton Hotels is no different in this respect. We have looked at the development of some of the most iconic of Hilton’s properties in this company’s early expansion and the destinations which hosted these ‘little Americas’ on their land. Yet, it is crucial to also take into consideration the wider changes which contributed to the internationalisation of other companies in the first half of the 20th Century, hospitality and tourism industry in particular.

The construction of the new Gibellina is the starting point to reflect on the importance of memory and the rites of passage between the past and the future of a people. The construction of the city resulted from the destruction of the Belice earthquake of 1968 which wiped out the old town and forced the inhabitants to look for a new, safer place. What remains of the old city destroyed by the earthquake, with its painful heritage of ruins and rubble, has been transformed from a pour of concrete into a work of art: the "Cretto" by Alberto Burri. The new site arose from the design of Marcello Fabbri was the result of experimentation for the city of the future, designed for a significant increase in housing flows which later proved to be overestimated, creating a sense of alienation and out of scale. In the following years, the emotional and social clamor about the community was dramatic, due to the loss of the historical memory of the territory. The citizens of Gibellina had lost their place of origin, their "sacred pole". The contribution aims to highlight the links between past and future in the history of a place that pass through the relationships between the urban and social fabric in the transmission of the memories and identity of a people. After several decades, it is possible to evaluate the emotional effects of the choices made and reflect on the strategies that can be applied to heal the obvious gap between design and actual use of a place. The comparison between the settlement rituals of the nomadic tribe of the Omaha people based on the continuity of a symbolic object, the sacred pole, and the loss of the “genius loci” of Gibellina caused by the occultation of the macere, allows to identify an interesting and unprecedented parallelism in the re-foundation symbolic of the settlement principle which is at the basis of the rebirth of a community. As Torsello and Boscarino suggests, the memory of a people passes through its monuments. Etymologically it can be traced back to the Latin verb “monere” that is to remember, emphasizing the act of admonishing, warning, remembering the history imprinted in the voluntary action of building for the community.