Дисертації з теми "Acts registration"

The proposed technic that included electrochemiluminescent amplification of the signal assists to obtain feedback on the interaction individual particles including organic molecules with an electrode. In the work the principal posibility to obtain a responce from a signal on ultramicroelectrodes is shown

Although many research studies about sexual offender registration exist, there is no qualitative study on the perspective of police officers whose job duties include the implementation of Sex Offender Registration and Notification (SORN) laws. The purpose of this case study was to explore specific police officers' perceptions of sex offender registration. Six police officers were hand selected for face-to-face interviews based on their unique job duties that included responsibilities and training related to the implementation of the sexual offender registration and community notification protocols. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory provided the theoretical framework for this research study. According to study findings, the majority of the police officers in this study supported sexual offender registration despite the lack of research that supports its effectiveness. Data gathered from conducting face-to face interviews with the identified police officers revealed that 5 out of 6 police officers believed that SORN policies had a positive impact on enhancing community safety, and half of the police officers felt that SORN policies reduced recidivism. All of the police officers in the study called for more formal training and education about SORN. Also, these police officers identified money and human power as barriers to proactive efforts or effective management of the sexual offenders who lived in their jurisdiction. Finally, the police officers in this study suggested the use of specialized officers or the creation of a task force as a method to better address the sexual offenders in the community. Exploring these options could have far-reaching implications for positive social change for the law enforcement community and society as a whole.

Includes bibliographical references. The origins of the Torrens System of land registration are not clear. Examines the claim of Dr. Ulrich Hübbe who asserted that he collaborated with Torrens to bring about the adoption of the land law of his hometown Hamburg in the form of the Real Property Act 1858 (SA). An historical examination (collecting and analysing all relevant historical sources), shows that it is likely that Hübbe was the actual draftsman, while a comparative legal analysis (contrasting Hamburg's land law at the beginning of the 19th century with the first bill of the Act) demonstrates that there is a strong similarity between Hamburg's land registration system and the original Torrens System; and, that the outstanding differences between the systems can be explained by the natural adaptation processes which are implied by the adoption of laws.

This diploma thesis deals with topic called Application of creditor´s claim in to the insolvency proceeding. Attention is paid on handling with this debt in the time between registration and review procedure, on which is this debt validated or rejected. This thesis is also focused on characteristics of each type of debt and their registration. The main focus of this thesis is on analysis of the topic - defects of registrations and its consequences on the creditors claim in insolvency proceeding. Part of this thesis is also detailed analysis of each disclaiming act and each person which can do this act. After that are studied consequences of these disclaiming acts. There is also compared current legislation with the old one and used jurisprudence for law interpretation.

This study assesses the levels of diversity in the jury source lists in the State of Georgia utilizing voter registration data as of February 1997, and the effects of the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) on diversity levels. The data indicates that, while the NVRA has increased registration rates, the rates for blacks has been only slightly higher than that of whites. Thus, the problems of diversity have not been significantly effected by the NVRA.This paper discusses the issue of cognizable class, and reiterates arguments supporting the recognition of young persons and non-voters as cognizable. Also assessed are the methods of measuring source list disparity, with attention given to problems associated with the absolute disparity test, and argues for the use of the Chi-Square "Goodness of Fit" test to measure source list disparity.Current levels of disparity are calculated using both absolute disparity and ChiSquare. These are found in the appendix. Analysis is done by assessing the percentage of source lists (for which there is data) that should be presumed invalid using the five percent criterion for absolute disparity and the fifty percent criterion for Chi-Square.Analysis using both absolute disparity and Chi-Square indicates that many source lists in the State of Georgia are not representative of the population. While absolute disparity invalidates only few source lists, the Chi-Square statistic indicates that the problem is much more widespread.Both absolute disparity and Chi-Square results indicate that age is the most important variable with regard to under-representation. Young persons (18-29) are found to be under-represented more often than any other group regardless of race and/or sex. This is particularly evident when looking at the Chi-square results. While blacks are generally found to be under-represented more often when compared to similar sex and age aggregates for whites, the levels of under-representation of race and sex aggregates remain closely related to age.
Department of Political Science

Servitut som inte uppfyller något ändamål eller inte använts under väldigt lång tid kallas onyttiga servitut. Ett onyttigt servitut försvinner inte automatiskt från Fastighetsregistret utan kvarstår och skapar en onödig belastning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utreda hur hanteringen av servitut kan förbättras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. De metoder som används är en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. I litteraturstudien undersöks svensk lagstiftning och juridisk litteratur. Utdrag ur Fastighetsregistret och förrättningsakt visas för att ge praktiska exempel. I intervjustudien intervjuas en jurist och tre förrättningslantmätare. Litteraturstudien visar att Fastighetsregistret belastas av många onyttiga servitut. Det rör sig främst om kraftledningsservitut, villaservitut och servitut för skogsfång och mulbete. Förrättningslantmätarnas arbete påverkas av dessa då de fördröjer och fördyrar förrättningar. Olika förslag har lagts fram för att förbättra hanteringen och minska uppkomsten av onyttiga servitut. I februari 2013 överlämnade regeringen en proposition till riksdagen. Propositionen innebär flera olika lagförändringar som tillsammans syftar till att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. I intervjustudien framkommer att onyttiga servitut påverkar lantmätarnas arbete negativt. Förrättningar fördröjs och fördyras. Intervjudeltagarna tror att lagen om preklusion kommer ge störst effekt. Samtidigt finns en oro för ökad rättsförlust då servitut som inte är inskrivna kan förfalla vid överlåtelse. Denna studie visar att det finns ett stort behov av nya möjligheter att hantera onyttiga servitut. Det är viktigt att Fastighetsregistret är pålitligt då myndigheter, företag och privatpersoner använder uppgifter därifrån. Färre onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret skulle minska lantmätarnas utredningstid och därmed ge lägre förrättningskostnader för sakägarna.
Easements that no longer fulfill a purpose or have not been used for a very long period of time are called useless easements. Useless easement are not automatically removed from the Real Property Register, they remain and creates an unnecessary load. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how to improve the handling of easements in order to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register.  The methods used are literature study and interview study. The literature study investigates Swedish law text and legal literature. Extracts from the Real Property Register and cadastral dossier are presented to give practical examples. Three cadastral surveyors and one lawyer were interviewed in the study. The literature study shows that the Real Property Register contains a large number of useless easements. It mainly concerns power line easements, villa easements and easements for clearing forest. Useless easements cause delays and higher cadastral procedure costs. During the last couple of years various propositions have been presented to improve the handling of easements and decrease the number of useless easements. In February 2013 the Swedish Government presented a proposal of change of legislations to the parliament. The proposal presents a variety of changes which together aim to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register. The interview study shows that useless easements affect surveyors work in a negative way and generate higher costs for interested parties. Interview participants thinks that the proposed law to remove not renewed easements from the register will give the best effect to decrease the number of useless easements in the Real Property. At the same time they fear an increased legal loss. This study shows that there is a large need of new ways of handling useless easements. A reliable Real Property Register is very important for the users. A more reliable register would help the cadastral surveyors work and lead to lower costs for the interested parties.

This item contains the agenda, minutes, and attachments for the Faculty Senate meeting on this date. There may be additional materials from the meeting available at the Faculty Center.
Minutes originally posted on Dec. 3rd, 2013; correction made to minutes and reposted on Feb. 3rd, 2014.

Les mutations profondes qui ont eu lieu dans notre manière de vivre : aspiration à l'égalité ; féminisme ; généralisation des familles recomposées ; acceptation sociale de l'homosexualité ; société de consommation ; dématérialisation et réappropriation de l'identité de l'individu sur les réseaux numériques... ont accompagné un changement radical de la manière de penser le rattachement familial de l'enfant. La mention du nom des parents dans l'acte de naissance ou la reconnaissance de l'enfant sont autant de supports dont le potentiel reste à explorer. Pour sa part, l'adoption est désormais fondée sur un lien plus abstrait de volonté qui exige de ne peut-être plus s'intéresser aux circonstances qui l'ont entourée. Enfin, en parallèle de la filiation génétique et de la filiation volontaire se dessine une nouvelle catégorie de filiation : le lien de filiation polygonéique, fondé sur le fait et mu par l'affection que l'on porte à l'enfant auquel il conviendra de donner un contenu juridique dans l'intérêt de l'enfant. Au delà de toutes ces formes d'appropriation générationnelle se pose dès lors la question de savoir où se trouvent les nouveaux droits de l'enfant. L'enfant a-t-il le droit à des parents en particulier ? Quels seront les critères d'égalité entre les enfants à l'avenir ? Quels bénéfices pourra-t-il tirer de ces évolutions ? Quelle doit-être la place de sa parole ? Plus que jamais il devient nécessaire de repenser un cadre juridique prévisible et stable pour le rattachement familial de l'enfant qui tienne compte du nouvel ordre public de la famille : les droits de l'enfant
The profound changes in our way of life, (desire for equality, feminism, generalization of reconstituted families, social acceptance of homosexuality, consumer society, individuals’ identity becoming immaterial on digital networks), have gone along with a radical change in the way of thinking of how children are affiliated to a family. The mention of both parents’ names on a birth certificate, or the recognition of a child are two promising medium, yet to be examined. Concerning adoption, it is founded upon a more abstract link based on volition, meaning that it may no longer require to take into account the circumstances surrounding the adoption. Finally, parallel to genetic filiation and voluntary filiation, a new category of filiation is taking shape: polygoneic filiation (multi-parental filiation), which is based on facts and pushed by the affection felt for the child, and which will require a legal content in the best interests of the child. Beyond all these forms of belonging to a family, we can then wonder what will become new rights for children. Will a child have the right to have specific parents? What will be the criteria for equality between children in the future? What benefits will the child attain after these evolutions? What importance should be given to his/her views? More than ever, it will be crucial to re-examine an equable and predictable legal framework for family bonds which would take into consideration the new public order of the family: the rights of the child

La déontologie des avocats émane-t-elle d’eux à raison des nécessités de l’exercice ou des autorités politiques parce qu’elle touche une tâche régalienne ? La France a peu hésité. S’inspirant notamment de THEODOSE puis JUSTINIEN, empruntant aux carolingiens et à la chevalerie une morale religieuse, les rois à compter de Saint LOUIS ont légiféré d’autant que la naissance des juridictions royales à la fin du XIIIème siècle stabilise le rôle et le titre de l’avocat. Les coutumes et les « stiles » complètent ce dispositif. Ces principes (loyauté, indépendance, respect) se transformeront au cours des époques en « usages ». Tant que l’avocat est un membre de l’institution judiciaire ayant vocation d’en devenir un cadre la déontologie reposait sur un consensus. La vénalité des charges lui ôtant cette promotion, le transforme en simple « auxiliaire », rétif aux injonctions au point de fomenter d’improbables grèves. Imprégné de la grandeur fantasmée de ses ancêtres antiques il préfère consolider son rang social (noblesse, préséance). A partir de LOUIS XIV la déontologie se fige. La Révolution balaie cet héritage multiséculaire. Pressés par les concepts de liberté et de gratuité les constituants, majoritairement avocats, suppriment la profession et les Parlements honnis. Des « défenseurs officieux », souvent sans foi ni loi, se substituent aux avocats. La déontologie disparut pendant vingt ans. Rétablis avec réticence par NAPOLEON, ces « factieux » lutteront tout le XIXème contre l’Etat pour la maîtrise des « usages » fragilisant un peu plus ceux-ci déjà traversés par les courants sociétaux (émancipation, nationalité). Le décret de 1920 régla cette situation qui faillit engloutir les Ordres. Jamais plus jusqu’en 1971 les avocats ne participeront à la définition de leurs règles. Tout au plus une association (ANA) fera avec succès des propositions. Les guerres illustrèrent le pouvoir d’intervention du Prince dans la déontologie en la suspendant, l’aménageant en profondeur (interdiction des juifs) ou en créant des institutions pérennes (CAPA). La France Libre conserva de Vichy tout ce qui ne heurtait pas des principes fondamentaux. Les années 54/57 introduisirent des modifications libérales (droit de manier des fonds, de s’associer, de réclamer des honoraires impayés). Il est un endroit où l’Etat n’a pas renoncé à l’avocat fonctionnaire : l’outre-mer. L’Algérie mise à part, « prolongement naturel de la France », dans les autres pays sous domination française, dans un désordre total, sans cette unité rêvée, la France a, dans l’indifférence des Ordres, créé une paradéontologie évoquant vaguement l’avoué. En dépit d’une prolifération législative la France n’a pas plus réussi à imposer une déontologie universelle. Usant de procédés imaginatifs renouvelés, les gouverneurs ont, principe de réalisme oblige, tout inventé pour sauver un système notoirement défaillant jusqu’à l’inadmissible (interdiction de plaider pour les indigènes). Dans les années 1930/1936 la République se résolut à instaurer des « barreaux libres », grosso modo calqués sur ceux de métropole, tentative libérale sans lendemain à raison de la guerre puis des conflits de décolonisation. Il faudrait réserver un sort à part à l’Algérie, « prolongement naturel de la France ». La Loi du 31 décembre 1971 en créant un « avoué plaidant » redouté par les caciques a initié une réforme profonde du rôle de l’avocat et posé ainsi les jalons d’une évolution ultérieure de la déontologie (institution d’une représentation nationale -CNB, octroi à celle-ci du pouvoir législatif en la matière). C’est néanmoins sans les avocats que fut publié le décret de déontologie en 2005. Une déontologie aussi linéaire s’explique par le souci pour le Prince d’assurer jusqu’à l’infini détail la perfection de sa mission de juger, une métaphysique du parfait. La marchandisation du droit, l’extension du domaine de l’avocat, l’industrialisation des acteurs contrarient cet objectif. La France tranchera-t-elle enfin ?
Is ethics of lawyers emanating from them because of the necessities of its exercise or from the political authorities because it touches a sovereign task? France has not hesitated. Inspired in particular by THEODOSIUS and JUSTINIAN, borrowing Carolingians and chivalry religious morals, kings from St. Louis have legislated especially as the birth of royal courts at the end of the thirteenth century stabilized the role and title of the lawyer. The customs and the "stiles" completed this device. These principles (loyalty, independence, respect) will change over time into "uses". As long as the lawyer is a member of the judicial institution with a vocation to become executive, the deontology was based on a consensus. The venality of the offices depriving him of this promotion, transforms him into a simple "auxiliary", wayward to the point of stirring unlikely strikes. Impregnated with the fantasized grandeur of his ancestors in the antiquity he prefers to consolidate his social rank (nobility, precedence). From LOUIS XIV the deontology (ethics) freezes. The Revolution sweeps away this multisecular heritage. Pressed by the concepts of freedom and gratuitousness, the constituents, mostly lawyers, suppress the profession and the parliaments that are being hated. "Unofficial defenders", often without faith or law, take the place of lawyers. Ethics disappeared for twenty years. Reluctantly reinstated by NAPOLEON, these "factious" struggle all the nineteenth against the state for the control of "uses" weakening them (already in butte to societal currents: emancipation, nationality) a little more. The decree of 1920 settled this situation, which almost engulfed the Orders. Never again until 1971 will lawyers participate in the definition of their rules. At most one association (ANA) will make successful proposals. The wars illustrated the Prince's power of intervention in deontology by suspending it, overhauling it (prohibiting Jews) or creating permanent institutions (CAPA). “France Libre” preserved from Vichy everything that did not conflict with fundamental principles. The years 54/57 introduced liberal modifications (the right to wield funds, to associate, to claim unpaid fees). It is a place where the state did not give up to make the lawyer a civil servant: overseas. Except for Algeria, a "natural extension of France", in other countries under french domination, in a total disorder, far from its dreamed unity, France has, in the indifference of the bar associations, created a paradeontology vaguely evoking the “avoué”. Despite a legislative abundance, France has no more succeeded in imposing a universal code of ethics. Using renewed imaginative processes, the governors have, as required by a principle of realism, all invented to save a notoriously failing system until the inadmissible (prohibition to plead for the natives). In the years 1930/1936 the Republic resolved to establish "free bars", roughly modeled on those of metropolis, a liberal attempt without a future because of the war and the conflicts of decolonization. The Law of December 31, 1971 creating a "pleading-solicitor" dreaded by the caciques initiated a profound reform of the role of the lawyer and laid the groundwork for a subsequent evolution of ethics (institution of a national representation -CNB granting it legislative power in this area). It was nevertheless without the lawyers that the decree of ethics was published in 2005. Such a linear deontology is explained by the concern for the Prince to ensure to the infinity detail the perfection of his mission to judge, a metaphysics of the perfect. The commodification of the law, the extension of the field of the lawyer, the industrialization of the actors contradict this objective. Will France finally decide ?

Гудзовська В. В. Публічне адміністрування в органах реєстрації актів цивільного стану населення : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 281 "Публічне управління та адміністрування" / наук. керівник Г. В. Бойко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 80 с.
UA : Мета роботи: проаналізувати та дослідити діяльність публічного адміністрування в органах державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану населення. Об’єкт дослідження: сфера публічного адміністрування в органах державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану населення. Предмет дослідження: принципи публічного адміністрування в органах державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану населення. Методи дослідження: аналіз, синтез, абстрагування, індукція та дедукція. Гіпотеза: ефективне публічне адміністрування в органах державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану передбачає врахування цифрової трансформації та використання зарубіжного досвіду. Висновки: 1. Публічне адміністрування у сфері державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану в Україні – це адміністративна діяльність суб’єктів публічної адміністрації із внесення інформації у Державний реєстр актів цивільного стану, з метою обліку та надання йому законної чинності (легітимності), що здійснюється на основі реалізації норм адміністративного права в процесі надання публічною адміністрацією адміністративних послуг. 2. Законодавством не передбачено будь-яких положень про роль публічного адміністрування в органах державної реєстрації актів цивільного стану населення. Така ситуація потребує вирішення, шляхом внесення змін до законодавства України. 3. Впровадження в наше законодавство зарубіжних практик стане позитивним фактором у справі реформування у питанні поліпшення стану адміністративних процедур, а також забезпечення конституційних прав, свобод та законних інтересів громадян у взаєминах з органами публічного управління та адміністрування.
EN : Aim: to analyze and investigate the activities of public administration in the bodies of state registration of civil acts. Object of research: the sphere of public administration in the bodies of state registration of public civil status acts. Subject of research: principles of public administration in the bodies of state registration of public civil status acts. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction and deduction. Hypothesis: effective public administration in the bodies of state registration of civil status acts takes into account the digital transformation and the use of foreign experience. Conclusions: 1. Public administration in the field of state registration of civil status acts in Ukraine is an administrative activity of public administration entities to enter information into the State Register of Civil Status Acts, in order to record and give it legal force (legitimacy), which is based on the implementation of norms of administrative law in the process of providing administrative services by the public administration. 2. It isn’t provided by any regulations of the role of public administration in the bodies of state registration of acts of civil acts of the population. The current situation demands the solution by amendment of the legislation of Ukraine. 3. The introduction of foreign practices into our legislation will be a positive factor in reforming the improvement of administrative procedures, as well as ensuring the constitutional rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens in relations with public goverence and administration.

Revenue losses due to tax non-compliance pose a substantial risk for all governments, including the South African government. As part of its risk management system, the South African Revenue Service has identified the small, medium and micro enterprise sector as one of the seven high-risk areas and indicated that non-compliance in this sector remains high. The first focus area of any tax compliance risk management system is to ensure registration for the relevant taxes payable. The objective of this study was to establish whether any demographic factors could be used to select small businesses to investigate whether they are meeting their registration compliance requirements for income tax, Value-Added tax as well as the employee related taxes. In order to achieve the research objectives of the study, two sequential research methods were applied. During the first phase of the research, a literature review was conducted to develop a heuristic model consisting of two levels. The first level described the factors that could influence the tax compliance behaviour of a small business. The second level of the heuristic model describes the different taxes a small business could be liable for and when it must register for each of those taxes. During the second phase, the variables influencing registration compliance were statistically analysed for each of the taxes to determine if they significantly influence the compliance status. The study found that several factors have an impact on the registration compliance of small businesses. The demographic factors were analysed separately for each of the three different tax groups used in the study. The results indicate that in the majority of cases all three tax groups share the same demographic factors that would either have a positive or negative impact on the compliance of the entity. Profiles for the most compliant business type (per tax type) and the least compliant business type (per tax type) were compiled. The results of the study can be used by the South African Revenue Service to target their compliance and information actions to help improve registration compliance by small businesses.
Taxation
M. Com. (Accounting)

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
文教法律研究所
97
This dissertation focus on problems related to designation or registration of cultural heritages. The theme is around the concept of due process of law. As we notices about the relevant administrative bodies review the designation/registration of cultural heritages not only should comply with the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act, but also accord the minimum standard of due process of law which the Administrative Procedure Act required. According to our studies, the competent authority of cultural heritages, although, abide by the regulation of review, such as the principle of voluntary recusal of the review committee, the access of cultural heritages possessor to give their opinions. However, there are still some flaws. For instance, the power delegation of the competent authority for cultural heritages does not conform to the regulations; abuse the system of ‘Interim Historic Site'; the review standards of the cultural heritages are deficient in clearness and precision; no reasonable connection between causes of designation/registration and the review standards, and lack of reasons and legal basis of administrative disposition. These flaws could cause unpredictable to relevant parties. This dissertation aimed to re-examine the relevant processes of the committees and make recommendations as follows: 1. The due administrative procedure of site-visit. In order to promote the access of relevant parties concern the cultural heritages, the public hearing or hearing process should be amended. Moreover, the process, method and result of site-visit should also accord the spirits of Administrative Procedure Act, i.e., related persons of cultural heritage can give their opinions during the review process. In addition, the site-visit should be record faithfully. It should be stipulated that certain proportionality of committees should attend the site-visit, and committees’ opinions should be respected. 2. The due administrative procedure while making the decision. The competent authority for cultural heritages should respect the decision of the review committee, unless the committee violates relevant regulations. The competent authority should not supplement opinion after the review committee had reached the decision. Furthermore, the official documents about the designation/registration should be recorded faithfully, and each member’s opinions of committee should be respectively recorded. The administrative disposition should definitely record the applicable of laws, reasons, and instructions of remedies. 3. The due administrative procedure after the committee’s review. Official notification of designation/registrations should contain the applicant rules, legal basis of reasons, and instructions of remedies. The related document disclosure, especially the committee’s review conference, is required. The final competent authority should supervise the municipal or county (city) government’s report for recordation. In order to establish the system of access to government information and democracy participation, the competent authority should disclosure the related documents during the review process, to inform related parties, except for the information, which could damage the cultural heritage as it goes public for the particular cultural heritage management. 4. The others. It should be forbidden to abuse the system of ‘Interim Historic Site’. Moreover, it should curtail the review duration of Interim Historic Site. The authority to shift the power of delegation should be precise and base on Statutory Law.

One of the major policy objectives of the South African government is to reform land tenure and address the current inequitable dispossession of land. A key to the successful implementation of land reform in communal areas will be the recently enacted Communal Land Rights Act. This Act allows communities to be vested with juristic personality, and enables those communities to acquire and hold rights, incur obligations, and encumber the land by mortgage in the name of the community. Communities will now have a legal tenure recognized by and enforceable at law. The Act provides the mechanism for replacing old order rights with new order rights, which, in turn, may be upgraded to freehold title with community consent. While the Communal Land Rights Act is clear in its approach to providing legal security of tenure, the implementation and linking of the internal land rights within these new legal collective ownership structures to the existing formal system is still uncertain. With the flexibility allowed under the Act, this dissertation offers a simple, cost-effective alternative for the registration of land rights using the envisioned Land Clerk of the Department of Land Affairs. This option involves placing suitably equipped Land Clerks into the communities in which they serve, operating as autonomous self-sustaining contractors. Research for this project was conducted in the community of Ekuthuleni (KwaZuluNatal), where two members of the community were equipped with a portable rig and trained to perform as Land Clerks. The author and others from the University trained them in the use of a computer, scanner, printer, handheld GPS receiver, and assorted software. In addition, to allow them to function autonomously, a photovoltaic power system was set up at their residence. To assess their ability as Land Clerks, several field projects were undertaken within the community. Under the guidance of the author, these field tests involved contacting individual landowners, capturing personal and property information, and registering that data into a specially written database programme. Evidence of previous land ownership was noted and rebristered, GPS coordinates were collected and registered in the process of delineating the landowner's property, and a form reflecting all captured data was printed for the landowner's records.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
99
The contracts that the parties ''borrow other's names for registration'' are kinds of atypical contract based on the principle of freedom of contract and the general principles of contract interpretation. As long as there are no reasons offending law or be contrary to public order and good morals of the circumstances, the contract shall be effective. The content and rights of these contracts concerned with real properties shall be: “The parties agree with that one of the parties provides his name for the others as the registrant and is transferred the right of ownership of properties. But the management, usage, and disposition of them are succeeded by the others”; while in the cases that concerned with quasi-real and personal properties, it shall be: “The parties agree with that one of the parties simply provides his name to the other party for registration.” This article focuses on ownership of property or rights of ownership .In the cases of borrowing other's name for real estate (ship or right) registration, the properties or rights of ownership should belong to the registered person, and they have the right to dispose of them.Cover publicity appearance with the greatest respect should be implemented, otherwise the purpose of the registration system would be tantamount to mere figurehead, and its function would also be gone. And the name’s borrowers who benefits by the contracts should ponder and be responsible to the risks that the registered person might default the contract, and this should not be passed to the third party. In the registrations of vehicles or other movable properties cases, the registered person has no right to dispose these properties since these registrations are kinds of administration registrations and they do not involve change of ownerships, the third party can obtain ownership of these properties by the Bona Fide Acquisition. We deem License Leasing Practice is a kind of contracts that the parties borrow other's name for registration. The effect of the rights and obligations between the parties should be the same. The idea that considers it as a Trust contract is obsolete. The burden of proof of borrowing other's name for registration should belong to the name’s borrowers. The name’s borrowers must submit relevant evidence; otherwise they would lose the lawsuit. The ways of remedy for the name’s borrowers are varied from different kinds of infringements of rights and whether they have the ownership or rights of the properties.

The subject of this thesis is the electronic registration of sales and its efects on reducing the grey economy in the Czech republic. The electronic registration of sales is a system designed to ensure that entrepreneurs selling goods or services in return for cash report every instance of such transaction directly to the tax authority so opportunities for tax evasion are significantly reduced. FIK, a code unique to every transaction that serves as a proof that the report has been done is subsequently sent back and receipt for transaction with FIK included is issued to the customer who can check, using special internet aplication, whether transaction has been in deed reported. The work is divided into five chapters. The first one describes accounting and similar systems that record information needed to administration of taxes. The next chapter describes occasions when issuing invoices not related to electronic evidence of sales is required. The third chapter analyses the Registration of Sales Act which introduces the electronic evidence of sales into Czech law. This chapter is further divided into seventeen subchapters focused on the most important provisions of the act, for example those setting out exactly what transactions are required to be reported, what are the details of the receipt and the rules of...

碩士
國立中正大學
財經法律學研究所
99
A movie called "Seediq Bale" will be in theaters soon. This film is about Seediq, a branch of aborigines in Taiwan, to resist Japanese colonial domination during Wushe Incident. Film company applied the designed mark "Seediq Bale" for trademark registration. The approval of Intellectual Property Office caused a protest from Seediq. The trademark "Seediq Bale" had subsequently been canceled by Intellectual Property Office. In Taiwan, no matter political, economic and cultural status, aborigines are in a weaken position. Taking an aboriginal group’s name as a trademark will make indigenous people feel insulted, disparaged, not respected and even discriminated. Thus, such trademark may be deemed to violate public order or morality, and the trademark application shall be rejected. According to the cancellation of "Seediq Bale," other similar trademarks which violate public order or morality shall be canceled via the process of opposition or invalidation. The doctrine of public order and morality could connect current laws with public benefit and social ethics. Like R.O.C. Civil Code and R.O.C. Administrative Procedure Act, there is the doctrine of public order and morality in R.O.C. Trademark Act. Violating the doctrine is one of negative elements of trademark registration. If the proposed trademark satisfies this negative element, a trademark application shall be rejected. Unlike other negative elements of trademark registration, doctrine of public order and morality is an indefinite legal concept which is too abstract to be understood. Comparing 15 U.S.C., Trade Marks Act 2002（NZ） and the interpretation of R.O.C. Trademark Act by Intellectual Property Office, I suggest legislature, executive and judiciary should reify the doctrine of public order and morality as far as possible. Then we may enforce the doctrine more efficiently in the future.

Diploma Thesis Registration of Sales de lege ferenda Júdit Zatloukalová ABSTRACT This diploma thesis deals with the current legal regulation of electronic registration of sales in the Czech Republic, and especially with its planned amendment. At the end of 2017, the Constitutional Court had a significant impact on the legal regulation when its Decision file no. Pl. ÚS 26/16 revoked several provisions of the Act No. 112/2016 Coll. In the legislative process, as of the date of the manuscript closing, there is a government amendment to the Act concerned, which represents the legislative response of the Ministry of Finance to this Decision. The text is divided into six parts. After a general introduction to the registration of sales in the first part, there is an analysis of the Czech legislation in parts 2 to 4, first the de lege lata and then the submitted amendment in the light of the Constitutional Court's Decision on the Act. The following fifth part is devoted to the Slovak legal regulation of sales records, especially to the consequences of the recent amendment to the Act No. 289/2008 Coll., on Use of Electronic Cash Register. This amendment introduced the on-line eKasa system, which builds on many years of experience with the cash register system. In the last sixth part, the author analyses the...

The research project investigated the impact of the Firearms Control Act (FCA) 60 of 2000 in restricting gun ownership for at-risk individuals in the Pretoria North Firearm Registration Centre (FRC) policing area and identified prevention strategy as well as specific factors that contributed to this problem. Secondary prevention focuses on situational factors that reduces the means and opportunity for at-risk people to commit crime and can be applied in restricting firearms from at-risk individuals. One hundred and thirteen legal firearm owners in the Pretoria North FRC policing area responded to the questionnaire schedule. Data was also collected through interviews with Designated Firearm Officers (DFO) and court officials in that area. Specific factors have been identified that contribute to firearms landing in the hands of at-risk individuals in the Pretoria North FRC policing area. They are among others, poor administration of some sections of the FCA like background checks and section 102 and 103 unfitness declarations. The role of the DFO in continuous public education program on the FCA is also invaluable. The same goes to the general public s involvement in the identification of at-risk individuals. The South African Police Service management needs to address issues within the police service such as additional trained personnel, allocation of sufficient logistical resources like vehicles, computers and scanners to ensure effectiveness in restricting firearms from at-risk individuals. Several secondary role players have been identified that should work closely with the primary role players to address this problem. The recommendations drawn from conclusions as well as the inter-departmental role of all the different role players may assist in restricting firearms from at-risk individuals.
Police Practice
M.Tech. (Policing)

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
O presente estudo tem por escopo analisar os assentos de natureza provisória no sistema registral imobiliário. O trabalho não se propõe a analisar especificamente um determinado ordenamento jurídico. A abordagem, no entanto, é realizada à luz dos principais sistemas jurídicos europeus que os admitem, nomeadamente o português, o espanhol e o alemão. Para atingir tal desiderato, divide-se a pesquisa em três partes especificas. Neste contexto, a primeira parte que cuida do perfil funcional, investiga os aspectos gerais da publicidade registral imobiliária, do seu desenvolvimento às suas características e finalidades hodiernas. Relaciona-se assim a relação existente entre os assentos provisórios e os objetivos perseguidos pelas Instituição registral moderna, de maneira a demonstrar a importância desta técnica de inscrição. A partir disto, expõe-se a forma como esta modalidade estrutura-se e concretiza-se dentro do ordenamento jurídico em causa. Na segunda parte, no que diz respeito ao seu aspecto estrutural, estuda-se em uma perspectivas geral as espécies de anotações, sobretudo a partir da experiência portuguesa que diferencia provisoriedade dúvidas (assentos provisórios impróprios) e provisoriedade por natureza (assentos provisórios próprios). Delimita-se desta forma, pois este método é o mais fácil de ser suplantado à outros ordenamentos, bem como demonstra com mais facilidade a preocupação com a tutela do direito material sujeito à publicidade. Feito isso, passa-se ao último perfil, que estuda o perfil eficacial das anotações, tanto para o sujeito ativo do ato como para os terceiros que por ela são atingidos. Os resultados da investigação apontam no sentido de que os sistemas que se propõem a tutelar de maneira «forte» os adquirentes de boa fé, possuem alguma espécie de inscrição provisória como forma de tutela dos direitos e proteção do tráfico imobiliário. Igualmente, qualquer ordenamento jurídico que tenha o mesmo propósito, deve ter previsto em seu arcabouço legislativo esta espécie de técnica registral. Conclui-se, por último, que a inscrição de natureza provisória constitui uma modalidade indispensável a um bom, seguro e eficaz sistema de registro imobiliário, posto que atende tanto às necessidade da segurança jurídica estática ao tutelar o titular do direito subjetivo inscrito, como à segurança jurídica estática, ao tornar a informação registral mais íntegra e completa e, dessa maneira, mais confiável e eficiente.
The present study has as scope to analyze the provisional act in the real estate registry system. The work does not propose to analyze specifically a certain legal order. The approach, however, is carried out in the light of the main European legal systems that admit them, namely Portuguese, Spanish and German. To achieve this goal, the research is divided into three specific parts. In this context, the first part that takes care of the functional profile, investigates the general aspects of advertising real estate registration, its development to its characteristics and current purposes. The relation regarding the provisional acts and the objectives pursued by the modern registry institution is thus related, in order to demonstrate the importance of this technique of registration. From this, it is exposed how this modality structures and materializes within the legal order in question. In the second part, with regard to its structural aspect, it is studied in a broad perspective the kinds of annotations, mainly from the Portuguese experience that makes provisional doubts and provisional ones by nature. It is delimited in this way, since this method is the easiest to be supplanted to other legal systems, as well as demonstrates more easily the concern with the protection of the material right subject to the publicity. Once this has been done, we move on to the last profile, which studies the effective profile of the annotations, regarding the subject of the act and for the third parties who are affected by it. The results of the investigation point out that the systems that intend to protect "good" purchasers in good faith have some kind of provisional registration as a form of protection of the rights and protection of the real estate traffic. Equally, any legal order that has the same purpose, must have provided in its legislative framework this kind of registration technique. Lastly, it is concluded that registration of a provisional nature is a necessary modality for a good, secure and efficient system of real estate registration, since it meets both the need for static legal certainty when protecting the registered right holder and the Static legal security, by making the registration information more complete and complete and, in this way, more reliable and efficient.

This thesis deals with the electronic registration of sales that has recently been introduced to Czech law in order to increase the revenues of public budgets, reduce the shadow economy and to safeguard a fair competitive environment for all businesses. This thesis is divided into two essential parts. The first part hereof deals with general issues of registration of sales whereas the second part analyses particular aspects of the new legislation. In the first chapter, general matters of the registration of sales are discussed. The main objectives of the registration of sales as well as possible means of such registration are introduced. Moreover, one part of this chapter is dedicated to the recordkeeping obligation as it is to be found in Czech law. The second chapter deals with the Act No. 112/2016 Coll., on Registration of Sales. Firstly, the Act is introduced in general terms and its place in the Czech legal order as well as the legislative process is discussed. Secondly, it analyses some provisions of the Act, in particular those relating to the entities that have the obligation to register their sales under the Act and those covering the subject-matter, i.e. the registered sale as such. The aim of the said analysis is to answer the question whether the new legislation may theoretically cause...

Numerous land reform policy instruments and initiatives that have been implemented since the beginning of the 1990's are mediating the on-going battle between formal land tenure systems and informal customary land tenure arrangements. The policy instruments and initiatives seek to establish a delicate balance that will suit the diverse needs of the population of South Africa with respect to land. The enormity of this task is evident when one is faced with the reality that South Africa has the third highest Gini index (a measure of inequality in the distribution of land) in the world. The Eastern Cape Province is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa, and has been affected most by the land segregationist and homeland policies of previous colonial and apartheid regimes. It is not only the unequal distribution of land, but also the vast array of insecure tenure arrangements that have had a detrimental effect on the development and empowerment of communities resident on communal land. This research analyses one initiative that intends to strengthen the security of tenure of existing occupants of communal land in the remote rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province. The research critically appraises the Administrative Area Boundary Project of the Department of Land Affairs (that aims to identify and complete the formal surveys of all administrative area boundaries in the Eastern Cape) in the light of the intentions of the Communal Land Rights Act (No. 11 of 2004) (CLaRA), and highlights the challenges in formalising the informal tenure arrangements of occupants of communal land. The different aspects of the Administrative Area Boundary Project (both office work and field work) were evaluated in order to determine not only its feasibility, but also its impact as an effective instrument of land reform in its endeavour to provide secure land rights to millions of South Africans residing in former homeland areas. To this end, both desktop and case study methodologies were used in order to collect and analyse the research data.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

(in English): This diploma thesis deals with the issue of alternative dispute resolution, mediation in non- criminal matters. The mediation is estabilished in the Act on Mediation and amending certain other acts (the Act on Mediation) No. 202/2012 Coll. in the Legal Order of the Czech Republic, that is the main the aspect in this thesis. This actual topic, (the issue is that it is relatively a new law, which came into effect in September 2012), deals with the personality and educational attainment of registered mediators, particulary prerequisite for the performance of the profession of a registered mediator due to the mentioned law and it examines and compares effeciency in the mediators' exams in the Czech Bar Association and the Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic according to the Ordinance No. 277/2012 Coll., about the trials and rewards of mediator. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to find out by means of quantitative research if there is a difference between registered mediators with different previous university education and how it shows in mediation process. The teoretical part of the diploma thesis is devoted to description of the mediation as an alternative dispute resolution, defining the role and duties of mediators and the system of education of mediators.

The purpose of the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 is to provide for the restitution of rights in land to persons or communities dispossessed of such rights after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. The restitution of a right in land can include the restoration of a right in land. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the requirement of feasibility in restoring land rights and in particular the role of feasibility studies and the courts’ interpretation of the feasibility requirement in restoring such rights. The methodology used includes a review of literature, legislation and policies on land restitution and an analysis of case law. The outcome of the research indicates that while actual restoration ought to take preference in all instances, it may only be granted once all the relevant circumstances and factors have been considered. In certain circumstances it may not be feasible to restore land rights.
Private Law
LL. M. (Property Law)

While decision-making under uncertainty is a major universal problem, its implications in the field of transportation systems are especially enormous; where the benefits of right decisions are tremendous, the consequences of wrong ones are potentially disastrous. In the realm of highway systems, decisions related to the highway configuration (number of lanes, right of way, etc.) need to incorporate both the traffic demand and land price uncertainties. In the literature, these uncertainties have generally been modeled using the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) process, which has been used extensively in modeling many other real life phenomena. But few scholars, including those who used the GBM in highway configuration decisions, have offered any rigorous justification for the use of this model. This thesis attempts to offer a detailed analysis of various aspects of transportation systems in relation to decision-making. It reveals some general insights as well as a new concept that extends the notion of opportunity cost to situations where wrong decisions could be made. Claiming deficiency of the GBM model, it also introduces a new formulation that utilizes a large and flexible parametric family of jump models (i.e., Lévy processes). To validate this claim, data related to traffic demand and land prices were collected and analyzed to reveal that their distributions, heavy-tailed and asymmetric, do not match well with the GBM model. As a remedy, this research used the Merton, Kou, and negative inverse Gaussian Lévy processes as possible alternatives. Though the results show indifference in relation to final decisions among the models, mathematically, they improve the precision of uncertainty models and the decision-making process. This furthers the quest for optimality in highway projects and beyond.