Статті в журналах: "Actn"

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Massidda, Myosotis, Laura Corrias, Marco Scorcu, Giuseppe Vona, and Maria Carla Calò. "ACTN-3 and ACE genotypes in elite male Italian athletes." Anthropological Review 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10044-012-0004-4.

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Abstract The ACE I/D and the ACTN-3 R577X polymorphisms are the most studied genes associated with elite athlete status, even if this association has been often conflicting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the ACE and the ACTN3 genotypes and elite performance in Italian male athletes. The ACTN-3 R577X and the ACE I/D genotype distributions of 59 elite male Italian athletes practicing gymnastics (G; n = 17), 100 m-400 m running (R; n = 12), and playing soccer (S; n= 30) were compared with controls from Italian (C; n = 31) populations. For ACE distribution, athletes did not differ from controls (G, χ2 = 0.37, df = 2, p = 0.82; R, χ2 = 1.90, df = 2, p = 0.45; S, χ2 = 1.48, df = 2, p = 0.47) and the DD genotype was at very high frequency in all groups (G = 53%, R= 50%, S = 60%, C = 45%). For ACTN-3 distribution, elite gymnasts showed a significant difference from controls (χ2 = 6.57, df = 2, p = 0.03), showing an absence of XX genotype. Soccer players and runners did not differ from controls in ACTN-3 genotype distribution (R, χ2 =0.43, df = 2, p = 0.80; S, χ2 = 1.25, df = 2, p = 0.53). Even if the ACE DD genotype is often positively associated with elite sprint/power athlete status, its high frequency in Italian populations eliminates the possibility of its exclusive association in Italian athletes. The results of ACTN3 genotypes suggest that RR genotype of ACTN-3 gene is a determinant of elite gymnasts status but it is not the key factor for achieving a top-level performance in soccer or track events.

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2

Hutahaean, Martina Evlyn Romauli, Amira Permata Sari Tarigan, and Dedi Ardinata. "Hubungan Polimorfisme Gen ACTN-3 (R577X) dengan Daya Ledak Otot pada Siswa Sekolah Sepakbola di Medan." Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya 30, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkb.2018.030.02.8.

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Gen ACTN-3 merupakan gen yang mengkode sebuah protein sarkomer yang hampir secara keseluruhan diekspresikan dalam serat otot cepat dan menghasilkan daya ledak otot. Daya ledak (power) adalah kemampuan otot untuk mengatasi tahanan beban dengan kekuatan dan kecepatan tinggi dalam suatu gerakan yang utuh. Daya ledak merupakan komponen penting dalam olahraga sepakbola. Variasi genotif (polimorfisme) ACTN-3 (R/X) cenderung memiliki daya tahan yang lebih baik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis hubungan antara varian genotif ACTN-3 (polimorfisme) dan daya ledak otot. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa sekolah sepakbola berusia 11-14 tahun yang berjumlah 33 orang. Daya ledak otot diukur menggunakan tes standing broad jump. Varian genotif (polimorfisme) gen ACTN-3 diidentifikasi menggunakan PCR-RFLP dari sampel sel bukal. Uji Fisher Exact digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara polimorfisme gen ACTN-3 dengan daya ledak otot. Hasil studi menunjukkan varian genotif ACTN-3 yang memiliki alel R cenderung menunjukkan daya ledak otot kategori diatas rata-rata dan tinggi, sementara varian genotif yang memiliki alel X lebih banyak menunjukkan daya ledak otot dalam tingkat rata-rata. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara statistik ada hubungan signifikan antara polimorfisme gen ACTN-3 dengan daya ledak otot pada siswa sekolah sepakbola kota Medan (p<0,001) dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat (c=0,623).

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Sheahan, Michael B., David A. Collings, Ray J. Rose, and David W. McCurdy. "ACTIN7 Is Required for Perinuclear Clustering of Chloroplasts during Arabidopsis Protoplast Culture." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020225.

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In Arabidopsis, the actin gene family comprises eight expressed and two non-expressed ACTIN (ACT) genes. Of the eight expressed isoforms, ACT2, ACT7, and ACT8 are differentially expressed in vegetative tissues and may perform specific roles in development. Using tobacco mesophyll protoplasts, we previously demonstrated that actin-dependent clustering of chloroplasts around the nucleus prior to cell division ensures unbiased chloroplast inheritance. Here, we report that actin-dependent chloroplast clustering in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts is defective in act7 mutants, but not act2-1 or act8-2. ACT7 expression was upregulated during protoplast culture whereas ACT2 and ACT8 expression did not substantially change. In act2-1, ACT7 expression increased in response to loss of ACT2, whereas in act7-1, neither ACT2 nor ACT8 expression changed appreciably in response to the absence of ACT7. Semi-quantitative immunoblotting revealed increased actin concentrations during culture, although total actin in act7-1 was only two-thirds that of wild-type or act2-1 after 96 h culture. Over-expression of ACT2 and ACT8 under control of ACT7 regulatory sequences restored normal levels of chloroplast clustering. These results are consistent with a requirement for ACT7 in actin-dependent chloroplast clustering due to reduced levels of actin protein and gene induction in act7 mutants, rather than strong functional specialization of the ACT7 isoform.

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4

Shin, Seunghwan, and Hyunseok Jee. "ACTN-3 Genotype, Body Composition, Fitness, and +Gz Tolerance in Senior Cadets." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 90, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1055–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5261.2019.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among ACTN-3, body composition, fitness, and +Gz tolerance for senior cadet training development and their safe task performance.METHODS: The subjects were all senior cadets (N = 68) at the Korea Air Force Academy. All cadets are required to pass a physical fitness test (3-km running, sit-ups, push-ups) and body composition test on a semiannual basis. Isokinetic muscle function (strength and endurance), +Gz test (+6 Gz ⋅ 30 s−1), and target gene (ACTN-3) were analyzed.RESULTS: The effects of body composition and physical fitness along with the relationship of the ACTN-3 genotype to the +6 Gz test results were determined. Consequently, no significant difference was found concerning the effect of ACTN-3 on the +6 Gz test result, body composition, and physical fitness; however, body fat (%) and isokinetic muscle strength (peak torque right leg extension and left leg flexion) showed significance between the pass and failure groups in the +Gz test.DISCUSSION: The cadets of the Korea Air Force Academy showed dominant fast genetic expression type based on their ACTN-3 genotype [RR and RX (N = 51, 75%) > XX (N = 17, 25%)]. Body fat (%) and isokinetic muscle strength (PT R EX, L FL) can be more effective predictors in the +6 Gz test for cadet training. Another speculation is that more RR- and RX-type-oriented training can promote cadets’ Gz tolerance from the isokinetic factors such as high peak torque and low fatigue index.Shin S, Jee H. ACTN-3 genotype, body composition, fitness, and +Gz tolerance in senior cadets. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(12):1055–1060.

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5

Hoke, Ahmet. "Change of guard at ACTN." Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51721.

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Wang, Lei, Yang Zhao, Aihua Guo, Igor Bryskin, Chris Janz, Yingxi Yaoi, Italo Busi, Young Lee, and Sergio Belotti. "ACTN Transport Multi-Vendor Interoperability Testing." IEEE Communications Standards Magazine 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.2018.1700085.

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7

Gutiérrez-Vargas, Randall, Jose Alexis Ugalde-Ramírez, Guillermo Miranda, Isabel Briceño-Suarez, Rocío Ulloa-Sandí, and Daniel Rojas-Valverde. "ACTN-3 and ECA genes expression do not influence the acute change in muscle mechanical and functional properties in youth handballers." Archivos de Medicina del Deporte 39, no. 3 (June 8, 2022): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/archmeddeporte.00087.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the potential relationship between ACTN-3 and ACE gene expression over the change in muscle mechanical and functional properties in youth handballers through a congested tournament. 30 players of the first handball division of Costa Rica participated in this study. The participants played a national tournament during three consecutive days (one match per day). The collection of genetic samples was through a mouth rinse with a 5% sucrose solution before the tournament. PCR tests were used to detect the alleles of the ACE and ACTN3 genes and the product´s reaction was visualized by electrophoresis. Before and after each match, tensiomyography (TMG) and Countermovement jump (CMJ) tests were used to assess mechanical and functional properties respectively. Descriptive frequency analyses and a one-way analysis of variance of independent groups were the statistics test applied. The results showed that the most prevalent polymorphisms expression was ACTN-3 R-X (56.7%) and ECA I-D (43.3%). No significant differences (p> 0.050) were found between genes expressed in the mechanical responses (contraction time (TC), delay time (TD) and, maximum radial displacement (DM)) of the rectus femoral muscle of the dominant leg neither in performance in the test CMJ. Likewise, there was no significant change (p> 0.050) in muscle mechanical or functional properties post official matches. In conclusion, handball players have the genes ACE and ACTN. Nevertheless, it seems to have no influence of these genes on the mechanical or functional muscles acute responses. More investigations will be needed to explain and understand the real impact of this gene’s expression on muscle performance in handball players.

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Weber, V., M. Harata, H. Hauser, and U. Wintersberger. "The actin-related protein Act3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located in the nucleus." Molecular Biology of the Cell 6, no. 10 (October 1995): 1263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.6.10.1263.

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Actin-related proteins, a group of protein families that exhibit about 50% sequence identity among each other and to conventional actin, have been found in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, genes for one conventional actin (ACT1) and for three actin-related proteins (ACT2, ACT3, and ACT5) are known. ACT3, which we recently discovered, is an essential gene coding for a polypeptide of 489 amino acids (Act3p), with a calculated molecular mass of 54.8 kDa. Besides its homology to conventional actin, Act3p possesses a domain exhibiting weak similarity to the chromosomal protein HMG-14 as well as a potential nuclear localization signal. An antiserum prepared against a specific segment of the ACT3 gene product recognizes a polypeptide band of approximately 55 kDa in yeast extract. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments with this antiserum revealed that Act3p is located in the nucleus. Nuclear staining was observed in all cells regardless of the stage of the cell cycle. Independently, immunoblotting experiments with subcellular fractions showed that Act3p is indeed highly enriched in the nuclear fraction. We suggest that Act3p is an essential constituent of yeast chromatin.

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Gilliland, Laura U., Elizabeth C. McKinney, Marjorie A. Asmussen, and Richard B. Meagher. "Detection of Deleterious Genotypes in Multigenerational Studies. I. Disruptions in Individual Arabidopsis Actin Genes." Genetics 149, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.2.717.

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AbstractPlant actins are involved in numerous cytoskeletal processes effecting plant development, including cell division plane determination, cell elongation, and cell wall deposition. Arabidopsis thaliana has five ancient subclasses of actin with distinct patterns of spatial and temporal expression. To test their functional roles, we identified insertion mutants in three Arabidopsis actin genes, ACT2, ACT4, and ACT7, representing three subclasses. Adult plants homozygous for the act2-1, act4-1, and act7-1 mutant alleles appear to be robust, morphologically normal, and fully fertile. However, when grown as populations descended from a single heterozygous parent, all three mutant alleles were found at extremely low frequencies relative to the wild-type in the F2 generation. Thus, all three mutant alleles appear to be deleterious. The act2-1 mutant allele was found at normal frequencies in the F1, but at significantly lower frequencies than expected in the F2 and F3 generations. These data suggest that the homozygous act2-1/act2-1 mutant adult plants have a reduced fitness in the 2N sporophytic portion of the life cycle, consistent with the vegetative expression of ACT2. These data are interpreted in light of the extreme conservation of plant actin subclasses and genetic redundancy.

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10

Eue-Soo Ann, Hyun-Sik Kang, 곽동민, Ji-young Lee, Soo-Hyun Park, and Son Tae-Yeol. "Correlation of ACE, ACTN-3 genotypes and aerobicanaerobic physical fitness." Exercise Science 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2007.16.3.223.

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Suseela Bhai, R., A. Lijina, T. P. Prameela, P. B. Krishna, and Anushree Thampi. "Biocontrol and growth promotive potential of Streptomyces spp. in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)." Journal of Biological Control 30, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2016/15592.

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Actinomycetes isolated from the rhizosphere of black pepper and from vermicompost were tested for their antagonistic effect against Phytophthora capsici and Radopholus similis, the causal agents of foot rot and slow decline diseases of black pepper. Based on in vitro evaluations, four isolates were shortlisted (IISR Act2, IISR Act5, IISR Act6, and IISR Act9) and subjected to in vivo evaluation for Phytophthora infection by challenge inoculation and also greenhouse evaluation for growth promotion in black pepper. Rooted plants of black pepper were raised in soil amended with Actinomycetes strains individually and in combinations in portray and were transplanted into earthenware pots containing potting mixture amended with respective actinomycetes keeping un-amended plants as control. Observations were recorded on growth parameters like plant height, root weight, shoot weight and root infection by nematodes. Besides, soil was also analyzed for pH, dehydrogenase activity, EC and NPK content to know the influence of actinomycetes on soil microflora as well as on nutrient status. The results showed that consortia are more effective than individual isolates. Consortia holding IISR Act5+IISR Act9 were found highly effective in enhancing all the growth parameters followed by IISR Act2+ IISR Act9 and IISR Act2 + IISR Act5. The dehydrogenase activity was found higher in these consortia showing the higher microbial metabolic activity. Root lesions were also negligible in these treatments. Being effective in growth promotion as well as antagonistic activity, the isolates were tested for plant growth promotion and biocontrol traits. Among the isolates, IISR Act9 was found highly efficient in IAA production (119μg/ml) when compared to IISR Act2 (36.25μg/ml) and IISR Act5 (32.4μg/ml). Hence based on the growth promotive and pathogen suppressive effect, the consortia of either IISR Act5+IISR Act9 , IISR Act2+IISR Act9 or IISR Act2+IISR Act5 can be effectively used in black pepper for growth promotion and biological control of foot rot and slow decline diseases. The potential actinomycetes were identified as Streptomyces spp. as per Bergey’s manual and rpoB gene sequence similarity of which IISR Act2 is identified as Streptomyces sp., IISR Act9 as Streptomyces albus and IISR Act5 as Streptomyces sp.

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Zhu, Peihuang, Yinyan Ma, Lingzhi Zhu, Yu Chen, Rong Li, and Ji Kongshu. "Selection of Suitable Reference Genes in Pinus massoniana Lamb. Under Different Abiotic Stresses for qPCR Normalization." Forests 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080632.

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The normalization of data by choosing suitable reference genes is fundamental for obtaining accurate and reliable results in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses. In this study, the expression stability of 12 candidate reference genes of Pinus massoniana under different abiotic stresses was evaluated using four statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The results indicate that the following genes could be used as reference genes under different treatments: Actin 2 (ACT2) and F-box family gene (F-box) for salinity treatment, cyclophilin (CYP) and alpha-tubulin (TUA) for ABA treatment, actin 7 (ACT7) and CYP for drought treatment, actin 1 (ACT1) and ACT7 for cold treatment, ACT1 and CYP for heat treatment, and TUA and ACT2 for the “Total” group. To validate the suitability of the selected reference genes in this study, the Short-Root protein (SHR), Alpha-pinene synthase (APS), and Pyrabactin resistance-like protein (PYL) gene expression patterns were analyzed. The expression patterns had significant biases when the most unstable reference genes were used for normalization, compared with when the optimum reference gene or gene combinations were used for normalization. These results will be beneficial for further studies on gene transcription in early-stage, unlignified seedlings of P. massoniana.

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Massidda, Myosotis, Marco Scorcu, and Carla M. Calò. "New Genetic Model for Predicting Phenotype Traits in Sports." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 3 (May 2014): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0339.

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Purpose:The aim of the current study was to construct a genetic model with a new algorithm for predicting athletic-performance variability based on genetic variations.Methods:The influence of 6 polymorphisms (ACE, ACTN-3, BDKRB2, VDR-ApaI, VDR-BsmI, and VDR-FokI) on vertical jump was studied in top-level male Italian soccer players (n = 90). First, the authors calculated the traditional total genotype score and then determined the total weighting genotype score (TWGS), which accounts for the proportion of significant phenotypic variance predicted by the polymorphisms. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples using a standard protocol. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:The results obtained from the new genetic model (TWGS) showed that only 3 polymorphisms entered the regression equation (ACTN-3, ACE, and BDKRB2), and these polymorphisms explained 17.68–24.24% of the verticaljump variance. With the weighting given to each polymorphism, it may be possible to identify a polygenic profile that more accurately explains, at least in part, the individual variance of athletic-performance traits.Conclusions:This model may be used to create individualized training programs based on a player’s genetic predispositions, as well as to identify athletes who need an adapted training routine to account for individual susceptibility to injury.

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Camilo, Danieli Amorim, Leonardo Emmanuel de Medeiros Lima, Gildiney Penaves de Alencar, Raphael de Souza Cosmo, Diego Duarte Marques de Oliveira, Rodrigo Pereira da Silva, Dilmar Pinto Guedes Junior, Aylton Figueira Junior, José Garcia de Brito-Neto, and Roberto Moriggi Junior. "Análise do gene ACTN3 na prática esportiva de alto rendimento: uma revisão narrativa." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 14 (November 13, 2021): e519101422235. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i14.22235.

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Objetivo: Analisar o gene ACTN3 na prática esportiva de alto rendimento, bem como verificar a relação com o desempenho na modalidade específica e a influência do gene ACTN-3 sobre a caracterização das fibras musculares. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa da literatura, que analisou artigos publicados em língua portuguesa e/ou inglesa, entre os anos 1995 e 2020, encontrados na plataforma de pesquisa Google Acadêmico, selecionados a partir das palavras-chave, sinônimos e descritores “genética”, “polimorfismo”, “performance” e “actn3”. Foram incluídos estudos com texto completo disponível em meio online, de forma gratuita, que forneciam informações sobre genética humana, o polimorfismo do gene ACTN3, a influência da genética no desempenho esportivo e os tipos de fibras musculares e sua intervenção no esporte, totalizando 41 artigos. Resultados: A análise resultou numa categorização, separada por cinco temáticas que devem ser consideradas dentro da prescrição e prática esportiva de alto rendimento: a) Individualidade biológica: genética no esporte; b) Actina; c) Polimorfismo genético; d) Genótipo ACTN3 RR, XX, RX; e) O polimorfismo R577X do gene ACTN3: relação da genética com o tipo de fibra muscular. Considerações Finais: A expressão do gene ACTN3 favorece o desempenho esportivo de atletas que exercem força/velocidade. Pessoas com o genótipo mutante possuem maior desempenho quando se trata de esportes de resistência aeróbia. Dessa forma, além dos fatores intrínsecos, os fatores extrínsecos precisam ser constantemente manipulados, como o treinamento adequado, rotina de descanso e alimentação, indispensáveis para uma boa performance.

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Ahn, Byung Keun. "The Characteristics of ACTN-3 and Correlations of Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Power parameters for Weight Division in Male Judo Athletics." Korean Society For The Study Of Physical Education 26, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15831/jksspe.2021.26.1.255.

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Kandasamy, Muthugapatti K., Elizabeth C. McKinney, and Richard B. Meagher. "Functional Nonequivalency of Actin Isovariants inArabidopsis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.01-07-0342.

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Plants encode at least two ancient and divergent classes of actin, reproductive and vegetative, and each class produces several subclasses of actin isovariants. To gain insight into the functional significance of the actin isovariants, we generated transgenicArabidopsis lines that expressed a reproductive actin, ACT1, under the control of the regulatory sequences of a vegetative actin gene, ACT2. In the wild-type plants, ACT1 is predominantly expressed in the mature pollen, growing pollen tubes, and ovules, whereas ACT2 is constitutively and strongly expressed in all vegetative tissues and organs, but not in pollen. Misexpression of ACT1 in vegetative tissues causes dwarfing of plants and altered morphology of most organs, and the effects are in direct proportion to protein expression levels. Similar overexpression of ACT2 has little effect. Immunolocalization of actin in leaf cells from transgenic plants with highest levels of ACT1 protein revealed massive polymerization, bundling, and reorganization of actin filaments. This phenomenon suggests that misexpression of ACT1 isovariant in vegetative tissues affects the dynamics of actin and actin-associated proteins, in turn disrupting the organization of actin cytoskeleton and normal development of plants.

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Gronewold, Thomas M. A., and Dale Kaiser. "act Operon Control of Developmental Gene Expression in Myxococcus xanthus." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 1172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.4.1172-1179.2002.

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ABSTRACT Cell-bound C-signal guides the building of a fruiting body and triggers the differentiation of myxospores. Earlier work has shown that transcription of the csgA gene, which encodes the C-signal, is directed by four genes of the act operon. To see how expression of the genes encoding components of the aggregation and sporulation processes depends on C-signaling, mutants with loss-of-function mutations in each of the act genes were investigated. These mutations were found to have no effect on genes that are normally expressed up to 3 h into development and are C-signal independent. Neither the time of first expression nor the rate of expression increase was changed in actA, actB, actC, or actD mutant strains. Also, there was no effect on A-signal production, which normally starts before 3 h. By contrast, the null act mutants have striking defects in C-signal production. These mutations changed the expression of four gene reporters that are related to aggregation and sporulation and are expressed at 6 h or later in development. The actA and actB null mutations substantially decreased the expression of all these reporters. The other act null mutations caused either premature expression to wild-type levels (actC) or delayed expression (actD), which ultimately rose to wild-type levels. The pattern of effects on these reporters shows how the C-signal differentially regulates the steps that together build a fruiting body and differentiate spores within it.

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Cho Hyun-Chul, 곽택용, 김성연, 김종규, 변정은, 백남섭, and 이태현. "Change of an & aerobic capacity on long term training between ACTN-3 polymorphism." Journal of Korean Alliance of Martial Arts. 15, no. 1 (June 2013): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35277/kama.2013.15.1.43.

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Jae-Kyung Byeon and 박순희. "Muscular function, aerobic and anaerobic capacity to ACTN-3 polymorphism of Roller speed skaters." Exercise Science 21, no. 3 (August 2012): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2012.21.3.319.

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Burghardt, Robert C., James R. Burghardt, James D. Taylor, Adele T. Reeder, Bar T. Nguen, Thomas E. Spencer, Kayla J. Bayless, and Greg A. Johnson. "Enhanced focal adhesion assembly reflects increased mechanosensation and mechanotransduction at maternal–conceptus interface and uterine wall during ovine pregnancy." REPRODUCTION 137, no. 3 (March 2009): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0304.

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The integrity of the fetal–maternal interface is critical for proper fetal nourishment during pregnancy. Integrins are important adhesion molecules present at the interface during implantation; however,in vivoevidence for integrin activation and focal adhesion formation at the maternal–conceptus interface is limited. We hypothesized that focal adhesion assembly in uterine luminal epithelium (LE) and conceptus trophectoderm (Tr) results from integrin binding of extracellular matrix (ECM) at this interface to provide increased tensile forces and signaling to coordinate utero-placental development. An ovine model of unilateral pregnancy was used to evaluate mechanotransduction events leading to focal adhesion assembly at the maternal–conceptus interface and within the uterine wall. Animals were hysterectomized on days 40, 80, or 120 of pregnancy, and uteri immunostained for integrins (ITGAV, ITGA4, ITGA5, ITGB1, ITGB3, and ITGB5), ECM proteins (SPP1, LGALS15, fibronectin (FN), and vitronectin (VTN)), cytoskeletal molecules (ACTN and TLN1), and a signal generator (PTK2). Focal adhesion assembly in myometrium and stroma was also studied to provide a frame of reference for mechanical stretch of the uterine wall. Large focal adhesions containing aggregates of ITGAV, ITGA4, ITGA5, ITGB1, ITGB5, ACTN, and PTK2 were detected in interplacentomal uterine LE and Tr of gravid but not non-gravid uterine horns and increased during pregnancy. SPP1 and LGALS15, but not FN or VTN, were present along LE and Tr interfaces in both uterine horns. These data support the idea that focal adhesion assembly at the maternal–conceptus interface reflects adaptation to increasing forces caused by the growing fetus. Cooperative binding of multiple integrins to SPP1 deposited at the maternal–conceptus interface forms an adhesive mosaic to maintain a tight connection between uterine and placental surfaces along regions of epitheliochorial placentation in sheep.

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Rutkevich, Lori A., David J. Teal, and John F. Dawson. "Expression of actin mutants to study their roles in cardiomyopathyThis paper is one of a selection of papers published this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84, no. 1 (January 2006): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-140.

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Mutations in the human cardiac actin gene (ACTC) have been implicated in the development of hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. To determine the molecular mechanism for the disease development, a system for the expression of mutant cardiac actin proteins that may be lethal to eukaryotic cells must be developed. Here, we explore some of the advantages and disadvantages of human ACTC expression in yeast and insect cells. We show that human ACTC is incapable of rescuing a yeast endogenous actin (ACT1) - knockout in yeast cells and that coexpression of human ACTC in yeast results in slower growth, making yeast an unsuitable expression system. However, we show that it is possible for yeast cells to express a polymerization-deficient ACT1 mutant, thereby allowing us to examine the cell biology of this mutation in the future. Finally, mutant forms of human cardiac actin can be expressed in and purified from insect cells in a properly folded and functional form, permitting important characterization of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for cardiomyopathy development in humans. These studies allow for further research into the biochemical characteristics of previously untenable actin mutant proteins.

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Moorchung, Nikhil, Bipin Puri, Vijay Bhatti, B. L. Lahareesh, S. P. Singh, and Wankhede Tanaji Sitaram. "In the search of a ‘fitness gene’: an analysis of ACTN gene polymorphisms in serving soldiers." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 75, no. 3 (July 2019): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.07.004.

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Shin, Seung-Hwan. "A Correlation Pilot-Study of F-15/16 Pilots’ ACTN-3, G-tolerance, and Body Compositions." Exercise Science 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2018.27.1.80.

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Parveen, Sumaya, and Abidur Rahman. "Actin Isovariant ACT7 Modulates Root Thermomorphogenesis by Altering Intracellular Auxin Homeostasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 7749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147749.

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High temperature stress is one of the most threatening abiotic stresses for plants limiting the crop productivity world-wide. Altered developmental responses of plants to moderate-high temperature has been shown to be linked to the intracellular auxin homeostasis regulated by both auxin biosynthesis and transport. Trafficking of the auxin carrier proteins plays a major role in maintaining the cellular auxin homeostasis. The intracellular trafficking largely relies on the cytoskeletal component, actin, which provides track for vesicle movement. Different classes of actin and the isovariants function in regulating various stages of plant development. Although high temperature alters the intracellular trafficking, the role of actin in this process remains obscure. Using isovariant specific vegetative class actin mutants, here we demonstrate that ACTIN 7 (ACT7) isovariant plays an important role in regulating the moderate-high temperature response in Arabidopsis root. Loss of ACT7, but not ACT8 resulted in increased inhibition of root elongation under prolonged moderate-high temperature. Consistently, kinematic analysis revealed a drastic reduction in cell production rate and cell elongation in act7-4 mutant under high temperature. Quantification of actin dynamicity reveals that prolonged moderate-high temperature modulates bundling along with orientation and parallelness of filamentous actin in act7-4 mutant. The hypersensitive response of act7-4 mutant was found to be linked to the altered intracellular auxin distribution, resulted from the reduced abundance of PIN-FORMED PIN1 and PIN2 efflux carriers. Collectively, these results suggest that vegetative class actin isovariant, ACT7 modulates the long-term moderate-high temperature response in Arabidopsis root.

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Gronewold, Thomas M. A., and Dale Kaiser. "Mutations of the Act Promoter in Myxococcus xanthus." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 5 (December 22, 2006): 1836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01618-06.

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ABSTRACT Mutations within the −12 and −24 elements provide evidence that the act promoter is recognized by sigma-54 RNA polymerase. Deletion of the −20 base pair, which lies between the two conserved elements of sigma-54 promoters, decreased expression by 90%. In addition, mutation of a potential enhancer sequence, around −120, led to an 80% reduction in act gene expression. actB, the second gene in the act operon, encodes a sigma-54 activator protein that is proposed to be an enhancer-binding protein for the act operon. All act genes, actA to actE, are expressed together and constitute an operon, because an in-frame deletion of actB decreased expression of actA and actE to the same extent. After an initially slow phase of act operon expression, which depends on FruA, there is a rapid phase. The rapid phase is shown to be due to the activation of the operon expression by ActB, which completes a positive feedback loop. That loop appears to be nested within a larger positive loop in which ActB is activated by the C signal via ActA, and the act operon activates transcription of the csgA gene. We propose that, as cells engage in more C signaling, positive feedback raises the number of C-signal molecules per cell and drives the process of fruiting body development forward.

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Clark, S. W., and D. I. Meyer. "ACT3: a putative centractin homologue in S. cerevisiae is required for proper orientation of the mitotic spindle." Journal of Cell Biology 127, no. 1 (October 1, 1994): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.127.1.129.

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As part of our ongoing efforts to understand the functional role of vertebrate centractins, we have identified a new member of the actin-related family of proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a PCR-based approach. Consistent with the current nomenclature for actin-related proteins in yeast, we propose to denote this locus ACT3. The primary amino acid sequence of Act3p is most similar to canine and human alpha-centractin (73% similarity/54% identity). The sequence of a genomic clone indicates ACT3 lies adjacent to and is transcribed convergently with respect to FUR1 on chromosome VIII. Molecular genetic analysis indicates ACT3 is represented by a single gene from which the corresponding mRNA is expressed at a low level compared to ACT1. Tetrad analysis of heterozygotes harboring a TRP1 replacement of the ACT3-coding region indicates ACT3 is nonessential for growth under normal conditions and at extremes of temperature and osmolarity. However, growth at 14 degrees C indicates a spindle orientation defect similar to phenotypes recently described for yeast harboring mutations in actin, tubulin, or cytoplasmic dynein. Taken together, our data suggest that ACT3 is the S. cerevisiae homologue of vertebrate centractins.

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Surbakti, Karolina, Martina Evelyn R.H, Gusbakti Rusip, and Bintang Y. M. Sinaga. "Karakteristik Gen Nrf2 ( Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2 ) Dan Gen Actn-3 (R577x) Siswa Sekolah Sepak Bola Di Kota Medan." Buletin Farmatera 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30596/bf.v4i1.2177.

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METZER, E., V. AGMON, N. ANDOREN, and D. COHEN. "Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phage-type DT104 among salmonellae causing enteritis in Israel." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 3 (December 1998): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001526.

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The relative frequency of salmonella strains isolated from hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in Southern Israel changed during the period, 1994–6. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium definitive phage-type 104 (DT104) appeared in Israel in 1994 and became the most prevalent strain in 1996. An outbreak of enteritis due to Salmonella enterica serotype Agona occurred in Israel, in October 1994 and lasted for 4 months. The relative frequency of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis remained almost constant during these years, with seasonal fluctuations only.The importance of the increase in the prevalence of Typhimurium DT104 has been the epidemic spread of a multiresistant strain of R-type ACT (A, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; T, tetracycline) belonging to this phage-type. Since 1995 the frequency of Typhimurium DT104 isolates that possess, in addition to the above R-type, a chromosomally encoded resistance to the quinolone drug, nalidixic acid, increased tenfold. In 1996, 27% of the Typhimurium DT104 isolates were of R-type ACTN. S. Enteritidis exhibited over 95% susceptibility to at least eight of the most commonly used antibiotic drugs, and none of the isolates was resistant to quinolone or fluoroquinoline.

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Suresh, Rahul, Sophie Fiola, Jamie Beaulieu, and Roberto Diaz. "PATH-14. ALPHA CARDIAC ACTIN EXPRESSION IS OBSERVED IN AGGRESSIVE GLIOMA SUBTYPES AND GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELLS." Neuro-Oncology 23, Supplement_6 (November 2, 2021): vi117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab196.466.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Alterations in actin subunit expression have previously been observed in multiple cancers. In glioblastoma (GBM), the expression of ACTC1 has been associated with a more invasive phenotype and with shorter survival. We sought to explore the diversity of actin subunit expression across glioma subtypes and patient derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). METHODS Bioinformatic analysis of multiple glioma databases was performed to profile actin subunit (ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, and ACTB) mRNA levels. Expression levels were also evaluated in normal brain in comparison to liver and heart tissue. Western blot was used to analyze protein expression in GSCs, surgical tissue and human fetal astrocytes. RESULTS The primary actin subunits expressed in normal brain are beta actin (ACTB) and gamma actin (ACTG1). RNA sequencing of tissue from multiple glioma subtypes or different brain regions reveals a global increase in ACTG1 and ACTB abundance in gliomas compared to normal brain. LGG-GCIMP high and LGG-co-deleted glioma subtypes have the lowest ACTC1 expression. LGG-GCIMP low (HR 9.75, P< 0.001), LGG-mesenchymal-like (HR11.1, P< 0.001), LGG-classic-like (HR10.96, P< 0.001) subtypes are associated with ACTC1 expression. ACTC1, ACTCB, and ACTG protein expression was observed in GSCs, freshly resected GBM tissue, and human fetal astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Gliomas have a specific pattern of actin subunit expression that differs in actin subunit type and abundance when compared to normal adult brain. Expression of ACTC1 is found in aggressive glioma subtypes and is shared by GSCs and human fetal astrocytes. Investigation into the neurodevelopmental role of ACTC1 and its contribution to oncogenic transformation in GBM is warranted.

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An, Yong-Qiang, John M. McDowell, Shurong Huang, Elizabeth C. McKinney, Sharon Chambliss, and Richard B. Meagher. "Strong, constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis ACT2/ACT8 actin subclass in vegetative tissues." Plant Journal 10, no. 1 (July 1996): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1996.10010107.x.

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Neshati, Vajiheh, Samaneh Mollazadeh, Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz, Mehrdad Iranshahi, Majid Mojarrad, Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin, and Mohammad Amin Kerachian. "Cardiogenic effects of characterized Geum urbanum extracts on adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 96, no. 5 (October 2018): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2017-0313.

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Stem cell therapy is considered as a promising treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have the ability to undergo cardiomyogenesis. Medicinal plants are effective and safe candidates for cell differentiation. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate cardiogenic effects of characterized (HPLC–UV) extracts of Geum urbanum on ADMSCs of adipose tissue. The methanolic extracts of the root and aerial parts of G. urbanum were obtained and MTT assay was used for studying their cytotoxic effects. Then, cells were treated with 50 or 100 μg/mL of the extracts from root and aerial parts of G. urbanum. MTT assay showed that the extracts of G. urbanum did not have any toxic effects on ADMSCs. Immunostaining results showed increase in the expression of α-actinin and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR data confirmed the upregulation of ACTN, ACTC1, and TNNI3 genes in ADMSCs after treatment. According to HPLC fingerprinting, some cardiogenic effects of G. urbanum extracts are probably due to ellagic and gallic acid derivatives. Our findings indicated that G. urbanum extracts effectively upregulated some essential cardiogenic markers, which confirmed the therapeutic role of this plant as a traditional cardiac medicine.

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Shao, Yiping, Zhengshuai Fan, Baochang Zhu, Minlong Zhou, Zhihui Chen, and Jiansha Lu. "A Novel Pallet Detection Method for Automated Guided Vehicles Based on Point Cloud Data." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 8019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22208019.

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Automated guided vehicles are widely used in warehousing environments for automated pallet handling, which is one of the fundamental parts to construct intelligent logistics systems. Pallet detection is a critical technology for automated guided vehicles, which directly affects production efficiency. A novel pallet detection method for automated guided vehicles based on point cloud data is proposed, which consists of five modules including point cloud preprocessing, key point extraction, feature description, surface matching and point cloud registration. The proposed method combines the color with the geometric features of the pallet point cloud and constructs a new Adaptive Color Fast Point Feature Histogram (ACFPFH) feature descriptor by selecting the optimal neighborhood adaptively. In addition, a new surface matching method called the Bidirectional Nearest Neighbor Distance Ratio-Approximate Congruent Triangle Neighborhood (BNNDR-ACTN) is proposed. The proposed method overcomes the problems of current methods such as low efficiency, poor robustness, random parameter selection, and being time-consuming. To verify the performance, the proposed method is compared with the traditional and modified Iterative Closest Point (ICP) methods in two real-world cases. The results show that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is reduced to 0.009 and the running time is reduced to 0.989 s, which demonstrates that the proposed method has faster registration speed while maintaining higher registration accuracy.

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Skoble, Justin, Victoria Auerbuch, Erin D. Goley, Matthew D. Welch, and Daniel A. Portnoy. "Pivotal role of VASP in Arp2/3 complex–mediated actin nucleation, actin branch-formation, and Listeria monocytogenes motility." Journal of Cell Biology 155, no. 1 (October 1, 2001): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200106061.

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The Listeria monocytogenes ActA protein mediates actin-based motility by recruiting and stimulating the Arp2/3 complex. In vitro, the actin monomer-binding region of ActA is critical for stimulating Arp2/3-dependent actin nucleation; however, this region is dispensable for actin-based motility in cells. Here, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) recruitment by ActA can bypass defects in actin monomer-binding. Furthermore, purified VASP enhances the actin-nucleating activity of wild-type ActA and the Arp2/3 complex while also reducing the frequency of actin branch formation. These data suggest that ActA stimulates the Arp2/3 complex by both VASP-dependent and -independent mechanisms that generate distinct populations of actin filaments in the comet tails of L. monocytogenes. The ability of VASP to contribute to actin filament nucleation and to regulate actin filament architecture highlights the central role of VASP in actin-based motility.

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P, RAGHAVENDRA K., RAKESH KUMAR, JOY DAS, SANTOSH H. B, SACHIN A. MORE, RAMAKRISHNA N, SHILPA G. CHAWLA, SANDHYA KRANTHI, and KESHAV RAJ KRANTHI. "Quantitative real-time PCR based evaluation and validation of reference genes in Gossypium arboreum." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i1.98527.

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Estimation of gene expression levels plays a crucial role in understanding the function of the target gene(s). Intersample variance in gene expression can be more precisely measured if transcripts levels are accurately normalized. Normalization is pre-requisite step prior to the determination of candidate gene expression by qPCR. In this study conducted at ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur during 2015–16, six candidate reference genes, viz. actin4 (ACT4), actin7(ACT7), RNA Helicase (RNAH), Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A-1(PP2A1), ubiquitin7 (UBQ7) and α tubulin (αTUB) were systematically analysed for their expression patterns in different tissues pertaining to three development stages of cotton namely seedling, early reproductive and fiber development. The study has identified actin-4/actin-7/ubiquitin-7 as the most ideal reference genes for fiber development stages whereas actin-4/ ubiquitin-7 and actin-7/RNA helicases for seedling and early reproductive development stages, respectively. Validation of identified reference genes for relative expression analysis of Gacobl9, a COBRA-like protein, demonstrated their usefulness in qPCR analysis in Gossypium arboreum.

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Welch, M. D., D. B. Vinh, H. H. Okamura, and D. G. Drubin. "Screens for extragenic mutations that fail to complement act1 alleles identify genes that are important for actin function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 135, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.2.265.

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Abstract Null mutations in SAC6 and ABP1, genes that encode actin-binding proteins, failed to complement the temperature-sensitive phenotype caused by a mutation in the ACT1 gene. To identify novel genes whose protein products interact with actin, mutations that fail to complement act1-1 or act1-4, two temperature-sensitive alleles of ACT1, were isolated. A total of 14 extragenic noncomplementing mutations and 12 new alleles of ACT1 were identified in two independent screens. The 14 extragenic noncomplementing mutations represent alleles of at least four different genes, ANC1, ANC2, ANC3 and ANC4 (Actin NonComplementing). Mutations in the ANC1 gene were shown to cause osmosensitivity and defects in actin organization; phenotypes that are similar to those caused by act1 mutations. We conclude that the ANC1 gene product plays an important role in actin cytoskeletal function. The 12 new alleles of ACT1 will be useful for further elucidation of the functions of actin in yeast.

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Golsteyn, R. M., M. C. Beckerle, T. Koay, and E. Friederich. "Structural and functional similarities between the human cytoskeletal protein zyxin and the ActA protein of Listeria monocytogenes." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 16 (August 15, 1997): 1893–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.16.1893.

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The intracellular bacterial parasite Listeria monocytogenes produces ActA protein at its surface to facilitate the localized assembly of actin-filled comets that are required for movement. The organization of actin in Listeria comets shows striking similarity to the organization of actin at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Therefore we examined the possibility that an ActA-like protein is present in mammalian cells. By using antibodies directed against ActA, we identified zyxin as an ActA related protein in a number of cell types. We compared the functions of ActA and zyxin by transient expression of variants tagged with an inner plasma membrane localization sequence (a CAAX box). Targeting of the proline rich domain of zyxin to the plasma membrane disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape in a manner similar to that which occurs with membrane-targeted ActA sequences. A chimeric protein composed of the N-terminal domain of ActA fused to the N-terminal and central domains of zyxin induced a full ActA response in cells. Furthermore, zyxin and ActA exhibit common protein partners in vitro. On the basis of the shared properties of zyxin and ActA, we propose that zyxin enhances actin organizing activity in mammalian cells.

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Kocks, C., R. Hellio, P. Gounon, H. Ohayon, and P. Cossart. "Polarized distribution of Listeria monocytogenes surface protein ActA at the site of directional actin assembly." Journal of Cell Science 105, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.105.3.699.

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The facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can infect host tissues by using directional actin assembly to propel itself from one cell into another. The movement is generated by continuous actin assembly from one end of the bacterium into a tail, which is left behind in the cytoplasm. Bacterial actin assembly requires expression of the bacterial gene actA. We have used immunocytochemistry to show that the actA gene product, ActA, is distributed asymmetrically on the bacterial surface: it is not expressed at one pole and is increasingly concentrated towards the other. This polarized distribution of ActA was linked to bacterial division: ActA protein was not, or only faintly, expressed at the pole that had been formed during the previous division. On intracellular bacteria ActA was expressed at the site of actin assembly, suggesting that ActA may be involved in actin filament nucleation off the bacterial surface. We predict that the asymmetrical distribution of this protein is required for the ability of intracellular Listeria to move in the direction of the non-ActA expressing pole.

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An, Yong-Qiang, Shurong Huang, John M. McDowell, Elizabeth C. McKinney, and Richard B. Meagher. "Conserved Expression of the Arabidopsis ACT1 and ACT3 Actin Subclass in Organ Primordia and Mature Pollen." Plant Cell 8, no. 1 (January 1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870065.

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Nowak, Kristen J., Gianina Ravenscroft, Connie Jackaman, Aleksandra Filipovska, Stefan M. Davies, Esther M. Lim, Sarah E. Squire та ін. "Rescue of skeletal muscle α-actin–null mice by cardiac (fetal) α-actin". Journal of Cell Biology 185, № 5 (25 травня 2009): 903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200812132.

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Skeletal muscle α-actin (ACTA1) is the major actin in postnatal skeletal muscle. Mutations of ACTA1 cause mostly fatal congenital myopathies. Cardiac α-actin (ACTC) is the major striated actin in adult heart and fetal skeletal muscle. It is unknown why ACTC and ACTA1 expression switch during development. We investigated whether ACTC can replace ACTA1 in postnatal skeletal muscle. Two ACTC transgenic mouse lines were crossed with Acta1 knockout mice (which all die by 9 d after birth). Offspring resulting from the cross with the high expressing line survive to old age, and their skeletal muscles show no gross pathological features. The mice are not impaired on grip strength, rotarod, or locomotor activity. These findings indicate that ACTC is sufficiently similar to ACTA1 to produce adequate function in postnatal skeletal muscle. This raises the prospect that ACTC reactivation might provide a therapy for ACTA1 diseases. In addition, the mouse model will allow analysis of the precise functional differences between ACTA1 and ACTC.

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Cali, Brian M., Timothy C. Doyle, David Botstein, and Gerald R. Fink. "Multiple Functions for Actin during Filamentous Growth ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 9, no. 7 (July 1998): 1873–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.9.7.1873.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dimorphic and switches from a yeast form to a pseudohyphal (PH) form when starved for nitrogen. PH cells are elongated, bud in a unipolar manner, and invade the agar substrate. We assessed the requirements for actin in mediating the dramatic morphogenetic events that accompany the transition to PH growth. Twelve “alanine scan” alleles of the single yeast actin gene (ACT1) were tested for effects on filamentation, unipolar budding, agar invasion, and cell elongation. Someact1 mutations affect all phenotypes, whereas others affect only one or two aspects of PH growth. Tests of intragenic complementation among specific act1 mutations support the phenotypic evidence for multiple actin functions in filamentous growth. We present evidence that interaction between actin and the actin-binding protein fimbrin is important for PH growth and suggest that association of different actin-binding proteins with actin mediates the multiple functions of actin in filamentous growth. Furthermore, characterization of cytoskeletal structure in wild type and act1/act1 mutants indicates that PH cell morphogenesis requires the maintenance of a highly polarized actin cytoskeleton. Collectively, this work demonstrates that actin plays a central role in fungal dimorphism.

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Choi, Jong-Hwan, Hyun-Seung Rhyu, Keun-Su Kim, and In-Ki Kim. "Changes in Body Composition and Physical Fitness According to ACTN-3 Gene Polymorphism in Male Air Force Cadets During 8 Weeks of G-tolerance Exercise Program." Asian Journal of Kinesiology 20, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2018.20.4.50.

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Belmont, Lisa D., and David G. Drubin. "The Yeast V159N Actin Mutant Reveals Roles for Actin Dynamics In Vivo." Journal of Cell Biology 142, no. 5 (September 7, 1998): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.142.5.1289.

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Actin with a Val 159 to Asn mutation (V159N) forms actin filaments that depolymerize slowly because of a failure to undergo a conformational change after inorganic phosphate release. Here we demonstrate that expression of this actin results in reduced actin dynamics in vivo, and we make use of this property to study the roles of rapid actin filament turnover. Yeast strains expressing the V159N mutant (act1-159) as their only source of actin have larger cortical actin patches and more actin cables than wild-type yeast. Rapid actin dynamics are not essential for cortical actin patch motility or establishment of cell polarity. However, fluid phase endocytosis is defective in act1-159 strains. act1-159 is synthetically lethal with cofilin and profilin mutants, supporting the conclusion that mutations in all of these genes impair the polymerization/ depolymerization cycle. In contrast, act1-159 partially suppresses the temperature sensitivity of a tropomyosin mutant, and the loss of cytoplasmic cables seen in fimbrin, Mdm20p, and tropomyosin null mutants, suggesting filament stabilizing functions for these actin-binding proteins. Analysis of the cables in these double-mutant cells supports a role for fimbrin in organizing cytoplasmic cables and for Mdm20p and tropomyosin in excluding cofilin from the cables.

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Feng, Di, Mukesh Kumar, Jan Muntel, Susan B. Gurley, Gabriel Birrane, Isaac E. Stillman, Lai Ding, et al. "Phosphorylation of ACTN4 Leads to Podocyte Vulnerability and Proteinuric Glomerulosclerosis." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 1479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019101032.

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BackgroundGenetic mutations in α-actinin-4 (ACTN4)—an important actin crosslinking cytoskeletal protein that provides structural support for kidney podocytes—have been linked to proteinuric glomerulosclerosis in humans. However, the effect of post-translational modifications of ACTN4 on podocyte integrity and kidney function is not known.MethodsUsing mass spectrometry, we found that ACTN4 is phosphorylated at serine (S) 159 in human podocytes. We used phosphomimetic and nonphosphorylatable ACTN4 to comprehensively study the effects of this phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. We conducted x-ray crystallography, F-actin binding and bundling assays, and immunofluorescence staining to evaluate F-actin alignment. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology was used to assess for detachment of podocytes simultaneously exposed to fluid flow and cyclic strain. We then used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mouse models and assessed for renal injury by measuring albuminuria and examining kidney histology. We also performed targeted mass spectrometry to determine whether high extracellular glucose or TGF-β levels increase phosphorylation of ACTN4.ResultsCompared with the wild type ACTN4, phosphomimetic ACTN4 demonstrated increased binding and bundling activity with F-actin in vitro. Phosphomimetic Actn4 mouse podocytes exhibited more spatially correlated F-actin alignment and a higher rate of detachment under mechanical stress. Phosphomimetic Actn4 mice developed proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis after subtotal nephrectomy. Moreover, we found that exposure to high extracellular glucose or TGF-β stimulates phosphorylation of ACTN4 at S159 in podocytes.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that increased phosphorylation of ACTN4 at S159 leads to biochemical, cellular, and renal pathology that is similar to pathology resulting from human disease–causing mutations in ACTN4. ACTN4 may mediate podocyte injury as a consequence of both genetic mutations and signaling events that modulate phosphorylation.

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McKinney, Elizabeth C., Nazeem Ali, Alice Traut, Kenneth A. Feldmann, Dmitry A. Belostotsky, John M. McDowell, and Richard B. Meagher. "Sequence-based identification of T-DNA insertion mutations in Arabidopsis: actin mutants act2-1 and act4-1." Plant Journal 8, no. 4 (October 1995): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.8040613.x.

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de Coo, Ilse F., Juana CA Marin, Stephen D. Silberstein, Deborah I. Friedman, Charly Gaul, Candace K. McClure, Alok Tyagi, et al. "Differential efficacy of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: A meta-analysis." Cephalalgia 39, no. 8 (June 10, 2019): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102419856607.

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Background Two randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials (ACT1, ACT2) evaluated non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) as acute treatment for cluster headache. We analyzed pooled ACT1/ACT2 data to increase statistical power and gain insight into the differential efficacy of nVNS in episodic and chronic cluster headache. Methods Data extracted from ACT1 and ACT2 were pooled using a fixed-effects model. Main outcome measures were the primary endpoints of each study. This was the proportion of participants whose first treated attack improved from moderate (2), severe (3), or very severe (4) pain intensity to mild (1) or nil (0) for ACT1 and the proportion of treated attacks whose pain intensity improved from 2–4 to 0 for ACT2. Results The pooled population included 225 participants (episodic: n = 112; chronic: n = 113) from ACT1 (n = 133) and ACT2 (n = 92) in the nVNS (n = 108) and sham (n = 117) groups. Interaction was shown between treatment group and cluster headache subtype ( p < 0.05). nVNS was superior to sham in episodic but not chronic cluster headache (both endpoints p < 0.01). Only four patients discontinued the studies due to adverse events. Conclusions nVNS is a well-tolerated and effective acute treatment for episodic cluster headache. Trial registration The studies were registered at clinicaltrials.gov (ACT1: NCT01792817; ACT2: NCT01958125).

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46

Singer, Jason M., Greg J. Hermann, and Janet M. Shaw. "Suppressors of mdm20 in Yeast Identify New Alleles of ACT1 and TPM1 Predicted to Enhance Actin-Tropomyosin Interactions." Genetics 156, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.2.523.

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Abstract The actin cytoskeleton is required for many aspects of cell division in yeast, including mitochondrial partitioning into growing buds (mitochondrial inheritance). Yeast cells lacking MDM20 function display defects in both mitochondrial inheritance and actin organization, specifically, a lack of visible actin cables and enhanced sensitivity to Latrunculin A. mdm20 mutants also exhibit a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, which we exploited to isolate second-site suppressor mutations. Nine dominant suppressors selected in an mdm20/mdm20 background rescue temperature-sensitive growth defects and mitochondrial inheritance defects and partially restore actin cables in haploid and diploid mdm20 strains. The suppressor mutations define new alleles of ACT1 and TPM1, which encode actin and the major form of tropomyosin in yeast, respectively. The ACT1 mutations cluster in a region of the actin protein predicted to contact tropomyosin, suggesting that they stabilize actin cables by enhancing actin-tropomyosin interactions. The characteristics of the mutant ACT1 and TPM1 alleles and their potential effects on protein structure and binding are discussed.

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47

David, V., E. Gouin, M. V. Troys, A. Grogan, A. W. Segal, C. Ampe, and P. Cossart. "Identification of cofilin, coronin, Rac and capZ in actin tails using a Listeria affinity approach." Journal of Cell Science 111, no. 19 (October 1, 1998): 2877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.111.19.2877.

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Actin assembly is involved in cell motility and intracellular movement of Listeria monocytogenes. Induction of Listeria actin tails is mediated by the surface protein ActA. The N-terminal domain of ActA is sufficient for this function. Cell components known to play a role in the actin-based motility of Listeria are VASP (vasodilatator-stimulated phosphoprotein), the multiprotein Arp2/3 complex and cofilin. VASP interacts with the central domain of ActA. Proteins interacting with the N-terminal domain of ActA have not been identified. To identify novel host cell components of ActA-induced actin tails, we used bovine brain extracts and an affinity approach with Listeria as matrix. Several known components of Listeria tails were isolated including VASP, Arp3 and cofilin. Cofilin was identified by peptide sequencing, and cofilin recruitment and Listeria tail length were found to be pH-dependent, in agreement with its recently reported role in enhancing actin filament turnover. In addition, three proteins not previously known to be associated with Listeria tails, coronin, Rac and capZ, were identified in our affinity approach. In infected cells, the localization of the identified proteins was studied by immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that these latter proteins, which are known to play critical roles in cellular actin rearrangements, may also be involved in the dynamics of Listeria-induced actin assembly.

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48

Dunn, T. M., and D. Shortle. "Null alleles of SAC7 suppress temperature-sensitive actin mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 5 (May 1990): 2308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.5.2308-2314.1990.

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Extragenic suppressors of a new temperature-sensitive mutation (act1-4) in the actin gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated in an attempt to identify genes whose products interact directly with actin. One suppressor with a cold-sensitive growth phenotype defined the new gene, SAC7, which was mapped, cloned, sequenced, and disrupted. Genetic analysis of strains that are disrupted for SAC7 demonstrated that the protein is required for normal growth and actin assembly at low temperatures. Surprisingly, null mutations in SAC7 also suppressed the temperature-sensitive growth defect caused by the act1-1 and act1-4 mutations, whereas they were lethal in combination with the temperature-sensitive allele act1-2. These results support the notion that the SAC7 gene product is involved in the normal assembly or function or both of actin.

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49

Dunn, T. M., and D. Shortle. "Null alleles of SAC7 suppress temperature-sensitive actin mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 5 (May 1990): 2308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.5.2308.

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Extragenic suppressors of a new temperature-sensitive mutation (act1-4) in the actin gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated in an attempt to identify genes whose products interact directly with actin. One suppressor with a cold-sensitive growth phenotype defined the new gene, SAC7, which was mapped, cloned, sequenced, and disrupted. Genetic analysis of strains that are disrupted for SAC7 demonstrated that the protein is required for normal growth and actin assembly at low temperatures. Surprisingly, null mutations in SAC7 also suppressed the temperature-sensitive growth defect caused by the act1-1 and act1-4 mutations, whereas they were lethal in combination with the temperature-sensitive allele act1-2. These results support the notion that the SAC7 gene product is involved in the normal assembly or function or both of actin.

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50

Diakonova, Maria, Emmanuele Helfer, Stephanie Seveau, Joel A. Swanson, Christine Kocks, Liangyou Rui, Marie-France Carlier та Christin Carter-Su. "Adapter Protein SH2-Bβ Stimulates Actin-Based Motility of Listeria monocytogenes in a Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein (VASP)-Dependent Fashion". Infection and Immunity 75, № 7 (23 квітня 2007): 3581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00214-07.

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ABSTRACT SH2-Bβ (Src homology 2 Bβ) is an adapter protein that is required for maximal growth hormone-dependent actin reorganization in membrane ruffling and cell motility. Here we show that SH2-Bβ is also required for maximal actin-based motility of Listeria monocytogenes. SH2-Bβ localizes to Listeria-induced actin tails and increases the rate of bacterial propulsion in infected cells and in cell extracts. Furthermore, Listeria motility is decreased in mouse embryo fibroblasts from SH2-B−/− mice. Both recruitment of SH2-Bβ to Listeria and SH2-Bβ stimulation of actin-based propulsion require the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), which binds ActA at the surfaces of Listeria cells and enhances bacterial actin-based motility. SH2-Bβ enhances actin-based movement of ActA-coated beads in a biomimetic actin-based motility assay, provided that VASP is present. In vitro binding assays show that SH2-Bβ binds ActA but not VASP; however, binding to ActA is greater in the presence of VASP. Because VASP also plays an essential regulatory role in actin-based processes in eukaryotic cells, the present results provide mechanistic insight into the functions of both SH2-Bβ and VASP in motility and also increase our understanding of the fundamental mechanism by which Listeria spreads.

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