Дисертації з теми "Actn"

In this thesis I look at the modern state of Act-Consequentialism and how it can defend against five of the more prominent objections found in recent literature on the topic. The five objections are as follows: AC’s neglect of special personal relationships, its overdemandingness, its inability to handle expectation effects, its incompatibility with the claims of justice, and its suppression of our moral integrity. Although each of these objections differ significantly from one another, and this leads to separate treatment of each by chapter, all the objections deal on some level with the “derivativeness” of Act-Consequentialist moral thought when analyzing questions of a seemingly intrinsic quality, such as special personal relations or the dictates of justice. The approach taken towards the objections is broadly similar. By carefully considering the nature of the well-being that is promoted under AC, and how to most efficiently and organically promote it, the most severe aspects of the objections are softened. In working through the objections it is hoped that a more plausible form of Act-Consequentialism, with a stress on organic and efficient well-being promotion, will emerge.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, 2013.
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O exercício físico, por aumentar o consumo de oxigênio, pode produzir um desequilíbrio entre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e a capacidade de defesa antioxidante do organismo, levando ao estresse oxidativo. Esta sobrecarga oxidativa pode acarretar dano celular e graves lesões musculares com consequente processo inflamatório. Neste contexto, muitos atletas consomem suplementos antioxidantes para evitar os danos oxidativos, a inflamação e o consequente comprometimento do desempenho. O pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), um fruto típico do cerrado brasileiro, contém diversos componentes antioxidantes, importantes para reduzir ERO produzidas durante a atividade física. Visto que nutrientes presentes na alimentação podem interagir com o genoma humano para influenciar a saúde e a doença, e variabilidade genética também pode influenciar a resposta à dieta, estudos que avaliem esta interação podem contribuir para futuras intervenções dietéticas baseadas no conhecimento do requerimento nutricional, do estado nutricional e do genótipo. Alguns polimorfismos já foram descritos na literatura como agentes interferentes do desempenho atlético em determinadas categorias de esportes. Entre eles, várias variantes sob a forma de polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) já foram identificadas, incluindo os SNPs R577X no gene da α-actinina-3 (ACTN-3), T→ G na região promotora do gene da eritropoetina (EPO) e G6002A no receptor de eritropoetina (EPOR). O gene da ACTN-3 codifica a proteína α-actinina-3, componente altamente conservado da maquinaria contrátil das fibras rápidas da musculatura esquelética, e é expresso apenas em miofibras tipo II, que são fibras glicolíticas do músculo esquelético. O polimorfismo da ACTN-3 resulta na substituição de uma arginina (R) por um códon prematuro de parada (X) na posição 577 e cria uma proteína não funcional. A eritropoetina (EPO) é o principal hormônio endógeno regulador da eritropoiese, que permite a sobrevivência, proliferação, diferenciação das células progenitoras e, consequentemente, aumento da oxigenação dos tecidos. Assim, polimorfismos no gene da EPO ou de seu receptor (EPOR) podem afetar o desempenho atlético, por influenciarem a expressão de EPO. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a influência dos SNPs rs1815739 no gene da ACTN-3, rs1617640 na região promotora do gene da EPO, e rs121918116 no gene da EPOR na peroxidação lipídica (Teste Tbars), hemograma completo e dosagens bioquímicas de creatina quinase (CK), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e proteína Creativa (PCR e PCR-us), em uma amostra de corredores de rua do Distrito Federal (N=123), antes e depois da suplementação com 400mg de óleo de pequi em cápsulas ingeridas diariamente por 14 dias consecutivos. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas imediatamente após cada uma das corridas para realizar os testes. O DNA foi obtido por extração da fração leucocitária, e a genotipagem foi realizada por PCR seguida por corte com enzimas de restrição. Os dados estatísticos para as frequências alélicas e genotípicas foram gerados pelo programa Genepopweb®, e os demais dados pelo programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados demonstraram que todos os genótipos estudados encontraram-se em equilíbrio de Hardy- Weinberg (EHW). Apesar dos muitos parâmetros analisados apresentarem diferença significativa entre os sexos, faixas etárias e distâncias percorridas, nenhuma correlação entre esses parâmetros e os polimorfismos analisados foi encontrada. O polimorfismo da EPO influenciou os resultados do eritrograma e do plaquetograma, sugerindo uma vantagem aeróbica para o genótipo TG, e uma desvantagem para o genótipo GG sobre possíveis eventos de complicações microvasculares, enquanto não foi encontrada associação do polimorfismo da ACTN-3 com o desempenho de resistência. Ambos os polimorfismos influenciaram as respostas dos corredores ao óleo de pequi, onde respostas significativas foram observadas para o genótipo selvagem da EPO (TT) nos valores de eritrócitos (p=0,000), hematócrito (HCT, p=0,001), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM, p=0,000) e concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média (CHCM, p=0,001); e para os genótipos TT e TG (p=0,000 para ambos) nos valores da amplitude ou variação da distribuição do tamanho dos eritrócitos (RDW). Diferenças significativas também foram observadas no plaquetograma só para os genótipos TT e TG. O polimorfismo da ACTN-3 influenciou principalmente os valores de AST e CK, onde os heterozigotos RX tiveram uma redução significativa nos valores de AST (p=0,037), e os homozigotos XX, nos valores de CK (p=0,010) após a suplementação o óleo de pequi. Esses resultados de resposta diferenciada de cada polimorfismo à suplementação com cápsulas de pequi demonstram a importância dos efeitos da nutrigenômica no desempenho do atleta. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Physical exercise, by increasing oxygen consumption, can produce an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense capacity of the organism, leading to oxidative stress. This oxidative overload can cause cell damage and severe muscle damage with consequent inflammation. In this context, many athletes consume antioxidant supplements to prevent oxidative damage, inflammation and consequent impairment of performance. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), a typical fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado, contains several antioxidant components that are important to reduce ROS produced during physical activity. Since nutrients present in food can interact with the human genome to influence health and disease, and genetic variability may also influence the response to diet, studies evaluating this interaction may contribute to future dietary interventions based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status and genotype. Some polymorphisms have been described in the literature as agents interfering in athletic performance in certain categories of sports. Among them, several variants in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, including the SNPs R577X in the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN-3), T→G in the promoter region of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene, and G6002A in the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR). The ACTN-3 gene encodes protein α-actinin-3, a highly conserved component of the contractile machinery of the fast skeletal muscle fibers, and is expressed only in type II myofibers, which are glycolytic fibers of skeletal muscle. The ACTN-3 polymorphism results in substitution of an arginine (R) by a premature stop codon (X) at position 577 and creates a non-functional protein. Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main endogenous hormone regulator of erythropoiesis, which allows the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of progenitor cells and, hence, increased oxygenation of the tissues. Thus, polymorphisms in the EPO gene or in its receptor can affect athletic performance by influencing the expression of EPO. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the SNPs rs1815739 in the ACTN-3 gene, rs1617640 in the promoter region of the EPO gene, and rs121918116 EPOR gene in the lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), taking a complete hemogram and biochemical dosages of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and C-reactive protein (CRP and hs-CRP), in a sample of street runners from the Federal District (N=123), before and after supplementation of 400mg of pequi oil capsules taken daily for 14 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken immediately after racing to perform the tests. DNA was obtained by extraction of leukocyte fraction, and genotyping was performed by PCR followed by cut with restriction enzymes. Statistical data for the allele and genotype frequencies were generated by the program Genepopweb®, and other data by the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results showed that all genotypes were found in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Although many examined parameters showed significant differences between sexes, age group and distance covered, no correlation between these parameters and the analyzed polymorphisms was found. EPO polymorphism influenced results of erythrogram and plateletgram, suggesting an aerobic advantage for TG genotype and a disadvantage for GG genotype concerning possible microvascular complication events, while no association was found for ACTN-3 polymorphism with endurance performance. Both polymorphisms influenced runner’s response to pequi oil, where the significant responses were observed for EPO wild type genotype (TT) in the red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values; and for TT and TG genotypes in the red cell distribution width values. Significant differences were also observed in the plateletgram only for TT and TG genotypes. ACTN-3 mainly influenced AST and CK values, where heterozygous RX had significant decrease in AST values (p=0.037), and homozygous XX in CK values (p=0.010) after pequi oil supplementation. These results of differential response of each polymorphism to the supplementation with pequi capsules demonstrate the importance of the effects of nutrigenomics on athletic performance.

Sinorhizobium meliloti is the nitrogen-fixing bacterial endosymbiont of the root nodules of Medicago spp. that are agriculturally important as pasture legumes. Establishment of medic pastures on many soils worldwide has been limited by the acid sensitivity of S. meliloti. Among the S. meliloti genes identified as being essential for acid tolerance are actS and actR, which encode the ActS histidine kinase and cognate ActR response regulator. This study was undertaken to further understanding of the role of ActSR in relation to acid tolerance and the general physiology of S. meliloti. A preliminary search for the transcriptional targets of ActSR using mutagenesis with a promoterless gusA-carrying minitransposon identified eight fusions that were transcriptionally regulated by ActSR. Among the regulated genes were those encoding assimilatory nitrate reductase, cytochrome cbb3, oxidase, glutathione S-transferase, hydantoinase, a PAS two-component receiver protein and the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose- 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The fixNOQP genes that encode the symbiotically-essential cytochrome cbb3 terminal oxidase required ActSR for low pH induction and for full expression under microaerobic conditions. The activation of fixNOQP by ActSR did not appear to occur directly, but instead by ActR regulating the transcription of the FixK transcriptional activator, which in turn activates fixNOQP. In addition to the cytochrome cbb3 terminal oxidase, ActR was also found to activate expression of the nifA gene that encodes the NifA nitrogen fixation regulator, and of the cta and qxt operons that encode cytochrome aa3 and a quinol oxidase, respectively, in response to low pH and reduced oxygen tension. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that ActR also coordinated the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in C1 metabolism. ActR functioned as a transcriptional repressor of the fds operon encoding a NAD+-linked formate dehydrogenase, while this operon was activated independently of ActR by the presence formate. Conversely, ActR activated the cbb operon that encodes enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) reductive pentose phosphate pathway during organoautotrophic growth on formate. The cbb operon was also positively regulated by the CbbR regulator, being essential for the high-level of cbb induction under these conditions. ActR was overexpressed in E. coli and purified as a His6-tagged recombinant protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that this protein was able to bind specifically to DNA target sequences that are known to be bound by ActR homologues from other species. The binding affinity of His6-ActR was increased several fold by incubating the protein with carbamyl phosphate, which presumably mimics the effect of ActS-mediated phosphorylation of ActR. An analysis of the promoter regions of the identified ActR transcriptional targets revealed the presence of DNA sequences with significant similarity to previously defined binding motifs of ActR homologues from other bacterial species. A DNase footprinting analysis also showed that ActR protected a region from -33 to -10 of the nifA promoter region. The protected region also shared significant sequence similarity to the consensus binding sequence of an ActR homologue from Rhodobacter capsulatus. The results of this study indicate that ActSR are involved in the transcriptional regulation of a diverse range of physiological processes and clearly play an important role as global regulators of redox-sensitive processes in S. meliloti.

Qu'entend-on par actes de l'Exécutif en Thaïlande ? Ces actes sont-ils différents des actes de l'Exécutif français ? En quoi diffèrent-ils des actes de gouvernement et des actes du gouvernement ? Sont-ils des actes administratifs ? Quelle est l'étendue du contrôle du juge à leur égard ? Quel effet produit en Thaïlande l'existence d'une compétence parallèle et parfois concurrente de la juridiction administrative et de la juridiction constitutionnelle ? Telles sont quelques unes des questions auxquelles cette thèse très documentée et d'actualité tente d'apporter une réponse cohérente dans un ordre juridique largement bouleversé par les évènements politiques récents
What are acts of Executive in Thailand? Are they different from acts of Executive in France? How are the acts of government (acte de gouvernement) different from government's act (acte du gouvernement)? Are they administrative acts? What is the scope of judicial review of those acts? What is the effect in Thailand of a parallel and sometimes competing jurisdiction of the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court? These are some of the questions that this thesis in a thorough judicial and administrative review in order to provide an answer in a clear and concise order due to the recent political events

Les actes juridiques sont définis par la loi comme des manifestations de volonté destinées à produire des effets de droit. Certaines de ces manifestations de volonté sont contraires à une règle qui s’imposait à leurs auteurs et produisent néanmoins tout ou partie de leurs effets de droit : la rétractation d’une offre de contracter par le pollicitant avant le délai prévu ; le contrat conclu sans pouvoir par un mandataire apparent ; les actes de procédure entachés d’une irrégularité de forme, mais qui ne causent aucun grief ; les actes affectés d’une cause d’invalidité pour lesquels l’action en nullité et l’exception de nullité sont définitivement neutralisées ; les actes irréguliers sanctionnés par une nullité partielle ou non rétroactive, comme le contrat de société ou le mariage putatif, etc. La présente étude propose de saisir ces phénomènes de façon unitaire par un nouveau concept : l’acte juridique irrégulier efficace. L’objet étudié met en lumière les insuffisances de la théorie civiliste de l’acte juridique, qui peut être utilement précisée à l’aide de la théorie normativiste du droit. En recourant à un autre concept, celui de norme habilitante, une théorie de l’efficacité et du contrôle de régularité des actes juridiques est ainsi proposée. Les motifs politiques pour lesquels certains actes irréguliers ne sont pas sanctionnés par l’inefficacité et les sanctions alternatives du droit positif sont ensuite analysés. Enfin, le pouvoir de décider d’écarter la sanction de l’inefficacité et les techniques juridiques par lesquelles il s’exerce formellement sont étudiés à la lumière de la théorie réaliste de l’interprétation et de la théorie des contraintes juridiques
Legal acts (or juristic acts) can be defined as acts of will intended to produce legal effects. This concept includes legislative acts, judicial acts, contracts, etc. Some of these acts of will are not in accordance with a legal norm but nevertheless produce the legal effects intended by their authors. For instance, a voidable contract is legally binding until it has been voided. Furthermore, the right to demand voidance of a defective contract can be barred by a statute of limitations. Such a contract is invalid (i.e. irregular, illegal, unlawful) because it violates a legal rule, but still produces all the legal effects intended by the parties thanks to the extinctive prescription. French Law, both private and public, contains many acts which are illegal and somehow entirely or partly efficacious. The present study undertakes a unitary analysis of these phenomena, with a focus on private law, through a new concept: the “acte juridique irrégulier efficace” (illegal and efficacious juristic act). First, a theory of the illegal and efficacious juristic acts is proposed in the light of the Normative Theory of Legal Science. Using a concept of “empowering norm” or “power-conferring rule,” a theoretical model of the validity and the efficaciousness of legal acts is proposed. Then, the political reasons why some unlawful acts are not declared inefficacious and the alternative penalties are analyzed. Finally, the power to decide to maintain the efficaciousness of an invalid legal act and the legal technics by which this power is formally exercised are examined in the light of the Realist Theory of Interpretation and the Theory of Legal Constraints (French legal realism)

La passe est le dispositif inventé par Lacan pour tenter de saisir et d’éclairer l’émergence du désir de l’analyste. Ce moment électif, où le psychanalysant passe au psychanalyste, Lacan le nomme acte analytique. En 1971, Lacan nous fait une proposition pour le moins surprenante : grâce à son art, l’écrivain James Joyce en serait arrivé au même point que l’analysant en fin de cure. La passe déborde-t-elle la situation analytique et concerne-t-elle la création artistique ? Dès lors, peut-on penser qu’il existe un lien entre acte de création et acte analytique ?Afin de montrer en quoi l’acte de création du compositeur A. Schoenberg est concerné par les enjeux de la passe, nous avons choisi d’extraire trois points cruciaux : le rapport au savoir, la cause du désir et le symptôme. Les écrits d’A. Schoenberg nous permettent d’avancer que son acte de création présente des similitudes avec ce qu’on peut attendre d’un analysant ayant accompli la passe. Il témoigne d’une mutation dans son rapport au savoir nécessaire à l’invention d’un système compositionnel inédit. C’est en suivant une nécessité intérieure (cause du désir), qu’il parvient à révolutionner les lois de la composition. La musique d’A. Schoenberg se présente comme un savoir-y-faire avec le réel. Elle lui assure le fait qu’il ne peut être réduit au savoir ou à la jouissance de l’Autre (symptôme). A. Schoenberg n’est pas sans paradoxe. Il se construit une version mystique, messianique (métaphore délirante) de ce qui le pousse à la création. Sa musique lui permet de mettre à l’abri sa singularité, tout en ne faisant pas complètement voler en éclat le lien social
The Pass is the procedure invented by Jacques Lacan in an attempt to seize and understand how emerges the desire of the analyst.Lacan named Analytic Act the point at which the subject passes from the position of the analysand to the position of the analyst. In 1971, Lacan suggested a surprising proposal: thanks to his art, the writer James Joyce would have attained the same point as the analysand reaching the end of his analytic cure. Does the Pass extend beyond the analytic situation and could it be related to the artistic creation? Consequently, does it exist a link between the act of creation and the analytic act?In order to show in what way the act of creation of the composer A. Schoenberg maintains connections with the issues of the Pass, we chose to extract three crucial points: the relation to knowledge, the cause of the desire and the symptom.A. Schoenberg’s writings allow us to assert that his act of creation shares some similarities with what is awaited from the analysand going through the Pass. He there attests a change in his relation to the knowledge required to create an original compositional system. He succeeds in subverting the composition laws guided by an inner necessity (cause of desire). A. Schoenberg’s music presents itself as a handling mode of the real. It is for him a safe means not to be reduced to the Other’s knowledge or jouissance (symptom). A. Schoenberg is not without paradox. He builds a mystical and messianic version of what drives him to create (delirious metaphor). His music enables him to protect his singularity, without destroying the social link

Les actes délégués ont été introduits en droit de l’Union européenne à la suite de l’adoption du traité de Lisbonne. Définis à l’article 290 TFUE comme des « actes non législatifs de portée générale qui complètent ou modifient certains éléments non essentiels de l'acte législatif », les actes délégués apparaissent prima facie comme un instrument d’exécution du droit de l’Union, dans la continuité de la comitologie préexistante au traité de Lisbonne. Ils se distinguent pourtant des actes d’exécution de l’article 291 TFUE, qui sont adoptés « lorsque des conditions uniformes d'exécution des actes juridiquement contraignants de l'Union sont nécessaires ». Les actes délégués semblent ainsi formellement exclus de la fonction d’exécution. Par déduction, ils devraient alors participer à l’exercice de la fonction législative. Cette conclusion n’a cependant rien d’évident dès lors que les actes délégués sont qualifiés « d’actes non législatifs ». L’étude des actes délégués a pour objectif de clarifier cette apparente contradiction et démontrer que l’objet de la procédure de délégation de pouvoir induite par l’article 290 TFUE est de transférer des compétences de nature législative entre le Parlement européen et le Conseil d’une part, et la Commission d’autre part. Cette étude conduit à observer les incidences institutionnelles et substantielles des actes délégués pour évaluer leurs effets sur la production normative de l’Union
Delegated acts have been introduced into European Union law following the adoption of the Lisbon treaty. Defined by article 290 TFEU as “non-legislative acts of general application to supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of the legislative act”, delegated acts appear prima facie as an instrument of implementation of EU law, in continuity with the comitology that existed before the Lisbon treaty. However, delegated acts differ from the implementing acts as defined by article 291 TFEU which are adopted “where uniform conditions for implementing legally binding Union acts are needed”. Delegated acts thereby seem to be excluded from executive function. Instead, they should by deduction take part in the exercise of legislative function. This hypothesis is however not evident since delegated acts are referred to as “non-legislative acts”. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify this apparent contradiction and demonstrate that the aim of the delegation procedure under article 290 TFEU is to transfer a legislative power from the European Parliament and the Council to the Commission. This thesis assesses the institutional and substantive implications of delegated acts and their effects on the normative production of the Union

Le changement de forme des cellules est primordial pour différents processus cellulaires tels que la motilité et division cellulaire, et certaines pathologies comme les métastases cancéreuses. La forme de la cellule est assurée par son cytosquelette. Un composant majeur du cytosquelette est l’actine. J’ai étudié le rôle de l’actine dans des systèmes in vitro et in vivo. In vitro, en utilisant un système reconstitué de l’assemblage de l’actine, j’examine le rôle de la protéine Ena/VASP. Mes résultats montrent que VASP est impliqué dans la polarisation de la croissance du réseau d’actine vers une surface en absence des protéines de coiffe, en induisant une augmentation de l’activité du complexe Arp2/3 à la surface formant un réseau d’actine polarisé. Je propose aussi un modèle de fonctionnement où la protéine VASP produit plus de filaments mère utilisés pour le branchement par Arp2/3. En utilisant le même système, j’ai identifié une nouvelle molécule qui inhibe l’activité du complexe Arp2/3 de manière contrôlée par la lumière. In vivo, j’ai commencé à explorer l’architecture de l’actine pendant la première division cellulaire de nématodes génétiquement différents de C. elegans. J’ai réduit le nombre d’outils pouvant être utilisés pour visualiser le réseau d’actine dans ces espèces. En somme, ces résultats montrent qu’en présence de Ena/VASP les protéines de coiffe ne sont pas nécessaires à la croissance polarisée du réseau, ni à sa motilité. Enfin, nous avons pu aider à identifier une molécule photoconvertible qui inhibe l’activité du complexe Arp2/3, qui peut être utilisée pour étudier le rôle du complexe dans des processus cellulaires de manière contrôlée
Cell shape changes are crucial for different cell processes such as cell motility, division, and are involved in pathologies like cancer. Cell shape is established by the cellular cytoskeleton. A key component of the cytoskeleton is actin. I studied actin network architecture and dynamics both in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro part, I used a reconstituted system of actin assembly to examine the role of the barbed end elongation enhancement protein, Ena/VASP. I revealed the contribution of VASP in polarizing the growth of an actin network towards a surface in absence of capping protein, by promoting Arp2/3 complex activity at the surface that initiates actin network. I suggest a mode of action where VASP enhances Arp2/3 complex-based growth by providing mother filaments for Arp2/3 complex branch initiation. Using the same system and through a collaboration with chemists, we identified a new light controlled molecule based on CK-666, that inhibits Arp2/3 complex activity. In vivo, I started exploring actin architecture during the first cell division of nematode species that are genetically distant from C. elegans. I narrowed the window of tools that can be used to visualize the actin network in such nematodes. Overall these results demonstrate that capping protein was not necessary for polarized actin growth and motility in presence of VASP. VASP enhanced the activity of the Arp2/3 complex at the surface thus inducing a polarized growth of the network. I identified a photoswitchable Arp2/3 complex inhibitor, subsequent derivatives of which could be used to study the role of the Arp2/3 complex in cellular processes in a controlled manner

I många år nu har det varit vanligt förekommande att människor suttit hemma vid sin dator och med några få klick laddat ner filmer, musik och programvaror, till en början helt lagligt, men med åren har lagar kommit till som har gjort det mer och mer olagligt.Oavsett om det har varit lagligt eller inte, så är det troligt att många artister, filmmakare och liknande gått miste om stora summor pengar i förlorade inkomster på grund av att folk inte har betalat för att ta del av deras verk, utan istället valt att ladda ner dem över Internet. Det faktum att fildelning har blivit så pass vanligt och att folk inte har sett det som ett särskilt allvarligt brott, har lett till att fildelning länge har varit ett hett omdiskuterat ämne i media, bland upphovsrättsinnehavare och bland folk i allmänhet. Upphovsmän och upphovsrättsinnehavare, såsom filmbolag, författare och artister har legat på och debatterat för att försöka få till en hårdare lagstiftning för att försvåra fildelning och kopiering av upphovsrättsskyddat material, samt för att få till hårdare straff mot fildelning. Flera försök från beslutsfattare har gjorts för att råda bot på problemet, nya lagar har stiftats och avtal har skrivits under. Frågan är om de nya lagarna och avtalen gör någon nytta? Blir folk avskräckta från att fildela eller fortsätter de som förut? Många har säkert under många år blivit bortskämda med att kunna sitta hemma vid datorn och på några minuter få hem de senaste filmerna och den nyaste musiken helt gratis, vilket säkert gör det svårt att helt plötsligt sluta fildela och börja betala för film och musik igen.

L'acte médical reste une notion encore très floue malgré les nombreuses tentatives de définition développées. Le traité de droit médical reste la référence mais l'apparition des technologies de l'information et de la communication et particulièrement la télémédecine relance le débat. Cette pratique médicale à distance donne une nouvelle dimension à l'acte médical qui mérite d'être discuté. L'odontologie est souvent restée en retrait dans le développement de la télémédecine. Il y a pourtant un réel besoin de santé public sur l'état bucco-dentaire des populations fragiles en France et dans la totalité des pays. Le développement d'un projet de téléconsultation bucco-dentaire en région Languedoc-Roussillon ouvre la discussion sur la place de cette profession dans le paysage de la télémédecine
The medical act is still a very vague notion in spite of the numerous developed attempts of definition. The treaty of medical law stays the reference but the devolpment of information and communication technologies and in particularly the telemedicine open the debate. This remote medical practice gives a new dimension to the medical act which deserves to be discussed. The odontology often stood back in the development of the telemedicine. Nevertheless there is a real public health issu on the oral state of the frail populations in France and in all countries. The development of a project of oral remote consultation in region Languedoc-Roussillon opens the discussion about the place of this profession in the landscape of the telemedicine

La question de l’équilibre des intérêts juridiquement protégés pour procéder à la disparition de l’acte individuel créateur de droits illégal est traditionnellement envisagée sous l’angle de l’affrontement de principes juridiques. Il appartient alors au juge et, dans une certaine mesure, au législateur de les concilier. L’évolution des règles entourant les conditions de disparition des actes individuels créateurs de droits, a permis de mettre en évidence d’autres zones de redéfinition de cet équilibre. Les notions, concepts déployés au sein des règles structurant le régime jouent, à ce titre, un rôle fondamental. La mesure de l’équilibre des intérêts juridiquement protégés passe, en outre, par l’observation des comportements subversifs et volontaristes du juge. C’est ce regard d’ensemble qui permettra de porter une appréciation des conditions de cet équilibre morcelé
The question of the balance of legally protected interests, to proceed with the disappearance of the individual creative act of illegal duties is traditionally viewed from the perspective of opposing legal principles. It is then up to the judge and to some extent the legislature to reconcile the two. The evolution of the rules surrounding the conditions of the disappearance of creative individual acts helped to highlight other areas needed to redefine this balance. The ideas and concepts, deployed in structuring the regime as such rules play a fundamental role. The extent of the balance of legally protected interests goes further by observing the subversive and proactive behavior of the judge. It is this overall view that will make an assessment of the conditions of this balance; fragmented

Le Doyen Savatier écrivait en 1956 que « le droit médical se centre autour de l’acte médical. Celui-ci, propre au médecin, doit être défini par le juriste. » L’acte médical est ainsi au centre d’une discussion doctrinale. Il est défini par trois éléments : l’auteur de l’acte médical — le médecin —, la technique utilisée et le but poursuivi. Ces éléments de définition ne convainquent pas car le critère de l’auteur compétent est en fait un élément de régime, la définition de la technique médicale est fuyante et les buts assignés à l’acte médical sont en perpétuelle évolution. Nous procédons ici à une redéfinition de la notion en distinguant en son sein les actes médicaux sur le corps de la personne. Après avoir défini l’acte médical comme l’acte enseigné à la faculté de médecine, nous établissons une distinction entre les auteurs de l’acte médical en fonction de leur aptitude à diagnostiquer et donc à agir de manière autonome. Concernant les actes sur le corps de la personne humaine, nous démontrons qu’il est possible de distinguer les actes médicaux sur le corps des actes de biologie médicale avant de démontrer que la notion de « nécessité médicale » de l’article 16-3 du code civil ne reflète pas le fonctionnement actuel du droit puisque celui-ci, après avoir institué une autorisation générale pour les actes thérapeutiques, crée des autorisations spéciales pour les actes non thérapeutiques, ce qui nous a permis de créer une typologie de ces actes. Une théorie fondée sur l’acte médical permet ainsi de clarifier les différentes professions de santé et de mettre un terme aux incertitudes liées à l’existence de la notion de « nécessité médicale »
Saying that the « medical law is centered on the medical act », dean Savatier was suggesting that this act « specific to the medical practitioner, has to be defined by the jurist. » Thus, the juridical literature has debated on this notion. It has be defined thanks to three elements : the author — the physician —, the technique used and the aim pursued. Theses elements aren’t so convincing : the author seems to be an element of the legal regime, the technique isn’t so easy to define and the aims are evolving fast. That is why a new definition has been created in this thesis, distinguishing in the notion the medical acts on the person’s body. Defining the medical act as the act taught at the faculty of medicine, we establish a classification of the professionals allowed to perform medical acts. This classification relies on their ability to diagnose and to act autonomously. Concerning the acts on the person’s body, we show that the « medical necessity » used by the article 16-3 of the french civil code is an unfair representation of the actual mechanism. This mechanism relies on the general autorisation of the therapeutic acts and add exception for the non therapeutic acts. Theses exceptions allows us to classify such acts. A theory based on the medical act allows us to make a clear distinction between the professionals allowed to perform medical acts and to solve the insecurity caused by the fussy notion of the « medical necessity »

O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar algumas das inúmeras decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, bem como do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, em matéria de controle jurisdicional dos atos administrativos discricionários e verificar se é possível identificar mudança substancial nos limites desse controle. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, sendo a primeira constituída por uma pesquisa bibliográfica destinada, essencialmente, a situar o tema da discricionariedade administrativa, num enfoque conceitual e histórico. A segunda parte refere-se à pesquisa sobre o tema na jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo e, ainda, no acórdão relativo à apelação cível nº. 1.422 do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Norte, cuja relatoria ficou a cargo de Miguel Seabra Fagundes. Os atos administrativos discricionários, por muito tempo foram considerados insindicáveis pelo Poder Judiciário, ou seja, imunes à apreciação jurisdicional. Contudo, é possível identificar o surgimento de alguns parâmetros jurídicos que objetivaram restringir a atividade administrativa discricionária, inserindo-a, sob determinados aspectos, no âmbito da apreciação jurisdicional. O balizamento inicial restringiu-se à lei, permanecendo o mérito do ato administrativo intocado. Nesse processo de tentativa de contenção dos atos administrativos discricionários desenvolveram-se teorias de controle, como a teoria do desvio de poder e a teoria dos motivos determinantes. Cite-se, também, a teoria dos conceitos jurídicos indeterminados e, mais recentemente, a teoria da vinculação dos atos administrativos aos princípios constitucionais. O mérito do ato administrativo é o espaço que ainda suscita algumas controvérsias. A pesquisa jurisprudencial foi realizada, em sua maioria, diretamente nos sítios do Tribunal respectivo. Nota-se, ao analisar a jurisprudência, que há uma tendência no STF e no STJ em acolher a tese de uma apreciação mais ampla pelo Poder Judiciário, como foi o caso do Resp 429570/GO, cuja relatoria ficou a cargo da Ministra Eliana Calmon; se bem que é ainda, bastante comum, os acórdãos explicitarem que não cabe apreciação pelo judiciário sob o aspecto da conveniência e oportunidade do ato administrativo, ou seja, do mérito do ato.
This research aims to examine some of the numerous decisions of the Supremo Tribunal Federal and Superior Tribunal de Justiça, as well as the Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo, regarding judicial control of discretionary administrative acts and verify that is possible to identify substantial change in the limits of this control. The work was divided into two parts, the first consisting of a literature research aimed essentially to place the issue of administrative discretion, in a conceptual and historical focus. The second part refers to research on the topic in the jurisprudence of the Supremo Tribunal Federal, Superior Tribunal de Justiça, Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo and also in the judgment on the civil appeal nº. 1422 of the Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Norte, whose rapporteur was entrusted to Miguel Seabra Fagundes. Discretionary administrative acts were long disregarded by the judiciary, in other words immune to judicial review. However, it is possible to identify the rise of some legal parameters that aimed to restrict the discretionary administrative activity by inserting it, in certain respects, within the scope of judicial review. The initial marking was restricted to the law, remaining the substance of the administrative act untouched. In this process to attempt to contain discretionary administrative acts were developed theories of control, as the deviation of power and the theory of determinants reasons. Is mentioned, too, the theory of indeterminate legal concepts and, more recently, the theory of binding administrative acts to constitutional principles. The merit of the administrative act is the space that still shows some controversies. The jurisprudential research was conducted, for the most part, directly on the websites of the respective Court. It is noted, when considering the case law, that there is a trend in the STF and STJ to welcome the idea of a wider appreciation by the judiciary, like was the case Resp 429570/GO, whose rapporteur was in the responsibility of the Minister Eliana Calmon, although it is still quite common, the judgments stating that it is not for consideration by the judiciary under the aspect of convenience and opportunity of the administrative act, in other words, the act of merit.

Actin is involved in cell movement, maintaining cell shape and anchoring cytoskeletal proteins. These functions are regulated by many actin-binding proteins, including those of the gelsolin superfamily. Gelsolin superfamily members regulate actin organization by severing, capping F-actin, nucleating the formation of F-actin and/or bundling F-actin. Although abundant structures are available for gelsolin and gelsolin fragments in complexes with actin, the detailed mechanisms for gelsolin activation, and for gelsolin severing and capping of F-actin are still unknown. Structures for gelsolin family members and their complexes with actin help elucidate these mechanisms. In this thesis, I describe the purification, crystallization and solution of the structures of the following four proteins and protein complexes, including human G1-G3/actin complex, a novel equine G1-G3/actin complex, human villin domain V6 and actin monomer. The structure of human G1-G3/actin indicates cooperative binding of calcium ions in G2 and G6 is responsible for opening the G2/G6 latch to expose the F-actin binding site on G2. A new equine G1-G3/actin structure suggests G2-G3 can adopt a CapG-like conformation and reveals novel interactions between gelsolin and actin. The villin V6 structure implies a common spring-loaded activation mechanism in the gelsolin superfamily. Finally, a new actin monomer structure is the first reported for G-actin in an ATP state, without ABPs or modification. All these structures contribute to our understanding of actin's physiological roles and their regulation by the gelsolin superfamily.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 48-49).
What an architect does, designing, is a design act and not the making of an object, a design. A design act is an intentional act about built use. We give reasons for intentional acts and are responsible for knowing that the reasons we give for design acts are as relevant and correct as we can know them in terms of their built use. The reasons we give for design acts distinguish them from other acts, such as drawing, which is the making of objects. One of the reasons we may give for our design acts is that they are following a rule. For a design act to be following a rule, there must be a fit between the rule and what we do in practice. For a design act to be about construction, a form act, there must be a fit between the form act and what gets done in the field.
by Ellen Saslaw.
M.Arch.

Aquest treball és una contribució a la recerca d’una filosofia transdisciplinar, transcultural i emancipadora. En la primera part (“L’estètica transcendental en la fenomenologia genètica de Husserl”) ens proposem comprendre el sentit i el valor del mètode fenomenològic; extraiem les regles de la gènesi del sentit en la consciència; i mostrem el fonament sensible de tot concepte. En la segona part (“Frontisses per a una democràcia filosòfica”) explorem aquesta gènesi del sentit en diversos paradigmes sobre la natura, l’ànima i la cultura. I en la tercera part (“Llindars per a una filosofia democràtica”) investiguem com la forma d’aquests coneixements s’ha de transformar per concordar amb l’ideal filosòfic originari. En aquest sentit, la regla és que el fi ha de concordar amb els mitjans, de manera que si la filosofia aspira a l’emancipació, la seva forma ha de ser emancipadora en si mateixa. I per tal que sigui així, el treball filosòfic ha de comportar alguna cosa més que un esforç intel·lectual en l’àmbit d’una professió especialitzada; ha de ser un esdeveniment que ressoni amb tot l’ésser dels participants: ha de constituir un cos viu nou, un cos de plenitud. Això ens porta a constatar una altra regla fenomenològica: tal com som, així percebem la realitat; tal com percebem, així som (§§4, 28, 33, 42, 43, 49, 55). D’aquí sorgeixen diverses analogies entre la forma com ens concebem a nosaltres mateixos i la forma com concebem la natura, la societat i la filosofia. Cadascuna és una variació, una possibilitat ideal de l’ésser humà, una forma de ser en el món. Així, ens podem veure com un mer cos material que respon mecànicament a funcions fisiològiques (§§33, 47). Igualment, la natura externa se’ns mostrarà com mera matèria sotmesa a lleis físiques i matemàtiques (§35 i 36). Llavors és possible que la nostra actitud social tingui un caràcter més aviat tecnocràtic, on el nostre paper es redueixi a seguir les directrius tècniques que ens arriben de les instàncies superiors del sistema (§§67, 72). I la nostra concepció de la filosofia estarà adaptada a les particions i divisions d’aquest sistema, expressió neuròtica de la fragmentació del nostre ésser individual i social (§§29, 77, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86). També podem captar l’especificitat de la nostra ànima, la seva vinculació al cos i alhora la seva irreductibilitat a ell (§§45, 46). Aleshores potser serem receptius als aspectes sensitius de la natura, als fenòmens no mecànics ni matemàtics amb els quals simpatitzem i fluïm (§§34, 40). I llavors serem conscients de la possibilitat d’una nova llibertat social, d’una norma interna que no es pot reduir als codis i consignes que rebem del sistema o de la tradició, i que fins i tot pot entrar en conflicte amb ells (§68). És possible que la nostra filosofia adopti la forma del lleó que lluita, que no es resigna, que manifesta la seva voluntat i la seva raó, i les defensa en un combat incansable contra l’ordre establert (§§2, 3). I finalment, podem adonar-nos que la nostra consciència està oberta a tota la humanitat, passada, present i futura; que tots compartim el mateix ideal infinit i que l’encarnem en el nostre cos viu (§§12.3, 50, 51, 63, 69, 73). Aleshores potser podrem captar l’aspecte infinit de la natura, notar com la nostra carn s’expandeix amb la posta de sol, formant un sol cos viu amb ella (§§42, 50). I des d’aquesta corporalitat comuna podem iniciar dinàmiques socials renovadores, que surtin de la plenitud i apuntin intencionalment cap a la plenitud (§§70, 71, 74). Llavors la nostra filosofia deixarà enrera les fragmentacions i contraposicions en què solia basar-se (ment-cos, pensament-acció, experts-profans) i podrem realitzar l’ideal filosòfic originari: pensar i actuar conjuntament els uns amb els altres, i els uns en els altres (§§30, 31, 32, 79, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88).
This work is a contribution to a transdisciplinary, transcultural and emancipatory philosophy. The first part ("Transcendental aesthetics in Husserl's genetic phenomenology") intends to understand the meaning and value of the genetic phenomenological method; it investigates the rules of the genesis of meaning in consciousness; and it shows the sensible foundation of every concept. The second part ("Hinges for a philosophical democracy") explores the genesis of meaning in different paradigms of nature, soul and culture. The third part ("Thresholds for a democratical philosophy") investigates how to transform this knowledge to agree with the original philosophical ideal. There's a rule in this sense: the purpose must agree with the media. So, if philosophy aspires to emancipation, the form of philosophy must be emancipatory. That's why philosophical work must involve something more than intellectual effort in the scope of a specialized profession. It should be an event that resonates with all being: it must constitute a new living body, a body of fullness. From here, a new phenomenological rule arises: so, as we are, we perceive reality; so, as we perceive, we are. In this sense, several analogies arise between the way we conceive ourselves and the way we conceive nature, society and philosophy. Each one constitutes a possible variation, an ideal possibility of our being in the world.

Il presente lavoro è un tentativo di analizzare il linguaggio in termini delle azioni che svolgiamo attraverso il parlare. Il nostro lavoro ruota intorno alla teoria degli atti linguistici (Austin, 1962, Searle, 1969), che costituisce lo sfondo teorico del nostro studio. La teoria degli atti linguistici è una teoria dell'uso del linguaggio che indaga le azioni, o atti, che eseguiamo producendo enunciati in conversazione; alcuni esempi atti linguistici sono i seguenti: richiedere, interrogare, promettere, minacciare e scusarsi. Supponendo che ogni espressione implichi l'esecuzione di (almeno) un atto linguistico (Searle & Vanderveken, 1985), il nostro obiettivo è determinare in quali (e quanti) tipi di atti linguistici possiamo classificare in modo efficiente le espressioni linguistiche, dove ogni tipo o classe di atti linguistici include tutti gli atti linguistici che hanno lo stesso scopo in conversazione (Searle, 1976). Eseguiremo un'analisi sia della forma linguistica degli enunciati sia del contesto in cui vengono utilizzati. La nostra analisi conduce alle due seguenti osservazioni chiave: 1) gli elementi del linguaggio naturale possono essere usati come indicatori dei tipi di atti linguistici; e 2) l'uso di tali elementi per la classificazione delle frasi è tanto allettante quanto fuorviante in quanto vi sono molti modi per eseguire un atto linguistico senza utilizzare un corrispondente indicatore del linguaggio naturale.

This paper explains at the intersection of Memory theory, Feminist Theory, Existential Psychology, Faith and Contemporary Art, I have found a way to embrace and integrate memories and experiences into my art and be a more fully integrated, emotionally healthy person living fully in the present moment. I articulate my exploration of the broad concept of memory and addressing unresolved negative memories in order to realize healthy change in forming my identity. Through art and philosophical research I have found substantial corroboration, conceptually supporting my information supporting my Post Minimal art making process. I employ memory evoking materials through the use of repetitive acts and strict self-imposed rules throughout the art making process, communicating ne living in the present moment, embracing yet uninhibited by their past.

Body Acts Queer is an exploration of the performative and ideological functions of clothes with regard to gender, feminism and queer. It is an artistic, practice-based thesis in the field of fashion and design. The thesis includes three projects: On & Off, If you were a girl I would love you even more and The Club Scene. In these projects I, using text and bodies, work with acts in which clothes have a fundamental role. By exploring bodily experiences of clothes, I investigate the clothes’ performative and ideological functions, with a focus on cultural, social and heteronormative structures. Working with clothing and fashion design from a queer feminist perspective, I transform queer and feminist theory into a creative process. The projects presented in this thesis, together with the discussion, suggest a change in the ways in which bodies act, are perceived and are produced within the fashion field, giving examples of how a queer design practice can be performed. In this thesis, queer design is explored as an inclusive term, containing ideas about clothes and language, the meeting point between fiction and reality and the ability to interpretation and bodily transformations – where desire, bodily experiences and interaction create a change.

I identify and examine the grounds on which we describe an agent's non-doing as an omission to do X, and a cause of Y. I distinguish between the formal and material aspects of an omission. This is useful in setting aside obvious differences between actions and omissions, which some writers take to be significant, in particular the view that an omission can be identified with whatever action an agent performs or movement he makes when he omits to X. In fact, he need not make a bodily movement, perform some other action in order to prevent himself from doing X, or decide not to perform X. It is by no means certain that any omission is timeable, and most are certainly not. I note difficulties for any account of intention that is meant to embrace intentional omissions as well as actions. I do not offer a single, all-embracing account of omissions, because I think it is impossible to provide one. I acknowledge the importance of the role of expectation in identifying omissions, particularly as causes, but argue that there are sorts of omissions which are not identified by the presence of defeated expectation. I take the view that some omissions are in an important way indistinguishable from actions and may therefore be regarded as causes. Also that some non-doings which are not omissions may be regarded as causes. I criticise the ability of traditional analyses of causality to comprehend the possibility of omissive causation and expound alternative accounts of what constitutes a cause in order to do justice to that possibility. I find useful Collingwood's account of what it is to speak of causality in terms appropriate to a practical natural science; that is, in the language of means and ends.

This project is a Catholic church located in downtown Blacksburg, VA. Whereas many religious buildings seem to rely heavily on iconography in order to designate the building as sacred, this project explicitly seeks an architectural expression of the liturgy that exists independently, but not necessarily to the exclusion of, iconography. Also present in this investigation is the idea of distilling the architectural ideas from traditional elements of church design and applying them in a more modern context.
Master of Architecture

The novel is divided into three sections, a few days at a three times in an 18-year relationship. Part One is set in June 1976. A dissolute couple is flying home from Europe to Johannesburg. Elsa, who has concealed sexual contraband, is nervous. Her irascible husband, Derk, is drunk; plagued by impotence, shortness of breath, existential angst and a creeping sense of failure. Despite his success as a creative director for an international advertising agency, his overweening ambition – to become an immortal poet – will at best be realised posthumously. Home is an apartment in the tallest residential building in the world. The couple has a 16-year-old son, Paul whose daily routine and whereabouts go largely unnoticed by his parents. Each of the characters is essentially lonely. The discovery of a long-lost uncle produces a period of self-reflection for Derk. He briefly pauses his dogged search for sexual gratification, but any realisation is distorted through the prism of his narcissism. Elsa, seeking companionship and a home, is increasingly reluctant to service Derk’s voyeuristic demands; the barrenness of life in the concrete jungle of Hillbrow is mirrored in their relationship. Paul’s ability to develop deep or loyal relationships is stunted by their emotional neglect. Within the myopia of this dysfunctional white South African family, the catastrophic events unfolding in South Africa are incidental. In Part Two, set in more sedate 1960, we meet recently wedded Elsa and Derk. Derk is deeply in love with Elsa, and both are ecstatic with the promise of life together. They fly to Cape Town for a reunion dinner with Derk’s brother, Gabriel, his wife, Alice and Elsa’s parents. The weekend is an unmitigated disaster; the seeds of their future discontent sown within the same time period in which the Sharpeville massacre took place. In the final section, set in 1978, Elsa has finally found the courage to leave Derk and started her own business venture. A chronically angry Paul is enrolled in the army that is making cross-border raids into Angola. Having cynically destroyed all the relationships that were dear to him, Derk tries one last time to salvage the one he feels is worth living for. The insidious nature of abuse that leaves no physical trace is a central theme. The cycle that allows it to take root and how it flourishes in isolation – of a nation, a community, a family – and leads to dysfunction. The dawning economic emancipation of women in the second half of the 20th century, as seen in the growing independence of the main character, Elsa, is another trope. Set within times of historic change in South Africa to which the characters – so wrapped up in their personal dramas – seem bizarrely inured, it seeks to show that an oppressive society harms even those individuals it prefers and privileges. And that love and hope, as always, redeem

The MFA project ‘Acts of Mindness’ seeks to explore the relationship between artistic observation, space, speculative narrative and visual thinking. Based around painting, but also using installation, the studio work engages the viewer with fragments and images of partial and suspended narratives in order to prompt reverie and incite a train of speculative narratives in the viewer’s mind. The case studies in the written thesis deal with this relationship, the particularly abstract and suggestive process of adding information to pictures through looking. In this sense, ‘Acts of Mindness’ is a project that investigates the very opposite of the way we read commercial media. While the latter is always geared toward a basic message, or thing, the MFA is very much about visual open-endedness. These are not dead-ends but rather spaces of infinite possibility. The thesis consists of three core chapters. ‘Observation’ compares two still life paintings—one by Juan-Sanchez Cotán and the other by Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin—in order to analyse the transformative powers of artistic observation for both artist and observer; how the artists’ energies, thoughts, gestures and intuitions are embedded in the work, in turn animating the viewers experience. ‘Space’ is a comparative analysis between the assemblages of Joseph Cornell with an unlikely pairing from popular culture, the police box (‘Tardis’) of the science fiction television program Doctor Who. It draws out the phenomenological, poetic and semiotic implications of their spacial structures of containment to reveal how, and why, brilliant ideas are often found inside, not outside the box. ‘Speculative Narrative’ takes a painting by Edward Hopper and a photograph by Beat Streuli to interrogate the ways in which a representation of an unknown woman, coupled with strange pictorial omissions, creates intrigue and mystery, prompting the creation of a speculative narrative within the observer. The studio work consists of two parts: oil paintings and an installation of wooden box assemblages. The paintings fall into two subgroups: The first include evocative paintings of interior spaces, such as Interior at Kings Cross and Stairwell. Both paintings are replete with haunting narratives for the artist but the spaces in and of themselves resonate with notions of presence and absence, inside and outside (reality), as well as the window as eye. These resonances form a visual and conceptual link to the timber assemblages that accompany the paintings. The second group of paintings are based on photographs taken of unknown persons, in the city streets or cafes of Sydney. Each figure is singular, their solitude emphasising the act of thought, being lost in reverie, and by association, the realm of the unknown. The wooden assemblages consist of five drawer-sized boxes and four smaller ones of varying dimensions. Each contains a selection of small objects with strong attachments to particular places, some of them linked to threads of personal history and trauma.

Exercer l'Art pharmaceutique tout en pratiquant le commerce : tel est le défi quotidien du pharmacien. Cette dualité pharmaceutique s'impose comme une problématique de fond dans l'ensemble du circuit du médicament dès qu'il s'agit de définir le rapport juridique du principal à l'accessoire entre les deux composantes fondamentales de l'activité du domaine. L'approche traditionnelle de la question va dans le sens d'une opposition de principe et conduit à opérer une distinction entre l'exercice d'un acte pharmaceutique galiénique primordial et la pratique d'un acte pharmaceutique économique secondaire qui n'en serait que le corollaire. L'accroissement du périmètre de commercialité laisse apparaître l'influence grandissante de l'économique sur le galiénique et remet en cause la doctrine traditionaliste principiste en déplaçant la question sur le terrain d'une ambivalence constructive. La primauté de l'intérêt supérieur de la Santé publique est le socle de l'activité pharmaceutique. Mais peut-elle s'affranchir de la pratique du commerce ? Le droit va-t-il dans le sens d'une opposition de principe ou dans celui d'une réciprocité de sujétion ? Quelle est la résonance des réponses apportées à ces interrogations sur l'évolution juridique de la profession de pharmacien ?
Exercise the pharmaceutical Art while practising the business : this is the daily challenge of the pharmacist. This pharmaceutical duality stands out as a basic problem in the whole of the circuit of the medicine as soon as it is a question of defining the legal relationship of the main thing in the accessory between the two fundamental components of the activity area. The traditional approach of the question goes to the sense of an opposition of principle and led to a distinction between the exercise of the essential galenic pharmaceutical act and the practice of a secondary economic pharmaceutical act wich would be there only the corollary. The increase of the perimeter of merchantability lets appear the growing influence of the economic on the galenic and calls into question the traditionalist principist doctrine by moving the question on the ground of a constructive ambivalence. The primacy of the superior interest of the Public Health is the foundation of the pharmaceutical activity. But can it be freed from the practice of business? Does the law go to the sense of an opposition of principle or in that of reciprocity of subjection? What is the resonance of the answers to these interrogations on the legal evolution of the occupation of pharmacist?

The Peruvian Civil Code commemorates its thirty years of existence. Some of its rules’content is clear, while some other rules are –in the words of the author– dark andquestionable.  One of these controversial rules in its meaning and application is that contained in article 226 of the Code, relatedwith a person’s legal capacity.In this article, the author makes a historical and comparative analysis of such article, to then approach the problems contained in it, contrasting their role in the current social reality and verifying if such figure is still useful in our legal system.
El Código Civil peruano cumple treinta años de vigencia. Algunas de sus disposiciones son claras respecto a su contenido y otras son –en palabras del autor– oscuras y discutibles. Una de las normas controvertidas en su significado y aplicación es la contenida en el artículo 226del Código, relacionado con la capacidad jurídica de la persona.En este artículo, el autor realiza un análisis histórico-comparativo del mencionado artículo, para luego abordar los problemas en él contenidos, contrastar su función en la realidad social actual y verificar si tal figura es aun útil en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico.

This study is an examination of the dynamics of the Ananias and Sapphira episode in Acts (5:1–11) and its role in the narrative of Luke-Acts. The study begins by locating the passage within its literary context, emphasizing the framing of this divine judgement discourse by its literary surroundings, and the manner in which it is embedded in a discourse on the life of the Christian community expressed through shared goods. The study then moves on to examine the dynamics in the verbal encounter between Peter and the couple. Utilizing Speech-Act Theory, I argue that Peter’s words, divinely sanctioned, directly execute the divine judgement upon Ananias and Sapphira. This thesis is argued by appealing to the social processes and conventions of language-use within the context of community-of-goods discourse as manifest in the Lukan narrative. Appeal is made to the socio-cultural repertoire of community-of-goods discourse in contemporary traditions sharing the socio-cultural milieu of Luke-Acts. I look at both a Hellenistic example (the Pythagoreans) and some Jewish examples (the Essenes and the Qumran covenanters). Next, I appeal to the conventions deployed in the narrative world of Luke-Acts which undergird the efficacy of prophetic speech to effect divine judgement. This includes the patterns established by prophetic figures in the Scriptures of Israel and Luke’s own characterization of Jesus as Prophet-King. Attention is also given to Luke’s strategy of preparing his audience to see the character of Peter as an apostolic-prophetic successor to Jesus, deputized to speak on behalf of God. Finally, there is an examination of the successful execution of the speech-act of divine judgement.

Cette thèse cherche à éclairer la notion de logique collective à partir des concepts issus du champ psychanalytique et de l'enseignement de Lacan. Les prémisses de cette question sont à la fois théoriques, cliniques et politiques. Du côté du politique, nous observons une volonté réaffirmée de faire fonctionner des associations collectives (Z.A.D, Nuit Debout ; Gilets jaunes) et nous entendons des similitudes dans les points de butée rencontrés. Au niveau clinique, nous avons fait le constat d'une souffrance exprimée à l'endroit du social. Enfin, sur le plan théorique, nous observons un regain d'intérêt pour la notion de logique collective dans le champ psychanalytique et, particulièrement, dans les travaux visant à interroger les conditions de sortie du discours capitaliste. Pourtant, la notion en elle-même n'a jamais fait l'objet d'un travail de définition. De plus, elle n'est utilisée par Lacan que dans deux textes datés de 1945 et 1946. De ce fait, il nous a semblé opportun de réaliser une exploration de ce concept et du rapport que nous pouvons tisser entre la logique collective et la théorie des discours. Dans notre travail, nous proposons de définir la logique collective comme une logique de l'acte. Nous interrogeons également la dimension temporelle de l'acte à travers les notions d'après-coup et de temps logique. Ceci nous conduit à situer l'acte comme un point de jonction entre logique du sujet et lien social et à en tirer des conclusions à la fois théoriques, cliniques et politiques
This thesis seeks to shed light on the notion of collective logic based on concepts from the psychoanalytic field and Lacan's teaching. The premises of this question are at once theoretical, clinical and political. On the political side, we observe a reaffirmed desire to make collective associations function (Z.A.D, Nuit Debout, Yellow Security jacket) and we hear similarities in the points of impasse encountered. At the clinical level, we have noted the suffering expressed to the social. Finally, on the theoretical level, we observe a renewed interest in the notion of collective logic in the psychoanalytic field and, especially, in the work aimed at questioning the conditions for leaving the capitalist discourse. Yet the notion itself has never been the subject of definition work. Moreover, it is used by Lacan only in two texts dated 1945 and 1946. Therefore, it seemed to us opportune to carry out an exploration of this concept and the relationship that we can weave between the collective logic and the theory speeches. In our work, we propose to define the collective logic as a logic of the act. We also interrogate the temporal dimension of the act through the notions of afterwardsness and logical time. This leads us to situate the act as a junction point between the logic of the subject and the social link and to draw conclusions that are at once theoretical, clinical and political

Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and regulation of the microfilament system is crucial for a wide range of cellular functions including cell shape, cell motility, cell division and membrane dynamics. The aim of this thesis was (1) to gain a better understanding of the function of distinct actin binding domains in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and (2) to elucidate the role of actin variants. WH2 domains (WH2, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2) are ubiquitous multifunctional regulators of actin dynamics. The protein Spire contains four central WH2 domains A-B-C-D with about 20 amino acids each and the cyclase-associated protein CAP2 contains only one WH2 domain. Under certain conditions, they can (1) nucleate actin polymerization, (2) disintegrate actin filaments and (3) sequester actin monomers. Here, the influence of selected Drosophila melanogaster Spire-WH2 and Mus musculus CAP2-WH2 domain constructs on actin dynamics was tested in vitro. To act as a filament nucleator, at least two WH2 domains are required, and nucleation of actin polymerization was only observed at substoichiometric concentrations of WH2 domains over actin. At higher concentrations, the sequestering activity of WH2 domains takes over. Preformed and purified SpireWH2-actin complexes act as extremely efficient nuclei for actin polymerization, even at superstoichiometric WH2 concentrations, under which free WH2 domains would sequester actin. All analyzed constructs, including these with only a single WH2 domain, sequester actin as well as they can disrupt filaments. This latter and most peculiar behavior of WH2 domains was observed in fluorometric, viscometric and TIRF assays. The WH2 domains seem to have such a high affinity for actin that they can forcefully sequester monomers even from filaments and filament bundles, thus breaking the whole structures. Taken together, the data clearly show that SpireWH2-actin complexes are the intermediates that account for the observed nucleating activity, whereas free WH2 domains can disrupt filaments and filament bundles within seconds, again underlining the intrinsic versatility of this regulator of actin dynamics. These data have been confirmed by crystallography in collaboration with the groups of Prof. Dr. Tad Holak and Prof. Dr. Robert Huber (Martinsried, Germany). Besides the well-studied conventional actins many organisms harbor actin variants with unknown function. The model organism Dictyostelium discoideum comprises an actinome of a total of 41 actins, actin isoforms and actin-related proteins. Among them is filactin, a highly conserved actin with an elongated N-terminus. The 105 kDa protein has a distinct domain organization and homologs of this protein are present in other Dictyosteliidae and in some pathogenic Entamoebae. Here, the functions of filactin were studied in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence studies in D. discoideum localize endogenous and GFP-filactin in the cytoplasm at vesicle-like structures and in cortical regions of the cell. A most peculiar behavior is the stress-induced appearance of full length filactin in nuclear actin rods. To perform in vitro analyses recombinant filactin was expressed in Sf9 cells. Fluorescence studies with the filactin actin domain suggest that it interferes with actin polymerization by sequestering G-actin or even capping filaments. Gel filtration assays propose a tetrameric structure of full length filactin. Protein interaction studies suggest that filactin is involved in the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) pathway which is responsible for multivesicular body formation. The data on filactin suggest that only the conventional actins are the backbone for the microfilamentous system whereas less related actin isoforms have highly specific and perhaps cytoskeleton-independent subcellular functions.
Aktin ist als Bestandteil des Zytoskeletts eines der häufigsten Proteine in allen eukaryontischen Zellen. Eine genaue Regulation des Mikrofilamentsystems ist essentiell für Zellform, Zellmigration, Zellteilung und Membrandynamik. Ziel dieser Arbeit war (1) die Funktion von ausgewählten Aktin Bindedomänen in der Regulation des Aktin Zytoskeletts zu untersuchen und (2) die Funktion von Aktinvarianten zu verstehen. WH2 Domänen (WH2, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrom Protein Homologie 2) sind kurze, konservierte Sequenzmotive (ca. 20 Aminosäuren), welche bevorzugt monomere Aktinmoleküle binden. Von besonderem Interesse waren Drosophila melanogaster Spire-WH2 und Mus musculus CAP2-WH2 Konstrukte. Das Protein Spire enthält vier WH2 Domänen (A-B-C-D) wohingegen CAP2 (Cyclase-assoziiertes Protein 2) nur eine WH2 Domäne besitzt. Diese WH2 Domänen können unter bestimmten Bedingungen (1) die Aktinpolymerisation stimulieren, (2) Aktinfilamente zerstückeln und (3) Aktinmonomere sequestrieren. Für die Nukleation der Aktinpolymerisation müssen mindestens zwei hintereinander angeordnete WH2 Domänen vorhanden sein und unterstöchiometrische Mengen an WH2 Domänen im Vergleich zur Aktinkonzentration vorliegen. Bei höheren WH2 Konzentrationen überwiegt die Sequestrierungsaktivität. Polymerisationsexperimente mit vorgefertigten SpireWH2-Aktin Komplexen bestätigen, dass diese Komplexe für die beobachtete Nukleation der Aktinpolymerisation verantwortlich sind. Im Gegensatz zu ungebundenen WH2 Domänen sind diese WH2-Aktin Komplexe selbst bei überstöchiometrischen WH2 Konzentrationen äußerst effiziente Nukleatoren. Alle untersuchten WH2 Konstrukte zeigen die bereits bekannte Bindung an G-Aktin, können aber auch vorgeformte Aktinfilamente sogar auseinanderreißen. Diese letztere und besonders auffällige Eigenschaft von WH2 Domänen wurde in fluorometrischen, viskometrischen und TIRF Experimenten nachgewiesen. Anscheinend ist die Affinität der WH2 Domänen zu Aktinmonomeren so stark, dass sie diese aus den Filamenten entfernen können und damit ganze Filamente und Filamentbündel zerstückeln. Für die Multifunktionalität der analysierten konservierten WH2 Domänen spricht zusammenfassend, dass sie neben der Aktinfilament Nukleation auch Filamente und Filamentbündel innerhalb von Sekunden fragmentieren können. Diese Daten wurden in Kollaboration mit den Gruppen Prof. Dr. Tad Holak und Prof. Dr. Robert Huber (Martinsried) durch kristallographische Versuchsansätze bestätigt. Neben den gut untersuchten konventionellen Aktinisoformen liegen oft auch Aktinvarianten vor, deren Funktion bisher unbekannt ist. Der Modellorganismus Dictyostelium discoideum besitzt mit seinen 41 Aktinen und Aktin-verwandten Proteinen ein umfangreiches „Aktinom”. Dazu gehört auch das Protein Filaktin (105 KDa), eine besonders außergewöhnliche Aktinvariante, die neben der konservierten Aktin-ähnlichen Domäne zusätzlich einen verlängerten N-Terminus mit einer definierten Domänenstruktur besitzt. Homologe von Filaktin wurden bisher in Dictyosteliden und einigen pathogenen Entamoeben identifiziert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurden die Funktionen von Filaktin in vivo und in vitro analysiert. Immunfluoreszenz Experimente zeigen, dass Filaktin mit konventionellem Aktin kolokalisiert und zusätzlich im Zytoplasma an Vesikel-artigen Strukturen zu sehen ist. Ein besonderes Merkmal von Filaktin ist zudem, dass es Teil von Stress-induzierten, intranukleären, stäbchenförmigen Proteinaggregaten, sogenannten „nuclear rods” ist. Für umfassende in vitro Experimente wurden rekombinante Filaktin Konstrukte mithilfe von Sf9 Insektenzellen exprimiert. Die Ergebnisse von fluorometrischen und viskometrischen Experimenten deuten darauf hin, dass die Aktin Domäne von Filaktin Aktinmonomere sequestrieren oder sogar Aktinfilamente verkappen kann. Gelfiltrationsexperimente ergaben zusätzlich, dass Filaktin wohl als Tetramer vorliegt. Außerdem verbinden Protein-Interaktionsstudien Filaktin mit dem ESCRT Signalweg (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport), der unter anderem bei der Entstehung von multivesikulären Körpern wichtig ist. Zusammengefasst besteht das Mikrofilamentsystem vermutlich hauptsächlich aus konventionellen Aktinen, wohingegen spezielle Aktinvarianten andere zusätzliche und sogar Zytoskelett-unabhängige Funktionen übernehmen können.

The work reported in this thesis is concerned with two completely separate topics - scattering and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulation. The accuracies of two approximate scattering formulations, the Born approximation and geometrical optics, are investigated and compared. The distortion associated with multiple scattering in Born inversion is shown to be severe in situations where the refractive indices of object components are only slightly (<5%) different from the background. Second and higher order multiple scattering is found to contribute negligible distortion to the reconstruction. Backpropagation is explicitly formulated and implemented for receivers in the far-field, but Fourier interpolation is found to be a preferable method for performing Born inversion in the simulation situation. Shift-and-add, a form of frequency diversity processing which has been previously proposed to reduce distortion in Born inversion, is comprehensively tested. Although the anticipated reduction in distortion is not achieved, some improvement is demonstrated. Furthermore, this work shows the need for iterative solutions to realistic inverse scattering problems. A new solution to the two-dimensional bent-ray computed tomography problem is developed. It is based on a novel ray description which does not require the ray paths to be known. The refractive index distribution is therefore found by solving linear equations, rather than through the conventional process of ray tracing. Reconstructions of circularly symmetric refractive index distributions demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and encourage further development. The information available from a recently developed method for sampling pituitary effluent (PES) in the horse is examined. The current sampling interval of 30s is found to be appropriate for measuring ACTH and arginine vasopressin (AVP), but not necessarily corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Blood flow variations are found to have essentially negligible effect on measurement of hormone concentrations at the corticotropes. A recently proposed model of ACTH regulation, derived from static cell culture results, is tested on PES data and found to be inappropriate for the in vivo situation. The relationships between AVP, CRH, cortisol and ACTH are examined using cross-correlation, pulse analysis and models of ACTH regulation. The pulse analysis indicates that the delay between AVP or CRH and ACTH is 0-308. Results from all three techniques indicate that AVP is the important physiological ACTH secretagogue in the horse. Results from the modeling analysis suggest that the relative potency of AVP and CRH depends on the cortisol concentration, and that when this is low, CRH is the dominant secretagogue. Modeling results also reveal that the principal effects of cortisol on ACTH secretion occur in the pituitary, and not in the brain as is currently believed. In addition, they show that in some situations AVP, CRR and cortisol are sufficient to explain almost all ACTH secretion, although the pulse analysis indicates that additional secretagogues do have physiological effects. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the need for rapid sampling and makes some suggestions regarding important mechanisms operating in the corticotrope in vivo.

Cette thèse a pour objet la confrontation de 2 notions, la ratification et l'acte juridique. La première notion, partagée entre une acception large (approbation de qui a été fait par d'autres) et une acception plus technique (acceptation par un tiers des effets d'un acte juridique qui lui sont destinés) présente une forte ambivalence que la seconde notion est en mesure de préciser. .
The subject of this thesis is a confrontation of two terms, ratification and legal act. The first term, shared between a larger sense (an approval of another's person's act) and a more technical sense (a third party's acceptance of the effects of a legal act athat are adressed to him/her) represents a high degree of ambivalence that the second term can clarify. .

La relation de soins a évolué parce que les techniques médicales ont changé. De ce point de vue, la relation médicale s’est donc complexifiée. Mais à la réflexion, elle a toujours conservé la même finalité : soulager les souffrances du patient. L’acte médical demeure donc fondé sur la thérapeutique. Parce que les souffrances sont personnelles, subjectives, la société opère un contrôle par le biais de la licéité de l’acte médical considéré. Mais inversement, ce sont bien les revendications personnelles, essentiellement par le biais du respect de la vie privée, qui tendent à permettre la réalisation de nouveaux actes médicaux. A la dimension objective, médicale, s’ajoute une dimension subjective. Ainsi s’explique l’importance capitale de la protection du patient dans la relation de soins. Son consentement est nécessaire à l’intervention médicale au regard du respect de sa dignité humaine et des droits fondamentaux. En conséquence, le contrat médical ne peut s’avérer qu’illusoire. Une telle hypothèse se verra confirmée par l’étude de l’emploi du droit des obligations dans la matière médicale. Il faudra manifestement en déduire qu’il est inadéquat. A vouloir sans cesse l’adapter, il ne peut être que dénaturé. Il sera donc nécessaire de trouver un nouveau fondement à la relation de soins. Une telle démarche sera animée d’une volonté d’unification entre les relations médicales ayant lieu en secteur privé et en secteur public. L’objectif ne sera que partiellement atteint. L’institution s’avère adaptée à la relation médicale dans son ensemble. Sa mise en œuvre dans le secteur privé, nécessitera au préalable, la conclusion d’un contrat d’organisation matérielle des soins
The treatment relationship has changed because the medical techniques have changes. The medical relationship has indeed become more complex. But all things considered, it has kept the same aim : to allay the patients' pains. The medical act remains consequently founded on therapeutics. Because the pains are personal and subjective, society operates a control of the medical act through lawfulness. However it is indeed he personal demands, mainly through the respect of private life, that tend to allow these new medical acts to happen. To the objective, medical level a subjective level is now added. Hence, the major importance of the patient in the treatment relationship. His consent is necessary for the medical intervention in regards to the respect of human dignity and fundamental rights. As a consequence the medical contract can only seem to be illusionary. Such a Hypothesis will be confirmed thanks to the study of the use of obligation laws in the medical field. One will have to deduct that it is not appropriate. Because one always wants to adapt it, it can only be distorted. It will thus be necessary to find a new base to the treatment relationship. This attempt will be accompanied with a will to unify the medical relations happening in the private and the public sectors. The aim will only be partially reached. The institution seems adapted to the medical relationship as a whole. Its application in the private sector will first require the establishment of a contract for the material organization of the treatment

Les diverses occasions de parler de scenographie renouvellent le sens que lui donnait vitruve a propos des decors du theatre grec. Les definitions orientent l'etude vers la perspective qui, en referant a l'image est un fil conducteur. Les rapports de la perspective et du theatre determinent la periode de la renaissance quand les artistes l'ont inventee et celle de la fin du xixe siecle quand les metteurs en scene ont renoue avec l'action. Avec l'invention des "coulisses" et celle de la "vue d'angle", elle fonctionne comme une image, derriere les comediens et quand ils jouent sur la scene. Le principe de la "cage de scene" est quasi universel dans les salles de spectacle jusqu'a ce que les metteurs en scene expriment de nouveaux besoins. La scenographie evolue depuis l'idee d'image de scene jusqu'a celle d'espace du plateau contemporain. Les arts plastiques maitrisent la representation des objets dans les trois dimensions materielles ; au theatre, la scenographie les integre aux caracteristiques du spectacle : l'action et le temps. Les surfaces planes des decors conventionnels genent la vision des spectateurs de l'ere industrielle. Cette sensibilite, relative a la lumiere, est en cause quand appia et craig, rejettant les trompel'il, indiquent d'autres moyens dramatiques. Au theatre, on ne montre plus, on construit. La plasticite de la scene participe a l'action dramatique, cette dynamique est mise en evidence dans les rapports entre l'uvre et l'ouvrage comme on le constate avec le rapport langhqff et quand le theatre du soleil fait son theatre. La scenographie est composee d'elements differents realises par de nombreux metiers. L'exploration d'une telle heterogeneite s'accorde avec une demarche qui agit par reperes comme dans les rapports avec l'espace. Elle est liee a l'idee de projet ou le travail de definition confronte des choses differentes dans une homogeneite. La dramatisation des nuances de la lumiere et du son conferent a la scenographie une maitrise de l'espace qui prolonge le travail theatral jusqu'au spectacle. La scenographie est un acte theatral
The diverse opportunities to speak of scenography renew the sense that vitruve gave to it a propos of the scenery of the greek theatre. The definitions direct the study towards perspective which is the clue. The relations of perspective and theatre determine the renaissance period when artists invented it and the period of the end of the xix century when the producers renew with the action. With the invention of the " wings" and that of the " angle sight", it functions like an image, behind the comedians when they play on stage. The principle of the "stage-cage" is almost universal in playhouses until producers express new needs. The scenography moves from the idea of image on the stage to that of space on the contemporary stage floor. Plastic arts master the representation of the object in the three material dimensions ; in the theatre the scenography integrates them to the features of the spectacle : action and time. The plane surfaces of the conventional set block the view of spectator of the industrial era. This sensitivity, relative to the light, is involved when appia and graig, rejecting dummy window, etc. , indicate others dramatic means. In the theatre, one does not show anymore, one construct. The plasticity of the stage participates in the dramatic action, theses dynamics are set of evidence in the connections between the works and the constructive work as we record it with the rapport langhoff and when the theatre du soleil produces its theatre. The scenography is composed of different elements achieved by numerous trades. The exploration of such an heterogeneity fits in with a proceeding which operates on references as in connection with the space. It is linked to the idea of project where the work of definition confronts different things in a homogeneity. The dramatization of the light and shade and sound confers to the scenography a mastership of the space which prolonge the theatrical work until the spectacle. The scenography is a theatrical act

Que la these de lacan selon laquelle l'inconscient est structure comme un langage assure a la decouverte de freud sa coherence minimale, n'implique pas que l'inconscient s'enonce dans un discours. L'inconscient est affaire de rencontre: reves, lapsus. . . Comment rendre compte au niveau d'une logique du sens de ce qui n'est pas affaire d'enonces mais d'enonciation? difficulte donc de la transmission de la psychanalyse. L'inconscient est etranger a la logique du sens, la gorge d'irma est aussi bien celle de freud ce que la logique du sens vise a masquer. La logique du manque fonde celle du sens, ce qui ne s'atteint qu'au detour: irruption en eclair de ce qui ne peut se dire. Pas de perception sans coupure, coupure que nous ne percevons pas mais qu'a la naissance nous recevons. Coupure qui ne separe pas tant l'infans de sa mere que d'une partie de lui-meme. A est le concept qui subsume la coupure. L'objet apparait dans la division, la coupure que le signifiant imprime a la chose. Le monde des objets, de l'experience, de la signification s'ordonne autour du coeur vide de la chose, autre absolu du sujet que le mouvement du desir vise a retrouver. A dans le fantasme prend la releve de la chose, ouvrant au sujet la realite. L'existence est radicalement ex-sistence. L'etre, a distinguer du je, renvoie au un mythique, a ce qui du reel s'incarne dans le sujet et par lui appelle, faisant parler "je". Poser le sujet de l'incarnation de cet impossible comme ek-sistant, c'est le referer a cet impossible a partir de quoi il est. La est le sujet de l'inconscient. Si philosophie et psychanalyse se croisent au point de questionnement de l'etre elles s'y separent, la psychanalyse ne visant l'elaboration d'aucun savoir sur l'etre: la difference n'est pas la dissemblance. Elle n'est pas signe mais signifiant d'un sujet absent, impossible identite du sujet du desir. A determine le sujet comme divise, sujet du desir, du manque donc, dont a, etranger a la question du sens, est la cause. Permettre au patient de rencontrer cette division qui fait qu'il pense ou il n'est pas, et qu'il est la ou il ne pense pas, l'amener a ces rencontres en eclair, la est la visee de l'analyse, le desir de l'analyste.

L’auteur littéraire et son oeuvre ne peuvent être définis de façon totalement indépendante l’un de l’autre, car ils se définissent par leur lien réciproque et suivant des caractéristiques propres. Le lien se traduit par l’attribution du texte à l’auteur – terme générique – de façon directe ou par un mécanisme de représentation. L’attributaire identifie – ou authentifie – le texte, lui confère une double signification – en vertu de son intention propre et en vertu de son autorité personnelle – et il en assume la responsabilité. De son côté le texte, notamment de par sa qualité, participe à l’autorité de l’auteur et à son identification comme tel.L’écoulement du temps, enfin, amenuise le lien entre texte auteur sans le faire disparaître entièrement car une part irréductible de l’intention de signification du texte reste déterminée par son auteur, le texte seul étant dénué de portée juridique. L’auteur et l’oeuvre comportent également des caractéristiques propres. L’acte juridique peut être décrit comme une oeuvre singulière, comme un texte singulier. Les caractéristiques propres de l’auteur – sens large – et du texte sont comparables à celles de l’auteur et du texte littéraires. Le texte s’insère dans un ensemble d’intentions normatives préexistantes qu’il doit à la fois respecter et modifier. Respecter, car il doit en observer les canons pour pouvoir s’y insérer. Modifier car en s’insérant dans cet ensemble, la valeur de l’intention normative propre qui lui est reconnue, le modifie. L’auteur exerce un pouvoir, qui comporte deux fondements : celui de ses qualités personnelles et celui d’un titulaire supérieur d’une autorité, dont l’auteur assure la représentation
The literary author and his work can not be defined in a totally independent way, one from the other. They are defined, on the one hand, by a reciprocal link, and, on the other hand, according to their own characteristics. The link is shown by the attribution of the text to the author - a generic term - directly or through a mechanism of representation. This attributive author identifies - or authentifies - the text, gives it a twofold meaning - because of his own intention and of his personal authority - and he assumes the responsibility. In a symmetrical manner, the text, especially by its quality, participates in the authority of the author and in his identification as such. As time passes, the link between text and author lessens without causing it to disappear entirely, since an irreducible part of the intent of meaning of the text remains determined by the author, as the text considered on its own having no legal significance.The author and the work also have their own characteristics. The judicial act can be described as a singular work, as a singular text. The author’s own characteristics - in a broad sense - and those of the text are comparable to those of a litterary text’s author. The text is inserted into an existing group of pre-existing normative intents which he must both respect and modify. He must respect the canons in order to insert it. And he must modify it to insert his text into the whole, the value of its own normative intent, which is recognized, modifies the existing law. The author exercises a power, which has two bases : that of his personal qualities and that of the person who has the title of a superior authority, whom the author represents

This thesis explores an evolution of the relationship between socially-engaged artists and audiences, focusing on a number of strategies through which this connection is being renegotiated, and how these tactics have allowed a new model of artist-audience collaboration to emerge. The model that is proposed is one that positions the artist as a conduit as opposed to an originator. By this I define 'the artist' as one who conducts ideas, as copper wire conducts electrical current, and the 'active audience' as someone who makes use of the energy of those ideas to bring about an act of their own creation. In this way the artist becomes a catalyst for different perspectives and 'artworks' become subversive through the power and resilience of human imagination. The emergence of these forms of collaborative practice, loosely termed 'socially-engaged', is charted through case studies of my own work and the innovations of a number of artists over the past fifty years. These practices share many things in common, including an ability to move easily between modes of engagement with audiences, and the institutional, communal or virtual sites that audiences occupy. Artworks developed in these marginal zones between audience and artist often go unacknowledged (as art), and it is for this very reason they are able to become such potent tactical forms of infiltration of power, shining a light on the invisible to make it visible. It is at these sites of energy transferal that audiences can discover a new articulation of their resistance. In an attempt to reflect in textual form the way that the relationship between artist and audience is being renegotiated, this thesis includes a combination of autoethnographic qualitative research narrated in the first-person, and analysis of theorists, practitioners and audiences in the third-person.

The spectrin superfamily is a diverse group of proteins variously involved in cross- linking, bundling and binding to the F-actin cytoskeleton. These proteins are modular in nature and interaction with actin occurs, at least in part, via CH domain containing ABDs. The actin binding domains of the spectrin superfamily proteins are all very similar in overall structure however the functions of the individual proteins differ greatly. Utrophin is a member of the spectrin superfamily and has been used extensively to investigate and model the association of actin-binding domains with F- actin; however, much controversy exists as to whether binding occurs when the domain is in an open or a closed conformation. The data herein specifically investigates the importance of the utrophin ABD inter- CH domain linker to the conformation of the domain and how this domain associates with F-actin. We provide evidence that this particular region of the ABD is particularly sensitive to mutation and that the conformation of the domain when in solution cannot be altered by affecting the electrostatic environment surrounding the protein. It has been assumed previously that the utrophin ABD adopts a closed and compact configuration in solution similar to the fimbrin crystal structure conformation; however we present evidence that suggests this is not the case. It has been proposed that the utrophin ABD may open from this closed conformation to bind F-actin in a more open manner, we present data that demonstrates that opening of the domain is not essential to F-actin binding and that there is very little conformation change associated with the domain upon interaction with F-actin. It appears that the utrophin ABD can bind F actin in two conformations. This supports current models of utrophin ABD binding where interaction with F-actin occurs in either an open or closed conformation. The data presented here provides an interesting insight into the utrophin ABD/F-actin interaction and raises many questions regarding the evaluation of current binding models. Future research stemming from this work will serve to further the understanding of how utrophin and related actin-binding proteins interact with F-actin.