Статті в журналах: "Active chamber"

1

Armijos Moya, Tatiana, Marc Ottelé, Andy van den Dobbelsteen, and Philomena M. Bluyssen. "The Effect of an Active Plant-Based System on Perceived Air Pollution." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158233.

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Active plant-based systems are emerging technologies that aim to improve indoor air quality (IAQ). A person’s olfactory system is able to recognize the perceived odor intensity of various materials relatively well, and in many cases, the nose seems to be a better perceiver of pollutants than some equipment is. The aim of this study was to assess the odor coming out of two different test chambers in the SenseLab, where the participants were asked to evaluate blindly the level of acceptability, intensity, odor recognition, and preference at individual level with their noses. Two chambers were furnished with the same amount of new flooring material, and one of the chambers, Chamber A, also included an active plant-based system. The results showed that in general, the level of odor intensity was lower in Chamber B than in Chamber A, the level of acceptability was lower in Chamber A than in Chamber B, and the participants identified similar sources in both chambers. Finally, the preference was slightly higher for Chamber B over Chamber A. When people do not see the interior details of a room and have to rely on olfactory perception, they prefer a room without plants.

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2

Härtel, Volker. "Active two‐chamber engine mount." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 1 (July 1989): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398761.

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3

Bremigan, Cary D. "Active acoustic attenuation mixing chamber." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 2 (August 1992): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.404024.

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4

Khrushchinsky, A. A., and S. A. Kuten. "Primary Ionization Density Produced by Charged Fragments in the Working Volume of the Fission Chambers." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 24, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2021-24-4-329-337.

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The question of the spatial distribution of ion pairs created by 235U fission fragments in the active volume of the fission chamber has been studied. The formulas of the spatial distribution of ion pairs in cylindrical fission chambers are proposed, which allows you to evaluate correctly the density of ion pairs in any point in the sensitive volume of the fission chamber

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5

White, A. E. "Cloud chamber kit for active learning in a first-year undergraduate nuclear science seminar class." Physics Education 57, no. 4 (May 12, 2022): 045034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac5f0e.

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Abstract This paper presents the design and reports on the use of a simple and inexpensive cloud chamber kit that is compatible with active learning, experiential learning, and project-based learning strategies. The kit was developed for use in a first-year undergraduate nuclear science seminar class at a university in the US. Diffusion cloud chambers are commonly used in classroom demonstrations to teach students about cosmic rays and ionizing radiation. A variety of clever and novel cloud chambers found in the literature were built and tested as part of this work and are all suitable for instructor-led classroom demonstrations. However, each has drawbacks that limit its use in hands-on classroom activities as part of active learning, experiential learning, and project-based learning in the classroom. The purpose of this work was to develop a cloud chamber ‘kit’ that can be built in less than 10 min by students during class and guarantees student success in observing background radiation. The cloud chamber kit was found to be highly sensitive to background radiation, and several different types of high-energy particles, including muons or anti-muons, electrons or positrons, photoelectrons, and alpha particles, were detected and identified using the kits at a rate of over 20 tracks per minute measured indoors at sea level at latitude 42.3601° N. The simplicity of the cloud chamber kit presented here makes it compatible with a variety of best practices for active learning in the classroom and requires little preparation time outside of class.

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6

Sun, Jing, Ping Zeng, and Hai Long Lu. "Research on Piezoelectric Micropump of Combination of Active and Passive Valves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.271.

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In order to improve the output characteristics of active piezoelectric pump valve, Research on dual-chamber tandem piezoelectric pump of combination of active and passive valves is proposed, And dual-chamber tandem piezoelectric pump of combination of active and passive valves is designed and study. The results show that maximum output flow of dual-chamber tandem piezoelectric pump of combination of active and passive valves is 540ml/min, the most output pressure is 27kPa,the maximum output flow of single-cavity active valve piezoelectric pump is 160ml/min;the most output pressure is 9.8kPa, obtained the conclusion that output flow and output pressure of the dual-chamber tandem of combination of active and passive valve is superior to single chamber active valve piezoelectric pump.

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7

Tang, Qinglong, Ramgopal Sampath, Manuel Echeverri Marquez, Priybrat Sharma, Ponnya Hlaing, Moez Ben Houidi, Emre Cenker, Junseok Chang, Gaetano Magnotti, and Bengt Johansson. "Optical diagnostics on the pre-chamber jet and main chamber ignition in the active pre-chamber combustion (PCC)." Combustion and Flame 228 (June 2021): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.02.001.

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8

Codd, Jonathan R., Ken J. Sanderson, and Alan J. Branford. "Roosting activity budget of the southern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii)." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 3 (2003): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01079.

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The roosting activity budget of the southern bent-wing bat (Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii) was observed using remote-controlled infrared-illuminated video-cameras. Bat activity was assessed using scan sampling, conducted in 98 two-hour observation blocks, with 605 scan samples (each of ~2.5-min duration) being collected. Activity was divided into three categories: 'at rest', 'grooming', and 'active' (including flying off). Bats spent an average of 62% of their time 'at rest', 16% 'grooming', and 22% 'active'. Bat activity was significantly influenced by time of day, the cave chamber that was occupied, the vertical location of the bats on the cave wall, and the type of cluster formed by the bats. During the day bats spent most time 'at rest' (overall mean 78%) compared with other times (overall means 43–54%). Levels of flight and 'activity' (relative to 'at rest') were significantly lower during the day than at other times. Bats on the walls of the maternity chamber, where the temperature was highest, spent less time 'at rest' (overall mean 51%) than did bats on the walls of cooler chambers (overall means 73–86% of time). Bats in the maternity chamber spent significantly more time 'active' and 'grooming' (relative to 'at rest') than did bats in other chambers. Microclimatic conditions within the cave environment appear to significantly affect the activity of bats whilst at roost.

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9

Abbaneo, D., M. Abbas, M. Abbrescia, M. Abi Akl, O. Aboamer, D. Acosta, A. Ahmad, et al. "A novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in MPGD." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817403002.

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We present a novel application of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors in the construction and characterisation of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD), with particular attention to the realisation of the largest triple (Gas electron Multiplier) GEM chambers so far operated, the GE1/1 chambers of the CMS experiment at LHC. The GE1/1 CMS project consists of 144 GEM chambers of about 0.5 m2 active area each, employing three GEM foils per chamber, to be installed in the forward region of the CMS endcap during the long shutdown of LHC in 2108-2019. The large active area of each GE1/1 chamber consists of GEM foils that are mechanically stretched in order to secure their flatness and the consequent uniform performance of the GE1/1 chamber across its whole active surface. So far FBGs have been used in high energy physics mainly as high precision positioning and re-positioning sensors and as low cost, easy to mount, low space consuming temperature sensors. FBGs are also commonly used for very precise strain measurements in material studies. In this work we present a novel use of FBGs as flatness and mechanical tensioning sensors applied to the wide GEM foils of the GE1/1 chambers. A network of FBG sensors have been used to determine the optimal mechanical tension applied and to characterise the mechanical tension that should be applied to the foils. We discuss the results of the test done on a full-sized GE1/1 final prototype, the studies done to fully characterise the GEM material, how this information was used to define a standard assembly procedure and possible future developments.

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10

Bradt, J., D. Bazin, F. Abu-Nimeh, T. Ahn, Y. Ayyad, S. Beceiro Novo, L. Carpenter, et al. "Commissioning of the Active-Target Time Projection Chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 875 (December 2017): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.09.013.

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11

Martin, James S., and Peter H. Rogers. "Modification of chamber resonance through active mass control." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.426487.

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12

Bazin, D., J. Bradt, Y. Ayyad, W. Mittig, T. Ahn, S. Beceiro-Novo, L. Carpenter, et al. "The Active Target Time Projection Chamber at NSCL." EPJ Web of Conferences 163 (2017): 00004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201716300004.

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13

Yao, Yao, Amanda N. Marra, and Deborah Yelon. "Pathways Regulating Establishment and Maintenance of Cardiac Chamber Identity in Zebrafish." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 8, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8020013.

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The vertebrate heart is comprised of two types of chambers—ventricles and atria—that have unique morphological and physiological properties. Effective cardiac function depends upon the distinct characteristics of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, raising interest in the genetic pathways that regulate chamber-specific traits. Chamber identity seems to be specified in the early embryo by signals that establish ventricular and atrial progenitor populations and trigger distinct differentiation pathways. Intriguingly, chamber-specific features appear to require active reinforcement, even after myocardial differentiation is underway, suggesting plasticity of chamber identity within the developing heart. Here, we review the utility of the zebrafish as a model organism for studying the mechanisms that establish and maintain cardiac chamber identity. By combining genetic and embryological approaches, work in zebrafish has revealed multiple players with potent influences on chamber fate specification and commitment. Going forward, analysis of cardiomyocyte identity at the single-cell level is likely to yield a high-resolution understanding of the pathways that link the relevant players together, and these insights will have the potential to inform future strategies in cardiac tissue engineering.

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14

Bressler, M., N. Lamb, R. Neilson, and S. Windle. "A direct test of Auger cascade induced nucleation from heavy element contamination in C₃F₈ bubble chambers." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 03 (March 1, 2022): P03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/p03004.

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Abstract Understanding and quantifying the gamma-induced bubble nucleation background in clean nuclear recoil detection bubble chambers is of utmost importance to bubble chamber based dark matter searches. We present data confirming the hypothesis that large Auger cascades from high-Z elements such as iodine and xenon dramatically increase the response of C3F8 bubble chambers to gamma rays. These tests, performed with a small calibration bubble chamber filled with C3F8+𝒪(10) ppm xenon, show that the probability of bubble nucleation scales with the rate of xenon inner-shell vacancies, reaching values >10% per K-Shell vacancy for Seitz thresholds of interest to future dark matter searches in bubble chambers. We also place an upper limit on bubble nucleation probability for argon Auger events, relevant to large future bubble chambers which may contain some residual atmospheric argon after the active fluid fill.

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15

Nagaoka, Yutaka, Kiwamu Nishida, Yosuke Aoki, Minoru Takeo, and Takao Ohminato. "Seismic imaging of magma chamber beneath an active volcano." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 333-334 (June 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.034.

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16

Faber, Ben A., Robert J. Zasoski, Donald N. Munns, and Kenneth Shackel. "A method for measuring hyphal nutrient and water uptake in mycorrhizal plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-012.

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A new system was designed that permits examination of long distance transport of water and nutrients through mycorrhizal hyphae without the architectural, nutritional, and physiological differences associated with comparing mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. The "rhizobox" system consists of a rectangular box with a chamber where mycorrhizal plants are grown and an outer chamber where hyphae proliferate. The two chambers are separated by root-excluding screens and an air gap. Two slightly different experiments examined hyphal transport. The first experiment demonstrated the difficulties of comparing water use by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants because of dissimilarities in plant architecture. The second experiment avoided the problem by comparing intact mycorrhizal plants with plants where hyphae passing to the outer chamber were severed. In the outer chamber, a 5 mM solution of RbCl was injected. Intact mycorrhizal plants transpired 35% more water than plants with severed hyphae in 16 h. The source of transpired water was the outer chamber, as suggested by lower soil moisture in the outer chamber and a higher Rb content in intact plants. This demonstrates an active role in water and nutrient transport by mycorrhizal hyphae, since plants were of a similar nature except for hyphal access to the outer chamber. Key words: water transport, mycorrhizal plants, rhizobox system, nutrient transport, hyphae.

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17

Sungurov, A. "The Civic Сhamber of the Russian Federation: its Creation and Stages of Development". Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, № 6 (2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990017877-6.

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The article examines the creation of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation (CCRF) and the evolution of its activities in the context of the social-political evolution in Russia during the last fifteen years. The Civic Chamber activities are analyzed using the authors’ conception of mediator-institutes. The Chambers’ activities are normatively based on three federal laws, therefore it is a serious element of the paternalistic model of interaction between the government and society in Russia. The gradual change of balance between ‘active’ and ‘loyal’ members of CCRF towards the ‘loyal’ part is noticed. This shift is a result of changes in the political regime as well as changes in the chambers’ membership. During the last seven years half of its composition is formed from the representatives of Civic Chambers of the subjects of the Russian Federation, who passed through double control for loyalty.

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18

Insana, Salvatore P., and Janie H. Wilson. "Social Buffering in Rats: Prolactin Attenuation of Active Interaction." Psychological Reports 103, no. 1 (August 2008): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.77-87.

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Stress may result when the present environment is interpreted as threatening, and stress is known to increase the prolactin-secretory response. In the present study, rats ( N=83) were exposed to a conditioned-fear paradigm (environment paired with footshock), and on testing day, rats were exposed to the experimental chamber without shock while alone (Alone n= 16), with an object (Object n= 17), with a euthanized conspecific (Euthanized n = 16), or with a social partner (Social n = 19). The control group (Control n = 15) was exposed to the experimental chamber but was never shocked. The Control group had significantly lower levels of prolactin than the Alone, Object, and Euthanized groups; however, the Control group's levels of prolactin were not significantly different than that of the Social group, which was significantly lower than that for the Alone group. Social interaction decreased fear independent of the distraction provided by a stimulus in the chamber. Active touch appeared to be crucial for social buffering to occur.

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19

Liou, Y. C., J. M. Miao, T. L. Liu, and S. J. Cheng. "Flow Mechanism of a Novel Active Micro-Rotor Mixer." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1177.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the complex vortex flow patterns within a novel active micro-rotor mixer under various Reynolds numbers and rotating speeds by employing of CFD technique. The concept of present micro-rotor mixer is inspired from the Wankel-type combustor which is widely used in the power machines. The configuration of present micro-mixer is consisted of a rotor with shape of triangle column, a blending chamber and individual inlet and outlet ports. The blending chamber is served as the mixing chamber since the separated three sub-regions will change their volumes as the rotor undergoing the rotating motion with a fixed eccentricity. The dynamic flow patterns and mixing process of two species within the mixing chamber were simulated and visualized with streak lines. The governing equations are unsteady, two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and the two working fluids are pure water and alcohol. The concentration equation for species is also solved to reveal the mass transfer process in various sub-regions then being calculated on the outlet port to evaluate the mixing efficiency. The dynamic mesh technique was applied to re-distribute the computational meshes when the rotor finished a complete rotation cycle. Inspection on the flow developing stages within the mixing chamber over one complete cycle, it seems that multi-vortex flow field was generated due to the interaction of the shear force from the rotor, viscous force and inertial force of working fluids. The Coanda flow appeared in some conditions. When the Reynolds number is below of 10, the rotating speed of rotor has less influence on the mixing efficiency. An obvious enhancement in the mixing efficiency can be found in cases of the rotating speed of rotor changed from 30 rpm to 150 rpm when the Reynolds number in range of 25 to 100. Generally, the maximum mixing efficiency of 85% can be achieved for 1<Re<100 which demonstrated that present design was effective for μ-TAS.

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20

Seleznev, E., V. Bereznev, and I. Chernova. "TO EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SOLUTIONS OF PARTIAL NEUTRON TRANSPORT EQUATIONS IN FAST BREEDER REACTORS." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2019, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2019-3-163-169.

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Solutions of the partial neutron transport equations, being components of the neutron flux density, which is usually measured by ionization chambers, would seem to not be fixed experimentally. But ionization chambers can be created on the basis of various fissile materials, including those having a threshold fission cross section, which is used in experiments on active reactors to “filter” the signal from the background, when, for example, the signal in the chamber is used only on the basis of high-energy neutrons eliminate taking into account the ionization of the gas medium in the ionization chamber from gamma-quanta, i.e. exclude the background. Such ionization chambers include cameras based on the use of 232Th, 238U, 236U, 237Np, 234U with a fission threshold energy of 1.5, 1.3, 0.70, 0.32 and 0.26 MeV, respectively. Together with the use of a 235U non-threshold chamber, these chambers offer the possibility of obtaining some experimental estimates of the partial solutions of the neutron transport equations in a fast neutron reactor. At the same time, the use of a threshold ionization chamber that records only a fraction of the neutrons from their full spectrum during a non-stationary process in a reactor with a change in the fraction of delayed neutrons in it, i.e. amplification of one or another part of the neutron spectrum may not fully take into account these changes and, thus, increase the measurement error. The possibility of estimating the magnitude of such an error is given by partial solutions of the neutron transport equations.

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21

Keawsuntia, Yuttachai. "Experimental Investigation of Active Solar Dryer for Drying of Chili." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.16.

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This research paper presents the experimental results of drying of chili by using the active solar dryer and sun drying because of chili is a commercial agricultural product of Thailand. The active solar dryer consisted of a solar collector, a drying chamber and a chimney. The small fans were installed in the solar collector of active solar dryer to provide the air flow circulated in the solar collector and a drying chamber. Drying of chili of 20 kg from moisture content 84 percent wet basis to 10 percent wet basis following the Thai Agricultural Standard (TAS 3001-2010) showed that the use of the active solar dryer to make the drying time reduced about 28.7 percent compared with sun drying because of the hot air temperature inside the drying chamber higher than the ambient temperature about 10 to 15 . The quality of dried chili from the active solar dryer better than dried chili from sun drying.

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22

Plana, Q., J. Carpentier, F. Tardif, A. Pauléat, A. Gadbois, P. Lessard, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Grit particle characterization: influence of sample pretreatment and sieving method." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 6 (September 26, 2018): 1400–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.412.

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Abstract Grit causes problems in water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs): clogging pipes, damaging pumps, and reducing the active volume of aeration tanks and anaerobic digesters by grit accumulation. Grit chambers are built to remove these particles. However, no standardized methodology exists to characterize grit particles for grit chamber design and operation despite the large observed variability in grit composition. Therefore, this paper proposes a combination and adaptation of existing methods to sample and characterize grit particles in view of proper grit chamber design and its modelling to ultimately optimize the efficiency of this important WRRF unit process. Characteristics evaluated included particle size distribution from sieving after different sample pretreatments, organic/inorganic fractions, and density.

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23

Guzzon, Filippo, Maraeva Gianella, Jose Alejandro Velazquez Juarez, Cesar Sanchez Cano, and Denise E. Costich. "Seed longevity of maize conserved under germplasm bank conditions for up to 60 years." Annals of Botany 127, no. 6 (February 13, 2021): 775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab009.

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Abstract Background and Aims The long-term conservation of seeds of plant genetic resources is of key importance for food security and preservation of agrobiodiversity. Nevertheless, there is scarce information available about seed longevity of many crops under germplasm bank conditions. Methods Through germination experiments as well as the analysis of historical monitoring data, we studied the decline in viability manifested by 1000 maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) seed accessions conserved for an average of 48 years at the CIMMYT germplasm bank, the largest maize seedbank in the world, under two cold storage conditions: an active (–3 °C; intended for seed distribution) and a base conservation chamber (–15 °C; for long-term conservation). Key Results Seed lots stored in the active chamber had a significantly lower and more variable seed germination, averaging 81.4 %, as compared with the seed lots conserved in the base chamber, averaging 92.1 %. The average seed viability detected in this study was higher in comparison with that found in other seed longevity studies on maize conserved under similar conditions. A significant difference was detected in seed germination and longevity estimates (e.g. p85 and p50) among accessions. Correlating seed longevity with seed traits and passport data, grain type showed the strongest correlation, with flint varieties being longer lived than floury and dent types. Conclusions The more rapid loss of seed viability detected in the active chamber suggests that the seed conservation approach, based on the storage of the same seed accessions in two chambers with different temperatures, might be counterproductive for overall long-term conservation and that base conditions should be applied in both. The significant differences detected in seed longevity among accessions underscores that different viability monitoring and regeneration intervals should be applied to groups of accessions showing different longevity profiles.

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24

Zhang, Y. G., Y. G. Bai, X. C. Yu, and Y. F. Liu. "Numerical Analysis of Active Cooling Structure of Engine Combustion Chamber." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.564.

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With the convective heat transfer theory, numerical analysis of fluid-solid-heat coupling is implemented for the engine combustion chamber cooling structure based on finite element method and computational fluid dynamic method, thus to obtain valuable simulation results. Different components of the mesh generation method used which have different influences on the computational results are thought over during this analysis process, including different grid type, grid density and boundary layer meshes. Moreover, MPI parallel technique is also used to resolve the computation demands. The temperature distributions of the key parts in the cooling structure are investigated, which can be used as a significant reference for the thermal protection design of the engine combustion chamber.

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25

Kuwayama, Takuya, Shuuhei Otuki, Takeshi Yashima, Kazuhiko Yokota, and Motoyuki Itoh. "Active Control of Propagating Shock Wave Using Low Pressure Chamber." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2003.52 (2003): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2003.52.19.

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26

Kabir, Arif Md Rashedul, Daisuke Inoue, Akira Kakugo, Kazuki Sada, and Jian Ping Gong. "Active self-organization of microtubules in an inert chamber system." Polymer Journal 44, no. 6 (April 4, 2012): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pj.2012.26.

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27

Asher, B. W., S. Almaraz-Calderon, L. T. Baby, N. Gerken, E. Lopez-Saavedra, A. B. Morelock, and J. F. Perello. "The Encore active target detector: A Multi-Sampling Ionization Chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1014 (October 2021): 165724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165724.

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28

Haider, Julfikar, and M. S. J. Hashmi. "Improving the Deposition Rate of Multicomponent Coating by Controlling Substrate Table Rotation in a Magnetron Sputtering Process." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.977.

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Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) technology, particularly magnetron sputtering process, enjoys the competitive advantages of depositing different new generation coatings (e.g., multicomponent, multilayer, graded, composite etc.) on three-dimensional objects (substrate) with excellent mechanical and tribological properties. In an industrial-scale sputtering chamber with a limited number of active magnetron sources (target) on the chamber wall, the density of coating species from different sources would not be uniform everywhere around the chamber. As a result, at a constant speed of rotating substrate table in a single revolution, the instantaneous deposition rate will be highest in front of the active targets and lowest when the substrate moves away from the active targets. In this work, a method of controlling the rotational speed (i.e., slower speed in front of active targets and faster speed in front of inactive targets in a revolution) of a substrate table installed in a magnetron sputtering chamber has been developed in order to improve the deposition rate of a multicomponent TiN+MoSx coating. The mechanical and tribological properties of TiN+MoSx coating have also been characterised to assess the beneficial effects of adding solid lubricant (MoS2) in hard TiN coating.

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29

Madveika, S., S. Bordusau, A. Zemlyakov, and M. Lushakova. "Investigation of the Method of Dynamic Microwave Power Redistribution in a Resonator-Type Plasmatron." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 2 (2019): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.2.107.

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The investigation results of a dynamic microwave power fmicrowave = 2, 45 ± 0,05 GHz redistribution in a 9000 cm<sup>3</sup> reaction-discharge chamber of a microwave resonator-type plasmatron are presented. In order to redistribute the microwave power, a rotating metallic four-blade L-form dissector placed above the reaction-discharge chamber was used. The microwave power in the local points at the axis of the chamber with plasma and without it was measured applying the "active probe" method. During the experiments the chamber contained silicon plates. Periodical interchange of maximum and minimum microwave power values along the chamber axis was established experimentally. Note, when the dissector was rotating, the range of maximum and minimum "active probe" values dispersion decreased. It has been established that during the dissector rotation the microwave power in the local discharge areas changes with periodic repetition every quarter of revolution.

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30

Bright, Jonathan, Nahema Marchal, Bharath Ganesh, and Stevan Rudinac. "How Do Individuals in a Radical Echo Chamber React to Opposing Views? Evidence from a Content Analysis of Stormfront." Human Communication Research 48, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 116–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hcr/hqab020.

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Abstract Calls to “break up” radical echo chambers by injecting them with alternative viewpoints are common. Yet, thus far there is little evidence about the impact of such counter-messaging. To what extent and how do individuals who inhabit a radical echo chamber engage with messages that challenge their core beliefs? Drawing on data from the radical right forum Stormfront we address this question with a large-scale content and longitudinal analysis of users’ posting behavior, which analyses more than 35,000 English language contributions to the forum spanning 2011 through 2013. Our findings show that engaging with oppositional views is actually a core practice among Stromfront users which invites active participation and encourages engagement. Indeed, many “echoes” in the echo chamber we studied were not core beliefs being restated, but the sound of opposing viewpoints being undermined and marginalized. These findings underscore the limited potential for counter-messages to undermine radical echo chambers.

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31

Lee, Young Kwan, Jin Hyoung Lee, Sung Kun Lee, Sang Hwan Lee, Youn Jea Kim, and Hun Mo Kim. "Nano Manufacturing Using Fountain Pen Nano-Lithography with Active Membrane Pumping." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.425.

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In this paper, nano manufacturing using the FPN (Fountain Pen Nano-Lithography) with active membrane pumping is investigated. This FPN has integrated pumping chamber, micro channel, and high capacity reservoir for continuous ink feed. The most important aspect in this probe provided the control of fluid injection using active membrane pumping in chamber. The flow rates in channel by capillary force are theoretically analyzed with two different working fluids, DPD (diphenyldichlorosilane) and water, including the cantilever deflection and the control of mass flow rates by the deflection of membrane. The theoretical results are compared with numerical ones that calculated by commercial code, FLUENT.

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32

Курочкин, Anatoliy Kurochkin, and Фролов. "MODELING OF PNEUMATIC DEVICES FOR MASSAGE OF THE UDDER OF SINGLE-CHAMBER TYPE HEIFERS." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 4 (October 27, 2016): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21788.

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The purpose of the research is the improvement of pneumatic devices for combined massage of the single-chamber type heifers udder by methods of mathematical modeling. Combined massage the udder of animals, mostly heifers, cattle, implements, usually with the help of machines, consisting of massage of the casing and active or passive working body. By design, they can be single-chamber or multi-chamber. In the apparatus one or other of the types of mechanical component effects on the mammary gland of heifers has a positive effect primarily on its morphological parameters, while the physiological properties of galactopoiesis animals are changing for the better under the influence of pneumatic massage. In the first stage of the simulation examines the process of the flow of air from the chamber with a constant volume through the hole with the same diameter. On the device to massage the udder of heifers includes the power pneumatic chamber with variable volume, which can be performed at the same time or separately with a massage bell and connect periodically or on a continuous basis through one or several calibrated holes. The model of such device is more complicated in the description and can be obtained on the basis of the synthesis of more simple theoretical relations describing the workflow of massage bells and the power of the pneumatic chambers.

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33

Grzesiak, Grzegorz, Jan Walkowicz, Karol Szafirowicz, and Dawid Jakrzewski. "Influence of process atmosphere circulation on the distribution of nitriding conditions in unconventional active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) systems." Inżynieria Powierzchni 25, no. 4 (February 17, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9795.

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The aim of this work is to verify the possibility of designing an active screen plasma nitriding (ASPN) process with a controlled gas flow direction in order to implement multifunctional hybrid devices. The specimens have been subjected to nitriding processes under the established process conditions in which two different gas flow directions have been used. In the first configuration, the gas has been supplied at the top part of the chamber and pumped out from the bottom part of the chamber. In the second configuration, the gas has been supplied at the bottom part of the chamber and evacuated from its top part. The distribution of hardness and thick-ness of the nitrided layers has been evaluated on the prepared metallographic cross-sections. The results of material tests have been compared with the results of simulation tests showing the circulation of the atmosphere inside the process chamber. The presented research results show that using both gas flow directions and the unconventional shape of the process chamber it is possible to carry out efficient nitriding processes. However, further research is necessary to obtain a homogenous layer in the entire chamber space.

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34

Kagmeni, G., R. Cheuteu, Y. Bilong, and P. Wiedemann. "Anterior Chamber Live Loa loa: Case Report." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 9 (January 2016): CCRep.S40012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s40012.

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We reported a case of unusual intraocular Loa loa in a 27-year-old patient who presented with painful red eye. Biomicroscopy revealed a living and active adult worm in the anterior chamber of the right eye. After surgical extraction under local anesthesia, parasitological identification confirmed L. loa filariasis.

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35

Zaafrane, S., and K. Maatouk. "Role of the rpoS gene in the survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the marine environmentRôle du gène rpoS pour la survie de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium dans l'environnement marin." Water Quality Research Journal 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2012.034.

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The survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium rpoS+ and rpoS− exposed to sunlight or incubated in the dark was studied in a seawater microcosm and a diffusion chamber. The total number of bacteria and physiologically active ones were estimated by direct counting using epifluorescence microscopy, while cultivable bacteria were enumerated by plating onto an agar culture medium. The results obtained showed that the bacteria exposed to sunlight, either in the microcosm or in the diffusion chamber, exhibited a fast decline of cultivable cells, whereas the epifluorescence enumeration revealed a conservation of physiological activity after a total loss of cultivability. In a transparent diffusion chamber, the evolution of cultivable and physiological active bacteria was characterized by a diurnal decrease and a nocturnal stabilization in the count levels, reflecting the effect of phototoxicity on the survival of Salmonella. The transformation and persistence of a physiological active state and cellular integrity in the diffusion chamber or the microcosm showed a clear dependence on the presence of the rpoS gene. Survival in the dark was also characterized by a decrease of cultivability; however, this was significantly inferior to that observed in bacteria exposed to sunlight. This loss of cultivability was accompanied by the preservation of a physiologically active state. The study of seasonal survival carried out in the transparent diffusion chamber was characterized by an enhanced survival of the rpoS+ strain in comparison with the rpoS– mutant. The highest survival rates were obtained in the autumn, thus highlighting the relevant effect of temperature and exposure to sunlight on the persistence of bacteria in seawater.

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Reza, Md Ali, Md Rakibul Islam, Md Shakilur Rahman, Md Shamsuzzaman, Md Rashedur Rahman, and Harnur Rashid Khan. "Calibration of Therapy Level Ionization Chamber at ⁶⁰Co Teletherapy Beam Used for Radiation Therapy." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 79 (August 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.79.1.

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The accuracy and traceability of absorbed dose to water measurement of radiotherapy beam is a critical issue to achieve the curative outcome of cancer patients. The current dosimetry protocols for radiotherapy beams TRS-398, TG-51 and DIN-6800-2 are based on the calibration factor of ionization chamber in terms of absorbed dose to water for 60Co beam. The accuracy of the calibration factor of ionization chamber as well as output of radiotherapy beam is the primary requirements of precisional dose deliver to the tumor which is the QA part of radiotherapy dosimetry. In the present study, we have calibrated 9 different ionization chambers (8 thimbles and 1 parallel plate) of various active volumes for 60Co beam against reference standard NE2571 and compared with manufacturer’s values. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) and Output Factors (OF) of two cobalt units were measured with standard calibration system by following IAEA dosimetry protocol TRS-398 and compare with 6 MV photon beam from medical linear accelerator. The traceability of the dosimetry was verified by the participation of postal dose IAEA/WHO intercomparison program. The aim of the participation was to investigate uncertainties involved in the calibration of Ionization Chamber (IC) and absorbed dose measurement. The percentage of deviation relative to IAEA mean dose was found to be -0.2% (traceable limit ±5%), which shows an excellent agreement of calibration of beam as well as ionization chamber with international standard. The deviation of factors of ionization chambers between the measured and manufacturer’s values were found within 0.07-2.81% with an uncertainty of ±1.5% (k=1).

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37

Mauss, B., P. Morfouace, T. Roger, J. Pancin, G. F. Grinyer, J. Giovinazzo, V. Alcindor, et al. "Commissioning of the ACtive TARget and Time Projection Chamber (ACTAR TPC)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 940 (October 2019): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2019.06.067.

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38

Balcázar, M., A. Chávez, and G. Piña-Villalpando. "Testing of an active alphameter unit in a radon generating chamber." Radiation Measurements 28, no. 1-6 (January 1997): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(97)00150-9.

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39

Kang, Ho Chul, Bohyoung Kim, Jeongjin Lee, Juneseuk Shin, and Yeong-Gil Shin. "Accurate Four-Chamber Segmentation Using Gradient-Assisted Localized Active Contour Model." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2015.1368.

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40

Nicoli, Manuel C., Ramon Dimalanta, and Kevin M. Miller. "Experimental anterior chamber maintenance in active versus passive phacoemulsification fluidics systems." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 42, no. 1 (January 2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.08.017.

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41

Czajkowska, Justyna, Maciej Malarski, Joanna Witkowska-Dobrev, Marek Dohojda, and Piotr Nowak. "Mechanical Performance of Concrete Exposed to Sewage—The Influence of Time and pH." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050544.

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Contact of concrete with aggressive factors, technological structures, reduces their durability through microstructural changes. This work presents the results of research on determining the influence of post grit chamber sewage and sewage from the active sludge chamber in three different environments, i.e., acidic, neutral, and alkaline, on the structure and compressive strength of concrete. Compressive strength tests were carried out after 11.5 months of concrete cubes being submerged in the solutions and compared. To complete the studies, the photos of the microstructure were done. This made it possible to accentuate the relationship between the microstructure and performance characteristics of concrete. The time of storing the cubes in both acidic environments (sewage from post grit chamber and active sludge chamber) has a negative influence on their compressive strength. The compressive strength of cubes decreases along with the time. Compressive strength of cubes increases with increasing pH of the environment.

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42

Santos, Daniel, Nadine Sauzet, Olivier Guillaudin, and Jean-François Muraz. "Neutron spectroscopy from 1 to 15 MeV with Mimac-FastN, a mobile and directional fast neutron spectrometer and an active phantom for BNCT and PFBT." EPJ Web of Conferences 231 (2020): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023105003.

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In the frame of direct dark matter search, the fast neutrons producing elastic collisions on the nuclei of the active volume are the ultimate background. The MIMAC (MIcro-tpc MAtrix Chambers) project has developed a directional detector providing the directional signature to discriminate them from the searched events based on 3D nuclear tracks reconstruction. The MIMAC team of the LPSC has adapted one MIMAC chamber as a mobile fast neutron spectrometer, the Mimac-FastN detector, having a wide neutron energy range (10 keV – 600 MeV) working with different gas mixtures and pressures. This presentation will be focused on the MeV range with 4He + 5% CO2 gas mixture at 700 mbar. A boron coating inside the active volume used for calibration purpose opens the possibility to use the active volume as an active phantom for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) and Proton Fusion Boron Therapy (PFBT).

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43

Albarracin, Mahault, Daphne Demekas, Maxwell J. D. Ramstead, and Conor Heins. "Epistemic Communities under Active Inference." Entropy 24, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24040476.

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The spread of ideas is a fundamental concern of today’s news ecology. Understanding the dynamics of the spread of information and its co-option by interested parties is of critical importance. Research on this topic has shown that individuals tend to cluster in echo-chambers and are driven by confirmation bias. In this paper, we leverage the active inference framework to provide an in silico model of confirmation bias and its effect on echo-chamber formation. We build a model based on active inference, where agents tend to sample information in order to justify their own view of reality, which eventually leads to them to have a high degree of certainty about their own beliefs. We show that, once agents have reached a certain level of certainty about their beliefs, it becomes very difficult to get them to change their views. This system of self-confirming beliefs is upheld and reinforced by the evolving relationship between an agent’s beliefs and observations, which over time will continue to provide evidence for their ingrained ideas about the world. The epistemic communities that are consolidated by these shared beliefs, in turn, tend to produce perceptions of reality that reinforce those shared beliefs. We provide an active inference account of this community formation mechanism. We postulate that agents are driven by the epistemic value that they obtain from sampling or observing the behaviours of other agents. Inspired by digital social networks like Twitter, we build a generative model in which agents generate observable social claims or posts (e.g., ‘tweets’) while reading the socially observable claims of other agents that lend support to one of two mutually exclusive abstract topics. Agents can choose which other agent they pay attention to at each timestep, and crucially who they attend to and what they choose to read influences their beliefs about the world. Agents also assess their local network’s perspective, influencing which kinds of posts they expect to see other agents making. The model was built and simulated using the freely available Python package pymdp. The proposed active inference model can reproduce the formation of echo-chambers over social networks, and gives us insight into the cognitive processes that lead to this phenomenon.

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Kuo, Chung-Hsien, Chun-Ju Wu, Hung-Chyun Chou, Guan-Ting Chen, and Yu-Cheng Kuo. "Development of a Blood Pressure Measurement Instrument with Active Cuff Pressure Control Schemes." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9128745.

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This paper presents an oscillometric blood pressure (BP) measurement approach based on the active control schemes of cuff pressure. Compared with conventional electronic BP instruments, the novelty of the proposed BP measurement approach is to utilize a variable volume chamber which actively and stably alters the cuff pressure during inflating or deflating cycles. The variable volume chamber is operated with a closed-loop pressure control scheme, and it is activated by controlling the piston position of a single-acting cylinder driven by a screw motor. Therefore, the variable volume chamber could significantly eliminate the air turbulence disturbance during the air injection stage when compared to an air pump mechanism. Furthermore, the proposed active BP measurement approach is capable of measuring BP characteristics, including systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), during the inflating cycle. Two modes of air injection measurement (AIM) and accurate dual-way measurement (ADM) were proposed. According to the healthy subject experiment results, AIM reduced 34.21% and ADM reduced 15.78% of the measurement time when compared to a commercial BP monitor. Furthermore, the ADM performed much consistently (i.e., less standard deviation) in the measurements when compared to a commercial BP monitor.

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45

Ma, Jingying, Donghui Chen, Wenwen Zhang, Zhihao An, Ke Zeng, Ming Yuan, and Jia Shen. "Enhanced performance and degradation of wastewater in microbial fuel cells using titanium dioxide nanowire photocathodes." RSC Advances 11, no. 4 (2021): 2242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08747e.

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46

Ma, Jingying, Donghui Chen, Wenwen Zhang, Zhihao An, Ke Zeng, Ming Yuan, and Jia Shen. "Enhanced performance and degradation of wastewater in microbial fuel cells using titanium dioxide nanowire photocathodes." RSC Advances 11, no. 4 (2021): 2242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08747e.

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47

Legler, Marko, Lajos Koy, Norbert Kummerfeld, and Michael Fehr. "Color Flow Doppler Echocardiography in Healthy Racing Pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) and the Evidence of Physiological Blood Flow Vortex Formations." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020060.

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In avian medicine, Doppler sonographic techniques are used to visualize and estimate blood flow in the heart. In the literature there is a lack of standardized studies of the use of color Doppler flow on healthy avian species. For this purpose, we examined blood flow in the heart in the four-chamber view of clinically healthy awake racing pigeons (n = 43) by color flow Doppler sonography. With this technique the diastolic and systolic blood flow in the heart chambers and the heart valve regions were well visualized. However, the pulse repetition frequency must be adapted to the specific blood flow velocities of the heart region to be measured to reduce aliasing in higher velocities and to visualize blood flow of lower velocities. With the help of color Doppler imaging in the four-chamber view, typical physiological atrial and ventricular blood flow vortex formations were visualized in the avian heart for the first time. In the left ventricle an asymmetric vortex ring in the passive and active ventricular filling, in the right ventricle a great counter-clockwise blood vortex in the active ventricular filling, in the left atrium a vortex clockwise, and in the right atrium counter-clockwise were observed. The knowledge of these physiological blood flow vortices is important to identify pathological blood flow.

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Спиридонов, V. Spiridonov, Акимов, and M. Akimov. "Decrease of Harmful Atmospheric Emission at Oil and Gas Condensate Fields Owing to Application of Jet Devices." Safety in Technosphere 5, no. 3 (June 25, 2016): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21722.

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Actuality of atmosphere protection from pollution by low-pressure flare gas as well as possibility of solving of this problem owing to application of liquid-gas jet devices with two-phase active flow are shown. Results of experimental investigations of ejectors with active two-phase flow at mass fraction of gas in active flow more than 0.003 are presented. Significant error of calculation results using approach which does not take into consideration interaction of active gas and liquid at mixing chamber initial zone is observed. It is shown that use of momentum conservation equation for liquid and gas flows at mixing chamber initial zone enables to take into account influence of active gas energy and to obtain satisfactory agreement of calculation and experimental data at mass fraction of gas in active flow more than 0.003. The obtained results were used for designing of liquid-gas jet devices with active two-phase flow for low-pressure flare gas utilization at Kokdumalak oil and gas condensate field.

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49

Ayyad, Y., N. Abgrall, T. Ahn, H. Álvarez-Pol, D. Bazin, S. Beceiro-Novo, L. Carpenter, et al. "Next-generation experiments with the Active Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC)." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 954 (February 2020): 161341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.019.

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50

Maciak, M. "CALCULATION OF LET DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE ACTIVE VOLUME OF A RECOMBINATION CHAMBER." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 180, no. 1-4 (May 4, 2018): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy073.

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