Дисертації з теми "Action publique environnementale"
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Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058/document.
Pesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058.
Pesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
Aubert, Pierre-Marie. "Action publique et société rurale dans la gestion des forêts marocaines : changement social et efficacité environnementale." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987319.
Floremont, Fanny. "Les récits contrastés de la « migration environnementale » : élaboration, usages et effets sur l'action publique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40046/document.
This research work aims at questioning the variety of narratives used to describe “environmental migration” and the shifting importance given to the matter. Building on a political sociology of ‘public action’ perspective, it undertakes a transnational comparison between international arenas and Malian politics and policies. This study shows that, in a context of multiple political and scientific uncertainties, “environmental migration” narratives are used to add dramatic tension to issues that go beyond the subject of environmentally linked migration, and to construct them as public problems.Three conflicting narratives have been elaborated in the international arenas: the “refugee” narrative, the “natural disaster induced displacement” narrative and the “migration as adaption” narrative. Their multiplication can be explained by their instrumental purpose and by the constant reformulation efforts undertaken by political entrepreneurs in order to include them in the prevailing cognitive and normative frames. As a result, these narratives appear to be out of step with academic findings that insist on the complex causal relationship linking environment to displacement. In Mali, the “refugee” narrative is the one predominantly used by ‘public action’ actors but it is part of a larger discourse focused on climate change, which is used to legitimise development aid flows. The narratives elaborated at the international level are thus selected and adapted to local cognitive and normative frames and agenda setting dynamics
Allard, Aude. "La planification environnementale, entre archétype et prototype des mutations du droit public." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2023/interne/2023UPASH011.pdf.
Praised by recent political discourse, environmental planning is a practice that has been used in environmental law since the late 1960s. It generally takes the form of plans, maps or schemes responsible for organizing - in the medium or long run - the protection of the natural environment and its resources, the protection of the landscape or the prevention of risks and nuisances. Today, these "planning documents" constitute an important part of public action in environmental matters.Despite this omnipresence, on the political scene as much as in law, environmental planning is an object with vague legal contours, whose place and role within public policies remain poorly defined. This thesis therefore proposes the definition of a reading grid that will allow to understand the fundamental issues at stake: beyond the identification of the common denominators of all environmental documents, this research endeavors to place environmental planning in its political and legal environment, as well as in its historical, social and economic context.It is through this contextualization exercise that it becomes possible to go beyond the possible criticisms of its contemporary use, and to place environmental planning at the heart of the changes in public law. Through a cross-cutting analysis - which requires to place the focus at the crossroads of environmental law, administrative law, local government law, as well as administrative science and economics - it appears that it reflects the tensions, the challenges, but also the paradoxes, that have been present in public authorities since the end of the Second World War: both a prototype and an archetype of contemporary developments in public law, environmental planning can be read as the receptacle of the legal changes begun in France during the “Trente Glorieuses”, but also as a laboratory for the institutional and legal transformations that characterize France, which must manage economic, social, and now ecological crises
Féron, Aurélien. "Persistance biochimique et récalcitrance politique. Enquête socio-historique sur les résurgences multiscalaires d’un problème environnemental et sanitaire." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH135.
Massively synthesized from the 1930s, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are among the chemicals whose uses have been progressively banned at the global scale for sanitary reasons, after many decades of industrial production and varied usages in industry as well as in commodities into offices and households. They have been described since the end of the 1960s as an omnipresent pollutant in the environment, accumulating in the bodies of living organisms, toxic, "persistent" (which – wherever it is – does not, or almost not, degrade over time), and which can be eliminated only by incineration at a very high temperature. These chemicals have been the subject of numerous political actions since the early 1970s: not only have the production and use of these substances been progressively banned, but regulatory devices and industrial sectors have been developed to carry their elimination out.This thesis examines how damages, problems, hazards and risks have been associated with PCBs and how all these have been managed. In this perspective, the world contamination by these substances appears, over the last five decades, as a recalcitrant problem: the multiplication of technical and political devices that have aimed at managing the (potential) adverse effects of PCBs have not prevent new problems from arising and certain types of problems already tackled in the past from resurfacing.Based on archives, interviews and documents collected online, this thesis first sets some milestones for a transnational history of the qualification and management of health and environmental issues related to PCBs since the beginning of their industrial production in 1929. It then focuses on three "cases" in France, between the mid-1980s and today, during which PCBs, from local problematization, prompted interventions of different actors, including scientists, associations and public authorities. Thus, it sheds light on scientific, technical, industrial, social and political dynamics that, beyond the consensus in scientific community on the biochemical persistence of these compounds, have made the political recalcitrance of the "PCB problem" over decades
Pommerieux, Mélanie. "La construction de la participation environnementale en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD013.
Since the 1980s, participatory processes have proliferated all over the world, without having enabled for a democratization of political systems. While the adoption of such processes is often thought has an imperative, in particular for developing countries and in the environmental field, this thesis seeks to explain the construction of environmental participation in South Africa, using an approach aiming at identifying the actors involved, analyzing their motivations and the way in which they influence it. Our analytical framework offers to study the behavior of groups of actors through four dimensions: the competition between political actors; the weight of administrative structures; the profile of professionalized service providers; the struggles of social actors. Our study relies on semi-structured interviews, meetings’ observations, grey literature and the collect of records. At the end of our thesis, we notice little interest from political actors for environmental participatory processes in South Africa. This causes a lack of incentive for administrative structures to take the public voice into account, usually leading to a low-cost organization by consultants, which does only allow for a monitory of the South African population to express itself. Civil servants who do not have the support of administrative structures with which they should collaborate try nonetheless to circumvent them by seeking public support so that they can implement their mandate for environmental preservation. In order to make their way into the South African participation market dominated by environmental consultants, independent consultants also choose to specialize themselves into the public participation field and to favor the organization of participatory processes adapted to the local context
Vincent, Caroline. "Une écologie de circonstance ? Conceptions, transformations et effets de l'évaluation environnementale en France de 1976 à aujourd'hui." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB009.
Introduced in 1976 in France, the environmental assessment process reinvent environmental protection. By transforming the boundaries of environmental protection policy, - from protected areas to development projects -, this mechanism attempts to influence decision-making processes related to land-use planning. By intervening in the design, the information and the decision-making of land-use planning projects, environmental assessment aims to integrate the environment into the development of a project or planning document. However, given the current context of uncertainty and global ecological crisis, we can wonder whether this procedure has indeed led to a better integration of environmental issues into land-use planning, or whether it has served "more the cause of developers than that of environmental protectors", as S. Hebrard stated in 1982.The primary objective of this research was therefore to question the role played by environmental assessment in preserving the environment, after almost half a century of existence. To this end, we have been studying the evolution of the ecological content of environmental impact statements (EISs) produced since 1976. By analyzing the content of ecological scientific expertise, we were able to identify the way the management of environmental issues has evolved, in the context of land-use planning. These results have highlighted the existence of different power relations that structure the production processes of these EIS. The analysis of these relations has given us a new perspective on environmental public action and the construction of the general interest. The study of the evolution of ecological knowledge mobilized in these "detailed scientific expertise" (Naim-Gesbert 2015) reflects that of the "expert discourse" (Robert 2008) of ecological crisis management. In the case of EISs, this discourse is characterized both by the invisibilization of certain ecological consequences, and by a potential for more considerations of environmental issues in land-use planning. The wide variety of processes at work during EIS preparation led, to some extent, to the limitation of the transformative capacity of the process. Yet, this variety also highlighted the existence of a few levers that can help renewing the conception of land-use planning and the consideration given to the environment. This interdisciplinary work is based on the use of a qualitative methodology, which drew on a variety of materials: archival work made up of old and contemporary EIS, assessed via a specifically designed ecological quality assessment guide; but also fieldwork, archives and interviews enabling in-depth historical study of decision-making processes relating to project development
Claussmann, Lisa. "Au nom de l'environnement. Stocamine : la reconversion d'un territoire minier par l'enfouissement de déchets dangereux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7059.
This dissertation traces the history of Stocamine, a landfill site, also known as underground storage or deep storage, containing tens of thousands of tons of hazardous industrial waste comprising various chemical compounds, minerals, heavy metals, and other toxic products. This research lies at the crossroads of Science & Technology Studies and the sociology of public action. Its starting point is an astonishment at the way in which policies labelled as “environmental” operate. These policies do not, in fact, always aim to preserve the environment – they primarily regulate economic and social activities and the problems they contribute to create. They also present the promise of revitalizing certain areas by bringing in new activities.With this bewilderment as a starting point, this dissertation focuses on a public policy relating to the underground storage of industrial waste developed in the early 1990s. This resulted in the creation of Stocamine, the only site of its kind in the country, located in the city of Wittelsheim in the Haut-Rhin department, around 550 meters below ground and under a water table. Based on an analysis of five sequences during which the creation, operation and difficult closure of Stocamine were negotiated, we explore the competing versions of the underground storage narratives that sometimes promise to solve the problem of the accumulation of hazardous waste, other times promise to keep the mine going, and others still threaten to pollute the water table. This thesis traces these competing expectations, forged and put to the test in national and local political arenas, as well as in the former mining territory and in the underground space of a former potash mine in Alsace, from the 1980s to the 2010s. It offers an analysis of the social and political conditions of the existence of the subsoil beyond mining to question the uncertain resurgence of stored industrial waste. While underground storage promised, among other things, to protect the environment from the hazardous nature of waste, it is now presented as a threat to the water table. This dissertation examines what is done in the name of the environment, showing how, over the period studied, the nature and scope of the environment have changed in order to make or try to unmake underground storage infrastructure
Stenger, Anne. "Evaluation contingente des actifs environnementaux : application à la valeur de préservation de la qualité des eaux souterraines." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR1EC03.
Bénos, Rémi. "Patrimonialisation de la montagne et action publique territorialisée : la politique "Grand site" dans le massif du Canigou." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694209.
Carré, Marie-Noëlle. "Gouverner la métropole par les déchets : Service urbain, action publique territoriale et écologie urbaine à Buenos Aires." Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01054708.
Boccarossa, Alexandra. "Surveiller et agir : le rôle du territoire dans la mobilisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un réseau de suivi de la qualité des cours d’eau bretons (1992-2017)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/2018theseBoccarossaA.pdf.
Since the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality
Becerra, Sylvia. "Protéger la nature : politiques publiques et régulations locales en Espagne et en France." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133021.
Boccarossa, Alexandra. "Surveiller et agir : le rôle du territoire dans la mobilisation et la mise en oeuvre d’un réseau de suivi de la qualité des cours d’eau bretons (1992-2017)." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20043/document.
Since the establishment of the first national waterways and rivers quality monitoring in 1971, several types of measures coexist at the drainage basin scale: on the one hand, the monitoring networks supported by the State services; on theother hand, the water quality monitoring of the drainage basin (SQE-BV) provided by decentralized actors. The acquisition of complementary knowledge on water from the field measurement has accompanied the evolution of local practices of water management, in a different way depending on the regions, the basins and sub-basins. Thanks to the regulatory constraint and a State-Region partnership, Breton waterways have been the subject of a highly developed surveillance policy. This approach was motivated in the 1990s because of the urgency to act in front of a greater pollution visibility. This thesis illustrates the regionalised approach by several case studies, including that of the precursor basin of Yvel-Yvet. The whole thesis, based on the study of these local follow-ups and on a temporality of more than twenty years, mobilizes the concept of instrument of public action to explain the stages, the socio-political motivations and the implementation scales of this territorialized policy of regaining water quality
Fustec, Klervi. "Processus multi-échelles, enjeux environnementaux et construction étatique : le cas de l'autorité palestinienne, des politiques de gestion de l'eau et du changement climatique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30068/document.
This thesis analyses the power relations involved in environmental issues (water management and climate change) and the process of state building of the Palestinian Authority, an entity dependent on international aid and under israeli occupation. This thesis mobilises sociology of public action, political ecology and science and technology studies in order to examine the multi-level processes of co-construction of social order and environment through knowledges, problems definition and public policies adopted to tackle them. This research analyses the interactions between international aid, development and environment and the objective of empowerment of the Palestinian Authority. It focuses on the circulation and hybridisation of knowledge and public policy solutions. Beyond national and international decision makers, other actors such as NGOs or humanitarian organisations participate and mobilise other representations of environmental problems and solutions in relation with their representations of the territory and the conflict. This thesis is based on a series of interviews, informal discussions, grey literature dealing with the subject and observational work
Gallien, Manon. "La résilience des Systèmes Alimentaires de qualité différenciée : approche pour la compréhension des dynamiques de protection de la qualité de l'eau en agriculture." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2067/document.
In 2009, The Grenelle de l'Environnement (French environmental pact) introduced environmental clauses within Geographical Indications (GI) specifications. French Water agencies (agences de l’eau) perceive it as a good opportunity to address the issue of agricultural pollution, by takings actions at the upstream level. In this context, this study examines how certainfood quality processes are proactively setting targets for conserving water. This question led to develop a global approach in order to look at the issues of water quality from the wider angle of environmental preservation. It requires not only to focus on regulation tools of food quality products but also to take into account a larger set of environmental actions. Along the same lines, the theoretical framework of the resilience of food system of differentiated quality has also been developed. It allows to study proactive environmental dynamics set up by stakeholders to deal with perturbations linked to natural resources degradation, such as water. Those perturbations can be factual (measured) or represented, when stakeholders consider a potential risk. This analytical framework has been applied on case studies in viticulture and fruit production in the South-East of France. The results underscore the complexity of environmental dynamics: they are based on a set of complementary actions and require the mobilization of key players, able to engage in a collective dynamics but also to have a wider vision of food systems, both by looking at the vertical dimension (market oriented) and horizontal dimension (link with the local territory)
Tollis, Claire. "Bien gérer les "espaces de nature", une éthique du faire avec : propositions pour une géographie des Associations hétérogènes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814246.
Kleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
The principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
Lefèvre, Mathias. "Les firmes transnationales et l'institution social-historique du changement climatique." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169596.
Pommerieux, Mélanie. "La construction de la participation environnementale en Afrique du Sud." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD013/document.
Since the 1980s, participatory processes have proliferated all over the world, without having enabled for a democratization of political systems. While the adoption of such processes is often thought has an imperative, in particular for developing countries and in the environmental field, this thesis seeks to explain the construction of environmental participation in South Africa, using an approach aiming at identifying the actors involved, analyzing their motivations and the way in which they influence it. Our analytical framework offers to study the behavior of groups of actors through four dimensions: the competition between political actors; the weight of administrative structures; the profile of professionalized service providers; the struggles of social actors. Our study relies on semi-structured interviews, meetings’ observations, grey literature and the collect of records. At the end of our thesis, we notice little interest from political actors for environmental participatory processes in South Africa. This causes a lack of incentive for administrative structures to take the public voice into account, usually leading to a low-cost organization by consultants, which does only allow for a monitory of the South African population to express itself. Civil servants who do not have the support of administrative structures with which they should collaborate try nonetheless to circumvent them by seeking public support so that they can implement their mandate for environmental preservation. In order to make their way into the South African participation market dominated by environmental consultants, independent consultants also choose to specialize themselves into the public participation field and to favor the organization of participatory processes adapted to the local context
Sène, Abdourahmane Mbade. "Des institutions internationales à l'action locale. A quelles échelles le développement durable est-il efficace ?Le cas des équipements structurants dans le bassin versant du fleuve Sénégal." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413731.
D'une manière transversale à ces axes de recherche, apparaissent deux autres axes de réflexion : d'abord de nouveaux principes ou indicateurs relatifs au développement durable et à la justice environnementale tels que l'équité et la participation sont étudiés sur ces territoires afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes ou le fonctionnement des modèles de développement véhiculés par les instances internationales sur les territoires des pays du Sud. Ensuite, l'analyse des grandes conventions internationales environnementales depuis leur élaboration au travers de négociations internationales avec toutes les controverses qui en découlent jusqu'à leur application avec les difficultés d'appropriation par les Etats du Sud des normes qui y sont élaborés et les conditionnalités de l'aide qui s'y rattachent.
Daviault, Ariane. "L’environnement sous haute surveillance? : éclairage sur plus de quarante-cinq ans d’action publique au Canada." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20091.
Pabayo, Roman A. "Investigating active transportation to and from school : identification of predictors and health benefits." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4560.
Rationale: Evidence from the past 20 years points to important secular declines in physical activity. Researchers point to this decline as a factor in the increase in overweight and obesity among children. Active transportation (AT), defined as non-motorized modes of transportation such as walking or cycling to/from school, is one potential opportunity for physical activity. Previous studies have conceptual and methodological shortcomings thus limiting our understanding of the phenomenon. Objective: The overarching goals of the thesis are to identify individual and ecologic determinants of AT and to evaluate the possible health benefits of AT. Four investigations address the following specific objectives: (1) To describe the proportion of children who walked, used public transit, were driven to school in a school bus or vehicle, or used multiple transportation modes to and from school in a population-based sample of children and adolescents living in Quebec, Canada. (2) To identify correlates of AT to and from school among children and youth in a population-based sample of children and adolescents living in Quebec, Canada. (3) To identify time-varying and time-invariant individual and ecologic determinants of AT to/from school across the school years in population-based samples of Quebec and Canadian children. (4) To examine the relationship between AT to and from school with change in body mass index (BMI) from kindergarten to grade 2 in a population-based sample of Quebec children. Methods: Three population-based samples of youth were used to address these objectives, including the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey (QCAHS), the Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY), and the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). Longitudinal analyses techniques were applied. Results: Analyses show four sets of findings. 1) According to the QCAHS, children who were 9 years old, living in urban areas, and were from low household income families were significantly more likely to use AT to/from school. 2) Findings from the NLSCY study indicated that the time-varying predictors: living in a household with insufficient income, living in a household with only one parent, having an older sibling in the household, and living in an urban setting were associated with greater likelihood of using AT to/from school. 3) With the use of QLSCD, patterns of AT to/from school across time, were identified including children who were from insufficient income households, and residing in economically deprived neighbourhoods. These results indicate that children who are the most underprivileged and exposed to environments not conducive for AT are those most likely to use AT to/from school suggesting the presence of environmental injustice. 4) Finally, the BMI of children who use AT to/from school consistently from Kindergarten to Grade 2 espoused a more healthy trajectory in comparison to that of children who did not use sustained AT to/from school. Conclusion: Although AT to/from school may prove to be favourable to the health of children, as manifested through healthful changes in BMI across time, routes to school need to be safe in order for all children to benefit from this behaviour. Replication studies that use measures of neighbourhood dangerosity that go beyond self-report, natural experiments, and inclusion of large representative samples from urban areas are needed.
Funding support for this doctoral thesis has been provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research-Public Health Agency of Canada, QICSS matching grant, and la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales-Université de Montréal.