Дисертації з теми "Action (Public-Private)"

This dissertation explores the pragmatic implications of judicial rhetoric found in a 1988 Supreme Court decision, i.e., this is a dissertation about public administration using constitutional law to illuminate an administrative question. My viewpoint is a legal/constitutional one which uses the law as pedagogue to inform public administration and to offer a useful message for the public administration practitioner. That message deals with a legal/constitutional distinction between publicness and privateness and the implications of that distinction. Quincy West was sentenced to prison in 1973 for armed robbery. While in prison he suffered a torn Achilles tendon for which he received inadequate medical care. After numerous attempts to obtain medical care, West filed suit against the prison physician contractor in federal courts for cruel and unusual punishment. This dissertation uses the story of West's legal efforts and the Supreme Court's decision in his case to discuss the broad implications of that decision for the public administration practitioner and government contractors. The lens is a constitutional one. The framework is John Rohr's schema for understanding a Supreme Court case: viewing that case from the institutional, concrete, dialectical, and pertinent perspectives. The specifics of West's allegations against his physician invite discussions of bioethical topics such as informed consent and medical legal topics such as malpractice and patient abandonment. The Court's determination of state action in West v. Atkins (1988) requires discussion of the administrative areas of contracts and grants administration as well as risk management. The complex responsibilities of the public administration practitioner are examined, as is his or her need to follow and independently learn from the messages included in the courts' interpretation of the law. This historic story illustrates that there is no bright line between law and policy. The Court's dialogue with itself is not merely interpretation and development of the law - it is policy reformulation. For this reason, among others, the conscientious administrator must monitor the Court's ongoing dialogue and listen attentively to its messages of import for our field and our practice.
Ph. D.

This paper addresses the issue of the primary Prototype Carbon Fund objectives , which are High-Quality Emmissions reductions
knowledge dissermination
Public-private parterships. The researcher further invesigates whether, eight years after its creation, the Prototype Carbon Fund is a success.

South Africa is experiencing a process of formidable and fundamental change. Public administrators as well as politicians are under tremendous pressure as heavy demands are being placed on them. These demands include coping with interventions such as Affirmative Action, Employment Equity, and the importance of managing diversity in the workplace. Despite improvements in race relations in the past twenty years, dysfunctional and ineffective behaviour still occur. This may be a reflection of the discomfort and anxiety experienced by employees in the work setting. In order to comply with legislation, organisations created opportunities for Black, Asian and Coloured males and females, White females and disabled people. This, in return, leads to perceptions of preferential hiring. The view that Affirmative Action involves preferential hiring and treatment based on group membership creates resistance to its implementation and original purpose. The reason for this resistance might be linked to the fact that people still perceive discrimination and injustice in the workplace. These perceptions seem true in public organisations even though public organisations have taken a positive stance with regard to implementing Equal Employment and Affirmative Action plans. A qualitative design with an availability sample (N = 20) of employees working in a public organisation was used. The qualitative research makes it possible to determine the subjective experience of employees in a public organisation. Semi-structured interviews based on the phenomenological method were conducted with employees working in different sections and different positions in a public organisation. Non-directive questions were asked during the interview. The tape-recording of the interview was transcribed verbatim in order to analyse the information. Content analysis was used to analyse and interpret the research data in a systematic, objective and quantitative way. A literature-control has been done to investigate relevant research in order to determine the comparativeness and uniqueness of the current research. Results indicated that Affirmative Action has been used as a tool in achieving its goal by focusing on preferential hiring. From the responses it was clear that the majority of the participants are of opinion that preferential hiring led to the appointment of incompetent candidates. It appears from the interviews that appointments are made without basing it on merit. This is against the basic principle of the public organisation of hiring and promoting employees by set standards. Due to the fact that previous disadvantaged groups are being placed in positions of which they have no experience or are not trained in, job related knowledge seems to present a problem. From the interviews it appeared that employees felt that poor customer service increased across the organisation due to the appointment of incompetent candidates. This also seems to have an effect on the workload being handled. It seems that predominantly white employees tend to be ambivalent towards Affirmative Action. Part of the reason for this ambivalence is the fear of change, especially when that change involves a radical re-thinking of past strategies. White employees, employed by the old apartheid system, feel alienated and/or marginalised in the new Affirmative Action process. White employees are also leaving organisations because they seem not to be part of the Affirmative Action process. This leads to loss of expertise occurring in organisations. Though organisations show a considerable amount of improvement on relationships between black and white, discrimination still seems to present itself through the implementation of Affirmative Action. Managing diversity is crucial for the effective management and development of people. It is important not to focus only on cultural differences but also concentrate on individual needs and perceptions. Unfortunately, it appears that South Africa is in the process of making the same mistakes as other countries in focusing on a power game and corruption. Black employees in particular, seem to be actively recruited, placed in senior positions and given the related finishing. In other words top management are using their 'power' to enforce Affirmative Action. There are also those who want to abuse the system or maybe understand the system incorrectly. Corruption coming from top management tends to make employees negative. In order to address these issues, a succession and career planning process needs to exist which is closely tied to the organisations' strategic plan. Employment Equity, as a strategic objective, is managed by the organisation, but needs the Human Resources function in a support and consultancy role. As such, it requires translation into practical objectives for departments, managers and employees. Recommendations were made for future research.
Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF UMIT KARTAL, for the Master of Arts degree in PHILOSOPHY, presented on September 29, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: PUBLIC SPACE MUST BE DEFENDED. HANNAH ARENDT'S CONCEPTION OF POLITICS AND THE PUBLIC SPACE: ITS PROMISES AND LIMITS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Kenneth Stikkers This thesis is an examination of Hannah Arendt's reconsideration of the meaning of politics and her systematic search for the recovery of the public spaces. Her scrutiny of the meaning of politics is determined by the disastrous outcomes of totalitarian experiences from both ends of the political spectrum, namely, Nazism and Stalinism. For Arendt, the phenomenon of totalitarianism deserted the human world and brought new issues forth, such as statelessness, rightlessness, homelessness, and worldlessness. These phenomena, Arendt holds, run parallel to the collapse of the essential articulations of the human condition, which can be distinguished in sheer thoughtlessness, speechlessness, and lack of judgment. It is due to these unprecedented and unanticipated issues, which cannot be addressed by traditional political categories, Arendt invites us to grapple with the meaning of politics anew. The basic definition of politics, for Arendt, is human plurality, namely, our coexistence in a common world which enables differences and diversities of perspectives to appear. The question what politics means, for Arendt, is inextricably tied to what its distinctive locus is, namely, the public space or space of appearances. The emergence of the social resulted in blurring the distinctive line between the public realm and the private realm. Then, the recovery of the public space is of a central place in Arendt's political theory. Through Arendt's reconsideration of the meaning of politics and the recovery of the public space we are provided a comprehensive framework to think about a more inclusive and democratic politics. Nevertheless, we are challenged by a set of problems: a very sharp distinction between the public realm and the private realm, a contrast between the social and political, and a lack of systematic interest in democracy. First, I concentrate on Arendt's insightful analysis of politics and the public space in turn. Then I focus on the problematic aspects of her political theory. Finally, I argue that these problematic aspects can be complemented by a comparative reading of Arendt with John Dewey. I conclude that Dewey offers us a more dynamic criterion to decide the line between the private realm and the public realm. Instead of opposing the social to political, Dewey extends the scope of politics by taking every aspects of social life into consideration. The recovery of the public, for him, depends essentially on democracy, which is identified to the experience of local community.

In cities we generally distinguish between public and private space. This thesis tackles the distinction between public and private property and searches for the urban commons where property is determined by collective action and thus creates a greater spatial justice. A case study analyzes the Urban Garden Project “Trädgård på spåret” in Stockholm and shows how unconventional arrangements can generate a lively place in the urban fabric. The final discussion interprets the concept of urban commons and contemplates its classification within the planning discipline.
I städer skiljer vi generellt mellan offentligt och privat utrymme. Denna avhandlingförsöker att nyansera den enkla distinktionen mellan offentlig och privat mark ochgår på jakt efter de urbana allmänningar (urban commons) vilkas ägande bestämsav kollektivism och som skapar spatiell rättvisa (spatial justice). En fallstudieanalyserar Urban Garden-projektet «Trädgård på Spåret» i Stockholm och visarhur okonventionella arrangemang har gett upphov till en livlig plats, som går långtutöver trädgårdens traditionella gränser. I den avslutande diskussionen tolkar vibegreppet urbana allmänningar och betraktar dess placering i planeringsämnet.
In Städten unterscheiden wir generell zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Raum.Diese Thesis versucht die simple Unterscheidung zwischen öffentlichem undprivatem Grundeigentum aufzubrechen und begibt sich auf die Suche nach der‚urbanen Allmende’ (urban commons) in der Eigentum durch Kollektivismus bestimmtwird und somit räumliche Gerechtigkeit (spatial justice) schafft. Eine Fallstudieanalysiert das urbane Gartenprojekt „Trädgård på spåret“ in Stockholm und zeigtauf wie durch unkonventionelle Regelungen ein lebhafter Ort entstanden ist, dersich in die Stadt verwurzelt hat und weit über die Grenzen des Gärtners hinausgeht.In der abschließenden Diskussion wird der Begriff der urbanen Allmendeinterpretiert und dessen Einordnung in die Planungsdisziplin betrachtet.
Urban Form and Social Behavior

Inquiry into how social movements affect change has historically been grounded in either sociology or communication studies and has focused primarily on collective action in public spheres. However, important movement activity also takes place in the private sphere between individuals. Such interactions fall outside of traditional definitions of collective action and are often absent from contemporary social movement theory.One social movement that cannot be studied adequately using existing theory and methods is the American ethical vegetarian movement. To correct this oversight in social movement theory, this dissertation undertakes a rhetorical study of the ethical vegetarian movement, focusing not only on collective action but also on the role of personal interaction in identity formation, participant recruitment, and participant mobilization. A major finding of this study is that personal interaction is the primary reason why individuals choose to adopt and advocate a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle. In order to establish how movement rhetoric works, the dissertation includes rhetorical analyses of cookbooks, organization literature, media representation, interviews with movement advocates, and vegetarian conversion narratives, collected through a national survey. The author explores the use and consequences of unintentional, religious, and embodied rhetoric as means of confrontation and conversion in the ethical vegetarian movement.In this dissertation, Patricia Malesh argues for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of social movements that includes inquiry into personal interaction as movement activity. Such an inquiry clarifies the relationship between personal and collective identities and deconstructs the dichotomy between private and public spheres. She also establishes a rhetorical definition of individual movements, which exposes the interplay between movement goals and methods of persuasion and helps differentiate between similar movements (e.g., vegetarian and animal rights movements) and align those that are seemingly unrelated (e.g., vegetarian and feminist movements). The author concludes by discussing the future of the ethical vegetarian movement in the face of globalization and incorporation. She argues that rhetoricians--those who study the practice and implications of communication--should contribute more consistently to the study of how social identity is negotiated through language and action in social movements.

O presente trabalho analisa o instituto da actio popularis no direito romano, buscando evidenciar os aspectos mais relevantes para a compreensão dessa ação que é uma exceção ao princípio romano contido em D. 44.7.51 de que a ação não é outra coisa que o direito de perseguir-se em juízo aquilo que nos é devido, posto que a actio popularis é concedida a qualquer um do povo, independentemente de um interesse próprio, para promover uma ação visando à tutela de interesses públicos. A diferente concepção dos antigos e dos modernos da dicotomia público-privado dificulta a compreensão da verdadeira natureza da actio popularis no direito romano. Não obstante a dificuldade de se compreender a natureza jurídica da actio popularis, é inegável que ela, desde os primórdios, nasce como um instrumento concedido ao civis para que ele possa participar ativamente na gestão da coisa pública. A última parte do trabalho trata da recepção da actio popularis nos ordenamentos jurídicos modernos, em particular no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tentando salientar os elementos de continuidade que possam fundamentar uma vigência do direito romano nos ordenamentos jurídicos que fazem parte do sistema romanogermânico.
The present paper analyses the actio popularis in the Roman law, searching to highlight its most relevant aspects, in order to understand this action, that is an exception to the roman principle contained in D. 44.7.51, which enunciates that the action is not different from the right to pursue in court everything that is owned by us, because the action popularis is granted to any member of the folk, regardless any personal interest, to promote an action aiming to protect public interests. The different conception of the dichotomy publicprivate, that the ancients and moderns have, hampers the comprehension of the action popularis truly nature in Roman law. Notwithstanding the difficulty to understand the action popularis legal nature, it is undeniable that this action, since its origins, is born as an instrument granted to the civis in such a way that he could actively participate in the management of public affairs. The last part of this paper deals with the reception of the action popularis in modern legal orders, particularly in the Brazilian legal order, trying to emphasize the continuity elements, which can justify a validity of Roman law in the legal orders that make part of the Roman-Germanic jurisdiction.

A tão conhecida segmentação dos direitos em público e privado, marcante nos sistemas jurídicos romanísticos, têm sido alvo de questionamentos em razão de sua insuficiência para explicar fenômenos que não mais se reconduzem a uma ou outra rubrica. Tem-se, dessa forma, que os setores público e privado estão cada vez mais imbricados, o que demanda do jurista e dos legisladores a criação de novas categorias e instrumentos, ou mesmo um câmbio de interpretação no tocante a categorias antigas. O Urbanismo, a sua vez, é fértil em oferecer exemplos de imbricação entre público e privado, uma vez que o ambiente da urbe é prenhe de manifestação dos mais diversos interesses que, mais e mais, têm sido objeto de acolhimento pelo ordenamento jurídico. Nesse quadro, a dissertação propõe-se a demonstrar como o ambiente urbano constantemente desafia a divisão rígida entre público e privado, para, na sequência, se dedicar à análise: (i) dos mecanismos de participação na concertação público-privada, com foco, sobretudo, na definição das políticas públicas de cunho urbanístico; (ii) e dos instrumentos contratuais entendidos de forma ampla cada vez mais utilizados na formatação das operações urbanísticas
The well known division between public and private law, classical in romanistic legal systems, has suffered considerable challenges due to its insufficiency to explain issues that may not be included in one or another side. As a consequence, private and public are more and more integrated which demands from jurists and legislators the creation of new categories and instruments or even the change of interpretation of old conceptions. Urbanism, on its turn, is a fertile soil in offering examples of the integration between private and public, since the environment of the city is rich in manifestations of the most diverse interests, which, more and more, are being accepted and considered by the legal orders. In this scenario, this essay aims at demonstrating how the urban environment frequently challenges the rigid division between public and private and thus will be dedicated to analyze (i) the mechanisms of joint participation of public and private players in the definition of public policies of urban issues; and (ii) the contractual instruments understood broadly widely used to the implementation of urban projects.

Social welfare services are essential for development of human capital and eradication of poverty in South Africa generally. Social welfare plays a pivotal role in enabling the impoverished and vulnerable communities and households to lead their lives through provision of care, social relief, stability and human resource development. Non-Governmental Organisations form an integral part of the welfare system through their formal and informal welfare and residential and non-residential welfare services. The role of the NGOs becomes imperative precisely because of their inherent empathy and proximity to the communities they serve. Government itself has been engaged in the process of transformation and the same challenges of transformation, governance, and effectiveness still profound the NGO sector. Notwithstanding the contribution of the NGOs in the welfare system, it is crucial to scrutinise the nature of their work and the rate of transformation to flourish in the democratic dispensation. To enhance the process of transformation in the NGO sector, government passed a plethora of policies and legislative requirements, inter alia, White Paper for Social Welfare 1997, Non-Profit Organisations Act of 1997. The intent of this research therefore, was to establish the significance of transformation and inherent issues of governance, effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery and sustainability of the nature of social welfare services rendered by the NGO sector in the Western Cape, particularly the Worcester district.

Is it feasible to stimulate informal collaboration among non-urban firms and local public- and other private-sector actors, whereby they jointly strengthen the competitiveness of these firms? To answer this question, firms’ collaboration with local partner’s actors were examined. Most of the studied firms in this thesis are embedded in a regional “ecosystem” of a country (Sweden), with the usual set of public- and third-sector (not-for-profit) actors. Firms that “exploit” all their local external actors do create additional resources for themselves. This thesis argues that such fuller use is feasible and perhaps necessary in a non-urban Swedish context. The Resource-Based Theory (RBT) considers mainly internal firm resources to achieve superior performance. In order to extend this theory in the context of a non-urban area, collaborative excellence is advocated through informal public-private collaboration that can help firms to flourish economically. The collaboration between the public and the private sectors can also enhance a common spirit or identity of a place. Action Design Research (ADR) Methodology is invoked in this thesis, together with other supporting methods, such as interviews and observations as well as archival data analysis. The intervention was held as a set of workshops and has been used as a key research method at the same time. The results capture, amongst others, views from municipal management, private companies, and community (not-for-profit) associations. The essential aim of this research was to enhance the quality of the interactions among the key individuals from these organizations in their efforts to strengthen productive cooperation between the public and the private sectors. Informal public-private collaboration is important. Thus, more understanding of how such collaboration can be used effectively is paramount. This thesis shows that it is feasible to develop collaboration in a specific Swedish non-urban context when successful private firms and a municipality work well together with relevant, not-for-profit organizations that are also located in, and concerned with, the same region. Therefore, when addressing the competitive potential of a location, the quality of the informal public-private collaboration, should be considered. The abductive research approach of this study aims to offer an understanding of how informal collaboration between firms and local, non-commercial partners may take place, aiming for firms to flourish

Nederländernas examen är endast doctor

Notre étude a pour objectif d'une part de comprendre pourquoi dans notre système juridique, certaines fautes peuvent profiter à leur auteur et d'autre part de les empêcher. Pour ce faire, dans une première partie, nous qualifierons la faute lucrative. Cette étape de qualification nous permettra de mettre en lumière l'unité de la notion de faute lucrative, en dépit de sa diversité de visages ; unité reposant sur des caractéristiques qui lui sont propres. A travers l'examen de chaque composante de la faute lucrative, nous mettrons en exergue les failles du Droit qui alimentent les stratégies spéculatives sur la violation de la règle de droit. La diversité de l'élément légal nous amènera à ausculter différentes disciplines du droit privé, dont principalement le droit pénal, le droit de la concurrence et le droit de la responsabilité civile. Les insuffisances de chacune de ces disciplines nous conduiront à proposer la reconnaissance par le Droit, de la faute lucrative, dans toute son singularité afin d'en ajuster le régime. Cette consécration en droit positif s'effectuera par la création d'une nouvelle circonstance aggravante, le dol lucratif, en droit répressif et l'assimilation de la faute lucrative à la faute intentionnelle ou dolosive en droit de la responsabilité civile. Cette réception de la faute lucrative en Droit justifiera l'élaboration d'un régime adéquat à la faute lucrative, poursuivant un objectif de dissuasion. Dans une seconde partie, nous proposerons donc un régime dissuasif, conçu à la lumière de la théorie économique de la dissuasion. Ce dernier reposera sur des modalités substantielles et procédurales, garantissant à la fois l'efficacité et l'effectivité de la sanction dissuasive. Au titre des premières, il s'agira d'augmenter le quantum chiffrable de la sanction, afin qu'il devienne au moins égal au profit illicite. Mais pas seulement : il s'agira également d'aggraver le quantum non chiffrable de la sanction, de sorte que le coût d'une faute ne puisse pas être intégralement anticipé, maîtrisé par les opérateurs économiques. Inévitablement, l'objectif de dissuasion des sanctions aura pour effet d'aggraver la responsabilité de l'auteur d'une faute lucrative. Aussi les modalités confiscatoires et dissuasives devront être passées au crible de la qualification de sanction répressive. Il en résultera une distinction nette entre le champ de la dissuasion et celui de la répression, le premier étant plus large que le second. Une sanction civile non répressive, simplement normative pouvant donc être dissuasive. Notre thèse a donc pour objectif de proposer une méthode de traitement des fautes lucratives afin de renverser le rapport coût-avantage d'une violation de l'ordre public
Under french law, some faults can provide to their author more than the fault costs to them. In others words, some faults can procure an illegal profit because Law doesn't confiscate it or not efficiently. For example, it can be a cartel on prices, a violation of private life by a paparazzi magazine, or a fraud on consumer goods.... The aim of our thesis is twice. Fistly, we will try to understand why such behaviour is possible : what is the legal classification stage, after which we will propose a definition of lucrative fault in tort law, criminal law and competition law. Secondly, we are going to suggest a legal processing, method to deter this misbehaviour, what is the second step of our demonstration. Thus, in support of the economic model of deterrence by Gary Becker, we will determinate the conditions of effectiveness of a public punishment and of a private punishment. Among them, we will make the difference between the choice of the punishment and the probability of being decided

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas grupės ieškinio teisinis institutas kaip priemonė ginti viešuosius ir privačius interesus. Pirmoje dalyje siekiama atskleisti teisinio intereso sąvoką, viešojo ir privataus interesų sampratas, bei analizuojame galimybes šiuos interesus apginti pasitelkus grupės ieškinio institutą. Antrojoje dalyje nagrinėjame klasikinio ir kontinentinio grupės ieškinio instituto pagrindinius požymius bei apžvelgiame grupės ieškinio instituto ypatumus Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame procese. Trečiojoje dalyje apžvelgiami pagrindiniai grupės ieškinio turinio reikalavimai, jo priėmimo sąlygos bei priimamo teismo sprendimo ypatumai. Magistro darbo tikslas pateikti mokslinį grupės ieškinio instituto vertinimą ginant pažeistus viešuosius ir privačius interesus. Daugelis užsienio šalių, savo įstatymuose įtvirtindamos grupės ieškinio institutą, visada jį lygina su Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose egzistuojančiu modeliu, todėl darbe daugiausia remsimės šios šalies civilinio proceso įstatymais. Nagrinėdami teisės literatūrą sutiksime teisės mokslininkų poziciją, kad grupės ieškiniai Europoje neegzistuoja, nes, anot jų, grupės ieškiniais vadintini tik tokie ieškiniai, kuriuose reikalavimus reiškia grupės nariai. Magistro darbe analizuosime šią nuomonę. Grupės ieškinio paplitimui Europos šalyse didžiausią įtaką padarė viešojo intereso bei kolektyvinių vartotojų interesų gynimo paieška. Todėl išsamiau panagrinėsime pačią teisinio intereso sąvoką, viešojo ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Legal institute of group action, as a measure of protecting public and private interests, is tackled in this work. The first part includes the explanation of legal interest, the concepts of public and private interests, as well as the analysis of possibilities of protection of these interests, using the institute of group action. The second part explains the main features of classic and continental institute of group action, as well as the peculiarities of the institute of group action in the Lawsuit of the Republic of Lithuania. The third part comprises of the main content requirements to the group action, the conditions of its acceptation and the peculiarities of awarded judgment. The goal of this Master’s Thesis – to present scientific evaluation of the institute of group action, while protecting violated public and private interests. Various foreign countries consolidating the institute of group action in their Law, compare it to the model existing in the United States of America, therefore our thesis will mainly be based on the Lawsuit of the United States of America. While tackling the legal literature, we will meet the position of legal scientists, claiming the group action do not exist in Europe, as group actions may only be called the claims when the claims are represented by the group members. We will analyze this opinion in our Master’s Thesis. The search for protection of public interest and collective interests of the users had a major... [to full text]

Instead of asking why governments in developing countries are not doing what (Western) governments can (or at least in the past could) be expected to do we may need to ask the questions of how governance empirically is provided and by whom. While the involvement of non-public actors within processes of governance is far from new, the increased interest in social entrepreneurship, both as a practice and scholarly, is. The aim of the present study has been to explore and describe the interface between social entrepreneurship and governance within regions of India. The study has been inspired by a case study research design, including a set of qualitative methods: A generated sampling frame has facilitated the selection of analytical units; The collection of data has been conducted by semi-structured interviews; The data has been analyzed by a comparative approach. Based on a broad analytical governance framework provided by Kooiman et al (2005a) three research questions have guided the analysis: 1. What arguments are provided by the examined social entrepreneurs for their intentional action? 2. May action taken by the social entrepreneurs in this study be understood as an expression of hierarchical governance, self-governance and/or co-governance, and if so, how? 3. How may action taken by the social entrepreneurs in this study be related to first-order governance (day-to-day problem-solving and opportunity creation), second-order governance (institutions) and/or third-order governance (principles)? The result of the study reveals how the action taken by the studied social entrepreneurs interface with several aspects of governance. The arguments presented for intentional action, related to the provision of collective goods to marginalized citizens, may be understood in relation to two themes: perceived government failures (as well as failures by traditional NGOs) and the self-perception of being “value-driven”. The data reveals strands of hierarchical-, self- and co-governance. The studied social entrepreneurs are understood to contribute to first-order governance. Their action is further suggested to be challenging existing institutions in the long-run and perhaps also dominating principles guiding the “governance of governance”.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná (FAADCT/PR)
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar aspectos da dimensão política presentes no Programa de Educação Ambiental da Itaipu Binacional na Bacia do Paráná III (BP III), e particularmente, o Programa de Formação de Educadores Ambientais (FEA), bem como mobilizar, possíveis significados e sentidos sobre a temática ambiental e a Educação Ambiental. As análises foram realizadas considerando alguns documentos produzidos pelo programa FEA e de respostas aos questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, com participantes do programa. Sabe-se que discussões em torno da temática ambiental se fazem presentes em diversos setores da sociedade, emergindo como um problema significativo, em nível mundial, a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970. No referido período, ocorreram várias conferências e encontros que geraram diversos documentos, apontando para uma crise que se delineava como uma crise civilizatória e/ou do pensamento, concernente à questão ambiental. Tais discussões provocaram, à época, a emergência de um ambientalismo que passou a se manifestar por meio de ações de organizações da sociedade civil e estatais. Justamente nesse contexto, identificamos empresas privadas, estatais e de economia mista colocando-se como importantes atores para o desenvolvimento de ações de Educação Ambiental. Mas, que indicadores da dimensão política podem ser mobilizados a partir da análise do Programa de Educação Ambiental, e particularmente no programa FEA em análise? Que sentidos sobre a temática ambiental e a dimensão política da Educação Ambiental podemos mobilizar a partir da análise do programa FEA e discursos dos participantes desse processo formativo? Que aspectos desses discursos mobilizados pelo programa FEA estão refletidos nos discursos dos participantes? O quanto desses discursos são refratados nos discursos desses participantes? Quais podem ser evidenciados por meio de Polêmicas Abertas (PA) e/ou Polêmicas Veladas (PV)? A partir desses sentidos mobilizados, que relação podemos estabelecer entre ação política conforme o proposto por Arendt (2014) e o processo educativo proposto nesse programa em análise? Para responder essas questões, a presente pesquisa está alicerçada na abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa, estudo de caso, e sua perspectiva teórico-metodológica está embasada na análise do discurso proposta por Bakhtin e o Círculo, buscando compreender significados e mobilizar sentidos passíveis de serem construídos em um processo dialógico com o contexto dessa região. Como principais resultados foi possível mobilizar sentidos que apontam aspectos da temática ambiental, suas causas e impactos, bem como perspectivas políticas da Educação Ambiental, apresentadas por esse programa na BP III. Podemos concluir que a ação política, conforme contribuições de Arendt, é sim possível nesse território que possui sujeitos políticos, efetivamente engajados em alguns dos municípios envolvidos. No entanto, verificamos o ocultamento do contexto histórico dessa região que foi fortemente marcado pela construção da Usina. Conflitos e injustiças socioambientais que estão sendo apaziguadas por meio de medidas mitigadoras que de certa maneira silencia os sujeitos desse território e não possibilita uma ação política, na qual os espaços públicos devem promover questionamentos acerca do atual modelo de sociedade-natureza.
The objective of this research was to analyze aspects of the political dimension present in the Environmental Education Program of Itaipu Binacional in the Parana III Basin (BP III), and particularly the Environmental Educators Training Program (FEA), as well as to mobilize, possible meanings and senses about the environmental themes and Environmental Education. The analyzes were made considering some documents produced by the FEA program and answers to the questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, with program participants. It is known that discussions around the environmental theme are present in several sectors of society, emerging as a significant problem on a global level, starting in the 1960s and 1970s. In the referred period, several conferences and meetings ocurred that generated diverse documents, pointing to a crisis that was outlined as a crisis of civilization and / or thinking, concerning the environmental issue. Such discussions provoked, at the time, the emergence of environmentalism that began to manifest itself through the actions of civil society and state organizations. Precisely in that context that we identify private, state and mixed-economy companies by becoming important contributors to the development of Environmental Education actions. But, what indicators of the political dimension can be mobilized from the analysis of the Environmental Education Program, and particularly the FEA program under review? What ways about the environmental theme and the political dimension of Environmental Education can we mobilize from the analysis of the FEA program and the participants' discourses of that formative process? What aspects of those discourses mobilized by the FEA program are reflected in the participants' discourses? How much of those discourses are refracted in the speeches of those participants? Which can be evidenced by “Open Polemics” (OP) and / or “Veiled Polemics”(VP)? From those mobilized senses, what relationship can we establish between political action as proposed by Arendt (2014) and the educational process proposed in that program under analysis? To answer these questions, the present research is based on the qualitative research approach, study o f case, and its theoretical-methodological perspective is based on the analysis of the discourse proposed by Bakhtin and the Circle, seeking to understand meanings and mobilize senses that can be constructed in a dialogical process with the context of that region. As main results it was possible to mobilize ways that indicate aspects of the environmental theme, its causes and impacts, as well as the political perspectives of Environmental Education presented by this program in BP III. We can conclude that political action, according to Arendt's contributions, is possible in that territory that has political subjects, effectively engaged in some of the cities involved. Nevertheless, we verified the concealment of the historical context of that region that was strongly marked by the construction of the Plant. Social-environmental conflicts and injustices that are being appeased through mitigating measures that in a way silences the subjects of that territory and does not allow political action, in which public spaces must promote questionings about the current model of society-nature.
FAADCT/PR: 18/2015.

Par une contestation radicale du patriarcat et visant une « libération des femmes », les mouvements féministes qui se développent dans les années 1970 ont contribué à remettre en question les rapports de genre dans de nombreux domaines. À partir d’une recherche combinant travail sur archives, enquête par questionnaire et entretiens, la thèse prend pour objet l’engagement de femmes dans ces mobilisations en France. Elle vise à comprendre comment la participation à ce mouvement social – caractérisé par la politisation de la sphère privée – a transformé les trajectoires de militantes « ordinaires » et celles de leurs enfants. Au moyen d’une approche localisée et comparée, la thèse analyse d’abord les contextes militants dans lesquels les féministes ont circulé et ont été socialisées. Retraçant les mobilisations féministes qui se déploient à Lyon et à Grenoble entre 1970 et 1984, elle revisite l’histoire des féminismes français de la « deuxième vague ». Étudiant ensuite les carrières militantes des féministes, la thèse montre les effets socialisateurs durables de ces engagements et leur empreinte sur les différentes sphères de leur vie. Des analyses séquentielles permettent de mettre au jour leurs principaux devenirs jusqu’à aujourd’hui, sur le plan politique comme sur le plan personnel. Resserrant la focale d’analyse sur les féministes devenues mères, l’enquête révèle finalement par quels pratiques et processus une transmission familiale du féminisme s’est opérée et quels héritages politiques en résultent chez les enfants. Elle dégage plusieurs facteurs pour comprendre les appropriations différenciées de ces héritages parmi la deuxième génération
The feminist movements that arose in the 1970’s, promoting a radical contestation of patriarchy and committed to “women’s liberation”, helped challenge gender relations in many areas. Built upon an empirical research that combines archival work, questionnaires and interviews, my dissertation focuses on the women who took part in these mobilizations in France. It aims to understand how the involvement in this movement, characterised by the politicization of the private sphere, transformed “common” activists’ trajectories and those of their children. Using a local and comparative approach, this work first analyses the contexts in which the feminists evolved and were socialised. By tracing the feminist mobilizations that unfolded in Lyons and Grenoble between 1970 and 1984, it also revisits the history of the “second wave” French women’s movements. The study of the feminists’ activist careers then highlights the lasting socialising effects of their commitments and the impact they had on different areas of their life. Likewise, the use of sequence analysis reveals the trajectories they followed until present day, both from a political and personal prospect. Finally, a deeper focus on the activists who became mothers uncovers how intergenerational transmission of feminism occurred and which political contents the children inherited. In particular, this dissertation proposes several factors that help understand the differentiated appropriations of this heritage among the second generation

Dans le contexte du programme de recherche scientifique autrichien en économie, le processus de marché doit être appréhendé par le prisme du concept d'entrepreneur. La fonction créative d'entrepreneur se présente comme un processus individuel largement épistémique, lequel s'élucide en une action à effet catallactique. Elle contribue à l'émergence spontanée de l`ordre, concrétisant ainsi l'évolutionnisme individuel et institutionnel. Or son apparition dépend de déterminants institutionnels particuliers. Par conséquent, le processus de marché, qui émerge des actions catallactiques, requiert un fondement institutionnel spécifique comme une condition sine qua non. En outre, notre analyse s'étend au processus politique à travers le prisme de l'action politique, afin d'examiner l'adéquation de cette action à la nature catallactique. Cette analyse permet aussi de décrypter les institutions qui régissent l'ordre politique confectionné. Cependant, cette investigation relève au cours du processus politique, la déficience du fondement institutionnel indispensable à l'émergence de la fonction d'entrepreneur dans l'action politique. Cela constitue une barrière infranchissable pour l'analogie catallactique dans la pratique politique, et contribue à expliquer la défaillance de la conjecture de marché politique, en raison de l'impossibilité de l'émergence d'un échange politique légitime. Du point de vue de l'éthique, l'action politique s'avère nocive à l'ensemble des droits individuels, voire aux droits de propriété privée. Elle diverge de celle entrepreneuriale car elle dénie la coordination. Par conséquent, cette réalité nous amène à réfuter la conjecture d'entrepreneur politique
In the context of the Austrian scientific research program in economics, our study deals with the market process through the prism of Entrepreneur`s concept. The creative entrepreneurial function emerges as an epistemic individual process, which contributes to a catallactic action. It strengthens the emergence of the spontaneous order, thus shaping individual and institutional evolutionism. The emergence of such action mainly depends on institutional determinants. Therefore, the market process, emerging from catallactic actions, requires a specific institutional foundation. Thereby, our analysis concerns the political process; this, through the prism of the political action, to match the adequacy of this action to the catallactic one. This analysis also decrypts the institutions which determine the political order. However, this introspection identifies the deficiency of the institutional foundation required for the emergence of the entrepreneurial function through the political action. This barrier of the catallactic analogy in the political practice contributes to the refutation of the political market conjecture. The main reason of this failure is the impossibility of a legitimate political exchange emergence. From the objective ethics perspective, the political action harms the individual rights in general and the private property rights in particular. By denying the coordination, this political action shows a divergent nature from the entrepreneurial one. Therefore, this reality leads to refute the political entrepreneur conjecture

Dans le contexte du programme de recherche scientifique autrichien en économie, le processus de marché doit être appréhendé par le prisme du concept d'entrepreneur. La fonction créative d'entrepreneur se présente comme un processus individuel largement épistémique, lequel s'élucide en une action à effet catallactique. Elle contribue à l'émergence spontanée de l`ordre, concrétisant ainsi l'évolutionnisme individuel et institutionnel. Or son apparition dépend de déterminants institutionnels particuliers. Par conséquent, le processus de marché, qui émerge des actions catallactiques, requiert un fondement institutionnel spécifique comme une condition sine qua non. En outre, notre analyse s'étend au processus politique à travers le prisme de l'action politique, afin d'examiner l'adéquation de cette action à la nature catallactique. Cette analyse permet aussi de décrypter les institutions qui régissent l'ordre politique confectionné. Cependant, cette investigation relève au cours du processus politique, la déficience du fondement institutionnel indispensable à l'émergence de la fonction d'entrepreneur dans l'action politique. Cela constitue une barrière infranchissable pour l'analogie catallactique dans la pratique politique, et contribue à expliquer la défaillance de la conjecture de marché politique, en raison de l'impossibilité de l'émergence d'un échange politique légitime. Du point de vue de l'éthique, l'action politique s'avère nocive à l'ensemble des droits individuels, voire aux droits de propriété privée. Elle diverge de celle entrepreneuriale car elle dénie la coordination. Par conséquent, cette réalité nous amène à réfuter la conjecture d'entrepreneur politique
In the context of the Austrian scientific research program in economics, our study deals with the market process through the prism of Entrepreneur`s concept. The creative entrepreneurial function emerges as an epistemic individual process, which contributes to a catallactic action. It strengthens the emergence of the spontaneous order, thus shaping individual and institutional evolutionism. The emergence of such action mainly depends on institutional determinants. Therefore, the market process, emerging from catallactic actions, requires a specific institutional foundation. Thereby, our analysis concerns the political process; this, through the prism of the political action, to match the adequacy of this action to the catallactic one. This analysis also decrypts the institutions which determine the political order. However, this introspection identifies the deficiency of the institutional foundation required for the emergence of the entrepreneurial function through the political action. This barrier of the catallactic analogy in the political practice contributes to the refutation of the political market conjecture. The main reason of this failure is the impossibility of a legitimate political exchange emergence. From the objective ethics perspective, the political action harms the individual rights in general and the private property rights in particular. By denying the coordination, this political action shows a divergent nature from the entrepreneurial one. Therefore, this reality leads to refute the political entrepreneur conjecture

Notre étude cherche à démontrer pourquoi les agents économiques sont incités à enfreindre le droit de la concurrence. Le choix de l’infraction dépend de l’avantage retiré du manquement comparé au coût subi. La notion de « faute lucrative » illustre parfaitement l’espoir d’un lucre tiré du manquement à la loi. L’économie comportementale nous enseigne cependant que les déterminants de la conformité au droit sont autres que la recherche du profit. Selon cette discipline, l’incitation – c’est-à-dire la motivation principale de l’agent qui fait le choix d’enfreindre la loi – est détachée d’un calcul coût-avantage. L’agent économique est sujet à des « biais cognitifs » : le défaut d’information disponible ne lui permet pas de faire toujours le choix susceptible de maximiser son intérêt. Appliquée au droit de la concurrence, la théorie de l’agent rationnel, fût-elle critiquable, reste néanmoins la plus pertinente pour examiner la dissuasion car elle permet de comparer la règle de droit à un « prix » qui pèse sur le choix d’enfreindre la loi. L’influence des règles juridiques comme un ensemble de normes incitatives ou dissuasives qui influencent le comportement des agents sur le marché est moins pris en compte par l’économie comportementale qui se concentre davantage sur les biais cognitifs des agents.L'agent économique rationnel qui entend retirer un profit de son manquement peut spéculer sur les multiples failles propres au droit de la concurrence, lesquelles affaiblissent le risque juridique de l’infraction. Deux limites fondamentales affectent la dissuasion : d’une part, celles relatives à l’effectivité des règles de concurrence. La probabilité, pour le fautif, d’échapper à l’application du droit génère des infractions « rentables ». D’autre part, celles relatives à l’efficacité des règles de concurrence favorisent aussi la conservation des gains illicites retirés du manquement, car la sanction imposée par le déclenchement de l’action publique et/ou privée n’est pas adaptée à la dissuasion du comportement déviant.Ces limites concernent aussi bien l’application de l’action publique que l’application de l’action privée en réparation. La fonction dissuasive du « private enforcement » est limitée en l’absence de dommages-intérêts confiscatoires. De même, les vices congénitaux à la loi Hamon paralysent la portée dissuasive de l’action de groupe. S’agissant de l’action publique, le développement des ententes algorithmiques et la spécificité des marchés numériques compliquent le travail de détection des autorités de concurrence. Même en cas de détection, la sanction appliquée à l’agent économique semble sous-dissuasive car, comme le démontre notre étude empirique, l’amende et/ou les dommages-intérêts imposés sont souvent inférieurs aux gains retirés des infractions de concurrence.Par ailleurs, le faible risque pénal pesant sur les dirigeants responsables de pratiques illicites affaiblit la dissuasion, car ceux-ci forment aussi des calculs sur l’avantage qu’ils ont personnellement à tirer du manquement à la loi. Il ressort de nos travaux que la création d’un test de légitimité de l’emprisonnement permet de répondre à la question de savoir, pour chaque type d’infraction de concurrence, si la prison est ou non une peine légitime.En somme, l’étude propose la construction d’un régime dissuasif par étapes, visant à renforcer à la fois l’effectivité et l’efficacité des règles de concurrence. Considérant que l’agent économique opère des prédictions sur le droit applicable, il faut non seulement faire en sorte que le droit de la concurrence s’applique effectivement, c’est-à-dire que le contrevenant soit confronté aux coûts de sa violation, mais efficacement, ce qui signifie que le coût du manquement doit être supérieur à son éventuel bénéfice
This study explores the reasons why economic agents are likely to break the rules of competition law. This paper demonstrates that main reasons are related to a cost-benefit calculation, also known as the concept of “lucrative infringement”. Our results are conflicting with the findings of behavioural economics, which reject the theory of cost-benefit calculations incentives and argues that economic agents are subject to “cognitive biases”. However, the theory of the rational agent, despite its limitations, remains the most relevant for assessing the competition law ability to deter anticompetitive practices because it compares the rule of law to a "price" that weighs on the choice to break the law. The influence of legal rules as a set of incentive or deterrent norms that influences agents' behaviour on the market is less considered by behavioural economics that focuses more on agents' cognitive biases.Economic agents are rational and look for a “lucrative infringement”. They speculate on the multiple loopholes of competition law, which weakens the legal risk of the infringement. In this regard, two fundamental limits affect deterrence: on the one hand, the low probability of getting caught which generates “lucrative faults,” and on the other hand, the retention of all unlawful gains derived from the infringement.These limits concern both the application of public and private enforcement. First, the dissuasive function of "private enforcement" is limited by the absence of confiscatory damages. Similarly, the restrictive standard of proof to admit a collective class action hinders its dissuasive nature. When it comes to enforcement, the development of algorithmic cartels and the specificity of digital markets reduce competition authorities’ ability to detect illegal practices. Even when they manage to detect such practices, the sanction applied to the economic agent seems under-dissuasive. As our empirical study shows, fines and/or compensatory damages imposed are often lower than the benefit derived from the infringement.In addition, deterrence is weakened by the absence of criminal punishments for business leaders who have coordinated anticompetitive practices. This study demonstrates that they also make calculations about the benefit they may derive from violating the law. Our study develops a “legitimacy test of imprisonment” to provide an answer to the question of when imprisonment is a legitimate penalty.This study builds a step-by-step deterrent legal regime to daunt anticompetitive practices. Deterrence requires a twofold analysis on the application of competition law and the adequacy of sanctions to deter anticompetitive conducts. It is necessary not only to make competition law effective, i.e. that no infringer can escape with the costs of its violation, but also – to achieve an adequate level of deterrence – that fines and/or compensatory damages exceed any potential gains that may be expected from the infringement

L’énergie électrique évoque la légende grecque du roi Midas qui transformait en « or » tout ce qu’il touchait. Depuis sa création artificielle, l’électricité change en « or » les conditions d’existence de l’humanité en favorisant le progrès, par l’amélioration du confort des populations ou sa promotion et, par la stimulation des activités productives. Dans cette perspective, elle donne accès à la jouissance effective des droits fondamentaux en raison de son incidence sur l’alimentation, l’éducation, la santé, l’eau potable et l’assainissement, au travail, etc. Cette importance justifie le fondement juridique, notamment constitutionnel, que la République du Niger a attribué à son développement. Pour atteindre les objectifs de souveraineté énergétique et d’accès universel à l’énergie, une volonté politique ferme des pouvoirs publics, ainsi que le soutien des partenaires techniques et financiers, sont nécessaires. Cependant, elle requiert autant, sinon davantage, l’expansion de l’électricité, comme forme d’énergie unique. Ce besoin d’expansion concentre la réflexion sur les conditions et moyens ; il éprouve l’exercice des pouvoirs et des droits. Cette thèse africaine pour les africains repose sur une démarche du droit vivant, celle qui réintègre le droit dans son environnement, en mêlant de nombreuses disciplines juridiques (voire non juridiques comme la science économique ou politique). L’auteur soutient que le cadre juridique de l’expansion de l’électricité en tant que condition du développement économique et social est riche, mais néanmoins perfectible. Il souligne deux aspects complémentaires. Il observe d’abord que les responsabilités de souveraineté de l’État sont préservées dans la détermination des options énergétiques et le contrôle du sous-secteur de l’électricité. Il montre ensuite que la République du Niger a fait le choix de promouvoir l’initiative privée qui s’inscrit dans les cadres du service public et de l’autonomie individuelle
Electricity evokes the Greek legend of King Midas, who turned everything he touched into “gold”. Since its artificial creation, electricity has been turning the conditions of human existence to “gold”, by fostering progress through people's comfort or its promotion improving, and through productive activities boosting. From this point of view, it gives access to the effective enjoyment of fundamental rights, because of its impact on food, education, health, drinking water and sanitation, work, etc. This importance justifies the legal basis, especially constitutional, that the Republic of Niger has given to its development. To achieve the objectives of energy sovereignty and universal access to energy, a firm political will on the part of public authorities, and the support of technical and financial partners, are required. However, it requires just as much, if not more, expansion of electricity as a single form of energy. This need for expansion focuses thought on conditions and means; it tests the exercise of powers and rights. This African thesis for Africans is based on a living law approach, one that reintegrates law into its environment, blending numerous legal disciplines (and even non-legal disciplines such as economics and politics). The author argues that the legal framework for the expansion of electricity as a condition for economic and social development is rich, but nevertheless perfectible. He highlights two complementary aspects. Firstly, he observes that the State's sovereign responsibilities are preserved in determining energy options and controlling the electricity sub-sector. Secondly, he shows that the Republic of Niger has chosen to promote private initiative within the framework of public service and individual autonomy

The thesis deals with two central issues: a) the construction of a framework for the study of film acting which places performance in a cultural context b) the cultural significance of Method acting during the 1950s with specific reference to American cinema of the period The first chapter considers the ways in which the voice and body in film acting are made meaningful in the context of beliefs about acting and personal identity. The chapter also proposes ways for situating the practical activity of film acting in a context of cultural production. The remaining chapters study the cultural significance of Method acting through separate analyses of the Method technique, style, representation of gender, and image of star performance. Readings of the Method technique and style are placed in the context of a `culture of personality', in which the significance of the Method was produced in the ways that acting signified beliefs about personal identity. The discussion of the Method style is then developed in the analysis of the ways in which the style was used in film melodramas to represent the gendered anxieties of the rebel hero. Finally, Marlon Brando's image and performances are studied for how the actor personified the meaning of the Method. Together, technique, style, gender representation, and stardom, are studied as various aspects of what is called the Method discourse.

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This case study deals with the realization of an event of social nature within the premises of a military unit of the Army. The event is related to the child's day celebrations that have occurred stubborn. In this sense it is discussed an issue related to the legitimacy of performing this kind of activity before the dilemma: Actions sociocultural x National Security. Unfolds further discussion about the possibility of the particular make donations directly to the barracks and due process should be encouraged regarding the payment of the funds received to the public coffers. This case can be working in main area: Budget and Financial Management
O presente Estudo de Caso trata da realização de um evento de cunho social dentro das instalações de uma unidade militar do Exército. O Evento é referente às comemorações ao dia da criança que tem ocorrência contumaz. Neste sentido discute-se uma problemática relacionada à legitimidade de realização deste tipo de atividade ante o dilema: Ações socioculturais x Segurança Nacional. Desdobra-se ainda, a discussão sobre a possibilidade de o particular realizar doações diretamente ao quartel bem como o devido processo que se deve promover quanto ao recolhimento dos recursos recebidos aos cofres públicos. O presente caso pode ser trabalho dentro do seguinte tema: Gestão Orçamentário-Financeira.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir sobre a importância da concomitância entre a regulamentação e o acesso ao que foi regulamentado na área de direitos sociais, em especial os de saúde e assistência social, a partir do estudo de caso de uma Organização Não-Governamental que atua com saúde e assistência complementando a ação de um Hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Focamos nossa análise nas possibilidades de ações complementares entre público e privado nestas áreas, visando fortalecer o Sistema de Proteção Social brasileiro.
This dissertation aims to discuss the importance of concomitant actions between the regulation of human rights and the eventual acess to what has been regulated, mainly the ones about healthcare and social assistance, having as study case an ong which works with health care and social care complementing the actions of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Our analysis focused on the possibilities of complementary actions between the private and the public systems in these areas, having in mind that such proximity between the guarantee and the acess to social rights may strengh the Brazilian Social protection system.

L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato. L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante. La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.
The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.

L’oggetto del presente lavoro è rappresentato dall'esame del rapporto tra l'attuale regolamentazione delle agenzie di rating e le regole di responsabilità civile cui le stesse agenzie possono essere assoggettate, anche alla luce del trattamento normativo riservato alle agenzie di rating dalla legislazione e dalla giurisprudenza statunitensi e delle teorie sviluppate dalla dottrina sul tema della responsabilità da informazione inesatta al mercato. L’attuale regolamentazione introdotta dall'Unione Europea svolge un ruolo determinante sia sotto il profilo dell'individuazione del fondamento della responsabilità, sia sotto quello della ricostruzione degli obblighi, della diligenza e della causalità materiale e giuridica. La disciplina comunitaria, anche alla luce della giurisprudenza statunitense, consente di prospettare uno scenario in cui i rater sono soggetti a regole di responsabilità differenziate in ragione del diverso status riconosciuto dalla normativa rilevante. La nuova regolamentazione comunitaria è chiamata a svolgere il duplice ruolo di fondare una sorta di private action da inadempimento in capo a qualunque investitore nei confronti di un’agenzia registrata e di contribuire a definire il perimetro degli obblighi esigibili da parte dell’agenzia, rafforzando la posizione del terzo investitore danneggiato dal rating inesatto e fornendo un efficace supporto agli strumenti di tutela di tipo pubblicistico.
The present work is focused on the examination of the relationship between the current regulation of credit rating agencies and the rules of civil liability to which agencies may be subject to, in light of the regulatory treatment of the U.S. credit rating agencies, both according legislation and case law, and the legal theories developed on the case of liability for incorrect information to the market. The regulation introduced by the European Union plays a major role to find out the basis of liability, the duties of diligence and the legal and material causality nexus. EU regulation, in light of U.S. case law, can envisage a scenario in which the raters are subject to different rules of liability on the basis of the different status recognized by the relevant legislation. The new EU regulation is called to play a dual role: to establish, although not explicitly, a sort of private action for negligence on the part of investors against a registered agency, and to help in defining the scope of the obligations of the credit rating agency, strengthening the position of the third investor damaged by inaccurate ratings and providing an useful support to the public enforcement remedies.

A presente dissertação é sobre a atuação do Estado na economia como acionista minoritário, focando, em especial, no caso do Brasil. Em um primeiro momento, tratamos das possibilidades do uso das participações minoritárias, apontando que, embora estejamos falando de propriedade pública sobre parcelas do capital social de empresas privadas, essas participações não configuram, somente, forma de exploração direta da atividade econômica, devendo ser compreendidas como uma técnica jurídica ou uma ferramenta da qual o Estado pode se valer para realizar as diferentes modalidades de atuação na economia. Nesse sentido, mostramos como as participações minoritárias possibilitam a atuação do Estado como empresário, regulador, fomentador e investidor. Em seguida, falamos dos mecanismos societários que a Administração Pública pode utilizar para que, mesmo como acionista minoritária, possa influenciar a direção das empresas público-privadas, tais como os acordos de acionistas e as golden-shares. Após cuidarmos da natureza jurídica e das vantagens comparativas da atuação estatal na economia por meio de participações minoritárias, passamos a analisar os limites dessa atuação. Desse modo, deve-se distinguir entre o uso das participações públicas como opção legítima de atuação na economia versus sua aplicação como burla ao regime jurídico aplicável às empresas estatais mediante o controle societário disfarçado e a simulação de contratações administrativas. Por fim, tratamos da questão da escolha de parceiros privados pela Administração Pública, bem como dos controles públicos que incidem sobre as empresas participadas.
This dissertation is about the state action in the economy as a minority shareholder especially focusing on the Brazilian case. At first, we discuss the possibilities of the use of minority equity stakes pointing out that, although we are talking about public ownership of shares of private companies, this equity participations do not constitute only a means of direct exploration of an economic activity, instead they should be considered as a legal technique or a tool which the state can rely on to accomplish the different modalities of economic action. This way, we show how the minority positions enable the state to act as an entrepreneur, a regulator, a promoter of private action and an investor. Then we talk about the corporate mechanisms that the Public Administration can use to, even as a minority shareholder, influence the direction of public-private companies, such as shareholders agreements and golden-shares. After dealing with the legal nature and the comparative advantages of the state economic action as a minority shareholder, we proceed to examine the limits of such action. Thus, we must distinguish between the use of minority equity as a legitimate option of state action in the economy versus its application as a way to elude the legal framework applicable to the state-owned enterprises by the disguised corporate control of private companies and the simulation of administrative procurement. At last, we deal with the issue of the choice of private partners by the Public Administration, as well as the public controls which apply to the invested companies.

Construction socio-spatiale héritée du XIXe siècle ayant connu un déclin dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, les quartiers de gare centrale dans les villes occidentales sont un support récent et privilégié de l’action collective urbaine. Les projets urbains que ces gares cristallisent présentent des programmations récurrentes reposant sur la mixité fonctionnelle et une orientation tertiaire affirmée. Cette thèse interroge le retournement de valeur symbolique et économique de ces espaces autrefois dévalorisés et aujourd’hui prisés. Quelles sont les modalités de la fabrique urbaine, comment se noue l’interaction nécessaire entre des acteurs publics ne pouvant intervenir seuls sur ces secteurs fortement contraints (notamment techniquement), et des acteurs privés parfois réticents à s’engager sur des marchés qu’ils jugent risqués ? En adoptant une approche inductive et qualitative, ce travail de recherche analyse la conception et la mise en œuvre de deux projets urbains aux avancements contrastés en raison de leviers d’action ou, au contraire, de points de blocages différents, dans deux anciennes villes minières devant négocier le tournant de la désindustrialisation (Saint-Étienne et Liège). Au terme de l’analyse, l’hypothèse d’une valeur assurantielle de la gare dans ces projets urbains est validée : en tant que ferment métropolitain vecteur de fortes potentialités, la gare centrale desservie par un train à grande vitesse est la condition de possibilité permettant d’enclencher non seulement la décision des acteurs publics mais aussi celle des acteurs privés, au premier rang desquels les promoteurs immobiliers, acteurs clés à l’interface entre l’action publique et l’investissement privé
The railway station areas of the 19th Century were a reflection of the Industrial revolution. Following a period of decay after the Second World War, the urban renewal of these areas is now one of the main concerns of local governments in European cities. In addition to a new railway station served by high speed trains, these urban projects are often based on functional diversity, including a business district.This thesis addresses the reversal of urban value in these specific urban areas, exploring how they have moved from repelling to attractive places. How do public and private actors interact, when the former cannot act alone in places constrained by physical barriers due to a lack of funding, and the latter are not inclined to invest in what they consider to be risky places?Our approach is both inductive and qualitative. The comparison of two projects in French and Belgian shrinking cities (Saint-Etienne, near Lyons, and Liège, near Brussels) allows us to understand what the levers for action are, and conversely what the bottlenecks are that slow down the implementation of the urban project around the station.As the result of our analysis, the railway station appears to be a positive and necessary factor for the reversal of urban value in these areas. It is a kind of insurance – in the same way as metropolitan areas create potentiality in the productive economy – both for public actors, as the railway station facilitates their mobilisation, and private ones, especially property developers, who are key elements in the relationship between public action and private investment

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In the recent years Corporate Social Action (CSA) has become more and more relevant to corporate context. The aim is to benefit both poor communities and the donnor companies, as it meets the needs of their salient stakeholders. Nevertheless, there still exists considerable scepticism concerning CSA. In order to become a solid management practice, it is critcal to evidence the attained results. Up to now, the focus has been on process evaluation, that is, on the policies companies are adopting. Literature revision has shown a great need of studies related to results identification in this field. Therefore, using stakeholders` framework (according to Wood, 1991; Donaldson and Preston, 1995; Hopkins, 1997; Hamil, 1999), we have developped a methodology to evaluate CSA results, based on public and private effectiveness criteria. As we applied it to assess Xerox social action in Brazil we were able to identify the attainment degree of expected results related to the benefitted community (Mangueira) and also to some Xerox salient stakeholders (employees and clients).
Nos últimos anos, a ação social das empresas (ASE) vem cada vez mais ganhando relevância no contexto corporativo. A expectativa é de que essa ação possa beneficiar tanto as comunidades carentes como a própria empresa, na medida em que atenda aos interesses dos seus stakeholders relevantes. No entanto, ainda existe considerável ceticismo quanto à ASE. Para que ela se torne uma prática de gestão sólida, torna-se fundamental evidenciar os resultados alcançados. Até o momento, o foco das avaliações tem sido no processo, ou seja, nas medidas que as empresas vêm tomando. Por outro lado, a revisão da literatura apontou a grande carência de estudos no que diz respeito à identificação de resultados nessa área. Assim, utilizando o enfoque dos stakeholders (Wood, 1991; Donaldson e Preston, 1995; Hopkins, 1997; Hamil, 1999), desenvolvemos uma metodologia para avaliar os resultados da ASE com base nos critérios da eficácia pública e da eficácia privada. Quando a aplicamos para avaliar a ação social da Xerox no Brasil, pudemos identificar o grau de alcance dos resultados esperados para a comunidade atendida (Mangueira) e para alguns dos seus stakeholders relevantes (funcionários e clientes).

La folie, dans les archives de la justice royale aux XIVe et XVe siècles, s’accompagne de deux effets de droit : l’incapacité dans les affaires civiles et l’irresponsabilité dans la sphère pénale. La démence (furor) est définie, de manière sommaire, comme une maladie relevant des lois de la nature, qui prive la personne de sa capacité à posséder une intention valable. Sur la base de ce canevas juridique, les descriptions de comportements fous sont assez diverses, car elles s’adaptent aux termes de chaque litige. L’argument de folie sert, en particulier, à excuser un crime, à faire annuler un contrat ou un testament, ou encore à empêcher un proche parent de dissiper les biens du lignage, en obtenant son interdiction et/ou sa mise en curatelle. Le pouvoir qui s’exerce sur l’individu déclaré fou est d’abord celui de la parentèle, qui l’empêche d’accéder au statut normal de l’adulte en raison de son désordre mental et qui, s’il est dangereux, le garde lié à domicile. Des usages coutumiers règlementent ces situations, mais le recours aux sentences des tribunaux royaux et aux règles du droit savant se développe au cours de la période. Le roi ne légifère pas sur ces affaires familiales, laissant certains acteurs intermédiaires, notamment urbains, réclamer la garde de ces sujets vulnérables. Ses gens de justice veillent néanmoins à rendre incontournable le recours à sa juridiction souveraine
In the archives of the royal justice system of the 14th and 15th centuries, madness was distinguished by two distinct judicial attributes: full incapacity in civil proceedings and the exception from penal responsibility in judicial matters. Dementia (furor) was summarily defined as an illness, stemming from the laws of nature, which deprived the subject of his ability to express any valid intent. Within this legal framework, whether or not conduct was deemed mad depended in large part on the specific circumstances of each law suit. The insanity plea could be used, for example, to acquit a crime, to nullify a contract or a testament as well as to prevent a relative from squandering the possessions of the family line by either having him barred and/or placed under guardianship. Those who were regarded as insane found themselves placed, primarily, under the authority of their relatives who thus deprived them of the ordinary privileges associated to adulthood and, should they prove dangerous, kept them at home. If customary law was generally used to arbitrate these situations, more and more appeals to the royal courts and to the opinions of legal scholars were made during this period. Even if the king did not pass judgment on such family matters, he did deputize certain mid-level actors, such as the burghers, to take these vulnerable subjects in their custody. In turn, these lawmen remained particularly attentive to appeal systematically to his sovereign authority

L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire
Pas de résumé en anglais

This is a thesis about anti-paternalism – the liberal doctrine that we may not interfere with a person’s liberty for her own good. Empirical circumstances and moral values may certainly give us reason to avoid benevolent interference. Anti-paternalism as a normative doctrine should, however, be rejected.

Essay I concerns the definitions of paternalism and anti-paternalism. It is argued that only a definition of paternalism in terms of compound reason-actions can accommodate its special moral properties. Definitions in terms of actions, common in the literature, cannot. It is argued, furthermore, that in specifying the reason-actions in further detail, the notion of what is self-regarding, as opposed to other-regarding, is irrelevant, contrary to received opinion.

Essay II starts out with the definition of paternalism defended in essay I and claims that however this very general definition is specified, anti-paternalism is unreasonable and should be rejected. Anti-paternalism is the position that certain reasons – referring one way or the other to the good of a person, give no valid normative support to certain actions – some kind of interferences with the same person. Since the reasons in question are normally quite legitimate and important reasons for action, a convincing argument for anti-paternalism must explain why they are invalid in cases of interference. A closer look at the reasons and actions in question provides no basis for such an explanation.

Essay III considers a concrete case of benevolent interference – the withholding of information concerning uncertain threats to public health in the public’s best interest. Such a policy has been suggested in relation to the European Commission’s proposed new system for the Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH). Information about uncertain threats to health from chemicals would allegedly spread anxiety and depression and thus do more harm than good. The avoidance of negative health effects is accepted as a legitimate and good reason for withholding of information, thus respecting the conclusion of essay II, that anti-paternalism should be rejected. Other reasons, however, tip the balance in favour of making the information available. These reasons include the net effects on knowledge, psychological effects, effects on private decisions and effects on political decisions.

This PhD thesis in environmental science aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the relation between participation and legitimacy in multi-level environmental governance. It is widely assumed that actor involvement has great potential to improve the legitimacy of nature conservation through long-term acceptance and target achievement. However, local resource conflicts problematize the way a relation between participation and legitimacy is depicted on other administrative levels. Studies exploring the effect that participation has on legitimacy are relatively rare, especially in multi-level arrangements of coastal conservation. In this thesis the relation between participation and legitimacy on the local level is examined, as well as how this relation is conditioned by multi-level governance and power. The relation is empirical studied with two local implementation processes of the Helsinki Convention’s network of marine protected areas (HELCOM MPAs). The cases are located in Sweden. Sweden and the Baltic Sea region are in the forefront of participation in nature conservation, and therefore act as a strong case for the exploration of institutional participation. However, despite apparent political will and international support, the efficiency of actor involvement for nature conservation has been questioned, also for the HELCOM MPA and especially on the local level. Based on the results of this study, I question the assumption that weak legitimacy predominantly is an issue of insufficient information sharing. The findings show that involving actors to legitimize the adoption of strict adherence to a pre-established model of conservation likely fails to create long term support for conservation. Instead, relocation of power to the affected actors seems essential in order to make participation establish legitimacy. It appears important to create room for local influence in the design, management and implementation of a particular conservation area in the particular place/context. In both examined cases, there are elements of participation that support legitimacy, for example the development of a shared vision. There are also elements that hamper legitimacy, such as, for example, the high expectations different actors have on participation to reach consensus on protective values. These unmet expectations seem to fuel conflicts of interests among actors on different levels.
Världens hav är i kris. Med ett stort internationellt tryck för att skydda dem har den svenska regeringen satt ambitiösa mål för etablering av marina reservat. Beslutsfattare och forskare har höga förväntningar på att lokalt deltagande underlättar etableringen. Men utan verkliga möjligheter för lokalt deltagande att påverka besluten så verkar förväntningarna orealistiska, med allvarliga konsekvenser för legitimitet av miljöskydd. Avhandlingen undersöker relationen mellan deltagande och legitimitet i svensk östersjöförvaltning genom att studera samrådsprocesserna för Gräsö marina naturreservat och St Anna-Missjö marina skyddsområde. Studien visar på både positiva och negativa samband mellan deltagande och legitimitet, beroende på kvalitén av deltagande. Olika lokala aktörer är djupt engagerade i resursfrågor och vill ha möjlighet att diskutera dessa med staten. Lokala aktörer uttrycker besvikelse och frustration om samråden har en begränsad inverkan på faktiska beslut. Besvikelsen kan underminera stödet för naturskydd och försämra relationen mellan stat och lokala aktörer i längden. I ett av de undersökta fallen var de lokala aktörerna engagerade i att formulera en gemensam vision för området tillsammans med myndigheterna, något som annars är ovanligt. Det visade sig ha en mycket positiv effekt på samrådsprocessen och legitimiteten av naturskyddet.

Les biens d'usage public sont la catégorie centrale de la construction du droit administratif des biens. L'absence d'une analyse d'ensemble de la catégorie, en droit colombien, pousse à revoir les bases sur lesquelles elle repose et ses conséquences. Plus que toute autre catégorie juridique, les biens d'usage public sont tributaires de leur histoire, c'est dans l'étude de cette dernière que se trouvent les clés d'interprétation de tout le système. Le modèle utilisé par le code civil colombien a été calqué sur la division des biens publics, opérée par le droit espagnol colonial – inspirée à son tour du droit romain. Une mise à jour s'avère nécessaire. À partir de la notion de propriété publique, et de son régime constitutionnel, il est possible de construire une définition matérielle des biens d'usage public, permettant de comprendre les caractéristiques de l'usage public. Cela implique, aussi, une révision complète du régime juridique à la lumière de l'exploitation sociale et économique – valorisation – de la propriété publique. À une triple protection, celle de la propriété publique, du bien d'usage public et de l'usager, s'ajoute une nouvelle approche des occupations privatives. Cette idée d'exploitation sociale et économique anime un nouveau régime des titres habilitant l'occupation privative, des redevances pour occupation des biens d'usage public et des droits réels administratifs
Regulation of public property available for public use is at the core of administrative law. The Colombian Civil Code has copied colonial Spanish law in the matter, which in turn was inspired by Roman law. However, the absence of an exhaustive and coherent regulation in Colombia has forced the interpreter to study its foundation and further developments to interpret it. An update of this legal system is, therefore, imperative. Beginning with the concept of public property and its constitutional regulation, it is poss ible to analyze the elements of its public use, which will allow proposing a definition of those assets. It is necessary to analyze the regulation of these public properties under the light of their social and economic value. The protection granted by the law to the concepts of public property, public use and public user, has to be assessed under the new approach of the administrative authorizations pertaining to such public property. This notion of social and economic value will also allow scholars/people to have a new vision of the regulation of administrative authorizations, the exclusive rights (in rem) they confer and the income they produce

This thesis is an attempt to constructively interpret and critically evaluate the liberal doctrine that we may not limit a person’s liberty for her own good, and to discuss its implications and alternatives in some concrete areas of public health policy. The thesis starts theoretical and goes ever more practical. The first paper is devoted to positive interpretation of anti-paternalism with special focus on the reason component – personal good. A novel generic definition of paternalism is proposed, intended to capture, in a generous fashion, the object of traditional liberal resistance to paternalism – the invocation of personal good reasons for limiting of or interfering with a person’s liberty. In the second paper, the normative aspect of this resistance is given a somewhat technical interpretation in terms of invalidation of reasons – the blocking of reasons from influencing the moral status of actions according to their strength. It is then argued that normative anti-paternalism so understood is unreasonable, on three grounds: 1) Since the doctrine only applies to sufficiently voluntary action, voluntariness determines validity of reasons, which is unwarranted and leads to wrong answers to moral questions. 2) Since voluntariness comes in degrees, a threshold must be set where personal good reasons are invalidated, leading to peculiar jumps in the justifiability of actions. 3) Anti-paternalism imposes an untenable and unhelpful distinction between the value of respecting choices that are sufficiently voluntary and choices that are not. The third paper adds to this critique the fourth argument that none of the action types typically proposed to specify the action component of paternalism is such that performing an action of that type out of benevolence is essentially morally problematic. The fourth paper ignores the critique in the second and third papers and proposes, in an anti-paternalistic spirit, a series of rules for the justification of option-restricting policies aimed at groups where some members consent to the policy and some do not. Such policies present the liberal with a dilemma where the value of not restricting people’s options without their consent conflicts with the value of allowing people to shape their lives according to their own wishes. The fifth paper applies the understanding of anti-paternalism developed in the earlier papers to product safety regulation, as an example of a public health policy area. The sixth paper explores in more detail a specific public health policy, namely that of mandatory alcohol interlocks in all cars, proposed by the former Swedish government and supported by the Swedish National Road Administration. The policy is evaluated for cost-effectiveness, for possible diffusion of individual responsibility, and for paternalistic treatment of drivers. The seventh paper argues for a liberal policy in the area of dissemination of information about uncertain threats to public health. The argument against paternalism is based on common sense consequentialist considerations, avoiding any appeal to the normative anti-paternalism rejected earlier in the thesis.
QC 20100714

A presente tese tem por objetivo principal estudar a legitimação jurídico-moral da regulação estatal. Trata-se de tema de grande relevância e extrema atualidade em decorrência de dois fatores. Por um lado, desde o fenômeno da virada kantiana e da retomada da preocupação com o estabelecimento de uma teoria da justiça, tornou-se necessária a análise de justificação jurídico-moral de toda e qualquer instituição político-jurídica positivada. Por outro lado, entre as inúmeras instituições político-jurídicas positivadas, cresce cada vez mais a utilização das medidas jurídicas regulatórias, através das quais o Poder Público direciona ou controla a conduta dos agentes com o intuito de atingir determinada finalidade. Instituto econômico que é, ao interferir na alocação de riquezas, bens e serviços no mercado, a regulação estatal há tempos já vem sendo objeto de análise em uma perspectiva de legitimação econômica. Tradicionalmente, ainda dentro do paradigma da racionalidade, os economistas sempre apontaram as falhas de mercado como as razões a justificar as regulações estatais em um viés econômico. Mais recentemente, por sua vez, os adeptos da economia comportamental, rompendo ou relativizando as lições da Rational Choice Theory, têm apontado também as ações irracionais em heurística como razões a justificar as regulações estatais em um viés econômico. Ocorre, entretanto, que a regulação estatal é um instituto interdisciplinar. Ao direcionar ou controlar a conduta dos indivíduos, limitando ou implementando direitos e liberdades, a regulação constitui instituto simultaneamente jurídico e moral. A presente tese, portanto, buscará apresentar as razões a servir de justificação para a regulação estatal em uma perspectiva jurídico-moral. Neste ponto, adotar-se-á como paradigma de aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral das instituições político-jurídicas positivadas (entre as quais as regulações estatais) um liberalismo-republicano, consistente na compatibilização do liberalismo-igualitário com um republicanismo moderado. Desta forma, o estudo buscará defender a possibilidade de a legitimação jurídico-moral das diversas regulações estatais encontrar fundamento em um ou alguns de três valores jurídico-morais: a autonomia individual privada, as condições igualitárias e a autonomia pública. No que diz respeito à implementação da autonomia individual privada e das condições igualitárias, primeiramente, a tese defenderá a possibilidade de ser realizada uma nova leitura jurídico-moral dos institutos econômicos das falhas de mercado e das ações irracionais em heurística. Neste sentido, o conceito de falhas de mercado e o conceito de ações irracionais em heurística, em uma leitura jurídico-moral como razões a justificar a legitimação das regulações estatais, devem ser entendidos como situações em que o atuar livre dos agentes no mercado viole ou deixe de implementar os valores jurídico-morais fundamentais da autonomia individual privada e das condições igualitárias. Ainda no que diz respeito às influências liberal-igualitárias, a tese sustentará que, mesmo na inexistência de falhas de mercado ou de ações irracionais em heurística, será possível o estabelecimento de regulações estatais que encontrem justificação no valor jurídico-moral fundamental da igualdade, desde que tais regulações estejam destinadas a implementar as condições igualitárias mínimas necessárias à manutenção da própria autonomia individual privada e da dignidade humana. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito às influências republicanas, será exposto que as regulações estatais podem encontrar legitimação jurídico-moral também no valor jurídico-moral fundamental da autonomia pública. A saber, as regulações podem se encontrar legitimadas jurídico-moralmente quando da implementação dos projetos e políticas deliberados pelos cidadãos e pela sociedade no exercício da soberania popular, desde que tais projetos coletivos não violem os requisitos mínimos de dignidade humana dos indivíduos. A tese defenderá que os princípios da proporcionalidade e da igualdade podem exercer um papel de destaque na análise de legitimação jurídico-moral das regulações estatais. O princípio da proporcionalidade, neste ponto, será útil instrumental metodológico na aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral de uma medida regulatória em uma perspectiva interna, quando da aferição da relação estabelecida entre os meios e os fins da regulação. O princípio da igualdade, por sua vez, será útil instrumental metodológico na aferição de legitimação jurídico-moral de uma medida regulatória em uma perspectiva comparativa entre as diversas medidas regulatórias existentes. Por fim, uma vez enfrentados os pontos mais sensíveis pertinentes à justificação de toda e qualquer medida regulatória bem como estabelecida uma teoria geral acerca da legitimação jurídico-moral da regulação estatal, a presente tese realizará um estudo de caso acerca da legitimação jurídico-moral especificamente das regulações que utilizam argumentos de natureza paternalista. Trata-se de regulações que, ao direcionar a conduta de agentes com o intuito de zelar por bens, direitos e interesses destes próprios indivíduos cuja liberdade é restringida, apresentam-se extremamente controversas. Será exposto que, desde a clássica obra On Liberty de JONH STUART MILL, o paternalismo jurídico vem sendo tradicionalmente associado a uma conotação pejorativa de violação aos valores jurídico-morais fundamentais. A tese, porém, adotará posição segundo a qual as regulações paternalistas podem eventualmente encontrar legitimação jurídico-moral na promoção ou proteção dos valores jurídico-morais fundamentais da autonomia individual privada e da igualdade. Além disto, defenderá o estudo que os institutos econômicos das falhas de mercado da assimetria de informações e dos problemas de coordenação bem como os institutos econômicos das ações irracionais em heurística, adotados na nova leitura jurídico-moral proposta, servirão de instrumental útil na identificação das situações em que tais regulações paternalistas se encontram legitimadas jurídico-moralmente diante da premissa liberal-republicana.
The main objective of this thesis is to study the juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation. The theme is both important and current due to two factors. On one hand, since the Kantian turn and the retake of the concern with the establishment of a theory of justice, it became necessary to analyze the juridical-moral justification of every single positive political-juridical institution. On the other hand, among the countless positive political-juridical institutions, each day it increases the use of regulation, measures trough witch the State directs or controls the conducts of the agents in order to achieve a certain goal. Being an economic institution, as it interferes in the allocation of wealth, goods and services in the market, public regulation has already been for years object of analysis in a perspective of economic legitimation. Traditionally, still inside the paradigm of rationality, the economists have always pointed out the market failures as reasons to justify public regulation in an economic sense. More recently, the followers of the behavioral economics, breaking up with or mitigating the lessons of the Rational Choice Theory, have pointed out also the irrational actions in heuristics as reasons to justify public regulations in an economic sense. It happens, though, that regulation is an interdisciplinary institution. While it directs or controls conducts of individuals, limiting or enforcing rights and liberties, regulation presents itself also and at the same time as a juridical and moral institution. The thesis, then, will try to present the reasons that can be used in the justification of public regulation in a juridical-moral perspective. At this point, it will be used as a paradigm for the juridical-moral legitimation of the positive political-juridical institutions (among them the public regulation) a republican-liberalism, witch consists in an agreement established between the egalitarian-liberalism and a moderate conception of the republicanism. So being, the study will try to defend that the juridical-moral legitimation of the many existent public regulations can find foundation in one or some of three juridical-moral values: private individual autonomy, egalitarian conditions, and public autonomy. Concerning the enforcement of private individual autonomy and of egalitarian conditions, at first place, the thesis will defend the possibility of a new juridical-moral reading of the economic institutions of market failures and of irrational actions in heuristics. The concept of market failures and the concept of irrational actions in heuristic, in a juridical-moral reading as reasons to justify the legitimation of public regulations, should be understood as situations in witch the free acting of the agents in the market violates or isnt capable of enforcing the fundamental juridical-moral values of private individual autonomy and of egalitarian conditions. Still concerning the egalitarian-liberal influences, the thesis will hold up that, even when market failures and irrational actions in heuristics do not exist, it will be possible the establishment of public regulations that find justification in the juridical-moral foundation of equality, as long as these regulations are bound to improve the egalitarian conditions necessary to the maintenance of human dignity and private individual autonomy. On the other hand, concerning the republican influences, it will be shown that public regulation can find juridical-moral legitimation also in the fundamental juridical-moral value of public autonomy. This means that regulations might be juridical-morally legitimate when they implement projects and policies deliberated by citizens and society in the exercise of popular sovereignity, as long as these collective projects do not violate the minimum standards necessary to ensure human dignity. The thesis will defend that the principles of proportionality and of equality may play an important role in the analysis of juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation. The principle of proportionality can be an useful methodological instrument in the analysis of the juridical-moral legitimation of a regulatory measure in an internal perspective, questioning the relationship established between the means and ends of the regulation. The principle of equality, on its turn, can be an useful methodological instrument in the analysis of the juridical-moral legitimation of a regulatory measure in a comparative perspective between the numerous existent regulatory measures. At last, once studied the most important issues concerning the justification of every single regulatory measure and once established a general theory about the juridical-moral legitimation of public regulation, the thesis will develop a case study about the juridical-moral legitimation specifically of the regulations that use paternalistic arguments in their support. Those regulatory measures, as they direct the conducts of agents aiming to protect goods, rights and interests of these same individuals whose liberties are restricted, are very controversial. It will be shown that, since the classical work On Liberty by JOHN STUART MILL, legal paternalism has been traditionally associated to a negative connotation of fundamental juridical-moral value violation. The thesis, though, will adopt the position that regulatory measures may find juridical-moral legitimation in the enforcement or protection of the fundamental juridical-moral values of private individual autonomy and of equality. Besides, it will hold up that the economic institutions of market failures information asymmetry and coordination problems as well as the economic institutions of irrational actions in heuristics, adopted in the new juridical-moral reading suggested, may be useful tools in the identification of the situations in witch such paternalistic regulations are juridical-morally legitimate in face of the republican-liberalism.

En analysant le droit des contrats des administrations françaises, allemandes et européennes ainsi que les évolutions engendrées dans les droits français et allemand par le droit de l’UE, la présente étude met à jour une circulation de modèles entre le droit européen et les droits nationaux. Ces interactions permettent d’étudier comment les paramètres de départ des droits nationaux influencent leur manière d’intégrer les exigences européennes, ce qui permet en retour de tirer des conclusions quant au droit de l’Union lui-même. Dans ce contexte, l’étude des droits français et allemand, antagonistes en matière de contrats de l’administration, leur mise en perspective avec le contrat en droit interne de l’Union et l’analyse des évolutions engendrées par le droit européen, met en lumière que la question de l’articulation entre exorbitance et droit commun est au centre des rapports entre le droit européen et le contrat en tant que moyen d’action des administrations nationales et européennes
The present study analyzes the law applicable to contracts of French, German and European administrations, as well as evolutions triggered in French and German law by EU law, and brings into focus a circulation of models between EU and national law. These interactions show how the original parameters of national legal orders influence the latters’ way of integrating European requirements, which in return allows drawing conclusions concerning European law itself. In this context, studying French and German law (antagonist models concerning contracts of public administrations), putting them in perspective with contracts in internal EU law and analyzing the evolutions triggered by the impact of EU law, highlights that the issue of the articulation of specific powers and duties of the contracting administration with the contractual obligations of the parties is central in the relationship between European law and contracts as a tool for the action of national and European administrations

碩士
中國文化大學
青少年兒童福利碩士學位學程
101
Abstract By adopting an action research method, this study solved the related issues about character instructional leadership that implemented in the preschool. This research was done in the preschool whose principal is the researcher. The research subjects are all the teachers and the students in the researcher’s school. The research lasted for two years. Instructional leadership used as a main implementation strategy in this study, composing an action research group to promote character education. This study used 14 terms of virtues which were promulgated by Department of Education, Taipei City Government in 2007, including responsibility, filial piety, honesty, fairness, respect, empathy, caring, inclusiveness, introspection, trustworthiness, gratitude, justice, self-discipline, courage and etc. According to ages, the classes were divided into three groups─ junior, middle and senior class. Using love, confidence, and self-discipline as the framework, the researcher postulated core virtues and principles of preschool students by demonstration and peer supervision. Character education integrated six areas of The New Curriculum Outlines for Preschool. Teaching character education through picture books was the main teaching content in this study. Researcher used education records, reflective journals, character checklists, parents’ feedback sheets and others data as analytic tools. The conclusion of the research and suggestion are described below: I. Conclusion 1. Implementing instructional leadership by the principal can build cooperative and empowered the relationship among the team. This relationship is good for implementing character education. 2. Courses like teachers’ orientation, demonstration and peer supervision can enhance teachers’ professional competence of character education. 3. Using love, confidence, and self-discipline as the framework will promote the effects of learning character education. 4. Building course profiles of topic curriculum of character education develops character education traits in the preschool. II Suggestion 1. The principal should manage related resources well and give teachers attention and support. 2. Teachers should set a good example by deeds, precepts, situations, norms, and interaction. Also, teachers should implement character education actively and enhance professional competence of character education. 3. Parents should follow the teaching of the preschool and also set an example for children. In this case, the effects of learning character education will be promoted. 4. Issues about instructional leadership of character education can be researched in different situations in the future research. 5. Related government departments and agencies should input more resources and fund to encourage preschools to develop related researches and practice. Key words: Character education, Instructional leadership, Action research, Private management of public school

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
102
Methods used for waste disposal as described in Taiwan’s waste management policies evolve from landfill to incineration supplemented by landfill, incineration combined with landfill, and now technology that is economical or feasible in promoting recycling and reuse, in order to gradually achieve the goals of resource recycling and zero waste. However, the continuous development of industry and business in Taiwan has led to the continuous production of waste. As the volume of current landfills is limited and it is not easy to establish new landfills, facilities are needed for final management of the waste produced by enterprises. In light of this, the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive Yuan promulgated the Waste Disposal Policy Assessment Notes in April, 2012, in which promotion of the policy on the Removal of Waste to Rehabilitate Landfills was planned. This policy provides county and city governments with a reference as to whether they should proceed with final disposal or temporary storage of waste. Following this policy, this study explored the questions facing the removal of waste to rehabilitate landfills by means of rent (or rehabilitate)-operate-transfer (ROT) and the possible outcomes of this project. To discuss the feasibility of the ROT project for the removal of waste to rehabilitate existing public landfills, the scope of this study included the closed public landfills in Tainan City. A piece of land of the Taiwan Sugar Corporation was rented and used as the object of this research on the removal of waste to rehabilitate landfill A. Basic data on the current status of the landfill, its operations and management, the environmentally friendly facilities in its main part and the analysis of historical waste were collected and established. Data on the current statuses of waste management facilities in Tainan City (including those of public landfills currently in operation, landfills and facilities in incineration plants) were also collected to be used as a reference regarding the planning of subsequent operations. Subsequent operations management of the landfill was planned and subsequent optimization measures were then taken to establish basic hypotheses and parameters related to the case study, so as to conduct various feasibility studies on the ROT project for the case. The findings of these feasibility studies were used to discuss the development projects on the feasibility of private participation in the removal of waste to rehabilitate landfills and the development plans that meet both the public and private interests. A feasibility assessment model for the complimentary measures was planned. Finally, the feasibility analysis on the ROT project, regardless of market, law, engineering technology, finance, land acquisition and environmental impact, concluded that the project is feasible. The significance of management in terms of social and economic benefits, as well as government finance, was also summarized. In addition, this study proposed recommendations for the planning of engineering, operations and ROT projects, which can provide a reference for investors and government agencies regarding the removal of waste to rehabilitate landfills.

The development and provision of equitable and acceptable standard of health services to all segments of the population has been the major objective of the 1993 Ethiopian National health policy. However, community based studies on satisfaction with public health care facilities reveal that the majority of the population are not satisfied with the services provided predominantly as a result of the long waiting times. Studies done on private health facilities on the contrary reveal that patients are satisfied with the service delivered within short waiting times in these clinics. Even though the speculated waiting time is thought to be long among the public health care facilities and short in private clinics, the actual waiting and service times have not been measured and compared. Aim: To determine the waiting and service times among the public and private health care facilities and measure the perceptions of &ldquo
acceptable&rdquo
waiting time among the providers and clients. Materials and methods: A cross sectional observational study using quantitative techniques was carried out amongst patients and staff at selected public and private health care facilities in Gondar District. Stratified sampling method was used to select facilities. All patients visiting the selected facilities and all staff who provided service to patients on the day of the study were included in the time-delimited sample. Data was collected by research assistants and health workers from all patients attending the health care facility by registering the arrival and departure time of each patient to the facility and to each service point on a patient flow card. Then data was cleaned and captured by a specific Waiting and Service Time database. Descriptive statistics was done on waiting and service times for each facility and this was summarized for each public and private health facility by using tables and graphs. Finally a comparison was made for private and public health facilities by using Wilcoxon-mann-whitney non parametric tests.

Public-private partnerships to provide services are a relatively new policy initiative in Mexico, and have shown contrasting results. This research has endeavored to analyze the possible determinants behind the failure, or the success, of the choice of a specific mode of service provision. By using contracting literature based on transaction costs, and looking specifically at the case of AGSAL, a joint venture established between Saltillo, a northern Mexican city, and INTERAGBAR, a private investor, for the provision of water, this study showed that characteristics of the transaction at stake. More specifically, it showed that specificity of the investments that support a given transaction, the unanticipated changes in circumstances surrounding an exchange, either from physical assets or its ownership rights, and the frequency and duration with which parties engage in the transaction.

This project is a critical evaluation of the relevance of Hannah Arendt’s concept of freedom to African political thought. Freedom is one of the most perplexing aspects of human life, and to determine precisely what freedom consists in is, for most scholars and theorists, hard. What is more, the question of freedom raises fundamental issues about the nature of man. Freedom could be seen as an essential human need and the true mark of humanity; mere survival without that does not constitute a truly human life. Philosophers and political theorists in postcolonial Africa have for a long time been preoccupied with restoring the lost ‘humanity’, or identity, of the African people. Nonetheless, the search for identity in itself is futile if it is not in the first place a search for freedom. Arendt (1958) defines freedom as political action: the capacity to begin something new and unexpected; the capacity to break with seemingly automatic processes or continuities. She argues that political action discloses the identity of the agent; it is through action and speech that individuals reveal themselves as unique individuals and disclose to the world their distinct personalities. The question of freedom in Hannah Arendt presents a challenge to modern ways of considering it. Contemporary categories of freedom impede the development of the individual’s capacities for agency and action by distorting the distinction between the private and the public spheres and also by adhering to a problematic notion of individuality. This project evaluates the relevance of Arendt’s political philosophy through five major themes: the rise of the modern self from the social, economic and cultural developments in Europe from the fifteenth century to the twentieth century; the ontological foundation of human rights and the problem of twentieth century political evil; human status and the reality of politics in Africa; the delineation of the public/private spheres; and finally, the redefinition of political freedom. The project takes as its background the political upheavals and violence of the twentieth century, which have been described by some critics as the scourge of modernity. The twentieth century was marked by evil – two world wars, which left people homeless and uprooted; totalitarianism, whose violent population politics led to the annihilation of about six million Jews; and the invention of nuclear weapons. Man would have breathed a sigh of relief at the dawn of the twenty-first century, but as reality reared its ugly head, the transition was a mere passage of time – the elements of the twentieth century political evil are here with us in the present. Twenty-first-century man is horrified at what fellow humans are capable of – at what man may do and what the world may become. For Arendt, it is not a relief that the new millennium offers, but a new opportunity for us to transform elements such as anti-Semitism and racism. This possibility of a new beginning forms the core of Arendt’s analysis of human freedom. Copyright
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Philosophy
unrestricted

碩士
淡江大學
建築學系
88
Abstract: In this thesis , the event 日茂行 to be put on a view that minoring group in 泉州街 facing the bulldozer . The old community separate because the land-use conflicts and historical reason . The students provide the concept : public using to protect 日茂行 from destroy by local government. And then the planner try to raise the public consciousness to chang the separate become Cooperation but the conflicts in the process never disappear until the planner leave. Finally , at the chape 5 , use the concept : 「spatiality」 to descr ibe the preserevation action and figure out a road that 日茂埕 to be a public space.

Embedded within the notably constrained American state, how can regulatory agencies ensure that enforcement goals are met? Some analyses suggest that this is not so easily done; rather, constraints on agencies' formal administrative powers are said to threaten their capacity for effective regulation. But recent scholarship contends that such accounts underestimate the pivotal and oftentimes `hidden' regulatory role played by less formal mechanisms of enforcement, such as private litigation. Building on this revisionist strain, this dissertation project closely examines the ways in which constrained agencies look outside themselves - and their formally granted administrative authority - for enforcement power by developing incentive structures that motivate private actors to engage in litigation that advances regulatory goals. Through an historical analysis of the development of the regulatory capacity of three agencies - the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, and the Office of Equal Opportunity at HUD - this project uses qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore how and when regulatory agencies choose to focus their limited resources on mobilizing private enforcement of public policy. First, using a careful examination of agency and presidential archival materials, I specify the mechanisms by which agency actors promote private litigation and uncover the institutional and political conditions under which this legal enforcement strategy is employed over time. And then, from these archival observations, I construct original quantitative measures capturing the deployment of these legal enforcement strategies, and conduct statistical analyses to confirm the success of agency efforts to encourage private litigation over time. Ultimately, by reconsidering how to integrate informal mechanisms of enforcement, like agency-motivated private litigation, into theories of bureaucratic regulation, this research contributes to our practical understandings of day-to-day agency behavior and to our conceptions and assessments of state capacity, more broadly.

The introduction of this thesis themed "Local Action Group Rakovnicko and its importance for the regional development" focuses on the questions of the beginning a development of European's cooperation. In context of entry Czech Republic into the European Union handles this thesis about the birth of native regional policy and actual conditions of pumping European funds. Separate theme is the meaning of method LEADER for the development of rural regions in the Czech conditions and community effort to establish the cooperation with private sector based on local partnership. The Local Action Group Rakovnicko tries to apply the mentioned method and forms for small communities needed background and conditions. The aim of this thesis is to create a project for small town of Jesenice, which is focused on the development of tourism.