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Статті в журналах з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
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Scepanovic, Jelena, Safija Herenda, Fehim Korac, Darko Vuksanovic, and Dragan Radonjic. "Protection of fuel filter with alkaline and acid zinc coatings." Glasnik hemicara i tehnologa Bosne i Hercegovine, no. 53 (December 18, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35666/ghtbh.2019.53.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Galvanic coatings are applied so that the surface of the base material obtains appropriate properties, corrosion resistance, durability, aesthetic appearance, and long-term application in the appropriate industry. In this paper, the aim was to protect steel fuel filters with alkaline and acid zinc coatings of different thicknesses. The coating of zinc, which is applied from the alkaline electrolyte, provides good corrosion protection with excellent coating flexibility. The thickness of the coating by the X-ray fluorescence method was tested, followed by coating tests, corrosion resistance, and electrochemical tests. The results of adhesion showed a high quality coating, as no corrosion occurred during the test. The corrosion resistance tested by the salt chamber method speaks of the appearance of white and red corrosion. On alkaline electrolyte coatings, white corrosion occurred after 168 hours of exposure to the salt test, while on white zinc samples there was a white corrosion after 240 hours of exposure. Tafel polarization diagrams have been determined: corrosion potentials, current intensities, anode and cathode Tafel coefficients and calculated corrosion rates. The active and passive corrosion zone is determined by the cyclic voltammetry.
2
Byoun, Young Min, Jin Hwan Jeong, Jong Kyu Park, Sun Kyo Seo, and Chi Hwan Lee. "Effect of Alkaline Phosphate-Permanganate Conversion Coating on the Corrosion Resistance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.43.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Alkaline phosphate-permanganate conversion coating, chrome-free conversion coating was studied for corrosion resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Also, conventional acid phosphate -permanganate conversion coating was studied for comparison. Analysis and morphology observation for conversion coating layers was investigated in details by using SEM-EDS, XRD. SEM observation showed that a lot of cracks in surface and interface between conversion coating layer and AZ91D magnesium alloy substrate was observed in acid conversion coating, whereas cracks was not almost observed in alkaline conversion coating layer. SEM-EDS and XRD analysis showed that the main elements of both alkaline and acid conversion coating were Mg, O, K, P and Mn. It was found that both conversion coating layers was consisted of MgO, Mg (OH)2and MnO2. Salt spray test showed that the alkaline conversion coating have a good corrosion resistance compared with acid conversion coating.
3
Yang, Xiao Ke, Yun Ying Fan, Ye Hua Jiang, and Zu Lai Li. "Study on Chromium-Free Color Passivation for Zinc Coating Treated with Silicate." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper mainly focuses on how the silicate liquid composition of chromium-free color passivation affects on passivation result, and confirmes the optimum passivation conditions, and uses two zinc plating system of alkaline and acid deposition. Silicate passivation system is compared with hexavalent chromium passivation technology and the results showed that: the appearance and corrosion resistance of passive films formed on zinc coatings plated with alkaline system are better than samples plated with acid system, and have the same corrosion resistanc with hexavalent chromium passivation. The silicate passivation films can keep 200 hours with no white rust in neutral salt spray test.
4
Sun, Weixiang, Yupeng Liu, Tinghua Li, Siwen Cui, Shougang Chen, Qiangliang Yu, and Daoai Wang. "Anti-corrosion of amphoteric metal enhanced by MAO/corrosion inhibitor composite in acid, alkaline and salt solutions." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 554 (October 2019): 488–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.035.
Повний текст джерела
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Wei, Shao Ming. "Progress of Studies on Durability of FRP Rods Used in Civil Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fiber reinforced polymer ( FRP) rods have a broad application in civil eng ineering field used as a material substiting steelbars. Based on the domestic and abroad research, the durability of the fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rods undermultifarious environmental conditions is summarized in this paper, and the effect of environments such as temperature, humidity, corrosion from acid, alkaline and salt solutions on durability performance of FRP materials as well as the degradation of the bond characteristics between FRP rods and the interface of concrete caused by the acceleration environment test are mainly discussed. The results indicate that the environmenta lconditionsm entioned above affect FRP rods and bond characteristics between FRP rods and the in terface of concrete.In addition, a relatedmodel predicting the influence on durability of FRP rods in alkaline solutions is given and future study trend on durability of FRP rods is presented
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Wang, Hong Tao, Ming Xue, and Ju Hui Cao. "Research on the Durability of Magnesium Phosphate Cement." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 1864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.1864.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Magnesium phosphate cement was prepared from MgO and NH4H2PO4. The changes of the strength, appearance and hydration products of the magnesium phosphate cement were investigated, which are soaked in sulfuric acid solution, sodium hydroxide solution, sodium sulfate solution and magnesium sulfate solution. Besides, the impermeability and salt frost resistance of magnesium phosphate cement were analyzed. The results show that magnesium phosphate cement has good resistance to sulfate erosion, especially the anti-corrosion ability of magnesium sulfate. However the alkali resistance of the magnesium phosphate cement is poor. Therefore, the magnesium phosphate cements are not appropriate to be used in alkaline environment as cementitious material. The resistance of the magnesium phosphate cement to chemical attack is closely related to the stability of the hydration product MgNH4PO4• 6H2O. The magnesium phosphate cements have good impermeability and salt freezing resistance.
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Arnold, Suzan, Sandra Raquel Kunst, Luciane Taís Fuhr, and Cláudia Trindade Oliveira. "RESISTÊNCIA A CORROSÃO EM DIFERENTES TRATAMENTOS DE SUPERFÍCIE SOBRE LIGAS DE ZINCO UTILIZADOS EM METAIS SANITÁRIOS." Revista Tecnologia e Tendências 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.25112/rtt.v10i2.1899.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Entre as ligas não ferrosas, as ligas de zamac são as mais utilizadas para a fundição e vêm sendo aplicadas na substituição de peças de latão, utilizadas industrialmente em metais sanitários. O zamac apresenta propriedades mecânicas semelhantes às do latão, porém com custo inferior. Entretanto, a alta porosidade destas ligas, impede que tratamentos superficiais garantam bom acabamento e resistência à corrosão. Visando melhorar o desempenho, frente à corrosão de peças de zamac, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar o processo de diferentes tratamentos de superfície dos metais sanitários produzidos em zamac. As amostras foram injetadas sobre pressão e submetidas a diferentes tratamentos superficiais (tratamento mecânico, tratamento químico, cobre alcalino, cobre ácido, níquel, cromo). Os corpos de prova foram expostos a um meio agressivo, por meio de nevoa salina a fim de analisar a resistência à corrosão das peças, além de análises de polarização, metalografia e microdureza. Observou-se que a maior incidência de corrosão ocorreu nas partes de injeção e solda da peça, as amostras tratadas com níquel e cromo demonstraram o melhor desemprenho frente a resistência a corrosão.Palavras-chave: Zamac. Metais sanitários. Corrosão.ABSTRACTAmong the non ferrous alloys, zamak are the most used for casting and have been applied to substitute brass parts, industrially utilized in sanitary metals. The zamak presents mechanical properties similar to brass, however with lower cost. Meanwhile, the high porosity of these alloys hinders the superficial treatments ensure good finishing and corrosion resistance. Aiming to improve the performance against corrosion of zamak parts, this work evaluates the process of different superficial treatments of sanitary metals produced with zamak. The samples were injected under pressure and submitted to different superficial treatments (mechanical, chemical, alkaline copper, acid copper, nickel and chromium). The specimens were exposed to an aggressive medium through salt spray test to evaluate the corrosion resistance, and the following analysis: polarization, metallography and microhardness. It was observed that the higher corrosion incidence occurred on the injection and weld regions. The samples treated with nickel and chromium demonstrated better performance of corrosion resistance. Keywords: Zamak. Sanitary materials. Corrosion.
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Krivenko, P. V., І. І. Rudenko, О. P. Konstantynovskyi, and О. V. Boiko. "ENHANCEMENT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT PROPECTION IN ALKALI-ACTIVATED SLAG CEMENT CONCRETE MIXED WITH SEAWATER." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 83 (June 4, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-83-67-76.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern trends in construction industry in terms of efficient use of raw materials and energy, implying a responsible attitude to environment, predetermine application of alkali-activated slag cement concrete (further, AASC concrete). It’s well-known the increased risk of steel reinforcement corrosion is caused by mixing concretes with seawater, presented by chlorides and sulfates. One of the benefits of AASC concrete is possibility to be mixed with seawater. The aim of this research was the enhancement of AASC concrete’s protective properties, mixed with seawater, to steel reinforcement due to modification by complex of additives (further, CA), including portland cement, calcium aluminate cement and clinoptilolite. Kuzel’s salt (3CaO∙Al2O3∙0,5CaCl2∙0,5SO4∙10H2O) was fixed in hydration products of AASC, modified by proposed CA, after 180 d of hydration. Formation of mentioned salt is due to chemical binding of Cl- and SO42- ions by calcium hydroaluminate 3CaO∙Al2O3∙10H2O, formed by co-acting of Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement during hydration process. Clinoptilolite enhances occlusion function of hydrates presented by alkaline hydro-alumina-silicates. State of steel reinforcement, evaluated according to DSTU B V.2.6-181:2011, confirms the effectiveness of CA in plasticized AASC concrete, mixed with seawater. Mass loss of steel rebars, which were reached from AASC concrete, modified by high-plasticizing additive of sodium lignosulphonate, was in compliance with mandatory requirements (no more than 10 g/m2). This fact is evidence of corrosion absence. Obtained results confirm mitigation of steel reinforcement corrosion risk in plasticized AASC concrete, modified by CA and mixed with seawater. This phenomenon is caused by binding of Cl- and SO42- ions due to chemical adsorption by gel-like phases, chemical binding in Kuzel`s salt as well as their occluding by zeolite-containing admixture and alkaline hydro-alumina-silicates. In addition, increased strength of AASC concrete, while mixing with seawater, is caused by both water-reducing effect of salts of strong acids and densification of artificial stone microstructure under their influence.
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Kaushal, Sujay S., Gene E. Likens, Michael L. Pace, Ryan M. Utz, Shahan Haq, Julia Gorman, and Melissa Grese. "Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): E574—E583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711234115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links salinization and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as concurrent trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, respectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over the past century. Across 232 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring sites, 66% of stream and river sites showed a statistical increase in pH, which often began decades before acid rain regulations. The syndrome is most prominent in the densely populated eastern and midwestern United States, where salinity and alkalinity have increased most rapidly. The syndrome is caused by salt pollution (e.g., road deicers, irrigation runoff, sewage, potash), accelerated weathering and soil cation exchange, mining and resource extraction, and the presence of easily weathered minerals used in agriculture (lime) and urbanization (concrete). Increasing salts with strong bases and carbonates elevate acid neutralizing capacity and pH, and increasing sodium from salt pollution eventually displaces base cations on soil exchange sites, which further increases pH and alkalinization. Symptoms of the syndrome can include: infrastructure corrosion, contaminant mobilization, and variations in coastal ocean acidification caused by increasingly alkaline river inputs. Unless regulated and managed, the freshwater salinization syndrome can have significant impacts on ecosystem services such as safe drinking water, contaminant retention, and biodiversity.
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Chernykh, Vera N., Natalia A. Patrusheva, Inna N. Pugacheva, Nadezhda S. Nikulina, and Sergey S. Nikulin. "PROSPECTS FOR USE OF TRIETHANOLAMINE IN PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC RUB-BERS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 64, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20216403.6303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper investigates the possibility of using SKS-30 ARK as a promising coagulant of triethanolamine and its salt in the technology of producing styrene-butadiene rubber. It was found that complete coagulation in the presence of triethanolamine occurs only at high consumption of its acidifying agent (sulfuric acid solution). Otherwise, complete coagulation is not observed. This is due to the fact that aqueous solutions of triethanolamine have an alkaline medium, and in this medium the aggregate stability of latex is greatest. It is noted that an increase in the consumption of triethanolamine in the process of coagulation not only does not increase the yield of rubber crumbs, but also leads to an increase in the consumption of the acidifying agent. It was found that to eliminate this disadvantage, it is possible to use the triethanolamine salt-triethanolamine hydrochloride. This solution was obtained from aqueous solutions of triethanolamine and hydrochloric acid, using homogenization. When triethanolamine hydrochloride is used as a coagulant, the process of separating rubber from latex proceeds by a neutralization mechanism. It was found that it is possible to use triethanolamine hydrochloride as a coagulant in lower dosages than sodium chloride and triethanolamine. It should be noted that the aqueous phase formed during the coagulation process in the presence of triethanolamine hydrochloride can later be returned to production as a solvent in the preparation of aqueous solutions of the acidifying agent and coagulant. At the same time, triethanolamine has anti-corrosion activity, which is a positive point for processes where strong sulfuric acid is used. It is established that the physical and mechanical characteristics of vulcanizates obtained on the basis of rubbers made in the presence of triethanolamine hydrochloride meet the requirements of the standard.
Дисертації з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
1
Погребова, Інна Сергіївна. "Наукові основи створення синергетичних адсорбційних інгібіторів корозії поліфункціонального призначення". Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/45499.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація присвячена вирішенню важливої науково-технічної проблеми:
підвищенню корозійної стійкості та експлуатаційно-технічних властивостей
металевих виробів, устаткування та пристроїв шляхом використання
синергетичних адсорбційних інгібіторів корозії широкого спектру захисної дії.
Розроблено науково-обґрунтований підхід до створення ефективних інгібіторів
корозії на основі поліфункціональних органічних сполук та комбінацій
органічних сполук і солей металів. Підхід базується на комплексному
дослідженні процесів адсорбції, встановленні взаємозв’язку між будовою
органічних сполук, їх адсорбційними захисними властивостями, визначенні
особливостей кінетики парціальних реакцій конкретних видів корозії і шляхів
впливу на них інгібіторів, врахуванні ефектів внутрішньомолекулярного і
міжмолекулярного синергізму, які виникають при інгібуванні корозії.
Досліджено закономірності адсорбції та захисної дії при кислотній корозії
заліза та вуглецевих сталей різних за хімічним складом монофункціональних і
поліфункціональних органічних сполук. Виявлена роль амінних, піридинієвих,
карбонільних, тіокарбонільних, карбоксильних груп в захисній дії цих
інгібіторів. Розвинені сучасні наукові положення щодо механізму захисної дії
органічних інгібіторів корозії та ролі різних частинних ефектів її інгібування.
Запропоновано і експериментально обґрунтовано рівняння, яке встановлює
взаємозв’язок між кінетичними параметрами корозійних процесів, захисною
дією інгібіторів та їх адсорбційними властивостями з урахуванням механізму
анодного розчинення заліза.
Досліджено і науково обґрунтовано ефекти внутрішньомолекулярного і
міжмолекулярного синергізму, які виникають при інгібуванні корозії металів
поліфункціональними органічними сполуками з атомами Нітрогену, Оксигену,
Сульфуру та сумішами органічних і неорганічних сполук різного механізму
захисної дії. Встановлено, що амінні та піридинові фрагменти
поліфункціональних органічних сполук забезпечують їх захисну дію за
енергетичним механізмом при невисоких температурах, а тіокарбонільних та
карбоксильних – при підвищених. Висвітлено взаємозв’язок між характером сил
взаємодії між адсорбованими частинками та їх захисною дією при кислотній
корозії заліза. Запропоновано новий тип синергетичних інгібіторів кислотної,
сольової та лужної корозії цинку на основі сумішей органічних сполук і катіонів
металів. Встановлено роль модифікації поверхневих властивостей цинку, що
відбувається внаслідок протікання різних електрохімічних процесів в захисній
дії цього типу інгібіторів корозії.
Розроблена модель адсорбції органічних сполук на металах, заснована на
уявленнях про утворення комплексів з частинним переносом заряду та
прогнозуванні її протікання з використанням принципу ЖМКО Пірсона. На
підставі застосування запропонованої моделі адсорбції розроблено напрямки
створення нових ефективних інгібіторів корозії, засновані на врахуванні
адсорбційних властивостей металів, специфіки механізмів корозії, ефектів
синергізму їх захисної дії.
Розроблено нову серію органічних інгібіторів корозії на основі
четвертинних піридинієвих солей з карбонільними групами широкого спектру
дії і поліфункціонального призначення (кислотна корозія, мікробна корозія
металів в умовах бактеріальної сульфатредукції, кислотне корозійно-механічне
руйнування сталей). Досліджено взаємозв’язок між захисною дією органічних
сполук, електронними та стеричними властивостями їх замісників та природою
додаткових функціональних угрупувань, схильних до безпосередньої адсорбції
на сталі. Виявлено роль біологічного та електрохімічного факторів при
інгібуванні корозії металів в умовах бактеріальної сульфатредукції. Науково
обґрунтовано ефект синергізму захисної дії органічних сполук під впливом
продуктів метаболізму бактерій (HS
-
, H
S).
Досліджено вплив інгібіторів на саморозряд, електричні та розрядні
2
характеристики цинкових та кадмієвих анодів хімічних джерел струму. На
підставі використання розроблених інгібіторів корозії запропоновано
удосконалені свинцево-цинкові та свинцево-кадмієві елементи з кислотними
електролітами, марганцево-цинкові елементи водно-сольової та водно-лужної
системи. Встановлена перспективність застосування комбінованого
протикорозійного захисту вуглецевих сталей в водних агресивних середовищах
на основі сумісного використання дифузійних покриттів та інгібіторів корозії.
2
Yu, Zhao. "Corrosion and protections of Somaloy® components." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188951.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Corrosion protection is very significant for metals in modern society from the view of industrial development. This thesis work project involves a research study that is aimed to investigate the effect of corrosion on the mechanical strength and magnetic properties of four no treated or treated Somaloy® component samples (Somaloy®700 1P, Somaloy®700 3P, Somaloy®700HR 5P and Somaloy®110i 5P) provided by Höganäs AB and laminated steel sheets by salt spray test. The coatings for protection are phosphoric acid coating, sodium silicate coating, DCA-Modified silicone conformal coating and water-borne single coat paint respectively. Then the protective properties are evaluated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution after 7 days exposure. From transverse rupture strength (TRS) and hysteresis loop measurements by salt spray test, although the bar samples are treated coating, the corrosion decreases the mechanical strength to a certain extent more or less over time. For the magnetic properties, the corrosive environments hardly influence the magnetic parameters of the no treated or four types of coatings treated Somaloy® components. But the all kinds of magnetic parameters for laminated ring samples have a great variation after salt spray test. In the EIS measurements, for the no treated samples, the initial corrosion resistance is only several hundred ohms and decreases after 1 hour, 8 hours and 1day exposure, then increases to a certain extent with time due to the corrosion products formed on the surface. For the sodium silicate coating, the initial corrosion resistance is approximately several ten thousands ohms and decreases rapidly only after 1 day exposure to several hundred ohms due to the sodium silicate film dissolves in the electrolyte solution and has no effective protective property. Then the following corrosion process is almost same as the no treated samples. For the water-borne single coat paint, the initial corrosion resistance can reach to several Giga-ohms and decreases over time, but can still stay at level, indicating that this coating has a very good and effective protective properties. EIS experiments indicate that water-borne single coat paint has a more effective protection than sodium silicate coating and can apply a better corrosion protection for the Somaloy® components Key words: corrosion protection, soft magnetic composites, phosphoric acid coating, sodium silicate coating, DCA-Modified silicone conformal coating , water-borne single coat paint, salt spray test, TRS, hysteresis loop, EIS
3
Zhang, Jinming. "Development of Environmentally Friendly Non-Chrome Conversion Coatings for Cold-Rolled Steel." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28803.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Steel producers use various organic and inorganic coatings to protect cold-rolled steel (CRS) sheets from corrosion during shipment and storage. It is well known that CRS sheets can be protected from corrosion by galvanizing, phosphating, chromating, topcoating with organic, or their combinations. The chromate rinsing is particularly effective for preventing white rusting of galvanized steel. But there is an increasing interest in a replacement for the chromating process because of environmental and health concerns. The objective of the present work is to develop a chrome-free conversion coating for steel sheets.
Various carboxylic acids and their salts have been studied for coating phosphated electrogalvanized (EG) steel sheets, including 10-undecenoic acid (UA), oleic acid (OA), and other fatty acids such as stearic acid (SA) and palmitic acid (PA). When they were used alone, or subsequently coated with resin, they could produce a highly hydrophobic surface and improve the corrosion resistance.
Thiols such as 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) can form a self-assembled monolayer on metal substrates. This close-packed monolayer could provide an excellent corrosion resistance for EG steel sheets. It was capable of withstanding 50~60 hours of salt spray test (SST) although its thickness was only a few nanometers. The EG steel itself usually started rusting only after 2~4 hours of salt spray.
In another coating system, thiols were mixed with a conventional resin to improve the corrosion resistance of EG steel. This new technique gave 100~120 hours of corrosion resistance. When the resin was applied directly on EG steel surface, its corrosion resistance was less than 72 hours. It was shown that further optimization of this technique increased the corrosion resistance to 200 hours and more in the standard SST.Ph. D.
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Lethabane, Moipone Linda. "Corrosion behaviour of nickel-titanium shape memory alloys with copper and niobium additions." 2013. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000975.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
M. Tech. Metallurgical Engineering.Studies the corrosion behavior of sintered Ni-Ti shape memory alloys containing Cu and Nb additions.Objectives are: 1. Investigate structural and phased interactions occurring during the sintering of the allloys. 2. Study the effects of niobium and copper addition on the general corrosion behavior of the sintered nickel-titanium alloys in sodium chloride and sulphuric acid. 3. Study the effects of copper and niobium addition on localized corrosion behavior of the alloys in chloride environments.
Книги з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
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Behrens, Dieter. Corrosive Agents & Their Interaction With Materials: Aliphatic Amines, Alkaline Earth Chlorides, Alkaline Earth Hydroxides, Fluorine, Hydrogen Fluoride ... Acid (The Dechema Corrosion Handbook). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
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Santos, H. O., Clarice Terui Kunioshi, J. L. Rossi, and Isolda Costa. "The Corrosion Behaviour of a Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy Obtained by Spray Forming in Acid, Neutral and Alkaline Solutions." In Materials Science Forum, 126–31. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-423-5.126.
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Mandel, Marcel, Volodymyr Kietov, and Lutz Krüger. "The Corrosion Behavior of High-Alloy CrMnNi Steels—A Research Work on Electrochemical Degradation in Salt- and Acid-Containing Environments." In Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels and Steel-Zirconia Composites, 557–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_17.
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Kohl, Arthur L., and Richard B. Nielsen. "Alkaline Salt Solutions for Acid Gas Removal." In Gas Purification, 330–414. Elsevier, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-088415220-0/50005-7.
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Xiong, Wei, Yuxin Yang, Yinyan Hou, Guinian Huang, He Li, and Gang Gan. "Electrochemical Dyeing of Cotton Fiber for Environmental Protection." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde210218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For environment-friendly dyeing, electrochemical dyeing method was researched. The low consumption of additives during dyeing is beneficial to environmental protection,and the electric field of electrochemical dyeing reduces the salt. Moreover, the K/S value of the fabric increases significantly at the same dye concentration. The alkaline electrolyte in the electrolytic cell may enhance the self-corrosion of the electrode during the electrochemical dyeing process. The results show that the electrochemical dyeing can reduce the amount of additives during the dyeing process.
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Vincent, Warwick F. "6. Extreme lakes." In Lakes: A Very Short Introduction, 91–108. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198766735.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
‘Extreme lakes’ describes a range of lakes that are of great scientific interest because of their unusual physical, chemical, and biological features. Salt water lakes occur in many parts of the world and are often highly productive, with a simplified food chain supporting large flocks of birds. Polar and alpine lakes are strongly affected by snow and ice, and are therefore sensitive to small changes in temperature across the freezing–melting threshold of water. Other extreme lakes include those that have acid and alkaline waters; geothermal hot-water lakes, and water bodies that periodically erupt, disgorging liquid and gas. In some, only the hardiest of ‘extreme-loving’ microbes can survive and grow.
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Mohammed, Mustafa Alaa, and Rehab Majed Kubba. "Experimental Evaluation for the Inhibition of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Salt and Acid Media by New Derivative of Quinolin-2-One." In Application of Quantum Mechanical Calculations and Symmetry in Chemistry; Vibration Frequencies, Corrosion Inhibition and Prodrugs, 146–59. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-91882-61-7/ch10.
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Taber, Douglass F. "The Trost Synthesis of (-)-Pseudolaric Acid B." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199965724.003.0085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
(-)-Pseudolaric acid B 3, isolated from the bark of the golden larch Pseudolarix kaempferi, shows potent antifungal activity. A key step in the total synthesis of 3 described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 , 130 , 16424) by Barry M. Trost of Stanford University was the free radical cyclization of 1 that established the angular ester and the trans ring fusion of 2 and thus of 3. To prepare the bicyclic skeleton of 1, the authors envisioned the Rh-mediated intramolecular addition of the alkyne of 11 to the alkenyl cyclopropane. The acyclic centers of 11 were established by Noyori hydrogenation of (equilibrating) racemic 4. One enantiomer reduced much more quickly than the other, leading to 5. The absolute configuration of the cyclopropane was set by Charette cyclopropanation of the monosilyl ether of the inexpensive diol 8. The two components were then coupled using a Corey-Schlosser protocol. Alkylation of the ylide 10 with 7 gave a new phosphonium salt, which in situ was deprotonated and condensed with the aldehyde 9 . The resulting betaine was deprotonated and quenched, then exposed again to base to give the trans alkene 11. It is important in this procedure to use PhLi as the base, because the alkyl lithium can displace the alkyl group on phosphorus. The product from Ru-catalyzed cyclization was the expected 1,4-diene 12 . Fortunately, it was found that TBAF desilylation led to concomitant alkene migration, to give the more stable conjugated diene 13. Selective epoxidation of the more electron-rich alkene fol lowed by exposure to strong base then delivered 14 , with the requisite angular oxygenation established. Pseudolaric acid B 3 would be derived from cyclization of the selenocarbonate of a tertiary alcohol. In fact, however, attempted cyclization of such selenocarbonates led only to decarboxyation and reduction. Even with the selenocarbonate 1 prepared from the secondary alcohol, the cyclization to 2 required careful optimization, including using not AIBN but azobis(dicyclohexylcarbonitrile) as the radical initiator. Acetylide addition to the ketone 15 could be effected with high diastereocontrol, but lactone construction proved elusive. Alkaline conditions led quickly to addition of the angular hydroxyl to the activated alkene in the seven-membered ring.
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"Effect of Cobalt Content on the Corrosion Resistance in Acid, Alkaline and Ringer Solution of Fe-Co-Zr-Mo-W-B Metallic Glasses." In Bioscience Methodologies in Physical Chemistry, 219–28. Apple Academic Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15300-16.
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Alberto Mendoza Pérez, Jorge, Abril Gardenia Martínez Castillo, Jorge Octaviano Gomez Castrejon, and Juan Carlos Gómez Buendía. "Electrolytic Cell Applied for the Breakdown of Endocrine Disrupting Drugs in Aqueous Tributaries." In Electrodialysis. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter, we report previous results about advances of an electrolysis process developed for breakdown of endocrine disrupting drugs in aqueous media. The objective is to achieve the breakdown of two drugs: trimethoprim and a mixture of clavulanic acid-amoxicillin (1:7) with an electrolytic cell by means of oxidization-reduction reactions. The evaluation of the process was carried out using spectrometry techniques UV-Vis, thin layer chromatography (TLC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Handcrafted mineral carbon electrodes doped with titanium dioxide were designed, platinum and copper wires were placed, and a potassium hydroxide solution was used as electrolyte. The electrolyte, being an alkaline salt, allows the transport of charges from one side to the other, and electrode doped with titanium dioxide is used in order to help the electronic transfer, and the mineral carbon, having a strong affinity for organic and non-polar compounds, performs an adsorption process. Results from several performed assays showed that after 1 hour of treatment, it can be seen the breakdown of the drugs present in a synthetic wastewater solution.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
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Sneha, S. S., and K. P. Ramaswamy. "A Comprehensive Review on the Mechanism of Concrete Deterioration in Accelerated Aggressive Environment." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concrete is being extensively utilized for the constructional and other allied works on account of its versatility and mechanical properties. However, it exists to be in a state of disequilibrium with its ambient environment owing to its universal alkaline nature and hence is susceptible to deterioration when exposed to aggressive environments. The reactive species emanating from chemical plants, fertiliser industries, marine water, agro-food industries etc., produce detrimental effects on the concrete structures through the dissolution of calcium bearing phases from the hydrated matrix. This degradation culminates in decalcification, volumetric expansion, salt crystallisation, micro-cracking, surface scaling, delamination, spalling and corrosion. Diffusivity, capillary porosity, permeability, chemical nature of hydrated matrix and pore network are the parameters that influence the chemical mechanism of concrete degradation. The mechanism of concrete degradation is distinct for various aggressive species and its fair comprehension remains as one of the challenges in accomplishing the durability based concrete design. This paper critically reviews the basic mechanism of the concrete deterioration in accelerated aggressive environment of mineral acids, organic acids and inorganic salts. In addition to this, a glimpse of the effect of degradation on different binder systems viz., Ordinary Portland Cement system, blended cement system, special cement system and alkali activated system is provided.
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Li, Yijiu, Xinping Zeng, Yafei Liu, Qian Ma, Zhonghua Hu, and Yaming Ni. "The Study on Corrosion and scale inhibition efficiencies of the phosphinico succinic acid oligomer, maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer and zinc salt system." In Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacific Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791924_0060.
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Kjemtrup, Lars, Rasmus Faurskov Cordtz, Martin Meyer, and Jesper Schramm. "Experimental Investigation of Sulfuric Acid Condensation and Corrosion Rate in Motored BUKH DV24 Diesel Engine." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The work conducted in this paper presents a novel experimental setup to study sulfuric acid cold corrosion of cylinder liners in large two-stroke marine diesel engines. The process is simulated in a motored light duty BUKH DV24 diesel engine where the charge air contain known amounts of H2SO4 and H2O vapor. Liner corrosion is measured as iron accumulation in the lube oil. Similarly sulfuric acid condensation is assessed by measuring the accumulation of sulfur in the lube oil. To clarify the corrosive effect of sulfuric acid the lube oil utilized for experiments is a sulfur free neutral oil without alkaline additives (Chevron Neutral Oil 600R). Iron and sulfur accumulation in the lube oil is analyzed with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) apparatus. Three test cases with different H2SO4 concentrations are run. Results reveal good agreement between sulfuric acid injection flow and the accumulation of both iron and sulfur in the oil.
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Turchin, Vadim, Stanislav Sychugov, Ludmila Yudina, Alexander Gumeniuk, Tatyana Zhilkina, Yuriy Gmizov, Rimantas Mackevicius, and Tatyana Ivanova. "Corrosion resistance dry building mortars base on alkaline slag binder for using in aggressive sulfate medium." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dry Building Mortars (DBM) are new in terms of building technology, and they sometimes substitute different kinds of concrete and mortar mixes. DBM have been successfully used in construction and their performance has been as efficient as the one of commercial mortar mixes, i.e. they boost labour efficiency, and bring down material consumption. They can be also kept in stock for a long time, and shipped with no compromise in quality. Today DBM are based on cementing components. And some famous mix mortars are based on gypsum, polymer, and some other types of cementing components which contain fine-dispersed additives of ground slag, fly ash, and raw sludge. These mix mortars are applied as smoothing, aligning, waterproof, and safety types of coverage. This article studies the possibility of involving slag cementing components in manufacturing DBM. Due to their high waterproof resistance in salt-affected water, these sorts of mixes may be used as protective coatings and plasters for concrete frames in corrosive medium. Slag Cementing Components (SCC) are hydraulic cementing agents, which harden both in water and in open air. They are produced by mixing electric-furnace slag or furnace clinkers with some solutions of alkaline metals (to trigger alkaline reaction), or by mixing together all these agents.
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Xu, Jin-Sha, Chen-Huai Tang, Yi Chen, Fa-Cai Ren, Jun Si, Ju Ding, Pu-Gen Zhang, Yu-Qing Yang, Yan-Nan Du, and Shou-Peng Han. "Effect of Glaze Composition on the Corrosion Resistance of Glass Lining of Glass-Lined Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Glass-lined pressure vessels are widely used in various corrosion conditions because of their excellent corrosion resistance. Under the same firing process condition, the corrosion-resistant properties of glass-lined vessels are largely dependent upon the glaze composition. In this paper, three kinds of glazes were selected to study the corrosion resistance to acid and alkali of the glass lining. Based on the glaze composition analysis, the corrosion quantity and the micromorphology observations of the corroded surfaces, the effect of glaze composition on the corrosion resistance to acid and alkali of glass lining was discussed. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of glass lining was mainly to the content of SiO2 and the continuity level of [SiO4] skeleton in glass network structure. The higher continuity level of [SiO4] skeleton led to the better physicochemical properties of the glass lining. The addition of the acid resistant oxide TiO2 improved the acid resistance of glass lining. The proper addition of ZrO2 improved the corrosion resistance to acid and alkali. There were two reasons, one of which was that the joining of Zr4+ into the glass network improved the structural integrity, and the other was that the reaction of Zr4+ with OH− produced Zr(OH)4 on the glass lining occurred and formed a shielding lining against alkali when glass lining was in the alkaline condition.
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Bokkers, Albert, Piter Brandenburg, Coert Van Lare, Cees Kooijman, and Arjan Schutte. "A Matrix Acidizing System for Controlled Carbonate Well Stimulation using a Carboxylic Acid Salt with a Chelating Agent." In SPE/IADC Middle East Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/202083-ms.
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Abstract This work presents a matrix acidizing formulation which comprises a salt of monochloroacetic acid giving a delayed acidification and a chelating agent to prevent precipitation of a calcium salt. Results of dissolution capacity, core flood test and corrosion inhibition are presented and are compared to performance of 15 wt% emulsified HCl. Dissolution capacity tests were performed in a stirred reactor at atmospheric pressure using equimolar amounts of the crushed limestone and dolomites. Four different chelating agents were added to test the calcium ion sequestering power. Corrosion tests were executed using an autoclave reactor under nitrogen atmosphere at 10 barg. Core flood tests were performed to simulate carbonate matrix stimulation using limestone cores. It was found that the half-life time of the hydrolysis reaction is 77 min at a temperature of 100 °C. Sodium gluconate and the sodium salt of D-glucoheptonic acid were identified to successfully prevent the precipitation of the reaction product calcium glycolate at a temperature of 40 °C. Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the treated cores at optimum injection rate showed a single wormhole formed. At 150 °C an optimum injection rate of 1 ml/min was found which corresponds to a minimum PVBT of 6. In addition, no face dissolution was observed after coreflooding. Furthermore, the corrosion rates of different metallurgies (L80 and J55) were measured which are significantly less than data reported in literature for 15wt% emulsified HCl. The novelty of this formulation is that it slowly releases an organic acid in the well allowing deeper penetration in the formation and sodium gluconate prevents precipitation of the reaction product. The corrosivity of this formulation is relatively low saving maintenance costs to installations and pipe work. The active ingredient in the formulation is a solid, allowing onsite preparation of the acidizing fluid.
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Pritrsky, Jozef, Miroslav Brodnan, and Vladimir Necas. "Conditional Release of Steel From Decommissioning in a Form of Reinforced Concrete." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper deals with the conditional release of low-level radioactive steel from decommissioning in a form of reinforced concrete. The main goal was to determine limits for radionuclides concentration and calculate the annual dose for a member of a critical group of public, which should not exceed 10 μSv/year (according to IAEA Safety Guide RS-G-1.7). Corrosion is the principle mechanism of radionuclides release in this case; therefore effort was devoted to assess the time-dependent rate of steel reinforcement corrosion. It was assumed, that concrete is initially highly alkaline (with pH of 12 to 13) because of hydration products such as calcium hydroxide, which keeps the steel surface passive and protected from corrosion. However, carbonic acid resulting from carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere can react with these products to produce calcium carbonate. This process is referred to as a “carbonation”, and leads after a period of time to significant reduction of the alkalinity (to pH as low as 8.5) followed by destruction of passive layer and starting corrosion of the embedded steel. The analytical principles and a set of input data have been implemented into a mathematical model developed by means of GoldSim software. The paper presents the results of mathematical simulation of corrosion process, which are compared with real measured values.
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Bradshaw, Robert W., and Nathan P. Siegel. "Molten Nitrate Salt Development for Thermal Energy Storage in Parabolic Trough Solar Power Systems." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54174.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal energy storage can enhance the utility of parabolic trough solar power plants by providing the ability to match electrical output to peak demand periods. An important component of thermal energy storage system optimization is selecting the working fluid used as the storage media and/or heat transfer fluid. Large quantities of the working fluid are required for power plants at the scale of 100-MW, so maximizing heat transfer fluid performance while minimizing material cost is important. This paper reports recent developments of multi-component molten salt formulations consisting of common alkali nitrate and alkaline earth nitrate salts that have advantageous properties for applications as heat transfer fluids in parabolic trough systems. A primary disadvantage of molten salt heat transfer fluids is relatively high freeze-onset temperature compared to organic heat transfer oil. Experimental results are reported for formulations of inorganic molten salt mixtures that display freeze-onset temperatures below 100°C. In addition to phase-change behavior, several properties of these molten salts that significantly affect their suitability as thermal energy storage fluids were evaluated, including chemical stability and viscosity. These alternative molten salts have demonstrated chemical stability in the presence of air up to approximately 500°C in laboratory testing and display chemical equilibrium behavior similar to Solar Salt. The capability to operate at temperatures up to 500°C may allow an increase in maximum temperature operating capability vs. organic fluids in existing trough systems and will enable increased power cycle efficiency. Experimental measurements of viscosity were performed from near the freeze-onset temperature to about 200°C. Viscosities can exceed 100 cP at the lowest temperature but are less than 10 cP in the primary temperature range at which the mixtures would be used in a thermal energy storage system. Quantitative cost figures of constituent salts and blends are not currently available, although, these molten salt mixtures are expected to be inexpensive compared to synthetic organic heat transfer fluids. Experiments are in progress to confirm that the corrosion behavior of readily available alloys is satisfactory for long-term use.
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Bokkers, Albert, Rasoul Nazari Moghaddam, Koos Aaldering, Cees Kooijman, Amin Ameri, and Szymon Jankowski. "A Delayed In-Situ Generated Acid System to Enhance Carbonate Acidizing." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21997-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Conventional acidizing of high temperature reservoirs is currently facing different challenges including high corrosion rate, face dissolution, rapid and uncontrolled reaction and formation damage. In this study, a new in-situ generated acid system is introduced to address the shortcomings of the conventional acid systems. This paper presents an acidizing fluid with delayed acidification properties that can be tailored to different reservoir conditions. A new acidizing system based on sodium salt of monochloroacetic acid (SMCA) is developed and introduced to resolve the technical challenges that conventional acid systems usually fail to tackle appropriately. The hydrolysis rate (i.e., acidification rate) of SMCA, which brings the delayed properties to the acid system, was further optimized by addition of halogen salts. Furthermore, the dissolution capacities of the acid system were measured for different minerals using the main formulation as well as boosted acid by addition of an organic/inorganic acid. Also, the precipitation potentials of the by-products were also investigated after the acid was fully spent and cooled down. Several additives were tested to improve the solubility of the calcium salt. Finally, the performance of the acid system was investigated by performing several coreflooding experiments using Indiana limestone cores. The coreflood experiments were conducted at different injection rates and at various degrees of hydrolysis. From the hydrolyzation experiments, it is found that addition of 1 wt% sodium iodide increases the SMCA hydrolyzation rate with a factor 1.7. It proved that fast hydrolysis can even be obtained at lower temperatures. It was shown that the reaction products from the calcite dissolution are fully soluble and chelation is the main responsible mechanism. In addition, it was found that scale inhibitors made from polymaleic acids, polyacrylic acids and copolymers thereof can also efficiently prevent solid precipitation. It was shown that the addition of hydrochloric acid in the range between 0.5 and 5 wt% can increase the dissolution capacity by at least 30%. From the coreflooding results, it was found that the new acid system can efficiently stimulate the limestone formations with no face dissolution under varying conditions in terms of temperature and injection rate. The CT-scan images confirmed the favourable wormhole propagation characteristics of the new acid system. The new acid system introduced in this paper is an in-situ acid generator which releases an organic acid over time and as function of temperature allowing deeper penetration. The main ingredients in the acid system are solid which allow safe handling and onsite preparation for offshore applications.
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Bradshaw, Robert W., Joseph G. Cordaro, and Nathan P. Siegel. "Molten Nitrate Salt Development for Thermal Energy Storage in Parabolic Trough Solar Power Systems." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multi-component molten salts have been formulated recently that may enhance thermal energy storage for parabolic trough solar power plants. This paper presents further developments regarding molten salt mixtures consisting of common alkali nitrates and either alkaline earth nitrates or alkali nitrite salts that have advantageous properties for applications as heat transfer fluids in parabolic trough systems. We report results for formulations of inorganic molten salt mixtures that display freeze-onset temperatures below 100°C. In addition to phasechange behavior, several properties of these molten salts that significantly affect their suitability as thermal energy storage fluids were evaluated, including chemical stability and viscosity. The nitrate-based molten salts have demonstrated chemical stability in the presence of air up to 500°C. The capability to operate at temperatures up to 500°C may allow an increase in maximum temperature operating capability vs. organic fluids in existing trough systems and will enable increased power cycle efficiency. Experimental measurements of viscosity were performed from near the freeze-onset temperature to about 200°C. Viscosities can exceed 100 cP near the freezing temperature but are 4 to 5 cP in the anticipated operating temperature range. Experimental measurements of density, thermal conductivity and heat capacity are in progress and will be reported at the meeting. Corrosion tests were conducted for several thousand hours at 500°C with stainless steels and at 350°C for carbon and chromium-molybdenum steels. Examination of the specimens demonstrated good compatibility of these materials with the molten nitrate salt mixtures. Laboratory studies were conducted to identify mixtures of nitrate and nitrite (NO2−) salts as additional candidates for a low-melting heat transfer fluid. Mixtures in which the cations were potassium, sodium and lithium, in various proportions, demonstrated freezing points as low as 70°C for a particular nitrate/nitrite anion composition. Development has emphasized mixtures that minimize lithium content in order to reduce the cost as the lithium salt is the most expensive constituent. Work is in progress to explore the phase diagram of the 1:1 mol ratio of nitrate/nitrite and to evaluate physical properties such as viscosity, density and thermal conductivity. Results to date indicate that the viscosity of these mixtures is considerably less than nitrate-only melts, which necessarily contain calcium cations to suppress freezing to similarly low temperatures.
Звіти організацій з теми "Acid, salt, alkaline corrosion"
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Hobbs, D. T. Laboratory Testing of a Raman-Based Measurement System for the Determination of Important Corrosion Species in Alkaline Salt Solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784209.
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Diercks, D. R., and T. F. Kassner. Analysis of the corrosion of carbon steels in simulated salt repository brines and acid chloride solutions at high temperatures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7108935.
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