Статті в журналах: "Acid-activated material"

1

Dai, Yi Min, Ru Bin Tan, Wen Min Shi, Zhen Fei Liang, and Long Tan. "A Study on the Reduction of HCN in Cigarette Smoke by Loading Cuprous Oxide on the Surface of Activated Carbon." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.306.

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Taking Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O and activated carbon (AC) which was treated by acid and alkali as raw materials. The polylol reduction method was then adopted to prepare the cuprous oxide and activated carbon composite material. The structure and morphology of composite material samples were characterized by BET, SEM and XRD. The effects of cuprous oxide and activated carbon composite material on reducing the hazards of hydrocyanic acid in the cigarette were studied. Different pretreatment methods and the effect of mixture ratio to drop focal relieving harm of hydrocyanic acid in the cigarette were examined.

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2

Wang, Kun, Qiao Wen Yang, Chuan Liu, Hui Zhao, Gan Chen, and Shi Wei Wang. "Study of Deashing and Activation on the Coke Fines and Semi-Cokes Based on Properties of Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.178.

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Coke fines and semi-cokes have high ash content, low specific surface area and pore volume. In order to increase the properties of the sample and make the activated composite materials, it must be deashed and activated. In this research, the deashing experiment of the raw materials by different concentration of HNO3 and KOH was tested, then the material was activated in high temperature steam. From the FTIR test, we can acquire the content of the surface functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl. The specific surface area, pore size, volume of the material were determinated by using the N2 isothermal adsorption. From the experiments of acid and alkali treatment, we can conclude that the optimal technological condition of the material: the concentration 20% of alkali and acid treatment processing. The ash content is decreased to 8%. The acid functional groups increased rapidly after HNO3 treatment. The activated coke fines have mainly mesopores and its proportion of microspore is low. The specific surface area of the activated material reached 80m2/g and increased about 5 times than that of raw materials.

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3

Li, Ya Jie, Xing Yuan Ni, Jun Shen, Dong Liu, and Nian Ping Liu. "Nitric Acid Activated Carbon Aerogels for Supercapacitors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.158.

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The electrochemical performances of resorcinol–formaldehyde-based carbon aerogels can be significantly enhanced by nitric acid activation.FT-IR spectra and SEM images reveal the constitution and morphology of samples .The electrochemical performances of materials were tested by cyclic voltammetry,galvanostatic charge/discharge test ,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic test. The results show that activation does not influence the molecular structure of carbon aerogels,which maintains their nano-porous structure. Activation increases the specific capacitance by 50% and improves the conductivity of carbon aerogels,resulting in fenfect cycling stability. So nitric acid activated carbon aerogels is an ideal electrode material for supercapacitors.

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4

Goodwin, Vituruch, Thanathon Sesuk, and Parinya Jitreewas. "Biobased Activated Carbon from Palm Biomass Enhancing with Acid Treatment as Supercapacitor Electrode Material." SIAM: Science and Innovation of Advanced Materials 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2024): 67002. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/siam.2024.67002.

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Current research on energy storage systems, batteries, and supercapacitor devices is aimed to enhance efficiency and improve environmental sustainability. Supercapacitors offer remarkable attributes such as high transient response and power density. Typically, supercapacitor electrode is made from highly porous carbon material, activated carbon. Commercial activated carbon could be produced from coal, peat, or coconut shell. This study focused on utilization of palm biomass, palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), as raw material to produce activated carbon electrode. The highly porous activated carbon from EFB was synthesized via a low-temperature hydrothermal process and chemical activation. The resulting EFB activated carbon demonstrates favorable characteristics in terms of elevated surface area and porosity. This research investigates the enhancement of activated carbon with acid treatment during hydrothermal process. Two types of acid, citric acid, and phosphoric acid, at different concentrations, were added to biomass. The acid-treated activated carbon from palm biomass was characterized for the specific surface area (BET), pore size distribution and pore volume using the N2 adsorption/desorption technique. The acid-treated activated carbon was fabricated into carbon electrodes and assembled in a symmetrical supercapacitor with 1M H2SO4 as an electrolyte. The supercapacitor performance of acid-treated activated carbon was tested in a symmetrical Swagelok cell to assess specific capacitance using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge methods. The acid-treated activated carbon has higher specific capacitance than the activated carbon without acid treatment. This superior performance is attributed to the reduced internal resistance as revealed by the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) result. This is possibly due to the formation of micropores in the range of 0.6−0.7 nm which is a suitable pore size for ion transportation in H2SO4 electrolytes. This research has shown that biobased activated carbon from palm oil biomass with acid treatment has a high potential to be used as supercapacitor electrode material. Keywords: Activated carbon, Palm biomass, Hydrothermal, Energy storage, Supercapacitor

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5

Kovalchuk, Oleksandr, and Victoriia Zozulynets. "STUDY OF ACID RESISTANCE OF HYBRID ALKALI ACTIVATED NORMAL HARDENING CEMENTS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 81 (August 31, 2022): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.81.189-198.

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One of the reason of loses of main production sources nowadays for chemical, food and special industries is the degradation of equipment and constructions caused by acid corrosion. Traditional materials are characterized by various disadvantages, among them: high costs of the material, low water resistance, hard technology and danger for the personal. One of the ways to obtain acid resistant material is the use of alkali activated cements, which are known are the resistant to the aggressive environments. Increasing of acid resistance is possible by reducing of system basicity level. The presented studies have proved the possibility to obtain acid resistant materials, able to be hardening in normal condition, so far as possibility to partial replacement of the conditional alumina silicates by alumina silicates with technogenic origin, namely, red mud from alumina production under Bayer process. Reducing of basicity level make it possible to increase corrosion resistance coefficient up to 0.88. Also thus a way material became more ecologically friendly and lowering the cost of material.

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6

Ayati, Bamdad, Darryl Newport, Hong Wong, and Christopher Cheeseman. "Acid activated smectite clay as pozzolanic supplementary cementitious material." Cement and Concrete Research 162 (December 2022): 106969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106969.

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7

Shrestha, Rajeshwar Man. "Characterization of Activated carbons Prepared from a Locally Available Material by Iodine Number." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20359.

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The adsorption of Iodine by the activated carbons prepared from a locally available material Lapsi Seed Stone has been studied. Various activated carbons were prepared by varying the parameters such as ratio of Lapsi Seed Stone particles to Phosphoric acid, percentage of phosphoric acid concentration, carbonization temperature and carbonization time. Determination of Iodine numbers of the activated carbons was done by the standard method. The effect of various preparation conditions on Iodine number of different activated carbons is also investigated. The optimum conditions for the preparation of activated carbon are found to be 400 ° C -the carbonization temperature, 4 hours - the carbonization time, 1:1- the ratio of Lapsi Seed Stone particles and Phosphoric acid and 50 %- the percentage of phosphoric acid concentration.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 139-144

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8

Tišler, Zdeněk, Kateřina Hrachovcová, Eliška Svobodová, Jan Šafář, and Lenka Pelíšková. "Acid and Thermal Treatment of Alkali-Activated Zeolite Foams." Minerals 9, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120719.

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The foamed alkali-activated zeolite materials have been studied primarily in terms of mechanical and structural properties as potential substitutes for concrete and other building materials. However, they also have interesting textural and acid properties that make them much more useful, especially in the chemical industry. The aim of the study is to map in detail the influence of post-synthesis modifications of alkali-activated natural zeolite foams on their chemical, mechanical, and textural properties for possible use in catalytic and adsorption applications. Alkali-activated natural zeolite foam pellets were prepared by activation with mixed potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate activator and foamed using H2O2 solution. The foam pellets were post-synthetic modified by leaching with mineral and organic acids and calcination. The properties of the modified materials were characterised on the basis of XRF, XRD, N2 physisorption, DRIFT, SEM, NH3-TPD analyses, and the strength measurements. Our data showed that the basic clinoptilolite structure remains unchanged in the material which is stable up to 600 °C after acid leaching. In two-step leaching, the specific surface area increases to 350 m2/g and the leaching process allows the acid properties of the materials to be varied.

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9

Joko Murtono and Iriany. "PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI CANGKANG BUAH KARET DENGAN AKTIVATOR H3PO¬4 DAN APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENJERAP Pb(II)." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v6i1.1564.

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Activated carbon necessity in Indonesia was increasing along with the developments of the industriaization era. Based on natural product in Indonesia, probably activated carbon necessity could be guaranteed by domestic production. Rubber shells were solid waste which has potential for multiple uses such as raw materials for the manufacture of activated carbon. In this researched, rubber shells waste were processed into activated charcoal. The aim of this researhed was to determine the effect of the concentration of phosphoric acid activator toward the characteristics of the activated carbon and activated carbon absorption capacity to Pb(II). Shells rubber that passed by the of 100 mesh sieve was impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activator in the ratio fruit shells rubber: phosphoric acid (b:b) of 1:2 and varying concentrations of H3PO4 at 20%, 40%, and 60% for 1 hour. After immersion in the acid, then material was carbonized in a furnace at temperature 500 oC for 1 hour. Surface area of activated carbon was analyzed by usning Braunanear, Emmelt and Teller and concentration of adsorption of Pb(II) was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The results showed the general characteristics of activated carbon comparable to the Indonesian National Standard. The largest adsorption capasity percentage 74% is obtained using Rubber shell activated carbon that activated by 20% phosphoric acid .

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10

Park, Jung Eun, Gi Bbum Lee, Ho Kim, and Bum Ui Hong. "High Surface Area–Activated Carbon Production from Cow Manure Controlled by Heat Treatment Conditions." Processes 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10071282.

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In this study, methods of adding value to cow manure were studied. Due to the properties of cow manure, activated carbon with a high surface area can only be produced by increasing the fixed carbon ratio and removing the ash content. Activated carbon was fabricated using five different treatments: (1) raw material–chemical activation, (2) raw material–hydrothermal carbonization–chemical activation, (3) raw material–hydrothermal carbonization–chemical activation–acid washing, (4) raw material–hydrothermal carbonization–heat treatment–chemical activation, and (5) raw material–hydrothermal carbonization–chemical activation–acid washing. The products then underwent proximate, elementary, and surface area analyses. In addition, changes in activated carbon properties depending on the heat treatment temperature (300, 500, 700 °C) and the applied chemical activator ratios (1:1–1:3) were examined. The results showed that the best heat treatment temperature was 300 °C, and the cow manure to chemical activator ratio was 1:2. The heat treatment stabilization process increases the fixed carbon ratio and the solid yield, and the acid wash process removes substances that restrain the increase in surface area. Therefore, activated carbon with a surface area of 1955 m2/g can be produced after the addition of heat treatment and an acid wash to the process. In addition, the adsorption properties of activated carbon with different heat treatment conditions were studied.

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11

Shrestha, Rajeshwar Man. "Determination of Methylene blue Number to Characterize the Lapsi Based Activated carbon Prepared by Chemical Carbonization." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2020): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i1.27727.

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Determination of Methylene blue Number of the activated carbons prepared by Chemical Carbonization from waste material, seed stone of Lapsi has been studied. Methylene blue Number has been determined by single point method using batch adsorption method. Acids like concentrated sulphuric acid and a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid have been used to prepare activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared by using a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid has been found to have higher methylene blue number than the activated carbon prepared by using concentrated sulphuric acid. The activated carbons thus prepared can be used as effective adsorbents for the remediation of pollutants from water.

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12

Kim, Ju-Hwan, Hye-Min Lee, Sang-Chul Jung, Dong-Chul Chung, and Byung-Joo Kim. "Bamboo-Based Mesoporous Activated Carbon for High-Power-Density Electric Double-Layer Capacitors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102750.

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Demand for hybrid energy storage systems is growing, but electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have insufficient output characteristics because of the microporous structure of the activated carbon electrode material. Commercially, activated carbon is prepared from coconut shells, which yield an activated carbon material (YP-50F) rich in micropores, whereas mesopores are desired in EDLCs. In this study, we prepared mesoporous activated carbon (PB-AC) using a readily available, environmentally friendly resource: bamboo. Crucially, modification using phosphoric acid and steam activation was carried out, which enabled the tuning of the crystal structure and the pore characteristics of the product. The structural characteristics and textural properties of the PB-AC were determined, and the specific surface area and mesopore volume ratio of the PB-AC product were 960–2700 m2/g and 7.5–44.5%, respectively. The high specific surface area and mesopore-rich nature originate from the phosphoric acid treatment. Finally, PB-AC was used as the electrode material in EDLCs, and the specific capacitance was found to be 86.7 F/g for the phosphoric-acid-treated sample steam activated at 900 °C for 60 min; this capacitance is 35% better than that of the commercial YP-50F (64.2 F/g), indicating that bamboo is a suitable material for the production of activated carbon.

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13

Lin, Shaomin, Yaling Yu, Yue Tan, Huan Yang, Mingfeng Zhong, Chenyang Zhang, Zhijie Zhang, and Yunying Wu. "The Mechanism of Porcelain Toughened by Activated Kaolinite in a Lower Sintering Temperature." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 3867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113867.

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A high sintering temperature is usually required to acquire excellent performance in the ceramic industry, but it results in high fuel consumption and high pollution. To reduce the sintering temperature and to toughen the porcelain, a self-produced sintering additive of citric acid activated kaolinite was added to the raw material; X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermal gravity analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) were used to characterize the samples, and the toughening mechanism was discussed. The citric acid activated kaolinite obtained high activity and a large specific surface area. After introducing the activated kaolinite, the bending strength of porcelain at 1270 °C increased from 100.08 MPa to 124.04 Mpa, which was 11.45% higher than that of porcelain without activated kaolinite at 1350 °C. The results of XRD revealed that the content of mullite increased and the quartz decreased at 1270 °C, and the well-distributed needle-like mullite was observed in the images of SEM with the addition of citric acid activated kaolinite. The TG-DSC results indicated adding activated kaolinite to porcelain raw materials reduced the formation of mullite to 994.6 °C. The formation of mullite in a lower temperature served as mullite seeds in a green body during firing, and it enhanced the growth of mullite. These contributed to the appropriate phase composition and the excellent microstructure of porcelain. Thus, the distinguished mechanical performance of porcelain was obtained. Moreover, the sintering additive had no adverse effect on the porcelain body as citric acid-activated kaolinite was one of the main components of the porcelain raw material.

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14

Amadou Kiari, Mahamane Nassirou, Affoué Tindo Sylvie Konan, Ousmaila Sanda Mamane, Horo Kone, Guy Didier Fanou, Maâzou Siragi Dounounou Boukari, Maman Hamissou Ibrahim Grema, Maman Mousbahou Malam Alma, and Kouassi Benjamin Yao. "Influence of Orthophosphoric Acid Activation on the Quality of Activated Carbons." Materials Science Forum 1122 (May 21, 2024): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-kd7gn9.

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Activated carbon (AC) is an adsorbent material used for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Unfortunately, these materials used by the industry are very expensive. This is why research is being conducted to produce low-cost activated carbons from natural biomass. The objective of this work is to study the effect of activation by orthophosphoric acid on the quality of activated carbons. The different techniques used for the characterization are: the Iodine number and the Methylene Blue Index. For activated carbons prepared in a single activation step, iodine number of 609.12 and methylene blue value of 102.48 mg/g were obtained. For those prepared in two activation steps, iodine number of 951.75 mg/g and methylene blue value of 115.14 mg/g were obtained.

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15

Santana, Gregório Mateus, Roberto Carlos Costa Lelis, Emerson Freitas Jaguaribe, Rayssa de Medeiros Morais, Juarez Benigno Paes, and Paulo Fernando Trugilho. "DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM BAMBOO (Bambusa vulgaris) FOR PESTICIDE REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS." CERNE 23, no. 1 (March 2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201723012256.

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ABSTRACT Considering the water scarcity problems facing many countries, the need for water reuse can make activated carbon (AC) an essential product for modern society. In this context, to contribute with better activated carbons that could be used to serve in water treatment, this article discusses these materials production, using bamboo as raw material, and analyses their application effectiveness. The bamboo was collected, transformed into activated carbon, by simultaneous chemical and physical activations, and named H3PO4/H2OAC. The obtained material was characterized by its yield, apparent density, ash content, thermogravimetric analysis, surface area, methylene blue and iodine indexes, pH and point of zero charge analysis, scanning electron microscopy and Boehm titration method. The AC was used as adsorbent for removing the metribuzin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and furadan pesticides. The H3PO4/H2OAC had a surface area of 1196.30 m².g-1 and the obtained adsorption capacity was elevated for furadan (868.98 mg.g-1), metribuzin (756.47 mg.g-1) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (274.70 mg.g-1).

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16

AMINU, IBRAHIM, AZIMAH ISMAIL, JUAHIR HAFIZAN, and AZLINA MD KASSIM. "MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI LEAVES AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON." JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 19, no. 8 (August 31, 2024): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2024.08.011.

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In this study, activated carbon was prepared from Melaleuca cajuputi leaves. The activation included both physical and chemical processes, with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a dehydrating agent, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 45 minutes. The activated carbon obtained was characterised by surface area (BET), FESEM (images), elemental analysis (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The sample subjected to carbonisation without chemical activation showed a low surface area of 24 m2/g at 500°C. The treatment of samples with chemicals showed improvements in surface area and other characteristics. Chemical activation using phosphoric acid seemed to be a very efficient method and with surface area improvements reaching as high as 127 m2/g. Therefore, M. cajuputi leaves can be used to produce activated carbon with good surface properties and used in the treatment of environmental waste due to its sustainability.

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17

AYODELE, Adekemi Loretta, Abideen Saheed Akinniyi, Adeoluwa Peter Gbolade, and Adeyemi Timilehin Adetokunbo. "Strength Properties of Alkaline Activated Phosphoric Acid Stabilized Laterite." Civil Engineering Dimension 24, no. 2 (October 3, 2022): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.24.2.115-124.

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This study investigated the effect of alkaline activation on the properties of Phosphoric Acid (PA) stabilized laterite. Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of the laterite were determined to ascertain its suitability as a construction material. Laterite samples were stabilized with 1M and 2M PA at 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, by weight of dry soil. Some PA stabilized laterite were further mixed with an alkaline activator. All the stabilized laterites were moist cured for up to 14 days. The results show that the laterite was unsuitable as a road construction material in its natural state. The CBR of PA stabilized laterite improved with about 25%, while that with alkaline activation showed more improvement of up to 145%. The UCS of PA stabilized soil and that with alkaline activation increased with about 250% improvement. In conclusion, alkaline activation of phosphoric acid stabilized laterite soil for road construction has a great promise.

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Ivanichok, N. Ya, P. I. Kolkovskyi, A. M. Soltys, V. M. Boychuk, V. I. Mandzyuk, L. S. Yablon, and B. I. Rachiy. "The effect of orthophosphoric acid on energy-intensive parameters of porous carbon electrode materials." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 24, no. 1 (February 23, 2023): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.24.1.34-45.

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The effect of orthophosphoric acid concentration as an activating agent on the porous structure of carbon materials derived from apricot pits and energy-intensive parameters of electrochemical capacitors formed on their basis is studied. It is found that changing the ratio of the mass of the activating agent to the mass of the raw material in acid-activated porous carbon materials (PCMs), one can control the pore size distribution in the range of 0.5-20 nm and specific surface area in the range of 775-1830 m2/g. The use of cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and chronopotentiometry made it possible to set the capacitive nature of charge accumulation processes in acid-activated PCMs, as well as to determine the contribution of a certain size of pores to the specific capacitance of PCM/electrolyte system.

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19

Sun, Rui, Qianyong Zhang, Zhirao Yin, and Cun Zhao. "Effect of Modified Carbon Felt Anodes on the Performance of Microbial Fuel Cell." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (May 21, 2024): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/7522jp77.

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In this paper, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, zinc chloride, ammonia and melamine are used as cheaper activators to modify the carbon felt material, exploring the changes of various activation materials on the power production performance and degradation performance of the device after MFC carbon felt anode treatment, and finding that phosphoric acid-activated carbon felt has the highest output voltage and the best degradation effect on the ship's oily wastewater as a MFC anode device.

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Kandasamy, Senthil Kumar, Chandrasekaran Arumugam, A. S. Sajitha, Saggurthi Prabhakara Rao, Sangavi Selvaraj, Ragavi Vetrivel, Roobak Selvarajan, et al. "Paradisiaca/Solanum Tuberosum Biowaste Composited with Graphene Oxide for Flexible Supercapacitor." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v24i1.a04.

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This work focuses on the development of a novel type of chemically activated carbon networks composited with the graphene oxide. Here, the carbon networks were derived from green biomass wastes such as orange peels, banana peels and potato starch. All the obtained carbon materials were being activated using different activating agents based on the higher specific capacitance such as phosphoric acid activated orange peel derived carbon, sulphuric acid activated banana peel derived carbon and hydrochloric acid activated potato starch. Further they were individually composited with graphene oxide for enhanced performance. Different chemical activation is employed for the sake of obtaining higher specific capacitance, energy and power density. Phosphoric acid activation on orange peel derived carbon network was selected due to the improvement in the micropores and further increased the surface area with the controlling capability of structures of activated carbon. To improve the conductivity of the samples, graphene oxide was added. The electrochemical performance of orange peel, banana peel and potato starch derived nano porous activated carbon materials composited with graphene oxide for supercapacitor applications is evaluated using aqueous H2SO4 electrolytes at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1. The samples that are prepared are structurally characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and electrochemically characterized using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge and discharge measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From the electrochemical measurements, suitability of material as electrode for supercapacitors can be understood. The superior electrochemical performance is attributed in orange peel derived nano porous carbon/ graphene oxide due to porous structure.

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Wu, Zhifu. "Study on the Synthesis and Photocatalytic Perfomance of Tube shaped Activated Carbon -TiO2 Composite Materials." Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, no. 7 (October 19, 2020): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i7.1841.

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Titanium dioxide semiconductor material is one of the earliest photocatalysts with stable and reliable properties, but its quantum efficiency is relatively low. In order to improve the photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide, the activated carbon tubular-titanium dioxide composite photocatalytic material was synthesized by sol-gel method with n-butyl titanate and activated carbon as main raw materials in the system of isopropyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption were used to characterize the phase, particle size and adsorption performance of the photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized material was tested by using rhodamine B, a simulated pollutant. The results show that rhodamine B decomposition rate can reach 100% under UV irradiation for 140 minutes. The conclusion is that the photocatalytic performance of the activated carbon tube interspersed with titanium dioxide composite was significantly improved.

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Marjanovic, Vesna, Slavica Lazarevic, Ivona Jankovic-Castvan, Bojan Jokic, Andjelika Bjelajac, Djordje Janackovic, and Rada Petrovic. "Functionalization of thermo-acid activated sepiolite by amine-silane and mercapto-silane for chromium(VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions." Chemical Industry 67, no. 5 (2013): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121026117m.

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Chromium(VI) adsorption from aqueous solutions onto thermo-acid activated sepiolite functionalized with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy-silane and [3-(2-aminoethylamino)pro-pyl]trimethoxy-silane, was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and determination of the point of zero charge were used to characterize the obtained adsorbents. It has been established that the silanes were successfully grafted on the thermo-acid activated sepiolite surfaces and that the structure of parent material was preserved during the functionalization. The adsorption of Cr(VI) onto functionalized thermo-acid activated sepiolite was tested as a function of initial pH values at 298 K. The amine functionalized thermo-acid activated sepiolite showed a higher adsorption capacity than the mercapto functionalized thermo-acid activated sepiolite at all studied initial pH values, especially at the initial pH = 2.

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23

Iturbe-Garcia, José Luis, and Beatriz Eugenia López-Muñoz. "Ball-Milled and Acid-Treated Mineral Activated Carbon as Hydrogen Storage Material." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2018/44431.

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24

Stuetz, Dagobert. "4460708 Production of activated carbon fibers from acid contacted polybenzimidazole fibrous material." Carbon 23, no. 1 (1985): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(85)90213-1.

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25

Sekewael, Serly Jolanda, and Mirella Fonda Maahury. "Characteristic of Natural and Acid-activated Clay From Hatu Village, Mollucas Province: FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, TEM, and BET Analysis." Molekul 18, no. 3 (November 20, 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8316.

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Анотація:

Research on the chemical and physical characteristics of natural and acid-activated clay from Hatu Village had been carried out using FTIR, XRD, XRF, SEM-EDX, TEM, and BET surface area analyzer instruments. The natural clay had activated with 0.25 M sulfuric acid for 3 hours using the reflux method, then calcined with 700 Watt microwave radiation for 10 minutes. Overall, FTIR data show tetrahedral and octahedral functional groups that create clay minerals. There is a decrease in absorption intensity due to acid's influence, which dissolves cations in the octahedral and interlayer clay. The XRD analysis shows the Hatu natural clay contains montmorillonite, alumina, kaolinite, quartz, and illite minerals. Broadening and decreasing the intensity of diffraction peaks due to treatment by acid and calcination. SEM images of natural clay before and after activation-calcination shows the morphology of porous and layered material, while the mapping of the surface of natural clay shows irregular and rough material topography. The EDX spectra showed four elements with the most extensive composition: O, Si, Al, and Fe. XRF data confirmed three components that have the highest mass percent, namely SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. Dealumination occurs at 0.95% due to activation by sulfuric acid along with calcination. TEM images clearly show the multilayered silicate materials. The higher nitrogen gas uptake by activated-calcinated natural clay is proportional to the large surface area and total pore volume.

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26

Shrestha, Rajeshwar Man. "Effect of Preparation Parameters on Methylene blue number of Activated Carbons Prepared from a Locally Available Material." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v12i1.16900.

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The adsorption of Methylene blue by the activated carbons prepared from a locally available material Lapsi Seed Stone has been studied. Various activated carbons were prepared by varying the parameters such as ratio of Lapsi seed stone particles to Phosphoric acid, carbonization temperature and carbonization time. Determination of Methylene blue numbers of the activated carbons was done by single point method by batch mode. Methylene blue number is found to be affected by the various preparation conditions like carbonization temperature, carbonization time, ratio of activating agent and Lapsi seed stone particles and the concentration of phosphoric acid. The optimum conditions for the preparation of activated carbon are found to be carbonization temperature 400°C for 4 hours at the ratio of 1:1 Lapsi seed stone particles and Phosphoric acid.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2016, 12(1): 169-174

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Ambarwati, Yuni. "Utilization of Cassava Rods Waste as Active Charcoal and The Effect of HCl Activator and Activation Time on Active Charcoal." Tekmapro : Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 14, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/tekmapro.v14i2.122.

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Some research proved that activated carbon could be made from organic materials or anorganic material with very high carbon content. The exist research of activated carbon from coconut shell, bagasse, cassava peel. In fact, there are a lot of material can be used as raw material, like cassava rods wastebecause the amount is very abundant and has not been widely used. This research aims toreceive the right conditionsin the manufacture of activated charcoal from cassava stem wastewith variations in concentration and time of activationwith chemical activation methodsusing a hydrochloric acid activatorto obtain activated charcoal products that fulfill the standards. Making activated charcoal begins withdehydrate the stem in the sun for around 2 days. The second is make cassava charcoal by installing a series of clinker drum cassava stems. The third is charcoal stem activationwith the size 100 mesh, mix charcoal with Hydrochloric Acidinto erlenmeyerwith concentration 1,5N; 2N; 2,5N; 3N; and 3,5Nthen stir with Heating Magnetic Stirrer, 105 ºC, during 2,5 hours, 3 hours, 3,5 hours, 4 hours, 4,5 hours. The results obtained by the best active charcoalat concentration3 Nwith activation time 4,5 hours, ash content 0.8%, andabsorption of iodine 399,67 mg/g.

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Strejcová, Kateřina, Zdeněk Tišler, Nikita Sharkov, Martina Michálková, Kateřina Peroutková, and Eliška Svobodová. "Influence of the Addition of Blast Furnace Slag to Alkali-Activated Mixtures Based on Natural Zeolites." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121307.

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This study focuses on a comparison of alkali-activated materials based on natural zeolites without and with the addition of blast furnace slag and their subsequent modification by acid leaching. The addition of slag to alkali-activated mixtures is generally used to increase the strength. The subsequent modification of its chemical, textural and mechanical properties by acid leaching makes this material usable in other industries, especially in the chemical industry. This study aimed to examine the influence of the addition of blast furnace slag to alkali-activated mixtures based on natural zeolites and observe the effect of subsequent acid leaching on the chemical, textural and mechanical properties and CO2 adsorption capacity of these materials. The modification of alkali-activated materials was carried out by acid leaching using 0.1 M HCl and then using 3 M HCl. The properties of these materials were determined using N2 physisorption, Hg porosimetry, XRF, XRD, DRIFT, TGA and strength measurements. The results showed that the addition of blast furnace slag significantly increased the cutting-edge strength of the obtained materials and affected the textural properties, especially in leached samples. The presence of blast furnace slag generated a higher proportion of mesopores, which are attributed to the presence of the calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) phase and are easily removed by leaching, as shown by the XRF results. The obtained data showed an improvement in properties and extension of the potential applicability of these materials in the chemical industry, especially for catalytic and adsorption applications.

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Yang, Xuan, Chenlu He, Yu Lin, Yijuan Qiu, Pengfei Li, Yandan Chen, Biao Huang, and Xinyu Zheng. "Dihydroxybenzene isomers electrochemical sensor based on activated carbon sensitive material activated by mechanochemistry and low-dosage phosphoric acid." Analytical Methods 14, no. 1 (2022): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01768c.

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30

Hernández-Barreto, Diego Felipe, Jenny Paola Rodriguez-Estupiñán, Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján, Rocío Sierra Ramírez, and Liliana Giraldo. "Adsorption and Photocatalytic Study of Phenol Using Composites of Activated Carbon Prepared from Onion Leaves (Allium fistulosum) and Metallic Oxides (ZnO and TiO2)." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050574.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the adsorption and photocatalytic activity of activated carbon-based photocatalysts. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were chosen as semiconductors to prepare composites with activated carbon by the wet impregnation method. Activated carbon was prepared using as starting material onion leaves (Allium fistulosum) and as activating agent phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Photooxidation and batch adsorption of phenol was studied to compare the efficiency of the materials prepared. The results showed that the composite AC–TiO2 has a greater photocatalytic activity and a better adsorption capacity compared to AC–ZnO composite.

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31

Houache, O., R. Al-Maamari, B. Al-Rashidi, and B. Jibril. "Study of Date Palm Stem as Raw Material in Preparation of Activated Carbon." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol5iss1pp47-54.

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Activated carbon adsorbent was prepared using Omani date palm tree stem as a precursor. Precursor samples were subjected to thermal treatment (at 400, 500 and 600 oC) before or after impregnation with either H3PO4 (85 wt %) or KOH (3 wt %). The activated carbon obtained was characterized by BET (surface area and porosity), Gas Pycnometry (true density) and SEM (texture). Sample subjected to carbonization, without chemical activation, exhibited low surface areas ~ 1.0 m2/g at 400 and 500 oC and 124 m2/g at 600 oC. Further treatment of such samples with either the acid or the base did not show improvement in surface area or other properties. Impregnations of the precursor with acid before carbonization significantly improved the surface area to as high as 1,100 m2/g at a carbonization temperature of 500 oC. Thus, activated carbon with a moderate surface area could be produced from date palm stem using low carbonization temperature.

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32

Niinipuu, Mirva, Kenneth G. Latham, and Stina Jansson. "The influence of inorganic components and carbon-oxygen surface functionalities in activated hydrothermally carbonized waste materials for water treatment." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 30 (July 3, 2020): 38072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09839-1.

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Abstract In this study, we have examined how the activation of hydrothermally carbonized sewage sludge and horse manure influences the inorganic component of these materials and surface chemistry. This was examined through statistical correlations between kinetic tests using trimethoprim, fluconazole, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper, zinc, and arsenic and physicochemical properties. Yield and inorganic content varied considerably, with potassium hydroxide–activated materials producing lower yields with higher inorganic content. Phosphoric acid activation incorporated inorganically bound phosphorus into the material, although this showed no statistically relevant benefit. A maximum surface area of 1363 m2g−1 and 343 m2g−1 was achieved for the horse manure and sewage sludge. Statistical analysis found positive correlations between carbon-oxygen functionalities and trimethoprim, fluconazole, perfluorooctanoic acid, and copper removal, while inorganic content was negatively correlated. Conversely, arsenic removal was positively correlated with inorganic content. This research provides insight into the interactions with the organic/inorganic fraction of activated waste materials for water treatment.

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33

dos Santos, Jackson Wesley Silva, Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia, Anna Cecilia Venturini, Rosemary Aparecida de Carvalho, Classius Ferreira da Silva, and Cristiana Maria Pedroso Yoshida. "Sustainable Coating Paperboard Packaging Material Based on Chitosan, Palmitic Acid, and Activated Carbon: Water Vapor and Fat Barrier Performance." Foods 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11244037.

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Synthetic polymer coatings impact the biodegradable behavior of cellulosic packaging material. The environmental consequences of food packaging disposal have increased consumer concern. The present study aimed to use natural polymer coatings incorporating palmitic acid and activated carbon applied to paperboard surfaces as a sustainable alternative to improve cellulosic packaging material’s moisture and fat barrier properties, minimizing the environmental impact. The coating formulation was defined using a Factorial Experimental Design with independent variables: chitosan, palmitic acid, activated carbon concentrations, and the number of coating layers. The highest concentration of chitosan (2.0% w/w) filled the pores of the cellulosic paperboard network, supporting the compounds incorporated into the filmogenic matrix and improving the fat resistance. The water vapor permeability of the coated paperboard material (range: 101 ± 43 to 221 ± 13 g·d−1·m−2) was influenced by the hydrophobicity effect of palmitic acid, the non-polar characteristic of activated carbon, and the number of applied layers. The coating formulation selected was a chitosan concentration of 2.0% (w/w), a palmitic acid concentration of 1.8% (w/w), an activated carbon concentration of 1.2% (w/w), and an application of three layers. The coating provides the potential for a paperboard surface application, improving the cellulosic packaging material’s fat and moisture barrier properties and maintaining biodegradability and recyclability.

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Septiani, Septiani, Wahyu Febri Ramadhy, Angie Islammiyati, and Winda Rahmalia. "Production of Ceramic Membrane Based on Acid- and Alkali-Activated Metakaolinite as Cooling Material for Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v5i2.8562.

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Ceramic membrane based on acid- and alkali-activated metakaolinite has been produced. It was tested as a cooling material for monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Membrane was made by several stages, such as calcination of natural kaolinite at 600 oC for 6 hours to obtain metakaolinite, activation of metakaolinite by concentrated HCl and KOH, and preparation of ceramic membrane. Kaolinite, metakaolinite, and activated metakaolinite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR), and gas sorption analyzer (GSA). Diffractogram of XRD showed that there was a structural change between activated metakaolinite and natural kaolinite. XRF analysis indicated that the Si/Al of HCl activated metakaolinite was three times higher than natural kaolinite. Activated metakaolinite was made into membrane by adding a binder, then heated at 800 °C for 6 hours. PV cells with and without cooling material were then analyzed their electrical performances. It was found that the maximum energy conversion yield of PV cells without using cooling material was 2.30%, while the maximum energy conversion yield of PV cells with cooling material of meta-kaolinite activated by HCl and KOH were respectively 2.72% and 2.94%.

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35

Cheah, Wee Keat, Radzali Othman, and Fei Yee Yeoh. "Organic and Inorganic Acid Activation of Activated Carbon Fiber from Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.122.

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Activated carbon fiber is known to posses better properties compared to granular and powdered variants, with significantly higher surface area and higher pore volume. Source of raw material and activation step are two crucial parameters for the pore development of activated carbon. Palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber contains naturally formed long open channels which offer better access of adsorbates into micropores. Chemical activation step typically involves inorganic acids such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid. However, such residues of inorganic acids might create unfavourable conditions for certain adsorption applications, if not removed properly from synthesized activated carbon fiber. Additionally, subsequent to the acid cleaning or removal step, most inorganic acids would eventually cause problems to the environment if acid disposal is not properly managed. This paper investigates on the effect of utilization of organic acids acetic acid and citric acid, as compared to commonly used inorganic acids, on the pore characteristics of palm oil empty fruit bunch fiber derived activated carbon fiber.

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Shaimardan, E., S. K. Kabdrakhmanova, M. M. Beisebekov, B. S. Selenova, N. Kantay, K. Akatan, Zh Imangazinova, S. Sydykbayeva, and Zh Sagdollin. "INFLUENCE OF LIQUID-PHASE OXIDATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON “BAU-A” GRADE WITH HYDROGENIC ACID ON ITS SURFACE STRUCTURE." NNC RK Bulletin, no. 3 (October 7, 2023): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52676/1729-7885-2023-3-96-102.

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Activated carbon is often used as a carrier, in the manufacture of catalysts and as a sorbent in medicine and pharmaceuticals, as well as in the purification of natural and waste water from various compounds and the concentration of metal ions in the metallurgical industry. A variety of applications for activated carbon causes different requirements for it. The sorption, structural and textural characteristics predetermine the main properties of activated carbon. Improvement of any characteristics of activated carbons, in order to create materials with the required performance properties, is carried out by surface modification with various agents. In this work, liquid-phase oxidation of commercial activated carbon of the brand “BAU-A” with hydrochloric acid was carried out to improve its surface structure and morphology. The IR spectroscopy established oxygen-containing hydroxyl and phenolic, as well as carboxylic, lactone and quinone groups after modification with hydrochloric acid. This in turn affected the morphology of the coal material, which became relatively organized and distinct. Pore volumes after modification with hydrochloric acid decreased to 4.264–5.778 µm, macrocell sizes correspond to 31.57–73.32 µm. XRD analysis has established a decrease in the intensity of areas 2θ – 29° and 43° after modification, indicating the removal of certain minerals with a specific crystal structure, such as Na, Ca and Mg.

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37

Pop, Lucian-Cristian, Mihaela Baibarac, Ion Anghel, and Lucian Baia. "Gypsum Composite Boards Incorporating Phase Change Materials: A Review." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 2269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18957.

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The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the available gypsum based composite including various phase change materials employed to increase the thermal energy storage capacity of building materials. A wide range of materials such as n-alkane, saturated fatty acid, fatty acid esters etc are used as phase change materials. Adding carbonaceous material (carbon nanofibers, activated nanocarbon, graphite nanosheets etc.) to augment some properties is also a common practice. In addition, there are presented the methods of obtaining the nano/macro-composites together with some thermal characteristics of the newly prepared materials.

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Zhou, Yue, Wei Guo Pan, Rui Tang Guo, Xiao Bo Zhang, Xue Ping Wen, and Ming Fu He. "Absorption Performance of Activated Carbon with Orange Peel through Phosphoric Acid Activation Method." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2298.

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In order to reduce power plant nitric oxide emission with gaining economical adsorbent, activated carbon was prepared from the raw materials of orange peel under different operating conditions in this paper. The methylene blue adsorption value of different activated carbon has also been tested, and the effects on the methylene blue adsorption performance of different dipping concentration, activation time and carbonization temperature were studied. The finding is that the dipping concentration has the most important impact on methylene blue adsorption value. The highest methylene blue adsorption value of orange peel activated carbon has shown as 277.746mg/g under the following conditions: phosphoric acid concentration was 40%, activation time was 12 hours and carbonization temperature was 500°C. It is a economically feasible absorbent material through a great deal of experiments and analysis.

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Yuan, Yang, Zhuo Chen, Hao Li Qin, and Zhao Wu Han. "The New Technology of Preparation Activated Carbon from Lignite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.42.

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The lignite resource is rich in Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia. The two new methods were achieved to preparation activated carbon which used lignite as raw material. Firstly, the lignite was acidized by hydrochloric acid to prepare activated carbon. The catalytic materials in the ash as calcium, magnesium, iron and other elements were significantly reduced after that and the activated speed of the coal was significantly lower than the original coal, which are conducive to the development of uniform porous carbonized compound and decrease the hole broken. And a better surface area and adsorption properties of activated carbon was obtained. Secondly, with the carbonization and activation temperature at 800°C and 45 min, we can get the activated carbon with the excellent adsorption performance through fluidized catalysis of lignite.

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Jin, Jiao, Chenghui Zheng, and Huaming Yang. "Natural diatomite modified as novel hydrogen storage material." Functional Materials Letters 07, no. 03 (June 2014): 1450027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604714500271.

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Natural diatomite, subjected to different modifications, is investigated for hydrogen adsorption capacities at room temperature. An effective metal-modified strategy is developed to disperse platinum ( Pt ) and palladium ( Pd ) nanoparticles on the surface of diatomite. Hydrogen adsorption capacity of pristine diatomite (diatomite) is 0.463 wt.% at 2.63 MPa and 298 K, among the highest of the known sorbents, while that of acid-thermally activated diatomite (A-diatomite) could reach up to 0.833 wt.% due to the appropriate pore properties by activation. By incorporation with a small amount of Pt and Pd (~0.5 wt.%), hydrogen adsorption capacities are enhanced to 0.696 wt.% and 0.980 wt.%, respectively, indicating that activated diatomite shows interesting application in the field of hydrogen storage at room temperature.

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Jabbar, Susan F. "Preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation using Z. Spina-Christi fruits nuclei as raw material." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 4, no. 3 (June 5, 2014): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v4i3.639.

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The research work involves preparation and study of the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon to remove dyes from aqueous solutions . Z. Spina-Christi fruits nuclei were processed chemically using Phosphoric acid as chemical activator. The parameters (such as initial pH , contact time,..etc) affecting the adsorption capacity of activated carbon toward dyes removal from aqueous solutions were investigated

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42

Jabbar, Azhaar Radhi. "Comparative study for adsorption of acidic and basic dyes on activated carbon prepared from date stone by different activation agent." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v13i1.622.

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Анотація:

This research includes a lab scale work to investigate the feasibility of treating waste water which polluted with dyes exhausted from textile factory by using adsorption process. Three type of activated carbon were prepared using locally available waste material (date stone). Chemical activation method with (zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, or phosphoric acid) was used as activators to prepared carbon. Firstly, the materials were carbonized at 275 oC for 90 min and then the carbonized materials were treated with (4 molar) solution of acid, base or salt for 24 hour. Finally, these materials were activated at 600 oC for two hours in the presence of nitrogen gas flow. The resulted activated carbons were checked by its (BET) surface area analysis and surface morphology by SEM. The surface area values were (815, 950,600) m2/g for carbon produced from the activation of date stone by phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide or zinc chloride respectively. SEM characterizations show that activated carbons that prepared from potassium hydroxide have higher surface area and good adsorption characteristics than that prepared from activation with phosphoric acid or zinc chloride. The adsorption process was studied using two types of dyes. The first one is acidic (methyl orange) and the other is basic (bismark brown). The adsorption isotherms and kinetics where investigated for both dyes at temperatures (30,40,50,60)oC for concentration range equal to (6-16)mg/l. The adsorption data of equilibrium were presented by using two common adsorption isotherm equations. The data was fitted fairly well with Langmuir isotherm for both dyes on all types of prepared activated carbons. The kinetic of adsorption was study by using two kinetic equations, pseudo first order and pseudo second order. The result showed the rapid increase in the rate of adsorption at the initial until equilibrium achieved. Pseudo second order model were represent the data very well with confidence level 0.99.

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Nursito, Jabal, Rini Hustiany, and Alan Dwi Wibowo. "Active Packaging System from Activated Oil Palm Shells Charcoal Shaped Sachet on Cassava Chips." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 13, no. 2 (October 5, 2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v13i2.17631.

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Анотація:

Cassava chips are a type of snack that is fried and prone to rancidity if stored for a while. Cassava chips are added to the material that can adsorb gases, such as oxygen and water vapor, to reduce the occurrence of rancidity using a sachet-shaped adsorbent material. Activated charcoal is one of the gas adsorbents. Activated charcoal used is activated charcoal made from oil palm shells and activated with 20% phosphoric acid. This study aims to analyze the decrease in the quality of cassava chips with an active packaging system during storage for 30 days at 45oC. A total of 30 g cassava chips were packed with a standing pouch in polypropylene type and added activated charcoal from oil palm shells activated by 20% phosphoric acid as much as 1.5 g or 0.75 g which was packed with metalized aluminum plastic or LDPE plastic in the form of sachets. Storage of cassava chips with an active packaging system for 30 days and stored at a temperature of 45oC with a humidity of about 60% and observations are every 3 days in aroma and texture scoring test, moisture content, free fatty acid levels, fat content, and peroxide number. During storage from day 0 to day 30, the cassava chips have decreased the quality of the aroma from typical cassava chips to slightly rancid and the texture from crisp to somewhat not crisp. Moisture content, free fatty acid levels, and peroxide numbers during storage have increased. The fat content has decreasedduring storage. Based on this, cassava chips with the addition of 1.5 g activated charcoal and packaged with metalized aluminum plastic become the best active packaging system.

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Gnawali, Chhabi Lal, Sabina Shahi, Sarita Manandhar, Ganesh Kumar Shrestha, Mandira Pradhannanga Adhikari, Rinita Rajbhandari, and Bhadra P. Pokharel. "Porous activated carbon materials from Triphala seed stones for high-performance supercapacitor applications." BIBECHANA 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2023): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v20i1.53432.

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Porous activated carbon materials derived from biomass could be the suitable materials for high-rate performance electrochemical supercapacitors as it exhibits high surface area due to well-defined pore structure. Here, we report the novel porous activated carbon from Triphala seed stones by chemical activation with zinc chloride at different carbonization temperature (400-700 °C) under the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements was used to study the surface properties (effective surface areas, pore volumes and pore size distributions). The electrochemical measurements were performed in an aqueous 1 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution in a three-electrode cell set up. Triphala seed stones-derived porous carbon materials with well-defined micro- and mesopores exhibit high specific surface area ranges from 878.7 to 1233.3 m2 g-1 and total pore volume ranges from 0.439 to 0.626 cm3 g-1. The specific capacitance obtained by electrochemical measurement experiment was 208.7 F g-1 at 1 A g-1. These results indicate that the prepared nanoporous activated carbon material from Triphala seed stones would have significant possibility as supercapacitor electrode material for high-energy-storage supercapacitor applications.

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45

Razgovorov, Pavel B., Roman S. Nagornov, Yuliya N. Grishina, and Anna D. Silanteva. "STUDY OF PURIFICATION PROCESS OF VEGETABLE OIL BY PINK CLAY." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 59, no. 5 (July 12, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20165905.5390.

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The phase composition of natural pink clay was studied and influence of sorption properties on purification of mustard oil was investigated. The clay was activated by treatment with oxalic acid and sodium carbonate before using. The acid-base activation of natural material was shown to promote the creation of the new centers on its surface. The new materials demonstrated a positive effect on the oil purification process from fatty acids, peroxide compounds and no effect on the concentrations of carotenoids.

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46

Oreščanin, Višnja, Ivanka Lovrenčić Mikelić, Robert Kollar, Nenad Mikulić, and Gordana Medunić. "Inertisation of galvanic sludge with calcium oxide, activated carbon, and phosphoric acid." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2171.

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In this study we compared three methods for the treatment of electroplating sludge highly loaded with zinc and iron: (1) calcium oxide-based solidifi cation/stabilisation; (2) conversion into inert material by adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants onto activated carbon; and (3) conversion of mobile waste components into insoluble phosphates. All three methods proved highly effi cient in the conversion of hazardous waste into inert material. Under optimum treatment conditions zinc concentration in the leachate of solidifi ed waste was reduced by 99.7 % compared to untreated sludge. Zinc retention effi ciency in the waste treated with activated carbon and phosphoric acid was 99.9 % and 98.7 %, respectively. The advantages of electroplating sludge treatment with activated carbon over the other two methods are high sorption capacity, insignifi cant pH and volume changes of the sludge, and simple use.

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47

Siregar, Sri Hilma, and Wirdati Irma. "SINTESIS DAN PERBANDINGAN STRUKTUR, TEKSTUR BENTONIT ALAM DAN BENTONIT TERAKTIVASI ASAM." Photon: Jurnal Sain dan Kesehatan 7, no. 01 (October 30, 2016): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jp.v7i01.572.

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Bentonite is a material that has several layers, which consists of one layer of octahedral and two tetrahedral layers or commonly known as the bentonite mineral that is composed of layers of 2: 1. Bentonite nature in general is less than optimal when used as an adsorbent. This can be overcome by activating the natural bentonite either chemistry or physics. In this study, natural bentonite acid activated. Bentonite activated with HF acid with a variety of 1% -5%. Acid can damage the structure of octahedral layers in the space between the layers. Effect of activation with HF acid cause ion exchange of Al3+, Fe3+, Mg2+ with H+ ions from the acid HF so changes smectite crystalline structures. Activation of bentonite with lead acid cation exchange capacity decreased and significantly increases the specific surface area of 26.893 m2 / g (natural bentonite) to 43.167 m2 / g (activated).

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48

Ren, Xinyao, Enju Wang, Fernando Millán, José G. Prato, Marin Senilă, Andrés Eduardo Márquez Chacón, Luisa Carolina González, Guido P. Santillán Lima, and Carla Silva Padilla. "The Adsorption of Arsenate and Arsenite Ions on Oxidic Substrates Prepared with a Variable-Charge Lithological Material." Materials 17, no. 22 (November 13, 2024): 5544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17225544.

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The adsorption of As(V) and As(III) (0.01–1 mM) on a calcined oxidic lithologic material substrate with pH-dependent surface variable charges, chemically modifiable, was investigated. The substrate was prepared via thermal treatment using a natural lithologic material rich in amphoteric oxides of Fe, Al, Mn and Ti. The calcined substrate was treated with acid media (HCl 0.1) to homogenize the positive charge density on the oxide surface via oxide protonation so that anion adsorption would be favored. A batch experiment was performed on the acid-treated substrate (activated) and non-activated substrate. L-type isotherms were obtained, which fit the Freundlich model. Isotherm constants showed that there was a greater affinity between the activated substrate and As(V) (K = 10.58) compared to As(III) (K = 5.45). The adsorption capacity of the activated substrate was two times greater than that of the non-activated substrate, As(V) (Kact = 10.58 and Knoact = 5.45) vs. As(III) (Kact = 5.45 y Knoact = 2.44), which was due to the greater positive charge density on the activated surface, created by the protonation of the surface oxides. Protons were liberated during the adsorption reaction (As(V): 2.17 × 10−3 and As(III): 0.96 × 10−3 mmol/mL). The forms H2AsO4− and H3AsO3 deprotonated when adsorbed by the surface groups M-OH2+ (M: Fe, Al). Kinetic data showed a second-order process for As(V) adsorption and a first-order process for As(III) adsorption. The adsorption rate on the activated substrate was two times greater compared with the non-activated substrate: As(V) (kact = 3.78 × 10−5 L/mg·min and knoact = 2.16 × 10−5 L/mg·min) vs. As(III) (kact = 0.055 h−1 and knoact = 0.027 h−1). The tested substrate is potentially useful as a low-cost natural material for arsenic removal from contaminated water.

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49

Świątkowski, Andrzej, Elżbieta Kuśmierek, Krzysztof Kuśmierek, and Stanisław Błażewicz. "The Influence of Thermal Treatment of Activated Carbon on Its Electrochemical, Corrosion, and Adsorption Characteristics." Molecules 29, no. 20 (October 18, 2024): 4930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204930.

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Activated carbons can be applied in various areas of our daily life depending on their properties. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of thermal treatment of activated carbon on its properties, considering its future use. The characteristics of activated carbon heat-treated at temperatures of 1500, 1800, and 2100 °C based on its future use are presented. The significant effect of the treatment temperature on morphological, adsorption, electrochemical, and corrosion properties was proved. Increasing the temperature above 1800 °C resulted in a significant decrease in the specific surface area (from 969 to 8 m2·g−1) and material porosity—the formation of mesopores (20–100 nm diameter) was observed. Simultaneously, adsorption capability, double layer capacity, and electrochemically active surface area also decreased, which helped to explain the shape of cyclic voltammograms recorded in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and in supporting electrolytes. However, a significant increase in corrosion resistance was found for the carbon material treated at a temperature of 2100 °C (corrosion current decreased by 23 times). Comparison of morphological, adsorption, corrosion, and electrochemical characteristics of the tested activated carbon, its applicability as an electrode material in electrical energy storage devices, and materials for adsorptive removal of organic compounds from wastewater or as a sensor in electrochemical determination of organic compounds was discussed.

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50

Togibasa, Octolia, Yane Oktovina Ansanay, Khaeriah Dahlan, and Maya Erari. "Identification of Surface Functional Group on Activated Carbon from Waste Sago." Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jphystheor-appl.v5i1.49885.

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Activated carbon is a powerful adsorption material which mainly used as pollutants adsorption. The adsorption properties own derived from the main functional groups or chemical atoms derived from the activation processes. In this study, the activated carbon was prepared from waste sago and activated using two different chemicals activation agents called phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide. The aim of this study was to identify the surface functional group on waste sago activated carbon produced. The results showed that activated carbon with phosphoric acid activator contained OH, C=C, CO and CH functional groups, while activated carbon with potassium hydroxide activator contained O-H, C≡C, C=C, C-O and C-H functional groups. These results lead to support the recommendations for the development of the application of waste sago activated carbon made as adsorbents in the purification of lead (II) and cadmium (II) wastewater.

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