Дисертації з теми "Access pathways to constitutional justice"

Cette thèse propose une réévaluation des modèles traditionnels de justice constitutionnelle par le biais d'une approche comparative et empirique. La distinction classique entre les modèles américain et européen, confrontée à la diversité croissante des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle dans le monde, révèle d'importantes limites conceptuelles. Pour dépasser ces frontières, deux orientations analytiques émergent : l'une visant à élaborer de nouveaux modèles théoriques basés sur des critères renouvelés, et l'autre visant à développer des outils d'analyse novateurs, mieux adaptés à la complexité actuelle. C'est cette seconde approche, moins explorée, qui constitue le coeur de ce travail. À partir d'une analyse empirique des systèmes de justice constitutionnelle à l'échelle mondiale, en utilisant la méthode des analyses de correspondances, un outil d'analyse multidimensionnelle a été conçu. Cet outil permet de représenter la diversité des systèmes juridiques dans une perspective fluide et évolutive, en prenant en compte les variations contextuelles ainsi que les interactions multiples influençant le contentieux constitutionnel. Plutôt que de classer les systèmes selon des critères rigides, il les positionne dans une dynamique ouverte, reflétant la complexité de leurs interactions. L'objectif central est de mieux comprendre le rôle du juge constitutionnel, en analysant son intervention au regard des normes de référence du contrôle de constitutionnalité, des modalités d'accès à la justice et des compétences des Cours constitutionnelles. En adoptant une méthodologie empirique et multidimensionnelle, ce travail transcende les cadres traditionnels pour embrasser la complexité et la multiplicité des réalités juridiques contemporaines tout en créant un outil didactique
This thesis proposes a reassessment of traditional models of constitutional justice through a comparative and empirical approach. The classical distinction between the American and European models, when confronted with the growing diversity of constitutional justice systems worldwide, reveals significant conceptual limitations. To address these challenges, two analytical pathways emerge: one aimed at developing new theoretical models based on revised criteria, and the other focused on creating innovative analytical tools better suited to contemporary complexities. It is this latter, less explored approach that forms the core of this work. Drawing on an empirical analysis of constitutional justice systems globally, and employing correspondence analysis methods, a multidimensional analytical tool has been developed. This tool allows for the representation of the diversity of legal systems in a fluid and evolving framework, accounting for contextual variations and the multiple interactions influencing constitutional litigation. Rather than classifying systems according to fixed criteria, it positions them within an open dynamic, reflecting the complexity of their interactions. The central objective is to better understand the role of the constitutional judge by examining their participation in the decision-making process, with a focus on constitutional review standards, access to justice, and the competencies of Constitutional Courts. By adopting an empirical and multidimensional methodology, this work seeks to transcend traditional frameworks in order to embrace the complexity and multiplicity of contemporary legal realities while creating a didactic tool

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights in South Africa’s final Constitution are, with a few exceptions, guaranteed to citizens and non-citizens alike. South Africa has seen an influx of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees since 1994, and this migratory movement has posed significant challenges to the post-apartheid legal order. This thesis is concerned with the State’s implementation of its constitutional obligations to protect and guarantee the constitutional rights of everyone within the borders of South Africa. It is important that these constitutional obligations do not remain mere aspirations but should translate into reality. Most non-citizens living in South Africa face numerous barriers to accessing justice and the processes that could enable them to realise their rights. The thesis examines the concept of “access to justice” and investigates a number of obstacles encountered by different categories of non-citizens – such as refugees, asylum seekers and documented and undocumented migrants – in trying to access justice and to realise their rights. Against this background, arrest, detention and deportation under the Immigration Act and Refugees Act are examined because these processes have often been abused by State officials to prevent non-citizens from accessing the rights and protections guaranteed in these Acts and the Constitution, and to frustrate the implementation of court orders vindicating the rights of non-citizens. The application of the Immigration and Refugees Acts is discussed through the lens of sections 12(1), 33, 34 and 35(2) of the Constitution which ensure that arrest, detention and deportation are done in a lawful and procedurally fair manner, as opposed to the arbitrariness that most non-citizens experience on a daily basis. Secondly, the thesis also examines access to justice for non-citizens in the context of xenophobia and bias based crimes. The State has in the past failed to respond in a coordinated and timely fashion in the face of violent manifestations of xenophobia. Against this background, the State’s obligation to protect non-citizens from violence from either public or private sources in terms of section 12(1)(c) of the Constitution is discussed and analysed. The role, accessibility and effectiveness of Equality Courts are also examined in light of the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act and the cases that were brought before them emanating from xenophobic incidents. The thesis concludes with proposals on areas which require better implementation of existing laws; and areas in which legislative reform is needed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die regte wat in die Handves van Regte in Suid-Afrika se finale Grondwet veranker is, word op enkele uitsonderings na vir burgers en nie-burgers gewaarborg. Sedert 1994 het Suid- Afrika instroming van migrante, asielsoekers en vlugtelinge beleef, en hierdie verskuiwing het wesenlike uitdagings aan die post-apartheid regsorde gestel. Hierdie tesis is gemoeid met die Staat se implementering van sy grondwetlike verpligting om die grondwetlike regte van almal wat hul binne Suid-Afrika se landsgrense bevind, te beskerm en te waarborg. Dit is belangrik dat hierdie grondwetlike verpligtinge nie blote aspirasies bly nie, maar ’n werklikheid word. Die meeste nie-burgers wat in Suid-Afrika woon staar talle hindernisse in die gesig wat dit vir hulle moeilik maak om toegang tot geregtigheid te verkry en om hul regte te verwesenlik. Die tesis ondersoek die begrip “toegang tot geregtigheid” en bekyk aantal struikelblokke in die weg van verskillende kategorieë nie-burgers – soos vlugtelinge, asielsoekers en gedokumenteerde en nie-gedokumenteerde migrante – wat toegang tot geregtigheid probeer verkry en hul regte probeer verwesenlik. Teen hierdie agtergrond word arrestasie, aanhouding en deportering ingevolge die Wet op Immigrasie en die Wet op Vlugtelinge ondersoek, aangesien hierdie prosesse dikwels deur staatsamptenare misbruik word om nie-burgers te verhinder om toegang te verkry tot die regte en beskermings wat in hierdie wetgewing en in die Grondwet gewaarborg word, en om geregtelike bevele wat die regte van nie-burgers afdwing, te verydel. Die toepassing van die Wet op Immigrasie en die Wet op Vlugtelinge word deur die lens van artikels 12(1), 33, 34 en 35(2) van die Grondwet bespreek, wat probeer verseker dat arrestasie, aanhouding en deportering op regmatige en prosedureel billike manier geskied, in teenstelling met die willekeur wat nie-burgers op daaglikse basis ervaar. Tweedens ondersoek die tesis toegang tot geregtigheid vir nie-burgers in die konteks van vreemdelingehaat en misdade wat op vooroordeel gebaseer is. Die Staat het in die verlede in gebreke gebly om in die aangesig van gewelddadige manifesterings van vreemdelingehaat op gekoördineerde en tydige manier te reageer. Die Staat se verpligting om ingevolge artikel 12(1)(c) van die Grondwet nie-burgers teen geweld van hetsy openbare hetsy private oorsprong te beskerm, word bespreek en ontleed. Die rol, toeganklikheid en doeltreffendheid van gelykheidshowe word ook bespreek in die lig van die Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act en die sake wat deur hierdie howe beslis is wat uit xenofobiese voorvalle voortspruit. Die tesis sluit af met voorstelle oor terreine waar beter implementering van bestaande wetgewing benodig word, asook terreine waar wetgewende hervorming verlang word.

This dissertation is a critical ethnographic study of institutional, ideological, and cultural factors influencing the educational pathways of low-income Latino/a students. The study lasted for nine months, and research was conducted in two field sites: a public high school and a public university in the Southwest. There were eighteen research participants--seventeen students and one teacher. A funds of knowledge approach combined with a Latino/a Critical Theory lens and best practices in college access allow a consideration of these factors in public schooling. I balanced institutional data with interviews, writing samples, and class discussions, and I found that factors hindering students' persistence included material conditions such as overcrowding, ideological constraints such as low expectations, and a cultural disconnect between students' values and the values embedded in school curricula and policies. Although these Latino/a students demonstrate experiential critical literacy, the students are not given an opportunity to connect their lived experiences to theory in school, which can hinder college-going attitudes. To foster critical democracy, practitioners of First-Year Composition have an opportunity to rethink our purpose and goals to make sure that what we advocate in theory--college persistence for all students--matches up with our practice. This study suggests remedies to ensure that in a system in which social, economic, and political inequities are fed by and feed our inequitable educational system, we can take an active role in reshaping the educational pipeline by working in partnership with public schools and communities to bring equity to college access and retention efforts.

Section 33 of the Constitution guarantees to everyone the right to just administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair. The Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (“PAJA”) was promulgated to give effect to give effect to this fundamental right as envisaged in s 33(3) of the Constitution. Section 32 of the Constitution also guarantees to everyone the right of access to information. The Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (“PAIA”) was promulgated to give effect to this fundamental right as contemplated in s 32(2) of the Constitution. This thesis considers the extent to which the provisions of PAJA may be applicable to the actions of the South African Legal Practice Council (“the LPC”). It also considers the extent to which the provisions of PAIA may be applicable to the records of the LPC. Some remedial legislative amendments to the provisions of both PAJA and PAIA are recommended with the view of addressing certain identified legal obstacles. The proposed legislative amendments will enhance the exercise, realisation, enforcement and protection of both the right to just administrative action and the right of access to information.

L'accès direct des individus à la justice constitutionnelle a tendance en Allemagne et Espagne, contrairement à la France et à Italie où il n’est pas prévu, à modifier la nature classiquement objective de la mission de constitutionnalisation du juge constitutionnel par les buts subjectifs poursuivis par les recours individuels directs. Il déclenche, le cas échéant, chez le juge constitutionnel une fonction autre que la simple constitutionnalisation du droit, qui demeure objective dans le cadre de l’accès indirect et l'entraîne sur le terrain de la fondamentalisation du droit, qui revêt des caractéristiques très subjectives. C'est ce qui explique la concurrence entre le juge constitutionnel et les juges ordinaires et européens, et conduit le premier à se comporter en cour suprême en Allemagne et en Espagne où existent ces voies de recours. La fondamentalisation, qui est un processus plus vaste que la constitutionnalisation, oblige également le juge constitutionnel à s’adapter et à prendre part à la "circulation des solutions juridiques"
The direct access of individuals to constitutional justice has the tendency in Germany and Spain, contrary to France and Italy where it does not exist, to modify the current and objective nature of the mission of constitutionalisation of the constitutional judge through the subjective goals individual and direct recourses. It triggers, on the other hand, on the side of the constitutional judge another function than the simple constitutionalisation of law that remains objective in the case of the indirect access, which is leading to the fundamentalisation of law, which has very subjective features. This is explaining the competition between the constitutional judge and the ordinary and European courts that leads the first to behave in Supreme Court in Germany and Spain where those review procedures exist. The fundamentalisation, which is a wider process than the constitutionalisation one, also oblige the constitutional judge to adapt and to get involved in the “circulation of legal solutions”

"It is against this backdrop of unsatisfacotry enforcement of fundamental human rights enshrined in the Constitution that the role of human rights NGOs in Ethiopia should come to the fore. Thus, apart from monitoring violations and conducting legal awareness programs, there is a need for human rights NGOs in Ethiopia to engage in public interest litigation with a view to facilitating the judical enforcement of fundamental rights representing those who, for various reasons, can not access courts. A number of reasons could be provided to justify why the South African system has been chosen for a lesson to Ethiopia. One reason could be the legal framework put in place to address issues of acces to justice in South Africa. Standing is a crucial question in any venture of public interest litigation. Section 38(d) of the South African Constitution entitles anyone acting in the public interest to approach a competent court and seek remedies when they feel that a fundamental right is infringed or threatened. This very liberal approach to standing is not common in many legal systems. For countries like Ethiopia where there is an extremely tight requirement of standing to institute civil proceedings in courts, such a liberal approach could be an inspiration. In addition to the guarantees given by the Constitution, in South Africa there exists a relatively advanced and dynamic system of subsidiary legislation that could facilitate the full utilisation of the constitutionally recognised rights of access to justice. More relevant to this dissertation are the human rights NGOs in South Africa that are engaged in human rights lawyering in general and public interest litigation in particular. Much could be learnt from the experiences of prominent human rights NGOs such as the Legal Resources Centre and Lawyers for Human Rights. In all, Ethiopia, where the activities of human rights NGOs have not yet gone further than the monitoring of violations and fragmented attempts of awareness raising campaigns, could indeed draw lessons from the South African experience in this regard. ... The study has five chapters. The first chapter deals with introductory matters such as objective, methodology and literature survey. In the second chapter, a working definition of the concept of public interest litigation, the rationale behind it, issues such as access to justice and locus standi will be discussed. The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of public interest litigation as employed in different legal systems. With a view to providing a broad perspective to the practice the cases of France, the United States and Canada are presented. However, the chapter will focus more on the Indian and South African systems, mainly because of the nature of the problems public interest litigation addresses in the two countries. There will be a fourth chapter dedicated to the examination of the existing legal and institutional framework in Ethiopia in light of the background presented in the previous chapters. The fifth chapter deals with the conclusion and recommendations aimed at pointing out the major lessons to be drawn to introduce public interest litigation in Ethiopia." -- Introduction.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor JR de Ville at the Community Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

O constituinte reformador decidiu tratar do problema da morosidade da justiça, à semelhança de outros países e de diversos tratados internacionais a respeito. A presente dissertação tem por fulcro a análise do novo inciso LXXVIII do art. 5º da Constituição Federal que instituiu a celeridade processual como direito fundamental. É feita cuidadosa abordagem de todos os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à matéria, especialmente o devido processo legal, desde o seu surgimento, na common law inglesa, com a Magna Carta de 1215, evoluindo pela interpretação da Suprema Corte nos Estados Unidos, de modo a conhecer sua vertente substantiva, até ser consagrado no Brasil, de modo expresso, cerca de 200 anos depois, pela Constituição de 1988. Outros princípios apresentam-se igualmente de grande relevância, como o acesso à justiça, eficiência e igualdade. Constata-se que não era imprescindível a positivação de regra específica para que a Justiça estivesse jungida ao dever de julgar com rapidez. Revela-se, porém, profícua a abordagem do tema na Constituição, dentre os direitos fundamentais. Verifica-se a ocorrência de eventuais conflitos no plano concreto envolvendo a celeridade processual e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, bem como a segurança jurídica. Dedica-se especial atenção ao papel da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 2004 e diversos institutos por ela trazidos no intento de se obter um Poder Judiciário mais célere e organizado de modo mais eficaz e uniforme, embora se constate a necessidade de mudanças que se sobressaem à atuação do legislador. Realiza-se pesquisa histórica e descritiva com supedâneo na doutrina brasileira e no direito comparado, especialmente nas literaturas jurídicas francesa, inglesa, portuguesa e estadunidense. Ao se analisar a repercussão do dispositivo à luz do direito constitucional, nota-se a necessidade de muitas outras alterações para que a Reforma atinja seu desiderato. Constata-se que o Poder Judiciário possui papel preponderante na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais, de modo que, atuando a contento, a celeridade processual pode se tornar poderoso instrumento de efetividade de tais direitos e da própria Constituição Federal.
The constituent reformer decided to face the problem of the delays of Justice, likewise that in other countries and various international treaties of the subject. This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the new item LXXVIII of article 5th of the Federal Constitution which set the celerity of procedure as a fundamental right. A careful approach is made from all constitutional principles relevant to the subject, especially the due process of law, since its emergence in the English common law, with the Magna Carta of 1215, evolving through United States Supreme Courts interpretation, in order to meet its substantive aspect, to be explicitly devoted in Brazil, about 200 years later, by the Constitution of 1988. Other principles also have great relevance, such as access to justice, efficiency and equality. It appears to be unessential to insert a specific rule by which the Justice would be bound by duty to judge rapidly. However, it is useful to approach the subject in the Constitution, among the fundamental rights. Possible conflicts are analyzed in concrete plan involving the speedy trial clause and the principles of adversarial and legal defense, as well legal certainty. Proper attention is paid to the role of the 45th Amendment of 2004 and various institutes brought by it, in the attempt to achieve a faster and more uniform and well organized Justice, although evidences the need of changes that overcome the role of the legislator. Takes place a historical and descriptive research takes place in Brazilian doctrine and comparative law, especially in French, English, Portuguese and American legal literature. By analyzing of the clauses effect under the constitutional law, its notice the demand of many other changes to the Reform reach your goal. Its seen that the Judiciary has a predominant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights, so that, working properly, speedy trial clause may become a powerful tool of effectiveness of such rights and of the own Constitution.

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No âmbito da jurisdição constitucional brasileira, a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal é cada vez mais valorizada, publicizada e também, questionada. Isso pois, na análise e julgamento das demandas sociais (e processuais) que apresentam interesse público e repercussão geral, é a referida Corte quem assume, mediante à sociedade, a principal responsabilidade na tomada de decisão final e na formulação de novos modelos e parâmetros jurídicos que se apresentam como resposta à inquietação social. Nesse sentido, as audiências públicas surgem como instrumento para contribuir com a formação da tomada de decisão, a partir de debate e esclarecimentos acerca de determinada matéria, propiciados através da participação da sociedade civil interessada. Considerando tal premissa, o presente estudo surge a partir da preocupação em, de forma crítica, avaliar os propósitos e os métodos assumidos pela Suprema Corte brasileira através das audiências públicas, no sentido de que seus resultados possibilitem a formação de decisões constitucionais legitimas e democráticas fundamentadas no produto deste movimento e encontro entre Poder Judiciário e Sociedade Civil que é estruturado historicamente pela preocupação sociológica acerca do acesso à justiça. Para tal propósito, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de três capítulos. No primeiro, o estudo apresenta a origem histórica e legal das audiências públicas, analisadas a partir de suas diversas razões finalísticas identificadas através do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, nos seus mais diversos âmbitos. O segundo capítulo é formado a partir de reflexão acerca da evolução do Acesso à Justiça como direito fundamental, na crescente judicialização das demandas sociais, mantida como grande efeito pós-moderno e da conjunção dos conceitos de democracia e participação popular no contexto instaurado pelo atual cenário processual brasileiro. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo apresenta análise acerca de cada uma das audiências públicas realizadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal até então, e das decisões judiciais, consideradas o produto final da interação participativa realizada entre Suprema Corte e sociedade civil. O presente estudo atende à linha de pesquisa Hermenêutica, Constituição e Concretização de Direitos e encontra-se ancorado no Direito Público, área de concentração do Programa de Pós Graduação em Direito da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS, pois versa sobre a efetiva realização de direitos por meio dos instrumentos processuais adotados no âmbito da jurisdição constitucional e sua efetiva resposta às provocações sociais.
Within the Brazilian constitutional jurisdiction, the role of the Supreme Court is increasingly valued, publicized and also questioned. This is because, in the analysis and judgment of social (and procedural) demands with public interest and general implications, is that Court who takes upon society, the major responsibility for a final decision and the formulation of new models and judicial parameters for a response to social unrest. By this way, public audiences emerge as a tool to contribute to the formation of decision-making, from discussion and clarification on certain subject, enabled through the participation of interested civil society. Considering this premise, the present study arises from the concern, in a critical way, evaluate the purposes and methods undertaken by the Brazilian Supreme Court through public audiences, in the sense that their results provide generation of based and legitimate democratic constitutional decisions in the product of this movement and encounter between the judiciary and civil society that is historically structured by sociological worries about justice access. For this purpose, it was necessary the development of three chapters. In the first, the study presents the historical and legal source of public audiences, analyzed from their various purposive reasons identified by Brazilian law, in its various contexts. The second chapter is formed from the observation on the development of the Justice Access as a fundamental right, the growing judicialization of social demands, kept as a great post-modern effect of the conjunction by democracy concepts and popular participation in the context established by the current Brazilian legal scenario. Finally, the third chapter shows the analysis on each of the public hearings held by the Supreme Court until then, and judicial decisions, considered the final product of participatory interaction between the Supreme Court and civil society. This study attends the research line in Hermeneutics, Constitution and Implementation of Rights and is anchored in public law, the concentration area of the post Graduate Program in Law, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS therefore focuses on the effective realization of rights through legal instruments adopted within the constitutional jurisdiction and its effective response to social provocations.

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The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the prediction of housing rights in International Human Rights norms and their explicit inclusion on the list of the social rights of the Brazilian Federal Constitution imposes on states and individuals the obligation to protect and promote this right to socially and economically vulnerable citizens. This theoretical research finds strength in fundamental constitutional principles of urban policy and understanding of the right to housing as a fundamental social right rooted in the principles of human dignity, citizenship, equality, non-discrimination, solidarity, and the review of legal institutions and property ownership in the light of social function. The new approach to access to Justice is the instrumental bond for claiming the right to housing before Government, especially through the exercise of the powers conferred to the Public Defender by the constitutional legislator. The proposed results are the implementation of the fundamental social right to housing through a rights education, mediation and international mechanisms of protection, as well as the bringing of legal individual and collective actions for social protection of this right in a defensive and comprehensive perspective of fundamental rights
O principal objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que a previsão do direito à moradia na normativa internacional de Direitos Humanos e a sua inclusão de forma expressa no rol dos direitos sociais da Constituição Federal brasileira impõe aos Estados e aos particulares a obrigação de proteger e promover esse direito aos cidadãos social e economicamente vulneráveis. Essa investigação teórica encontra solidez nos princípios constitucionais fundamentais da política urbana e na compreensão do direito à moradia como direito fundamental social de raízes nos princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, da cidadania, da igualdade e não-discriminação e da solidariedade, e na releitura dos institutos jurídicos da posse e da propriedade à luz da função social. O novo enfoque de acesso à Justiça consiste no elo instrumental para reivindicação do direito à moradia perante o Poder Público, especialmente pelo exercício das atribuições conferidas à Defensoria Pública pelo legislador constituinte. Os resultados propostos são a efetivação do direito fundamental social à moradia através da educação em direitos, da mediação e dos mecanismos internacionais de proteção, bem como a propositura de ações judiciais individuais e coletivas para justiciabilidade desse direito social na perspectiva defensiva e prestacional dos direitos fundamentais

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Since the 1988 Constitution, Brazilian procedural system has suffered deep changes with the inclusion of principles and procedural warranties within it. These did not exist before and provoke effects into all civil procedural jural order. The principles and constitutional warranties are the basis of the procedural system, remanding the right operator to investigate and reread the procedural rules from National Constitution. The Constitution is embodied in a historical period and cannot be separated from this time concrete reality. The principles and the warranties point the direction and whatever the rule supported by them is not supposed to contradict the imposed North; thus, the interpreter has no right to any conclusion that might vitiate all constitutional structure. It is undisputed that the1988 Constitution has brought a new conception of State and the values assured by it. Specifically concerning the civil procedure, the procedural system, as mentioned before, supported by constitutional fundamental principles and imposing a jural political order as a whole, has been maintained upon four bases: the jurisdiction, the action, the defense and the proceeding. These constitute the normative constitutional structure and the present work seeks to, through examining the constitutional principles and warranties of the access to justice and adversary, reevaluate the institute of procedural substitute and the res judicata in the presence of constitutional normative force of mentioned principles and warranties
A partir da Constituição de 1988, o sistema processual brasileiro sofreu profundas mudanças com a inclusão de princípios e garantias processuais no corpo da Lei Maior, os quais antes não existiam e irradiam efeitos sobre todo o ordenamento jurídico processual civil. Os princípios e garantias constitucionais são estruturantes do sistema processual, remetendo o operador do direito a investigar e reler as normas processuais a partir da Constituição Federal. A Constituição está condicionada a um momento histórico, não podendo se separar desta realidade concreta de seu tempo. A nova realidade constitucional resgatou a força normativa da Constituição. Os princípios e garantias apontam a direção e qualquer que seja a norma que neles se sustenta, não pode contrariar o norte imposto; não cabe, pois, ao intérprete nenhuma conclusão que possa contrariar os princípios e garantias constitucionais, sob pena de comprometer toda a estrutura constitucional. Não há a menor dúvida de que a Constituição de 1988 trouxe uma nova concepção de Estado e valores por ele protegidos e, no que diz respeito ao processo civil em particular, o sistema processual, como já afirmado, sustentado em princípios fundamentais constitucionais impondo uma ordem político-jurídica como um todo, tem a sua sustentação em quatro alicerces: a jurisdição, a ação, a defesa e o processo. Constituem estes a estrutura normativa constitucional e o presente trabalho procura, através do exame dos princípios e garantias constitucionais do acesso à justiça e do contraditório, rever o instituto do substituto processual e a coisa julgada, diante da força normativa constitucional dos princípios e garantias mencionados

Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

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The dissertation encompass the thematic examination of the anticipated decision regarding the ripe aspect of the merit, grounded upon the strict observance of the access to Justice constitutional principle, considered in its entirety. Therefore, focusing on the constitutional tutelage of the civil procedure, and the impossibility of conceiving the procedural dictates disengaged from constitutional law, the necessary premises regarding the development of the study were established, with a brief approach to the access to Justice principle, allocating special attention to the evolution of the concept and the scope attributed to it, following the yearnings of the modern procedural theories, demonstrating that it is inherent to the principle the notion of the effectiveness of the process, which must constitute an adequate mean to the realization, on the factual level, of the substantive rights proclaimed by the State and, yet, comprising the content of the reasonable duration of the process guarantee. From them on, the paper addresses the possibility of the anticipated decision regarding the ripe aspect of the merit, de lege lata, even before the creation of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, highlighting the dispute around article 273, §6º, of the Civil Procedure Code of 1973. Following that, the study centers on the definition of the judicial rulings with relevant decisional content (interlocutory decision and judgement) within the Brazilian legal order, deriving from an attempt of framing the partial decision of the merit within one of these species of jurisdictional ruling, considering the civil procedural system of 1973, alongside the changes promoted over it, addressing the difficulties involved in such task, the consequences of this position on the appeals and also relative to the motions to set aside judgement, as well as aspects on the execution of the ruling. The final chapter is aimed at the New Civil Procedure Code provisions which keep compatibility with the immediate decision of the ripe aspect of the merit, in order to clearly demonstrate how some innovations brought upon maintain harmony with the attendance of the access to Justice principle contents, without leaving the necessary criticism to the perpetuation of the uproar or inadequate destination, in certain points, of different rules on total and partial judgment of the merit
A dissertação envolve um exame da temática do julgamento antecipado da parcela madura do mérito, calcado na estreita observância ao princípio constitucional do acesso à justiça, considerado em sua inteireza. Assim, com enfoque na tutela constitucional do processo civil e na impossibilidade de se conceber os ditames processuais de forma desarraigada do direito constitucional, foram estabelecidas as premissas necessárias ao desenvolvimento do estudo, com uma breve abordagem do princípio do acesso à justiça, destinando especial atenção à evolução de seu conceito e à extensão que a ele atribuída, de acordo com os anseios da moderna processualística, mostrando ser a ele inerente a ideia de efetividade do processo, que deve constituir um meio adequado para a realização, no plano fático, dos direitos substantivos proclamados pelo Estado, e, ainda, englobando o conteúdo da garantia de razoável duração do processo. A partir de então, o trabalho aborda a admissão do julgamento antecipado da parcela madura do mérito, de lege lata, mesmo antes do advento do Código de Processo Civil de 2.015, destacando-se a celeuma envolvendo o artigo 273, § 6º, do Código de Processo Civil de 1.973. Em seguida, o estudo é centrado na definição dos pronunciamentos jurisdicionais com conteúdo decisório relevante (decisão interlocutória e sentença) no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, partindo para uma tentativa de enquadramento da decisão parcial de mérito numa dessas espécies de provimento jurisdicional, considerado o sistema processual civil de 1973, com as reformas nele empreendidas, abordando-se as dificuldades que isso envolve, as consequências recursais e relativas à ação rescisória do posicionamento adotado, bem como aspectos sobre a execução da decisão. O capítulo final é destinado às previsões do Novo Código de Processo Civil relacionadas ao julgamento imediato da parcela madura do mérito, a fim de deixar patente como algumas das inovações perpetradas guardam consonância com o conteúdo do princípio do acesso à justiça, sem descurar da necessária crítica à perpetuação de celeumas ou inadequada destinação, em determinados pontos, de tratamento diferenciado ao julgamento total e ao parcial do mérito

Malgré le peu de fondements écrits consacrés à la justice dans le texte de la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958, le Conseil constitutionnel, en réalisant un travail d’actualisation à partir de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, a permis l’émergence d’un droit constitutionnel processuel, construit autour de principes directeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent être répartis dans trois catégories : deux principales, selon que l’acteur du procès prioritairement concerné soit le juge ou les parties et une troisième, complémentaire, celle des garanties procédurales, permettant de favoriser les qualités essentielles du juge et de contrôler le respect des droits des parties. Une gradation des exigences du Conseil constitutionnel est discrètement perceptible entre les deux premières catégories de principes, plus facilement identifiable entre celles-ci et la dernière famille. Cette échelle décroissante de « densité » des principes directeurs du procès témoigne d’une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en matière de droit constitutionnel processuel, qui met l’accent sur l’accès au juge, doté des qualités indispensables à l’accomplissement de sa mission juridictionnelle. Toutefois, aussi satisfaisante que soit l’action du juge constitutionnel français à l’égard du droit du procès, celle-ci nécessiterait aujourd’hui le relais du constituant, afin de moderniser le statut constitutionnel de la justice
In spite of a relatively low number of written dispositions dedicated to justice inside of the body of the Constitution of October 1958 4th, the constitutional Council, while updating this text through the Declaration of Human Rights, contributed to the development of a procedural constitutional law, which is structured around guiding principles. Those principles can be classified within three different categories : two major categories depend on the trial actor that is primarily concerned, either the judge or the parties; a third and additional category pertaining to procedural protections, fosters the essential qualities of the judge and secure the protection of the parties’ rights. A gradation of the requirements of the constitutional Council is discreetly perceptible between the first two categories of principles, and more easily identifiable between those first two categories and the last one. This decreasing scale of “density” yoked to the trial guiding principles highlights a genuine judicial policy when it comes to procedural constitutional law, emphasizing access to the judge, whom is given essential qualities in order to achieve its judicial duty. However, the action of the French constitutional judge, as satisfactory as it is towards the rights of the trial, would easily support the intervention of the constituent power in order to update Justice’s constitutional status

The presente work intends to analyze the fundamental guarantee of Access to Justice, especially its aspects related to those lacking financial resources. It precedes the presentation of the legal instruments for the materialization of this guarantee, to analyze some characteristics related to the benefit rights. The mechanisms inherent in this social right provided for in the Brazilian and Portuguese legal orders are analyzed. From the examination of the constitutional and infraconstitutional devices of regency, a search is made for the most adequate understanding about the legitimate beneficiaries of Justice Free in the Brazilian order. Lastly, there are reasons against the subjective and excessive deference of the exemption of expenses to be part of a judicial process.
O presente trabalho pretende analisar a garantia fundamental do Acesso à Justiça, sobretudo seus aspectos voltados aos carentes de recursos financeiros. Antecede a apresentação dos instrumentos jurídicos para a materialização desta garantia, esmiuçar algumas características relacionadas aos direitos prestacionais. Analisa-se, então, os mecanismos inerentes a este direito social previstos nas ordens jurídicas brasileira e portuguesa. A partir do exame dos dispositivos constitucionais e infraconstitucionais de regência, busca-se o entendimento mais adequado acerca dos legítimos beneficiários da Gratuidade de Justiça no ordenamento brasileiro. Por fim, elenca-se razões contrárias ao deferimento subjetivo e desmesurado da isenção de expensas para ser parte de um processo judicial.

Developing an adjudicative institutional framework for effective social security provisioning in South Africa entails the establishment of a system that gives effect to the rights (of access) to social security and to justice. These rights are protected in the Constitution and in various international law instruments. In the Constitution, the Bill of Rights guarantees everyone the right to have access to social security, including appropriate social assistance for persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. It further requires the State to take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of the right to access to social security. Since a dispute resolution (adjudication) framework is an integral part of any comprehensive social security system, it is included in the constitutional obligation of the State. The establishment of a social security adjudication system is an intersection of the right of access to social security and the right of access to justice. The Constitution states that everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. In addition, other rights protected in the Constitution have a bearing on the realisation of the rights of access to social security and to justice. There is a close correlation between all the rights in the Bill of Rights, as they are interrelated, interdependent and mutually supporting. They must all be read together in the setting of the Constitution as a whole and their interconnectedness must be taken into account in interpreting rights; and in determining whether the State has met its obligations in terms of any one of them. These rights, which include the right to equality (section 9), the right to human dignity (section 10) and the right to just administrative action (section 33) must thus be considered in establishing a social security adjudication system. Also to be considered are other constitutional prerequisites for the establishment of a social security adjudication system, such as the limitation and enforcement of rights (sections 36 and 38 respectively); principles relating to courts and the administration of justice (Chapter 8) and basic values and principles governing public administration (Chapter 10). In establishing a social security adjudication system in South Africa, international law standards and developments in comparative systems must also be taken into account. The Constitution adopts an international law- and comparative law-friendly approach. It states that when interpreting fundamental rights, international law must be considered while foreign law may be considered (section 39). This thesis aims to develop an adjudicative and institutional framework for effective social security provisioning in South Africa that realises the rights of access to social security and to justice in the South African social security system. This is achieved by exploring the concept of access to justice, and its application in the social security adjudication system. The current social security adjudication system is evaluated against the concept of access to justice applicable in international and regional law instruments, comparable South African (non-social security) systems and comparative international jurisdictions. Principles and standards on the establishment of a social security adjudication system are distilled; and a reformed system for South Africa is proposed.
Mercantile Law
LL.D.