Статті в журналах: "Abuse detection"

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Kiyohara, Sheri M. "Child Abuse Detection." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 4, no. 2 (September 1995): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j070v04n02_07.

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A. Harries, Priscilla, Miranda L. Davies, Kenneth J. Gilhooly, Mary L.M. Gilhooly, and Deborah Cairns. "Detection and prevention of financial abuse against elders." Journal of Financial Crime 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2013-0040.

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Purpose – This paper reports on banking and finance professionals' decision making in the context of elder financial abuse. The aim was to identify the case features that influence when abuse is identified and when action is taken. Design/methodology/approach – Banking and finance professionals (n=70) were shown 35 financial abuse case scenarios and were asked to judge how certain they were that the older person was being abused and the likelihood of taking action. Findings – Three case features significantly influenced certainty of financial abuse: the nature of the financial problem presented, the older person's level of mental capacity and who was in charge of the client's money. In cases where the older person was more confused and forgetful, there was increased suspicion that financial abuse was taking place. Finance professionals were less certain that financial abuse was occurring if the older person was in charge of his or her own finances. Originality/value – The research findings have been used to develop freely available online training resources to promote professionals' decision making capacity (www.elderfinancialabuse.co.uk). The resources have been advocated for use by Building Societies Association as well as CIFAS, the UK's Fraud Prevention Service.

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de la Parte-Serna, Alejandro Carlos, Gonzalo Oliván-Gonzalvo, Cosmina Raluca Fratila, Mariona Hermoso-Vallespí, Andrea Peiró-Aubalat, and Ricardo Ortega-Soria. "The dark side of Paediatric dentistry: Child abuse." Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine 2, no. 3 (April 5, 2020): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.53986/ibjm.2020.0035.

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Background: Children who have been abused could exhibit lesions and diseases in their oral cavity and develop psychological consequences towards the dentist-patient relationship. Objectives: Analyse the oral lesions and diseases, the psychological consequences and understand the role of the dentist in the detection and notification of child abuse. Methods: Systematic review, according to PRISMA statement, with two search strategies in the MEDLINE/PubMed database. 19 publications were included after the application of selection and eligibility criteria. Results: Physical-abuse-related lesions and Münchausen syndrome are not pathognomonic; this requires the detection of indicators of suspicion. Physical-neglect diseases usually have associated other chronic health problems. Specifically, diseases related to sexual abuse are the oral infection caused by Treponema pallidum and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; while other lesions and diseases might only suggest abuse. The most frequent psychological sign of child abuse in the dentist-patient relationship is dental phobia. Typically, when detecting and notifying, dentist face the following barriers: insufficient information; fear of wrong suspicion; impact in the professional practice; fear of consequences on the minor; fear of violence against the dentist; lack of knowledge of necessary documents/procedures; fear of judicial statement. Conclusions: Child-abuse-related lesions and diseases often appear in the oral region. Dentists play a fundamental role in the detection and notification of those. It is essential to establish training and action protocols as well as reliance strategies in the patient-dentist relationship.

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Marlinda, Evy, Syamsul Firdaus, and Haitami Haitami. "DILAN (DETEKSI DINI-LANJUT) NARKOBA PELAJAR SMPN-3 KECAMATAN CEMPAKA KOTA BANJARBARU." Jurnal Rakat Sehat : Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jrs.v1i1.5.

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Drug abuse in students are increase. Banjarbaru City shows 305 case drug abuse in 65% students in the range 10-19 years old covers third highest district are Cempaka district, Landasan Ulin district and Banjarbaru district. Objective : supportive knowledge early teenage traits of drug abuser, how to prevent drug abuse by reinforcement of assertive behavior and self concept. Method : screening drug abuse randomly to 100 students, leaflet distribution, practical simulation and health education to 55 participants of community school. Result : urine test to 95 students show negative, health promotion by DILAN drug abuse shows difference between pre and post test. Training introduction of DILAN drug abuse will help community school to care with drug abuse. Getting early to know potential deviation will be easy to early detection and prevention by teacher and family in school level. Recommendation : the need to continuity of program by monitoring aplication and tools by online program. Keyword : early detection, drug abuse, students

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Coyne, John F., David King, Steven Garin, and Allen Fred Fielding. "Detection of child abuse." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 35, no. 6 (December 1997): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-4356(97)90755-5.

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Rohringer, Taryn J., Tony E. Rosen, Mihan R. Lee, Pallavi Sagar, and Kieran J. Murphy. "Can diagnostic imaging help improve elder abuse detection?" British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1110 (June 2020): 20190632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190632.

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Elder abuse is an underdetected, under-reported issue with severe consequences. Its detection presents unique challenges based on characteristics of this vulnerable population, including cognitive impairment, age-related deconditioning, and an increased number of co-morbidities, all of which predispose to increase vulnerability to injury. While radiologists play a critical role in detection of child abuse, this role is currently not paralleled in detection of elder abuse. We conducted a thorough review of the literature using MEDLINE to describe the current knowledge on injury patterns and injury findings seen in elder abuse, as well as barriers to and recommendations for an increased role of diagnostic imaging in elder abuse detection. Barriers limiting the role of radiologists include lack of training and paucity of rigorous systematic research delineating distinctive imaging findings for physical elder abuse. We outline the current ways in which imaging can help raise clinical suspicion for elder abuse, including inconsistencies between purported mechanism of injury and imaging findings, injury location, multiple injuries at differing stages of healing, and particular patterns of injury likely to be intentionally inflicted. We additionally outline the mechanism by which medical education and clinical workflow may be modified to increase the role for imaging and radiologist participation in detecting abuse in older adult patients, and identify potential future directions for further systematic research.

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Bahrami, Pouneh Nikkhah, Umar Iqbal, and Zubair Shafiq. "FP-Radar: Longitudinal Measurement and Early Detection of Browser Fingerprinting." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2022, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2022-0056.

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Abstract Browser fingerprinting is a stateless tracking technique that aims to combine information exposed by multiple different web APIs to create a unique identifier for tracking users across the web. Over the last decade, trackers have abused several existing and newly proposed web APIs to further enhance the browser fingerprint. Existing approaches are limited to detecting a specific fingerprinting technique(s) at a particular point in time. Thus, they are unable to systematically detect novel fingerprinting techniques that abuse different web APIs. In this paper, we propose FP-Radar, a machine learning approach that leverages longitudinal measurements of web API usage on top-100K websites over the last decade for early detection of new and evolving browser fingerprinting techniques. The results show that FP-Radar is able to early detect the abuse of newly introduced properties of already known (e.g., WebGL, Sensor) and as well as previously unknown (e.g., Gamepad, Clipboard) APIs for browser fingerprinting. To the best of our knowledge, FP-Radar is the first to detect the abuse of the Visibility API for ephemeral fingerprinting in the wild.

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Xu, Shujuan, Biao Ma, Jiali Li, Wei Su, Tianran Xu, and Mingzhou Zhang. "Europium Nanoparticles-Based Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Detection of Three Abused Drugs in Hair." Toxics 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11050417.

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Drug abuse is becoming increasingly dangerous nowadays. Morphine (MOP), methamphetamine (MET) and ketamine (KET) are the most commonly abused drugs. The abuse of these drugs without supervision can cause serious harm to the human body and also endanger public safety. Developing a rapid and accurate method to screen drug suspects and thus control these drugs is essential to public safety. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of these three drugs in hair by a europium nanoparticles-based fluorescence immunochromatographic assay (EuNPs−FIA). In our study, the test area of the nitrocellulose membrane was composed of three equally spaced detection lines and a quality control line. The test strip realized the quantitative analysis of the samples by detecting the fluorescence brightness of the europium nanoparticles captured on the test line within 15 min. For the triple test strip, the limits of detection of MOP, KET and MET were 0.219, 0.079 and 0.329 ng/mL, respectively. At the same time, it also showed strong specificity. The strip was stable and could be stored at room temperature for up to one year, and the average recovery rate was 85.98–115.92%. In addition, the EuNPs−FIA was validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and a satisfactory consistency was obtained. Compared to the current immunochromatographic methods used for detecting abused drugs in hair, this method not only increased the number of detection targets, but also ensured sensitivity, improving detection efficiency to a certain extent. The approach can also be used as an alternative to chromatography. It provides a rapid and accurate screening method for the detection of abused drugs in hair and has great application prospects in regard to public safety.

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Brown, Sarah D., Greg Brack, and Frances Y. Mullis. "Traumatic Symptoms in Sexually Abused Children: Implications for School Counselors." Professional School Counseling 11, no. 6 (August 2008): 2156759X0801100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0801100603.

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School counselors have a duty to formulate strategies that aid in the detection and prevention of child sexual abuse (American School Counselor Association, 2003). School counselors are charged with helping sexually abused children by recognizing sexual abuse indicators based on a child's symptomotology and/or behavior, and understanding how this trauma may affect children in the school setting. Mandated reporting issues, talking with children and adolescents about sexual abuse suspicions, and understanding trauma symptoms and their contribution to the difficulties that sexually abused children have in school are highlighted. In addition, how school counselors can collaborate with clinicians treating sexually abused children through role-appropriate advocacy, intervention, and aftercare strategies is described.

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S, Srividya M., Anala M. R, and Chetan Tayal. "Deep learning techniques for physical abuse detection." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i4.pp971-981.

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Physical abuse has become a societal problem. Mostly children, women and old age people are vulnerable to it especially in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Reporting it is in itself a challenge especially if there is a pre-existing relationship between the abuser and victim. In this paper we propose a deep learning technique for human action recognition and human pose identification to tackle physical abuse by detecting it in real time. 3D convolution neural network (CNN) architecture is built using 3D convolution feature extractors which extract both temporal and spatial data in the video. With multiple convolution layer and subsampling layer, the input video has been converted into feature vector. Human pose estimation is done using the detection of key points on the body. Using these points and tracking them from one frame to another gives spatial-temporal features to feed into neural network (NN). We present metrics to measure the accuracies of such systems where real time reporting and fault tolerance capabilities are of utmost importance. Weighted metrics shows accuracy of about 89.42% with precision of about 85.82% and thus shows the effectiveness of the system.

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Kerr, Judith S., Tom Dening, and Claire Lawton. "Elder abuse and the community psychiatric team." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.12.730.

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To date, there are few reports on the extent of elder abuse among patients referred to old age psychiatry services. This study examined suspected cases of abuse among new referrals to a community psychiatric team for the elderly, at a time when guidelines and procedures for the detection and management of elder abuse were about to be introduced. of 74 cases assessed, seven (almost 10%) were probably being abused. Several types of abuse were described, with no single pattern, and the professional responses therefore needed to be flexible. The impact of introducing the guidelines win be assessed later.

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Dove, Andrew, and Mary Kobryn. "Computer detection of child abuse." Nursing Standard 6, no. 10 (November 27, 1991): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.6.10.38.s46.

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Topley, Jan, Amanda Thomas, Chris Hobbs, and Jane Wynne. "Detection of child sexual abuse." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 184, no. 5 (April 2001): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2001.113121.

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Morton, John. "The Detection of Laxative Abuse." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 1987): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328702400116.

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Kumar, Mahesh, Mansi Kumar, Abhishek Yadav, and Kulbhushan Prasad. "Postmortem Detection of Child abuse at a Premier Hospital: Two Case Reports." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.4118.6.

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Physical Child abuse also known as Battered baby Syndrome (BBS) or Non Accidental Injury (NAI) occurs when the child suffers repetitive physical injuries by a parent or guardian. It can cause severe injuries to the children and even death. We report two autopsy cases in which both the children were brought dead in the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi by the guardians with no complaint of foul play. During autopsy the characteristic findings of physical abuse were found and were reported to the investigation officer. It led to the arrest of the guardians and legal proceedings were initiated. The western countries have developed a centralized reporting system for child abuse but the cases of physical and mental abuse of children mainly at their home from parents or guardian are highly under-reported in India. The authors intend to highlight the importance of interpreting such injuries not only during autopsy but also in clinical setups so that perpetrators of child abuse are not spared. The authors have given recommendations about the steps which could be taken to detect child abuse at an early stage and save the life of a child.

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Al lelah, Turki, George Theodorakopoulos, Philipp Reinecke, Amir Javed, and Eirini Anthi. "Abuse of Cloud-Based and Public Legitimate Services as Command-and-Control (C&C) Infrastructure: A Systematic Literature Review." Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 558–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcp3030027.

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The widespread adoption of cloud-based and public legitimate services (CPLS) has inadvertently opened up new avenues for cyber attackers to establish covert and resilient command-and-control (C&C) communication channels. This abuse poses a significant cybersecurity threat, as it allows malicious traffic to blend seamlessly with legitimate network activities. Traditional detection systems are proving inadequate in accurately identifying such abuses, emphasizing the urgent need for more advanced detection techniques. In our study, we conducted an extensive systematic literature review (SLR) encompassing the academic and industrial literature from 2008 to July 2023. Our review provides a comprehensive categorization of the attack techniques employed in CPLS abuses and offers a detailed overview of the currently developed detection strategies. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in cloud-based abuses, facilitated by various attack techniques. Despite this alarming trend, the focus on developing detection strategies remains limited, with only 7 out of 91 studies addressing this concern. Our research serves as a comprehensive review of CPLS abuse for the C&C infrastructure. By examining the emerging techniques used in these attacks, we aim to make a significant contribution to the development of effective botnet defense strategies.

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Gubbels, Jeanne, Mark Assink, Peter Prinzie, and Claudia E. van der van der Put. "Why Healthcare and Education Professionals Underreport Suspicions of Child Abuse: A Qualitative Study." Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030098.

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Education and healthcare professionals are crucial in detecting and reporting child abuse and neglect. However, signs of child abuse are often undetected, and professionals tend to underreport their suspicions of abuse and neglect. This qualitative study aimed to examine experiences, attitudes, perspectives, and decision-making skills of healthcare and education professionals with regard to identifying and reporting child abuse and to gain insight into how detection and reporting can be improved. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 49 Dutch professionals working in child health care, mental health care, primary schools, and secondary schools. The I-Change model was used as a theoretical framework to organize the results. Many professionals believe they miss child abuse signs in their daily work, partially due to a lack of focus on child abuse. Further, professionals indicated having insufficient knowledge of child abuse, and lack communication skills to detect or discuss signs indicative of child abuse in conversations with parents or children. As for risk assessment, professionals barely use structured instruments even though these are regarded as very helpful in the decision-making process. Finally, professionals experience deficits in the cooperation with child welfare organizations, and in particular with Child Protective Services (CPS). Various directions for improvement were discussed to overcome barriers in child abuse detection and reporting, including developing tools for detecting and assessing the risk of child abuse and improving communication and information transfer between organizations.

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Haas, Jessica J. "The Role of the School Nurse in Detecting and Preventing Child Abuse During This Age of Online Education." NASN School Nurse 36, no. 1 (September 24, 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942602x20958064.

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Due to collaborative relationships fostered with school staff and the ability to form long-term trusting relationships with students, school nurses are uniquely situated to address the issue of child abuse detection and prevention in this age of online education brought about by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). School nurses can and should champion the cause of child safety in their schools, even during school closures through the implementation of key nursing interventions such as staff education on detecting child abuse in online environments. School nurses can also protect children by supporting parents who are dealing with great stressors due to the current global pandemic. Providing resources for families, encouraging parental self-care, educating families about online safety, and encouraging family discussion about child abuse all help to prevent abuse and maltreatment of children. When child abuse goes unreported because of school closures, school nurses can bridge the gap and advocate for detection and prevention in online education.

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Prezelj, Andrej, Ales Obreza, and Slavko Pecar. "Abuse of Clenbuterol and its Detection." Current Medicinal Chemistry 10, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867033368330.

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Wright, CharlotteM, EllisM Fraser, Margaret Denman, Lesley Duke, and JohnA Davis. "DETECTION OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN CHILDREN." Lancet 330, no. 8552 (July 1987): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90797-5.

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Rigamonti, Antonello E., Silvano G. Cella, Nicoletta Marazzi, Luigi Di Luigi, Alessandro Sartorio, and Eugenio E. Müller. "Growth hormone abuse: methods of detection." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 16, no. 4 (May 2005): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2005.03.009.

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Goater, Nicky, and Karena Meehan. "Detection and awareness of child sexual abuse in adult psychiatry." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 4 (April 1998): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.4.211.

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We investigated the detection and awareness of child sexual abuse by examining case notes. Child sexual abuse was recorded in 4.7% of cases. There was no evidence that enquiry about child sexual abuse or detection of the problem had increased in recent years, and recording of the details of abuse was rare. Victims received more psychological help and less medication than others. We conclude that awareness of the issue has not increased. Previous findings about child sexual abuse are rarely used in evaluation, and diagnosis and drug treatment may be overlooked in some victims.

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Brookhouser, Patrick E. "Ensuring the Safety of Deaf Children in Residential Schools." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 97, no. 4 (October 1987): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709700404.

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In 1983, 75,000 to 90,000 children and youth in the United States had hearing impairments severe enough to warrant some sort of special education, and 28% of that total (i.e., 21,000 to 25,000) were in residential schools. Deaf youngsters in institutional settings are at risk for maltreatment by surrogate caretakers—foster parents or institutional child care workers. Attempts to report the abuse may produce denials by institutional administrators who do not want to believe that children under their care have been abused or who fear serious personal and/or institutional consequences should the abuse report become public. Clearly, steps must be taken to ensure the safety of deaf children being educated in residential institutions. Health providers must assume a special responsibility for detecting and preventing abuse/neglect of handicapped children for whom they are providing medical care on a continuing basis. This article will explore relevant aspects of the present system for delivery of health services to deaf children, as well as present specific strategies for detection, documentation, and prevention of maltreatment of these particularly vulnerable children.

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McHugh, Cathy M., Roderick T. Park, Peter H. Sönksen, and Richard IG Holt. "Challenges in Detecting the Abuse of Growth Hormone in Sport." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.047845.

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Abstract Background: Growth hormone (GH) is reputed to be in widespread use in the sporting arena as a performance-enhancing agent and is on the list of banned substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The detection of GH abuse poses many challenges. Unlike many substances of abuse, such as synthetic anabolic steroids, GH is a naturally occurring substance; therefore, demonstration of exogenous administration must rely on detecting concentrations in excess of an established reference interval. The purpose of this review is to discuss the methodologies being developed to detect GH abuse. Methods: We undertook a comprehensive search using multiple electronic databases and hand searches of reference lists of articles. The data for this review reflect our academic interests and experience through work on the GH-2000 and GH-2004 projects. Results: Two approaches have been taken to detect GH abuse. The first is based on assessment of the effect of exogenous GH on pituitary GH isoforms, and the second is based on measurement of markers of GH action. The advantages of each approach and the difficulties encountered with each technique, as well as future concepts in detection, are discussed. Conclusion: Although there are substantial challenges for the detection of GH, methodologies now exist to detect GH abuse with reasonable sensitivity and specificity.

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Yonashiro-Cho, Jeanine, Zach Gassoumis, Kathleen Wilber, and Diana Homeier. "IT’S ACTUALLY WORSE THAN IT LOOKS: IDENTIFYING ABUSE-RELATED INJURIES AMONG APS CLIENTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2131.

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Abstract While recent work has described elder abuse injuries seen in medical contexts, most abuse determinations are made by community-based health and social services practitioners in the field. Little is known about the types of injuries present among victims who do not seek medical care. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe injuries more likely to occur through abuse, rather than accidental injury, among older adults seen in non-medical settings. An observational, matched-comparison group design was used to compare findings among physically abused APS clients (n=61) with those from non-abused older adults (n=104) seeking usual-care in a Geriatrics clinic. Forensic nurse examiners conducted full-body examinations of subjects and collected data on injury diagnoses, locations, and characteristics. Descriptive statistics and bivariate tests of association were used to analyze differences in injury presentation between groups. Though 21.8% of APS clients had no observable injuries upon examination, as a group, they were more likely than non-abused elders to be injured (p<0.05) and had more injuries present (p<0.01). Abuse victims were also more likely to have at least one upper extremity abrasion (p<0.05) or a diagnosis of ecchymosis (p<0.01), swelling (p<0.05) or tenderness (p<0.05) in the head, neck, or maxillofacial region. Because physical abuse may not result in injury to victims, screening protocols are needed to improve abuse detection. The presence of injuries among older adults at-risk for abuse warrant further evaluation or queries from medical and social service providers, regardless of injury severity.

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Rosendo, Luana M., Mónica Antunes, Ana Y. Simão, Ana Teresa Brinca, Gonçalo Catarro, Rodrigo Pelixo, João Martinho, et al. "Sensors in the Detection of Abused Substances in Forensic Contexts: A Comprehensive Review." Micromachines 14, no. 12 (December 17, 2023): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14122249.

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Forensic toxicology plays a pivotal role in elucidating the presence of drugs of abuse in both biological and solid samples, thereby aiding criminal investigations and public health initiatives. This review article explores the significance of sensor technologies in this field, focusing on diverse applications and their impact on the determination of drug abuse markers. This manuscript intends to review the transformative role of portable sensor technologies in detecting drugs of abuse in various samples. They offer precise, efficient, and real-time detection capabilities in both biological samples and solid substances. These sensors have become indispensable tools, with particular applications in various scenarios, including traffic stops, crime scenes, and workplace drug testing. The integration of portable sensor technologies in forensic toxicology is a remarkable advancement in the field. It has not only improved the speed and accuracy of drug abuse detection but has also extended the reach of forensic toxicology, making it more accessible and versatile. These advancements continue to shape forensic toxicology, ensuring swift, precise, and reliable results in criminal investigations and public health endeavours.

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Uwumiro, Fidelis, and Victory Okpujie. "Increased Prevalence of Elder Abuse Following the COVID-19 Pandemic? The Merits and Implications for Public Health Practice." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 08 (2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5809.

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Family members regularly mistreat the elderly who rely on them because they lack financial stability and believe that seeking aid will exacerbate their predicament. Elder abuse studies conducted in the last two years indicate that an increased number of elderly citizens have been abused since the COVID-19 outbreak, and many of them did not receive assistance from agencies responding to abuse because they did not report any incidents and did not have access to a phone, even if they desired it. Researchers think that an increase in elder maltreatment is being fuelled, in part, by directives to shelter in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing restrictions and lockdowns worldwide. While the UN acknowledges domestic violence against women as a "shadow pandemic," elder abuse may be just as dangerous. This article highlights elder abuse by doing a critical review of some of the recent studies conducted preceding to and during the outbreak of COVID-19. Its purpose is to critically examine existing claims that elder abuse has increased in prevalence since the coronavirus outbreak, to highlight critical public health implications, and to suggest additional initiatives for the early detection and management of elder abuse.

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Bowers, Larry D. "Analytical advances in detection of performance-enhancing compounds." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1299.

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Abstract The use and abuse of performance-enhancing substances has been an issue in sports since the ancient Greeks. The availability of numerous synthetic steroids and recombinant peptide hormones has made testing an analytical challenge. Recent advances in mass spectrometry have provided an opportunity to decrease detection limits. The Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996 marked the first time every specimen was screened by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). A further improvement may be seen with GC/MS/MS and quadrupole ion traps. Electrospray HPLC/MS has also been applied to the detection and confirmation of peptide hormones in urine. The ability to detect subtle differences in oligosaccharide structure may provide a way to detect abuse of recombinant glycoproteins. Simply decreasing detection limits is not enough; new technology also allows development of a foundation on which to base interpretation. Application of HPLC/MS/MS has allowed direct measurement of steroid conjugates in urine. The relative importance of sulfate, glucuronide, and other conjugates and metabolites of testosterone and epitestosterone can now be assessed. In the international sports arena, the impact of genetic metabolic disposition must also be considered if we are to provide an equitable system. Further research will establish more-refined criteria for the detection threshold of abused substances.

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Alexander, Randell. "Medical Evaluations Then and Now." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 6 (July 19, 2016): 826–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516657354.

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The role of medicine for children suspected of having been sexually abused has advanced significantly since the 1980s. Newer tests such as DNA and nucleic acid amplification have added to the detection of perpetrators and disease, respectively. Non-acute examination physical findings are seen in only 5% to 10% of instances. Physical findings regarding the hymen and anus have been found to often be normal variants—findings that some used to regard as signs of sexual abuse. Newer considerations for clinicians include Internet child pornography, human trafficking, and use of video/photographic recording. New technologies such as high definition digital photography and telemedicine help to document abuse in a much improved way than existed several decades ago. Nevertheless, the basic approach of careful history-taking remains a bedrock for the diagnosis of child sexual abuse.

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Wong, Natalie Z., Tony Rosen, Allen M. Sanchez, Elizabeth M. Bloemen, Kevin W. Mennitt, Keith Hentel, Refky Nicola, et al. "Imaging Findings in Elder Abuse: A Role for Radiologists in Detection." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 68, no. 1 (February 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2016.06.001.

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Purpose Emergency department assessment represents a critical but often missed opportunity to identify elder abuse, which is common and has serious consequences. Among emergency care providers, diagnostic radiologists are optimally positioned to raise suspicion for mistreatment when reviewing imaging of geriatric injury victims. However, little literature exists describing relevant injury patterns, and most radiologists currently receive neither formal nor informal training in elder abuse identification. Methods We present 2 cases to begin characterisation of the radiographic findings in elder abuse. Results Findings from these cases demonstrate similarities to suspicious findings in child abuse including high-energy fractures that are inconsistent with reported mechanisms and the coexistence of acute and chronic injuries. Specific injuries uncommon to accidental injury are also noted, including a distal ulnar diaphyseal fracture. Conclusions We hope to raise awareness of elder abuse among diagnostic radiologists to encourage future large-scale research, increased focus on chronic osseous findings, and the addition of elder abuse to differential diagnoses.

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Moonesinghe, L. N., L. C. Rajapaksa, and G. Samarasinghe. "Development of a Screening Instrument to Detect Physical Abuse and its Use in a Cohort of Pregnant Women in Sri Lanka." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 16, no. 2 (July 2004): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950401600211.

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The objective of this study was to develop and validate a screening instrument (Abuse Assessment Questionnaire) to estimate the prevalence of physical abuse in a cohort of pregnant women in a district of Sri Lanka. The samples of 1200 pregnant women were identified by using a cluster sampling technique. Public health midwives (primary healthcare workers) were selected as interviewers and the antenatal clinic was identified as the setting to identify physical abuse. The reliability and validity (sensitivity 85.7%; specificity 89.7%) of the screening instrument proved to be high. The prevalence of physical abuse in categories 'ever-abuse', 'current abuse' and 'current pregnancy' were 18.3%, 10.6% and 4.7% respectively. In addition, 'current sexual abuse' was reported by 2.7% of women. The prevalence rates indicate that the physical abuse of women is a significant public health problem. The Abuse Assessment Questionnaire, administered by public health midwives, proved valuable in detecting physical abuse in pregnant women. If this instrument is used universally to screen Lankan women for physical abuse in antenatal clinics, it has good potential for early detection and intervention. Asia Pac J Public Health 2004; 16(2): 138-144.

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Ferreira, Mafalda, César Lares dos Santos, and Duarte Nuno Vieira. "Detection and Intervention Strategies by Primary Health Care Professionals in Suspected Elder Abuse." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 6 (October 7, 2015): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.6706.

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Introduction: Primary health care professionals are in a privileged position to recognize and manage cases of suspected elder abuse. The purpose of this study was to provide some insight of these professionals’ views and knowledge on this subject. Material and Methods: A questionnaire was elaborated and sent to physicians and nursing staff practicing in 12 different health care units in Coimbra. The data collected included parameters related to demography, perception of abuse and management strategies, personal experience and training on this subject. Results: The global response rate was 67.9% corresponding to 127 validated questionnaires. From the results found, we highlight the following: there was a significant contact between these professionals and older people; most (64.6%) considered the abuse as more prevalent in the familiar context and 32.3% signed negligence as the most common type; the majority of professionals considered themselves as useful (97.6%); the uncertainty in the diagnosis was one of the most important causes for non-reporting; there were doubts concerning mandatory report of abuse to judicial authorities. It was also found that 87.4% of the respondents stated they would feel more comfortable having formal protocol to handle these cases and this subject was not included in the training curriculum of 70.9% of the respondents. Discussion: The significant contact between older population and health care professionals allows for an early diagnose and intervention. The professionals showed knowledge in accordance to some studies, namely, as to the context and prevalence of abuse. Doubts as to the best way to manage these cases could be solved by implementing protocols and by specific training, which is a fundamental cornerstone for preparing professionals to deal with these kind of cases. Conclusion: Health care professionals seemed to be aware of the relevance of elder abuse, as well as the importance of their role in preventing and diagnosing these abuses. However, a more extensive approach on this subject during clinical training and the definition of general clinical guidelines are important to increase the professionals’ confidence in managing suspected cases.

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Orel, SG, AR Nussbaum, S. Sheth, A. Yale-Loehr, and RC Sanders. "Duodenal hematoma in child abuse: sonographic detection." American Journal of Roentgenology 151, no. 1 (July 1988): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.151.1.147.

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34

Gantz, Owen B., Nicole D. Rynecki, Marko Oydanich, James Potter, Ashok Para, Joseph A. Ippolito, and Kathleen S. Beebe. "Detection of Elder Abuse Among Orthopedic Patients." Orthopedics 45, no. 1 (January 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20211101-07.

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35

Waszkiewicz, Napoleon, Sławomir Dariusz Szajda, Alina Kępka, Agata Szulc, and Krzysztof Zwierz. "Glycoconjugates in the detection of alcohol abuse." Biochemical Society Transactions 39, no. 1 (January 19, 2011): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0390365.

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Up to 30% of all hospital admissions and health-care costs may be attributable to alcohol abuse. Ethanol, its oxidative metabolites, acetaldehyde and ROS (reactive oxygen species), non-oxidative metabolites of alcohol [e.g. FAEEs (fatty acid ethyl esters)] and the ethanol–water competition mechanism are all involved in the deregulation of glycoconjugate (glycoprotein, glycolipid and proteoglycan) metabolic processes including biosynthesis, modification, transport, secretion, elimination and catabolism. An increasing number of new alcohol biomarkers that are the result of alcohol-induced glycoconjugate metabolic errors have appeared in the literature. Glycoconjugate-related alcohol markers are involved in, or are a product of, altered glycoconjugate metabolism, e.g. CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin), SA (sialic acid), plasma SIJ (SA index of apolipoprotein J), CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), β-HEX (β-hexosaminidase), dolichol, EtG (ethyl glucuronide) etc. Laboratory tests based on changes in glycoconjugate metabolism are useful in settings where the co-operativeness of the patient is impaired (e.g. driving while intoxicated) or when a history of alcohol use is not available (e.g. after trauma). In clinical practice, glycoconjugate markers of alcohol use/abuse let us distinguish alcoholic from non-alcoholic tissue damage, having important implications for the treatment and management of diseases.

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Gellert, George A. "Sensitivity and Specificity in Child Abuse Detection." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 4, no. 2 (September 1995): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j070v04n02_06.

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Stolk, LM L., and K. Hoogtanders. "165 DETECTION OF LAXATIVE ABUSE BY ANALYSIS." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 19, no. 5 (October 1997): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199710000-00175.

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Throckmorton, George J. "Disappearing Ink: Its Use, Abuse, and Detection." Journal of Forensic Sciences 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 12820J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12820j.

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Shoulian, Tang, Xiang Zhengrong, and Yang Fan. "A content independent domain abuse detection method." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 18, no. 2 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2020.10027287.

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40

Fan, Yang, Xiang Zhengrong, and Tang Shoulian. "A content independent domain abuse detection method." International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Computing 18, no. 2 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwmc.2020.105699.

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Wallace, JD, RC Cuneo, R. Baxter, T. Rosén, B.-Å. Bengtsson, R. Dall, JO Jorgensen, et al. "Detection of growth hormone abuse in athletes." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 8, no. 4 (August 1998): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(98)80199-8.

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Wallace, JD, RC Cuneo, R. Baxter, T. Rosen, B.-A. Bengtsson, R. Dall, JO Jorgensen, et al. "Detection of growth hormone abuse in athletes." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 8, no. 4 (August 1998): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(98)80272-4.

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43

Basaria, Shehzad. "Androgen Abuse in Athletes: Detection and Consequences." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 1533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1579.

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44

Powrie, J. K., E. E. Bassett, T. Rosen, J. O. Jørgensen, R. Napoli, L. Sacca, J. S. Christiansen, B. A. Bengtsson, and P. H. Sönksen. "Detection of growth hormone abuse in sport." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 17, no. 3 (June 2007): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2007.01.011.

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45

Whalen, T. V. "Duodenal hematoma in child abuse: Sonographic detection." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24, no. 3 (March 1989): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(89)80040-5.

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46

Engelhart, David A., Eric S. Lavins, and Craig A. Sutheimer. "Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Nails." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 22, no. 4 (July 1, 1998): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.4.314.

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47

McCauley, Jeanne, Richard L. Gorman, and Gay Guzinski. "Toluidine Blue in the Detection of Perineal Lacerations in Pediatric and Adolescent Sexual Abuse Victims." Pediatrics 78, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.6.1039.

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Posterior fourchette lacerations are suggestive of sexual assault, and toluidine blue dye has increased the detection of these lacerations in adult rape victims. This study investigated the use of toluidine blue dye in the pediatric (0 to 10 years) and adolescent (11 to 18 years) patients to detect posterior fourchette lacerations in sexually abused and control populations. Application of toluidine blue dye increased the detection rate of posterior fourchette lacerations from 4% (1/25) to 28% (7/25) (P < .05, Fisher exact test) in adolescent sexually abused patients and from 16.5% (4/24) to 33% (8/24) (P = .318, Fisher exact test) in pediatric sexually abused patients. Posterior fourchette lacerations occurred with the same frequency in sexually abused adolescents and sexually active controls adolescents. In the pediatric aged population, 33% of the sexually abused group had lacerations detected, whereas none of the control patients had lacerations. The presence of posterior fourchette lacerations in the pediatric aged patient is strongly suggestive of sexual abuse. Toluidine blue increases the detection of posterior fourchette lacerations in children and adolescents (P < .001, Fisher exact test). The application of toluidine blue dye to highlight posterior fourchette lacerations is an important addition to tools already used in the evaluation of the sexually abused patient.

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Berchtold, Marlene Brigitte, Christian Wüthrich, Daniel Garcia, Steffen Berger, and Ruth Mari Löllgen. "Nurses’ and physicians’ reported difficulties and enablers to recognising and reporting child abuse in Swiss paediatric emergency and paediatric surgery departments – an observational study." Swiss Medical Weekly 153, no. 6 (June 6, 2023): 40017. http://dx.doi.org/10.57187/smw.2023.40017.

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BACKGROUND: Under-detection and under-reporting of child abuse remains a considerable challenge in paediatric care, with a high number of cases missed each year in Switzerland and abroad. Published data regarding the obstacles and facilitators of detecting and reporting child maltreatment among paediatric nursing and medical staff in the paediatric emergency department (PED) are scarce. Despite the existence of international guidelines, the measures taken to counteract the incomplete detection of harm done to children in paediatric care are insufficient. AIM: We sought to examine up-to-date obstacles and enablers for detecting and reporting child abuse among nursing and medical staff in PED and paediatric surgery departments in Switzerland. METHODS: We surveyed 421 nurses and physicians working in PEDs and on paediatric surgical wards in six large Swiss paediatric hospitals using an online questionnaire between February 1, 2017, and August 31, 2017. RESULTS: The survey was returned by 261/421 (62.0%) respondents (complete n = 200, 76.6%; incomplete n = 61, 23.3%) with a preponderance of nurses (n = 150/261; 57.5%), 106/261 (40.6%) physicians, and 1/261 (0.4%) psychologists (n = 4/261; 1.5% missing profession). The stated obstacles to reporting child abuse were uncertainty about the diagnosis (n = 58/80; 72.5%), feeling unaccountable for notification (n = 28/80; 35%), uncertainty of whether reporting has any consequences (n = 5/80; 6.25%), lack of time (n = 4/80; 5%), forgetting to report (n = 2/80; 2.5%), and parental protection (n = 2/80; 2.5%) (unspecific answer, n = 4/80; 5%, multiple answers were possible, therefore items don not sum up to 100%). Even though most (n = 249/261 95.4%) respondents had previously been confronted with child abuse at/outside work, only 185/245 (75.5%) reported cases; significantly fewer nursing (n = 100/143, 69.9%) than medical staff (n = 83/99, 83.8%) (p = 0.013). Furthermore, significantly more nursing (n = 27/33; 81.8%) than medical staff (n = 6/33; 18.2%) (p = 0.005) reported a discrepancy between the number of suspected and reported cases (total 33/245 (13.5%). An overwhelming amount of participants were strongly interested in mandatory child abuse training (n= 226/242, 93.4%) and in the availability of standardised patient questionnaires and documentation forms (n = 185/243, 76.1%). CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies, insufficient knowledge about and lack of confidence in detecting the signs and symptoms of child abuse were the principal obstacles to reporting maltreatment. To finally address this unacceptable gap in child abuse detection, we recommend the implementation of mandatory child protection education in all countries where no such education has been implemented in addition to the introduction of cognitive aid tools and validated screening tools to increase child abuse detection rates and ultimately prevent further harm to children.

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Huang, Yucheng, Rui Song, Fausto Giunchiglia, and Hao Xu. "A Multitask Learning Framework for Abuse Detection and Emotion Classification." Algorithms 15, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15040116.

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The rapid development of online social media makes abuse detection a hot topic in the field of emotional computing. However, most natural language processing (NLP) methods only focus on linguistic features of posts and ignore the influence of users’ emotions. To tackle the problem, we propose a multitask framework combining abuse detection and emotion classification (MFAE) to expand the representation capability of the algorithm on the basis of the existing pretrained language model. Specifically, we use bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) as the encoder to generate sentence representation. Then, we used two different decoders for emotion classification and abuse detection, respectively. To further strengthen the influence of the emotion classification task on abuse detection, we propose a cross-attention (CA) component in the decoder, which further improves the learning effect of our multitask learning framework. Experimental results on five public datasets show that our method is superior to other state-of-the-art methods.

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IKUOMOLA, A. J., and O. E. Ojo. "AN EFFECTIVE HEALTH CARE INSURANCE FRAUD AND ABUSE DETECTION SYSTEM." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 15, no. 2 (November 22, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v15i2.1662.

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Due to the complexity of the processes within healthcare insurance systems and the large number of participants involved, it is very difficult to supervise the systems for fraud. The healthcare service providers’ fraud and abuse has become a serious problem. The practices such as billing for services that were never rendered, performing unnecessary medical services and misrepresenting non-covered treatment as covered treatments etc. not only contribute to the problem of rising health care expenditure but also affect the health of the patients. Traditional methods of detecting health care fraud and abuse are time-consuming and inefficient. In this paper, the health care insurance fraud and abuse detection system (HECIFADES) was proposed. The HECIFADES consist of six modules namely: claim, augment claim, claim database, profile database, profile updater and updated profiles. The system was implemented using Visual Studio 2010 and SQL. After testing, it was observed that HECIFADES was indeed an effective system for detecting fraudulent activities and yet very secured way for generating medical claims. It also improves the quality and mitigates potential payment risks and program vulnerabilities.

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