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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Han, Qiuchen, Lei Chang, Zhaoqun Sun, Jiaqi Sun, Zengyan Wei, Pingping Wang, Ziyang Xiu, Huasong Gou, Pengchao Kang, and Gaohui Wu. "Ablation Mechanism of AlSiB-C/C Composites under an Oxy-Acetylene Torch." Metals 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010160.

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In order to improve the ablation resistance of C/C composites, an AlSiB alloy (mass ratio of Al/Si/B = 2:4:1) was used as a dissipative agent to fill the pores of a C/C composites matrix by reactive melt infiltration to prepare AlSiB-C/C composites. The microstructure evolution and ablation behavior of the obtained AlSiB-C/C composites (mass ratio of Al/Si/B = 2:4:1) under oxy-acetylene flame were investigated by SEM after ablating for 25 s, 50 s, 100 s and 150 s. At the beginning of the ablation process, thermal chemical erosion played a leading part. By using the heat-absorption effect of sweating and the sealing protection effect of the oxide layer, AlSiB-C/C composites significantly reduced the ablation surface temperature, and the linear ablation rate was 4.04 μm/s. With the process of ablation, thermal mechanical erosion tended to dominate. The specimen surface could not form a continuous covering of oxide film to slow down the flame scour, resulting in non-uniform ablation and further expansion of the ablation pit. The self-transpiration cooling behavior and the self-sealing of the ablation products of the dissipative agent played an important role in reducing the extent of thermal chemical erosion and preventing matrix ablation.

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2

Girin, Oleksandr G. "A hydrodynamic mechanism of meteor ablation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (December 21, 2018): A3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629566.

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Aims. We aim to obtain an approximate analytical solution to the equations of meteoroid dynamics within the frames of the suggested mechanism of ablation due to meteoroid melt spraying. Methods. We have described the droplet breakaway of the melt in terms of hydrodynamic instability theory for the case of a shallow angle of meteoroid entry. The differential equation of meteoroid spraying was derived, together with the equation for the distribution function of sprayed particles by sizes. The latter was obtained considering two different frameworks for meteoroid motion law: empirical and theoretical. Results. The trinal problem of an ablating meteoroid is solved analytically. The approximate solution is found for the system of equations of motion, ablation and number of sprayed droplets. The latter yields the equation for the distribution function of breakaway droplets by sizes, for which the approximate solution is obtained by providing the intermediate and final number distributions. The meteoroid ablation–deceleration balance remains in the regime of dynamic ablation, when the meteoroid velocity deficit due to aerodynamic drag is negligible until the instant of almost total meteoroid destruction. The responsible “h”-criterion is found, which depends only on the physical properties of the media, so that for melts of materials with lower viscosity such as iron the balance is closer to dynamic ablation than for the stony melt. The differential equation for meteoroid spraying is derived and integrated, showing a near-linear decrease of the meteoroid radius with time. Conclusions. The proposed spraying model allows us to obtain approximate laws of meteoroid dynamics, which can serve as a base of a comprehensive study of meteor formation and evolution. The model provides intermediate and final number distributions of the breakaway droplets by sizes through direct numerical integration of the governing equations, or, alternatively, in the form of approximate relationships. The theory can be extended to the general case of a molten meteoroid entering atmosphere at an arbitrary angle.

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3

Yang, Liangjing, Chee-Kong Chui, and Stephen Chang. "Design and Development of an Augmented Reality Robotic System for Large Tumor Ablation." International Journal of Virtual Reality 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/ijvr.2009.8.1.2710.

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An augmented reality based robotic system is proposed for treatment of large liver tumor using multiple overlapping ablations technique. Radiofrequency ablation is a non-resection interventional procedure that minimizes invasiveness and reduces trauma. A single ablation is however limited by the ablation volume coverage. In treatment of tumor with diameter that could be 150mm or more, a single needle insertion will not create sufficient ablation coverage to destroy the entire tumor. As such, multiple insertions are required. The precision and consistency associated with robot assisted surgery coupled with direct augmented reality projection system can better facilitate such treatment. The projection system is equipped with manipulator mechanism and robotic needle insertion arm for multiple insertions and needle deployment. The prototype augmented reality surgical system was evaluated on its abilities in ablating large tumor. Virtual models of the rectangular robot for projector manipulation and robotic needle insertion device were also used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed AR design.

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4

Lippert, Thomas, J. T. Dickinson, S. C. Langford, H. Furutani, H. Fukumura, H. Masuhara, T. Kunz, and A. Wokaun. "Photopolymers designed for laser ablation – photochemical ablation mechanism." Applied Surface Science 127-129 (May 1998): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(97)00620-x.

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5

Liu, Gui Min, and Bin Li. "Study on the Electrical Arc Ablation Performance of Nano-SiC_W Reinforced Cu-Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.509.

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The nano-SiC whisker reinforced Cu-matrix composites (SiCw/Cu) were obtained by powder metallurgy processes. The electrical arc ablation performance of composite SiCw/Cu was compared with copper H62 through stagnation-point ablation experiments. The results indicated that the qualities of copper H62 samples decreased with the increasing of ablating current; and the qualities of SiCw/Cu samples firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of ablating current. Ablation mechanism research indicates the ablation hole of SiCw/Cu is smaller than copper H62, but it produced micro cracks because of different thermal expansion coefficients between nano-SiC whisker and Cu-matrix. At the same time, nano-SiC whisker happens to intricate oxidation reaction during arc ablation, it can reduce Cu-matrix smelts and sprays by absorbing arc energy. The anchoring effect and protection for the copper matrix of the uniformly dispersing nano-SiC whiskers have been considered to contribute the excellent arc ablation performance of composite SiCw/Cu.

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6

Xu, Xiao Liang, and Hai Ming Huang. "A New Viewpoint on Ablation Mechanism Discrimination." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 1680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.1680.

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The ablation is coupled with chemistry, heat and mass transfer. Based on multidisciplinary theories, the heat flow field and the ablation loss are studied with the given gaseous mixture and assumed activation energy of H2; Furthermore, the formula for impaction effect of a single particle are deduced with an elastic impact theory, by which the most dangerous attack angle can be obtained. As results prove, the most fragile part may be the convergence region in front of the throat, and then the concentration and the activation energy of H2 determine the ablation mechanism discrimination in the most fragile part.

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7

Dam, B., J. H. Rector, J. Johansson, J. Huijbregtse, and D. G. De Groot. "Mechanism of incongruent ablation of SrTiO3." Journal of Applied Physics 83, no. 6 (March 15, 1998): 3386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.367106.

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8

Fan, C.-M., and R. Rox-Anderson. "Endovenous laser ablation: mechanism of action." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 23, no. 5 (October 2008): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2008.008049.

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Objectives The objective of this study is to review the basics of laser and established tissue response patterns to thermal injury, with specific reference to endovenous laser ablation (EVLA). This study also reviews the current theories and supporting aspects for the mechanism of action of EVLA in the treatment of superficial venous reflux. Methods The method involves the review of published literature and original investigation of histological effects of 810 nm and 980 nm wavelength EVLA on explanted blood-filled bovine saphenous vein in an in vitro system. Results The existing histological reports confirm that EVLA produces a transmural vein wall injury, typically associated with perforations and carbonization. The pattern of injury is eccentrically distributed, with maximum injury occurring along the path of laser contact. Intravenous temperature monitoring studies during EVLA have confirmed that the peak temperatures at the fibre tip exceed 1000°C, and continuous temperatures of at least 300°C are maintained in the firing zone for the majority of the procedure. Steam production during EVLA, which occurs early in the photothermolytic process when temperatures reach 100°C, accounts for only 2% of applied energy dose, and is therefore unlikely to be the primary mechanism of action of thermal injury during the procedure. Conclusion EVLA causes permanent vein closure through a high-temperature photothermolytic process at the point of contact between the vein and the laser.

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9

Dieleman, J., E. van de Riet, and J. C. S. Kools. "Laser Ablation Deposition: Mechanism and Application." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 31, Part 1, No. 6B (June 30, 1992): 1964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.31.1964.

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10

Wang, Xiangzhi, Zhidong Liu, Mingbo Qiu, Zhiguang Hui, Zongjun Tian, and Yinhui Huang. "Mechanism of Electrical Discharge Machining Ablation." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 29, no. 11-12 (October 7, 2014): 1367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.912310.

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11

Girin, Oleksandr G. "A hydrodynamic mechanism of meteor ablation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 606 (October 2017): A63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629560.

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12

Liu, Shuang, Zongjun Tian, Lida Shen, and Mingbo Qiu. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Laser Ablation of Al2O3 Ceramic Coating." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 5502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235502.

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This paper presents an evaluation of the molten pool laser damage done to an Al2O3 ceramic coating. Mechanism analysis of the laser damage allowed for a 2D finite element model of laser ablation of the Al2O3 ceramic coating to be built. It consisted of heat transfer, laminar flow, and a solid mechanics module with the level set method. Results showed that the laser damage mechanisms through laser ablation were melting, gasification, spattering, and micro-cracking. The ablation depth and diameter increased with the increasing laser ablation time under continuous irradiation. The simulation profile was consistent with the experimental one. Additionally, the stress produced by the laser ablation was 3500–9000 MPa, which exceeded the tensile stress (350–500 MPa), and fracturing and micro-cracks occurred. Laser damage analysis was performed via COMSOL Multiphysics to predict laser damage morphology, and validate the 3D surface profiler and scanning electron microscope results.

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13

Quintanilla, Jorge G., Shlomo Shpun, José Jalife, and David Filgueiras-Rama. "Novel approaches to mechanism-based atrial fibrillation ablation." Cardiovascular Research 117, no. 7 (March 21, 2021): 1662–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvab108.

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Abstract Modern cardiac electrophysiology has reported significant advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying complex wave propagation patterns during atrial fibrillation (AF), although disagreements remain. One school of thought adheres to the long-held postulate that AF is the result of randomly propagating wavelets that wonder throughout the atria. Another school supports the notion that AF is deterministic in that it depends on a small number of high-frequency rotors generating three-dimensional scroll waves that propagate throughout the atria. The spiralling waves are thought to interact with anatomic and functional obstacles, leading to fragmentation and new wavelet formation associated with the irregular activation patterns documented on AF tracings. The deterministic hypothesis is consistent with demonstrable hierarchical gradients of activation frequency and AF termination on ablation at specific (non-random) atrial regions. During the last decade, data from realistic animal models and pilot clinical series have triggered a new era of novel methodologies to identify and ablate AF drivers outside the pulmonary veins. New generation electroanatomical mapping systems and multielectrode mapping catheters, complimented by powerful mathematical analyses, have generated the necessary platforms and tools for moving these approaches into clinical procedures. Recent clinical data using such platforms have provided encouraging evidence supporting the feasibility of targeting and effectively ablating driver regions in addition to pulmonary vein isolation in persistent AF. Here, we review state-of-the-art technologies and provide a comprehensive historical perspective, characterization, classification, and expected outcomes of current mechanism-based methods for AF ablation. We discuss also the challenges and expected future directions that scientists and clinicians will face in their efforts to understand AF dynamics and successfully implement any novel method into regular clinical practice.

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14

Liu, Yan Bo, Quan Sheng Wang, Kang Zhi Ma, Jun Liang Liu, Si Hao Wei, and Wen Chao Fan. "Anti-Ablation Property of MoSi₂ Coatings Deposited by APS." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.522.

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Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites (C/C) have received much attention due to their excellent high-temperature strength, high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), good thermal shock resistance. However, the poor ablation resistance of the C/C restricts its high temperature ablating applications. Making a thin anti-ablation coating on the C/C has been proved to improve the performance effectively. In order to improve the anti-ablation property of the composite, MoSi2 coatings were deposited by Atmosphere Plasma Spraying (APS) on the SiC covered C/C matrix. The SiC coatings were prepared by pack cementation. Oxyacetylene flame torch was selected to simulate the ablation situation. The ablation temperature was 1800°C. XRD and SEM were employed to discover the diversification of the coatings structure and composition. And the mechanism of anti-ablation of the MoSi2 coatings system was investigated in this paper.

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15

Gamaly, E. G., A. V. Rode, B. Luther-Davies, and V. T. Tikhonchuk. "Ablation of solids by femtosecond lasers: Ablation mechanism and ablation thresholds for metals and dielectrics." Physics of Plasmas 9, no. 3 (March 2002): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1447555.

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16

Chen, Zhiheng, Shida Han, Yuan Ji, Hong Wu, Shaoyun Guo, Ning Yan, and Hongyan Li. "Effects of MWCNTs on Char Layer Structure and Physicochemical Reaction in Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Insulators." Polymers 14, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153016.

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As one of the most promising ablative fillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been used to improve the ablative resistance of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Monomer (EPDM) insulators by facilitating the carbothermal reduction reaction of silica. However, the contribution of MWCNTs to char layer structure of the insulators was unclear. In this work, the effects of MWCNTs on char layer structure and ablative resistance were investigated in different EPDM-based insulators with and without silica. The results showed that adding only 3 phr MWCNTs can reduce the linear ablation rate of EPDM-based insulators without silica by 31.7%, while 6 phr MWCNTs are required to obtain similar results in EPDM-based insulators with silica. The char layer morphology of the two insulators gradually evolved into a dense porous structure as MWCNTs content increased, but their formation mechanisms were different. The XRD and Raman spectrum showed that different physicochemical reactions occurred around MWCNTs under different charring components. The proposed ablation mechanism was further verified by designing alternating multilayer distribution of MWCNTs and silica. This work can guide the construction of desirable char layer structure for increasing the ablative resistance of EPDM-based insulators.

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17

Li, Gan, Mousen Cheng, and Xiaokang Li. "Ablation threshold and ablation mechanism transition of polyoxymethylene irradiated by CO_2 laser." Applied Optics 55, no. 25 (August 29, 2016): 7042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.007042.

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18

Xin Guo, Xin Guo, Jinbin Ding Jinbin Ding, Yi Zhou Yi Zhou, and Yu Wang Yu Wang. "Ablation effects and mechanism of sintered silicon carbide ceramics by an ArF excimer laser." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 9 (2018): 091402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.091402.

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19

Cheng Yong, 程. 勇., 朱孟真 Zhu Mengzhen, 马云峰 Ma Yunfeng, 魏靖松 Wei Jingsong, 刘. 旭. Liu Xu, 丁方正 Ding Fangzheng, 谭朝勇 Tan Chaoyong, 陈. 霞. Chen Xia, 郭延龙 Guo Yanlong, and 初. 华. Chu Hua. "Mechanism and effects of complex laser ablation." Infrared and Laser Engineering 45, no. 11 (2016): 1105005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201645.1105005.

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20

Nakano, Hitoshi, Yasuharu Hosokawa, Takeyoshi Nakayama, and Uichi Kubo. "Mechanism of Excimer Laser Ablation for Bone." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 17, Supplement (1996): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.17.supplement_255.

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21

Cheng Yong, 程. 勇., 朱孟真 Zhu Mengzhen, 马云峰 Ma Yunfeng, 魏靖松 Wei Jingsong, 刘. 旭. Liu Xu, 丁方正 Ding Fangzheng, 谭朝勇 Tan Chaoyong, 陈. 霞. Chen Xia, 郭延龙 Guo Yanlong, and 初. 华. Chu Hua. "Mechanism and effects of complex laser ablation." Infrared and Laser Engineering 45, no. 11 (2016): 1105005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20164511.1105005.

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22

SATO, Katsuhiko, Takeharu KAKIUCHI, and Takashi SUZUKI. "Bone-Ablation Mechanism Using KrF Excimer Laser." Review of Laser Engineering 22, no. 7 (1994): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.22.559.

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23

RAO, M. C. "PULSED LASER DEPOSITION — ABLATION MECHANISM AND APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010362.

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Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid surface by irradiating it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a plasma. Usually, laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser, but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough. In general, the method of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is simple. Only few parameters need to be controlled during the process. Targets used in PLD are small compared with other targets used in other sputtering techniques. It is quite easy to produce multi-layer film composed of two or more materials. Besides, by controlling the number of pulses, a fine control of film thickness can be achieved. Pulsed-laser deposition has been used to deposit an extraordinarily wide range of materials. Historically, the most significant application of PLD has been in the area of high temperature superconducting thin films. The demonstration that PLD could be used to deposit YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films with zero resistivity at nearly 85 K sparked a significant amount of high temperature superconductivity research over the past decade and has stimulated research in PLD in general. The most striking limitations of PLD are the generation of particulates during the deposition process and the non uniform coating thickness, when substrates of large area are deposited.

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24

Kothari, Kailash. "Mechanism of pulsed and continuous radiofrequency ablation." Indian Journal of Pain 30, no. 3 (2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-5333.198069.

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25

Sato, Katsuhiko, and Shinichi Fujisaka. "IV. Bone-Ablation Mechanism Using Excimer Laser." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 114, no. 5 (1994): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.114.5_529.

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26

Teichman, Joel M. H. "Femtosecond laser lithotripsy: feasibility and ablation mechanism." Journal of Biomedical Optics 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 028001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3368998.

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27

Bush, Ronald. "Regarding endovenous laser ablation: mechanism of action." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 24, no. 2 (April 2009): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/phleb.2009.008078.

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28

Hong, Kelvin, and Christos Georgiades. "Radiofrequency Ablation: Mechanism of Action and Devices." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 21, no. 8 (August 2010): S179—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2010.04.008.

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29

Gamaly, E. G., A. V. Rode, V. T. Tikhonchuk, and B. Luther-Davies. "Electrostatic mechanism of ablation by femtosecond lasers." Applied Surface Science 197-198 (September 2002): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(02)00396-3.

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30

Stewart, R., L. Li, and R. Isherwood. "Rapid vaporization mechanism in enclosed laser ablation." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, no. 3 (January 15, 2003): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/3/313.

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31

Ding, Qi, Dewei Ni, Youlin Jiang, Bowen Chen, Zhen Wang, Yanmei Kan, Le Gao, Xiangyu Zhang, Yusheng Ding, and Shaoming Dong. "Ablation behavior and mechanism of C f /SiBCN composites in plasma ablation flame." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 103, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 1321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.16802.

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32

Mitrani, Raul, William M. Miles, Lawrence S. Klein, Lawrence E. Gering, and Douglas P. Zipes. "Atriovemtricular nodal reentrant tachycardia modification by radiofrequency catheter ablation: Mechanism of successful ablation." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17, no. 2 (February 1991): A323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-1097(91)92258-n.

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33

Wang, Hao, Siqi Xi, Jindong Chen, Tian Gan, Weiye Huang, Ben He, and Liang Zhao. "Left Atrial Anterior Wall Scar-Related Atrial Tachycardia in Patients after Catheter Ablation or Cardiac Surgery: Electrophysiological Characteristics and Ablation Strategy." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9080249.

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Background: The mechanisms of atrial tachycardia (AT) related to the left atrial anterior wall (LAAW) are complex and can be challenging to map in patients after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) or cardiac surgery. We aimed to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics AT and to devise an ablation strategy. Methods and Results: We identified 31 scar-related LAAW reentrant ATs in 22 patients after catheter ablation for AF or cardiac surgery. Activation maps of the left atrium (LA) or both atria were obtained using a high-density mapping system, and the precise mechanism and critical area for each AT were analyzed. Patients were followed up regularly in a clinic. After analyzing the activation and propagation of each AT, the scar-related LAAW ATs were classified into three types, based on mechanisms related to: (1) LAAW conduction gap(s) in 19 LA macro-reentrant ATs; (2) LAAW epicardial connection(s) in 11 LA or bi-atrial ATs; and (3) LAAW local micro-reentry in 1 LAAW AT. Multiple ATs were identified in seven patients. Effective ablation (termination or circuit change of AT) was obtained in 30 ATs by targeting the critical area identified by the mapping system. During 16.0 ± 7.6 months follow-up, recurrent AT occurred in two patients. Conclusions: Three mechanisms of scar-related AT of LAAW were identified, most of which were related to LAAW conduction gaps. Notably, epicardial AT or bi-atrial AT comprised a nonnegligible proportion. A high-density mapping system could make it possible to determine the accurate mechanism of AT and serve as a guide following ablation.

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34

Moon, KH, B. Dharmarajah, R. Bootun, CS Lim, TRA Lane, HM Moore, K. Sritharan, and AH Davies. "Comparison of microbubble presence in the right heart during mechanochemical and radiofrequency ablation for varicose veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 32, no. 6 (August 10, 2016): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516661113.

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Objective Mechanochemical ablation is a novel technique for ablation of varicose veins utilising a rotating catheter and liquid sclerosant. Mechanochemical ablation and radiofrequency ablation have no reported neurological side-effect but the rotating mechanism of mechanochemical ablation may produce microbubbles. Air emboli have been implicated as a cause of cerebrovascular events during ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy and microbubbles in the heart during ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy have been demonstrated. This study investigated the presence of microbubbles in the right heart during varicose vein ablation by mechanochemical abaltion and radiofrequency abaltion. Methods Patients undergoing great saphenous vein ablation by mechanochemical abaltion or radiofrequency ablation were recruited. During the ablative procedure, the presence of microbubbles was assessed using transthoracic echocardiogram. Offline blinded image quantification was performed using International Consensus Criteria grading guidelines. Results From 32 recruited patients, 28 data sets were analysed. Eleven underwent mechanochemical abaltion and 17 underwent radiofrequency abaltion. There were no neurological complications. In total, 39% (11/28) of patients had grade 1 or 2 microbubbles detected. Thirty-six percent (4/11) of mechanochemical abaltion patients and 29% (5/17) of radiofrequency ablation patients had microbubbles with no significant difference between the groups ( p=0.8065). Conclusion A comparable prevalence of microbubbles between mechanochemical abaltion and radiofrequency ablation both of which are lower than that previously reported for ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy suggests that mechanochemical abaltion may not confer the same risk of neurological events as ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for treatment of varicose veins.

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Kugler, Szilvia, Gábor Duray, and István Préda. "Új felismerések a pitvarfibrilláció genezisében és fenntartásában: az egyénre szabott kezelés lehetőségei." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 28 (July 2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31087.

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Abstract: Atrial fibrillation affects approximately three percent of the adults. Ablation strategies targeting the isolation of the pulmonary veins are the up-to-date cornerstones for atrial fibrillation ablations. However, a one-year success rate of repeated interventions is not more than 70%. Long-term efficacy of catheter ablation is presumably limited by electrical and structural remodeling of the atria, which results in a progressive increase in the duration of atrial fibrillation to become sustained. The potential pathophysiological importance of the epicardial adipose tissue, atrial fibrosis, autonomic nervous system and arrhythmogenic foci are documented by several studies. Increased volume, inflammation induced transformation to fibrosis and myocardial infiltration of atrial subepicardial fat in obese patients result in higher risk of atrial fibrillation development. Changes in atrial autonomic innervation under some conditions including regular physical exercise strongly promote arrhythmogenesis via the mechanism of enhanced triggered activity or abbreviated atrial refractoriness. Individualized management of possible trigger and substrate mechanisms are proposed to provide a novel basis for the effective treatment of atrial fibrillation. Pro-fibrotic signalling pathways can be inhibited by the suppression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Neuromodulation strategies include renal sympathetic denervation and ganglionic plexi ablation. Anticoagulation therapy has also been shown to reduce the burden of abnormal atrial remodeling. Possible novel catheter ablation techniques are used for right or left atrial linear lesions, scar homogenization and catheter ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms, rotors or ectopic foci. Beside these new management strategies, clinical consideration of factors of particular risks as obesity, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes and obstructive sleep apnoe are also essential. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(28): 1135–1145.

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Mahnken, Andreas, Alexander König, and Jens Figiel. "Current Technique and Application of Percutaneous Cryotherapy." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 190, no. 09 (April 17, 2018): 836–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0598-5134.

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Purpose Local ablative therapies have become an established treatment option in interventional oncology. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are a standard of care in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there is an increasing interest in cryotherapy, one of the oldest ablation techniques. It has some unique characteristics with regard to technology and mechanism of action. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search using the terms cryotherapy, cryosurgery and cryoablation was performed. Selected studies are presented dealing with the mechanism of action, cryobiology and clinical use of percutaneous, image-guided cryoablation. Recent developments and perspectives are presented. Results Cryotherapy is increasingly used and has been included in guidelines for selected tumor entities such as renal cell carcinoma. Cryo-immunotherapy and combination treatments are future areas of interest. Conclusion Cryoabalation may be used in many indications. Its major advantages are its unique visualization and the anesthesiologic effects of cold. While there are only a few prospectively randomized trials, the existing data on the use of cryoablation is promising. Its use appears to be justified in selected tumors, oligometastatic patients and for palliative indications. Key Points Citation Format

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Gitenay, Edouard, Clément Bars, Michel Bremondy, Anis Ayari, Nicolas Maillot, Florian Baptiste, Antonio Taormina, et al. "Localized Atrial Tachycardia and Dispersion Regions in Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence of Spatial Concordance." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 14 (July 18, 2021): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10143170.

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Introduction: During atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, it is generally considered that atrial tachycardia (AT) episodes are a consequence of ablation. Objective: To investigate the spatial relationship between localized AT episodes and dispersion/ablation regions during persistent AF ablation procedures. Methods: We analyzed 72 consecutive patients who presented for an index persistent AF ablation procedure guided by the presence of spatiotemporal dispersion of multipolar electrograms. We characterized spontaneous or post-ablation ATs’ mechanism and location in regard to dispersion regions and ablation lesions. Results: In 72 consecutive patients admitted for persistent AF ablation, 128 ATs occurred in 62 patients (1.9 ± 1.1/patient). Seventeen ATs were recorded before any ablation. In a total of 100 ATs with elucidated mechanism, there were 58 localized sources and 42 macro-reentries. A large number of localized ATs arose from regions exhibiting dispersion during AF (n = 49, 84%). Importantly, these ATs’ locations were generally remote from the closest ablation lesion (n = 42, 72%). Conclusions: In patients undergoing a persistent AF ablation procedure guided by the presence of spatiotemporal dispersion of multipolar electrograms, localized ATs originate within dispersion regions but remotely from the closest ablation lesion. These results suggest that ATs represent a stabilized manifestation of co-existing AF drivers rather than ablation-induced arrhythmias.

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Min, Geeho, Hyuk Soon Choi, Woojung Kim, Seong ji Choi, Jung Min Lee, Seung Han Kim, Jae Min Lee, et al. "Development of new endoscopic irreversible electroporation ablation device: Animal experimental study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2018): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.4_suppl.188.

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188 Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising novel technique for the ablation of tumors. An advantage of IRE is its mechanism to remove undesired cells by affecting the cell membrane without thermally destructing blood vessels, nerves and the surrounding tissues. Several clinical trials for applying IRE to human organs such as liver, pancreas, and kidney are conducted and studies about IRE ablation for gastrointestinal tumors also have been conducted recently. Here, we developed new endoscopic IRE device, and studied about its effectiveness and feasibility in animal model. Methods: Newly developed endoscopic IRE ablative catheter works with single channel of endoscope. A pair of dipolar electrodes consist of pre-shaped f 0.63mm nitinol wire and the distance between each electrode is 10 mm. The electrodes are loaded within braided tube for stent delivery system then deployed when IRE catheter put in stomach through the endoscope. We performed endoscopy and IRE ablation was done on pig’s stomach mucosa by using endoscopy with newly developed IRE catheter. We divided pig’s stomach into 2 parts(antrum & body), and IRE ablation was applied on each part of the stomach. Pigs were sacrificed after 24hours, and we collected their stomachs with surgical technique. Following fixation, tissues were stained with H&E. Results: Ten male Yorkshire pigs and in vitro stomachs were used in this study. The tissue with H&E stain showed diffuse cell death 24hr after IRE ablation. Consistent with the mechanism of action of IRE on the cell membrane only, there was complete cell death within the IRE lesions without intervening live cells. But there was no difference in histology depending on gastric part in which ablation was applied. During the study, no complication was observed in pigs in 24 hours after ablation. Conclusions: The new endoscopic IRE device, which can perform IRE ablation on gastrointestinal tract using endoscopy showed safe and feasible result.

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Cross, Peter G., and Iain D. Boyd. "Reduced Reaction Mechanism for Rocket Nozzle Ablation Simulations." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 32, no. 2 (April 2018): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.t5291.

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40

Nakano, Hitoshi, Daisuke Akita, Takeyoshi Nakayama, and Uichi Kubo. "Mechanism of ultraviolet laser ablation to biological lipid." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 16, Supplement (1995): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.16.supplement_343.

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JONES, DAVID GARETH, SOFIAN JOHAR, JACK WANG, VIAS MARKIDES, and TOM WONG. "Atrial Tachycardia after AF Ablation: An Alternate Mechanism?" Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 37, no. 3 (December 3, 2013): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pace.12314.

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Srinivasan, R. "Mechanism of Ultraviolet Laser Ablation of Organic Solids." Physical Review Letters 60, no. 4 (January 25, 1988): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.60.381.

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Wang, Gang Hua, Ming Xian Kan, Yi Fei Niu, and Hai Long Zhao. "The Ablation Mechanism of Magnetic Driven Flyer Plate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.416.

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It is found that the samples usually melt and even gasify in the magnetic driven high-speed flying plate experiments, which phenomenon goes against the investigation on materials’ equation of state (EOS). To understand this phenomenon, the whole process of magnetic driven flying plate experiment is simulated by the magnetohydrodynamic code MDSC. The ablation mechanism of magnetic driven flying plate is analyzed through the control of thermal conduction coefficient, and resistivity coefficient which is related to the magnetic diffusion velocity, in the energy conversing equation. Inside the flying plate the velocity of stress wave is much higher than that of magnetic diffusion, and hence the current goes into the inside of sample no early than the stress wave, so the magnetic diffusion doesn’t play an important role in the first stage of flyer free surface velocity history. The thermal conduction doesn’t influence the whole free surface velocity history of the flying plate much, while the Ohmic heating has a big effect on it, without which more than 20% error will be produced. The energy transportation in the flying plate medium is mainly caused by the Ohmic heating from magnetic diffusion. Besides, the relationship between the magnetic diffusion and temperature of flying plate is also analyzed.

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44

Kalontarov, L. I. "Mechanism of laser-induced ablation of polymeric solids." Philosophical Magazine Letters 63, no. 5 (May 1991): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500839108214657.

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45

John, S. R., S. C. Langford, and J. T. Dickinson. "Ablation mechanism of PTFE under 157 nm irradiation." Applied Physics A 92, no. 4 (May 28, 2008): 981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4604-1.

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46

Pan, Li, Xian, Su, and Zeng. "The Effects of Laser Parameters and the Ablation Mechanism in Laser Ablation of C/SiC Composite." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193076.

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The effects of laser parameters and the ablation mechanism in laser ablation of a carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite are investigated in the present study. Six different power densities are provided, as well as six levels of pulse numbers, and then ablation experiments are conducted for the C/SiC composite, induced by a pulsed laser. Based on the experimental results, the characteristics of surface morphology and ablation behavior are discussed. It is revealed that the surface morphology of the C/SiC composite under laser irradiation usually includes three regions: the center region, the transition region, and the border region. With the increase of laser power density, the ablation of the center region becomes severe, surface cracks occur, and more spherical SiC particles are found in the transition region. As for scenarios involving multiple pulses, the damage occurs in the center region at low power density limits, within the first two layers below the surface. However, if the power density is relatively high, an ablation pit occurs in the center region when the pulse number is larger than 50. Meanwhile, the transition region and the border region diminish with increase of the pulse number. It is noted that both the power density and pulse number have noticeable effects on surface morphology and ablation behavior during laser ablation, which is helpful for material design and performance evaluation of C/SiC composites.

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Ma, Te, Jiangtao Wang, Hongwei Song, Ruixing Wang, and Wu Yuan. "Instantaneous Ablation Behavior of Laminated CFRP by High-Power Continuous-Wave Laser Irradiation in Supersonic Wind Tunnel." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020790.

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Experimental and numerical investigations of the instantaneous ablation behavior of laminated carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) exposed to an intense continuous-wave (CW) laser in a supersonic wind tunnel are reported. We establish an in situ observation measurement in the experiments to examine the instantaneous ablation behavior. The surface recession depth is calculated by using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method, taking the ply angle of laminated CFRP as a reference. A coupled thermal-fluid-ablation numerical model incorporating mechanisms of oxidation, sublimation, and thermomechanical erosion is developed to solve the ablation-through problem of multilayer materials. The results show that the laser ablation depth is related to the laser power density, airflow velocity and airflow mode. Thermomechanical erosion is the primary ablation mechanism when the surface temperature is relatively low and the cavity flow mode is a closed cavity flow. When the surface temperature reaches the sublimation of carbon and the airflow mode is transformed to open cavity flow, sublimation plays a dominant role and the ablation rate of thermomechanical erosion gradually decreases.

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Cui, Cun Yan. "Application of Study on Liquid Ablation in Laser Propulsion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4918.

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It was found that evaporation and thermal elastic stress wave and cavity were dominant phenomenon in laser-induced ablation propulsion with liquid propellant according to our perceptual knowledge established in relative experiment and by analysis of physical mechanism of laser-induced ablation of liquid. The research result of the above phenomenon was introduced in this paper in order to give some elicitations to the researchers who were interested in the mechanism of laser propulsion with liquid ablation.

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Xu, Xianfan, Changrui Cheng, and Ihtesham H. Chowdhury. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Phase Change Mechanisms During Femtosecond Laser Ablation." Journal of Heat Transfer 126, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1797011.

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In this work, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to investigate femtosecond laser ablation of copper, with an emphasis on the understanding of the mechanism of phase change during laser ablation. Laser induced heat transfer, melting, surface evaporation, and material ablation are studied. Theoretically, it has been suggested that under intense femtosecond laser irradiation, the material undergoes a volumetric phase change process; its maximum temperature can be close to or even above the thermodynamic critical point. The MD simulations allow us to determine the transient temperature history of the irradiated material and to reveal the exact phase change process, which explains the mechanisms of femtosecond laser ablation. A finite difference calculation is also performed, which is used to compare results of heating and melting prior to a significant amount of material being ablated.

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Zhang, Jindong, Ran Bi, Shengda Jiang, Zihao Wen, Chuyang Luo, Jianan Yao, Gang Liu, Chunhai Chen, and Ming Wang. "Laser Ablation Mechanism and Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Poly Aryl Ether Ketone (PAEK) Composites." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132676.

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The ablation mechanism and performance of carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced poly aryl ether ketone (PAEK) thermoplastic composites were studied in this paper. The results show that the ablation damaged area is controlled by the irradiation energy, while the mass loss rate is controlled by the irradiation power density. In the ablation center, the PAEK resin and CFs underwent decomposition and sublimation in an anaerobic environment. In the transition zone, the resin experienced decomposition and remelting in an aerobic environment, and massive char leaves were present in the cross section. In the heat-affected zone, only remelting of the resin was observed. The fusion and decomposition of the resin caused delamination and pores in the composites. Moreover, oxygen appeared crucial to the ablation morphology of CFs. In an aerobic environment, a regular cross section formed, while in an anaerobic environment, a cortex–core structure formed. The cortex–core structure of CF inside the ablation pit was caused by the inhomogeneity of fibers along the radial direction and the residual carbon layer generated by resin decomposition in an anoxic environment. The description of the ablation mechanism presented in this study broadens our understanding of damage evolution in thermoplastic composites subjected to high-energy CW laser irradiation.

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