Статті в журналах: "A test of preferences"

1

Vormittag, Isabella, Tuulia M. Ortner, and Tobias Koch. "How Test Takers See Test Examiners." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 31, no. 4 (October 2015): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000232.

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Abstract. We addressed potential test takers’ preferences for women or men as examiners as well as how examiners were perceived depending on their gender. We employed an online design with 375 students who provided preferences for and ratings of examiners based on short video clips. The clips showed four out of 15 psychologists who differed in age (young vs. middle-aged) and gender giving an introduction to a fictional intelligence test session. Employing multivariate multilevel analyses we found female examiners to be perceived as more social competent and middle-aged examiners being perceived as more competent. Data analyses revealed a significant preference for choosing women as examiners. Results were discussed with reference to test performance and fairness.

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2

Stubager, Rune. "Preference-Shaping: An Empirical Test." Political Studies 51, no. 2 (June 2003): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00422.

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According to Downs, parties are forced to accommodate the preferences of the voters in order to win elections. However, Dunleavy and Ward argue that it is also possible for a party to use preference-shaping strategies to bring the preferences of the voters in line with the party's position. Using structural equation modelling, preference-shaping theory is tested in relation to the effect of sales of council houses and shares in privatised companies on the electorate's attitudes to economic policies under the 1979–92 Conservative governments in Britain. The analyses provide little support for preference-shaping theory, which seems in need of respecification if it is to be maintained.

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Šimonová, Ivana. "Learner Preferences and Rejections of Selected Test Formats." International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education 5, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijicte-2016-0003.

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Abstract The article presents the results of the survey on student preferences and rejections of selected types of tests (test formats) reflecting their learning preferences. The survey was conducted at the Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic in the sample of 203 students of Applied Informatics, Information Management, Financial Management and Tourism&Management study programmes. Data were collected by two questionnaires: (1) Learning Combination Inventory by Johnston, which was exploited to detect learner preferences, and (2) Preference/Rejection of selected types of tests, which enabled learners to express their opinions on seven selected types of tests on 10-level Likert scale. The results clearly showed strong preference of questions and tasks pre-defined before the credit test or exam, both in the oral and written forms. This finding might lead to a conclusion that student flexibility and creative thinking are not sufficiently developed for autonomous work and searching for new solutions, as required by numerous educational documents.

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4

Bakker, Theo, and Reto Künzler. "Computer Animations as a Tool in the Study of Mating Preferences." Behaviour 135, no. 8 (1998): 1137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792913537.

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AbstractThe study of multiple female mating preferences and multiple male signals requires correct and precise measurement of preferences. A review is given of existing preference test paradigms. Non-interactive preference tests using computer animations perfectly fulfil the demands for the study of multiple preferences for visual traits: exclusion of confounding variables, exclusion of variation within and between male pairs, great potential of experimental manipulation of single and combinations of visual traits including behaviour. We give a detailed description for the production of computer animation movies based on commercial software. Finally, we show how computer animations can be properly applied to the testing of mating preferences. In sticklebacks, female mating preferences that were tested in this way agreed with preferences that were measured with other test paradigms.

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Lewandowski, Lawrence, Tonya L. Lambert, Benjamin J. Lovett, Carlos J. Panahon, and Marcia R. Sytsma. "College Students’ Preferences for Test Accommodations." Canadian Journal of School Psychology 29, no. 2 (May 8, 2014): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573514522116.

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Shultz, Samuel K., Robert Wu, John J. Matelski, Xin Lu, and Peter Cram. "Patient Preferences for Test Result Notification." Journal of General Internal Medicine 30, no. 11 (May 6, 2015): 1651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3344-0.

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7

Shrinivas, Aditya, and Marcel Fafchamps. "Testing Efficient Risk Sharing with Heterogeneous Risk Preferences: Comment." American Economic Review 108, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 3104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170413.

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Mazzocco and Saini (2012) propose and implement a test of efficient risk sharing that allows for preference heterogeneity. They motivate their approach as yielding different results from those of a standard efficiency test with homogeneous preferences. We show that the standard efficiency test results are misreported in their paper and that the correctly reported results do not present as compelling a case for the importance of accounting for heterogeneous preferences. (JEL D12, D81, G22, O12, O18, R23, Z13)

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Chawla, Deepak, Afsha Dokadia, and Snigdha Rai. "Multigenerational Differences in Career Preferences, Reward Preferences and Work Engagement among Indian Employees." Global Business Review 18, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916666964.

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The purpose of the present study is to empirically examine the multigenerational differences in career preferences, reward preferences and work engagement among three generations (senior generation, generation X and generation Y). Data were collected with the help of an online questionnaire from 653 working executives working in different Indian public and private organizations. Significance of differences in career preference, reward preference and work engagement among generations was analyzed with the help of analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test. Findings of the present study indicate that there is a significant difference in career preferences and work engagement among the three studied generations. Additionally, there is no significant difference in reward preferences among the three studied generations. The present article describes and discusses these findings and the global implications of the same for managers.

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Putri, Ronasari Mahaji, Susmini Susmini, and Neni Maemunah. "Preferences (Attitudes and Preferences of Vegetables) of School Children Reviewed from knowledge." STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2020): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/sjik.v9i1.233.

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However, in reality there are not many children who want to consume vegetables and fruits. The low consumption of vegetables and fruit in school children is due to multifactor. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge with preference (attitudes and preferences of vegetables). The design of the observational study using a cross sectional design.The population in this study were all children found in Yayasan Eleos Sukodadi Village, Wagir Sub-District, Malang Regency, with 57 children, with total sampling. The instrument uses 3 questionnaires with a total of 34 questions. Analysis of data to determine the relationship between preference knowledge (preferences and attitudes) of vegetables and fruit using rank spearman test.The results of the study show that most school children have sufficient knowledge (63,2%) and half of the respondents have good preferences (50.9%). The statistical test showed that there was no relationship between knowledge and vegetable preferences in school children

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Radoš, Sonja, Marija Zdraveva, and Iris Žeželj. "Status Dynamics in the Classroom: Roma Children’s Implicit and Explicit Preference for Majority Children Across Age Groups." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119828498.

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Roma children are often segregated within the Serbian education system: They are disproportionally placed in special schools or put in ethnically homogeneous classrooms. Even in nonsegregated environments, they face everyday discrimination—an 80% dropout rate from elementary school testifies to that. Being a stigmatized minority might contribute to negative social identity, manifested in reversed in-group–out-group preferences. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated (a) if Roma children exhibit implicit/explicit preference for the majority group, and compared their preferences with those of majority children; (b) if these preferences differ in two age groups (second/third and seventh-grade elementary school); and (c) if they relate to academic self-efficacy. A total of 89 children completed the implicit associations test (IAT) test, three measures of explicit ethnic preference (semantic differential, feeling thermometer, and social distance), and a measure of academic self-efficacy. While Serbian children showed consistent explicit and implicit in-group preference, in Roma, we found out-group preferences on both sets of measures. Age-wise, the older group of Roma showed less explicit out-group preferences only in social distance, but not in other measures; the older children showed higher implicit out-group preference (Roma), and slightly lower implicit in-group preference (Serbs), in comparison with the younger. Finally, implicit, but not explicit, out-group preference predicted lower academic self-efficacy in Roma. Our findings demonstrate that out-group preference in Roma children is a robust phenomenon, and that implicit preference is stronger with age. This implies that schooling alone will not reduce negative social identity and that the minority children need to be strategically empowered.

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Dina, Rusy, Akhirmen Akhirmen, and Novya Zulva Riani. "ANALISIS PREFERENSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP BUS TRANS PADANG." Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.10976657.00.

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This research aims to analyze the effect of: respondents income,services quality, private vehicle ownership, and tarrifs of Trans Padang to preference of societies to Bus Trans Padang. This type of research is descriptive and associative. Data in this research are primary data, taken at August 2015. The data collection technique is by distributing questionnaires and direct observation. Population in this research is all users of transport services Trans Padang, by taking a sample of 100 respondents. Inductive analysis in this research include: multiple linear regression analysis; Multicolinearity test; Heteroskedastisitas test; The coefficient of determination; t test; and F test. The results showed that respondents income and ownership of two-wheeled vehicle does not significantly influence people's preferences of Bus Trans Padang. As for the quality of service and tariff Trans Padang significant effect on people's preferences of Bus Trans Padang. In collectively respondents income, services quality,the ownership of two-wheeled vehicle, and tariff Trans Padang have significant influence to preferences of societies to Bus Trans Padang. Keywords: Preference, income, quality of service, the two-wheeled personal vehicle ownership, tariff Trans Padang.

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12

Tudor, Scarlett, and Molly Morris. "Variation in male mate preference for female size in the swordtail Xiphophorus malinche." Behaviour 146, no. 6 (2009): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x446172.

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AbstractMale and female mate preferences have the potential to influence one another, and such interactions could help explain variation in female mate preferences. In Xiphophorus malinche, larger females prefer asymmetrical males while smaller females prefer symmetrical males. We used a two-part preference test to determine if there were differences in mate preferences between symmetrical and asymmetrical males for female size that could influence female mate preference. We found no significant difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical male's preferences. A preference for large female size was detected during the time males directly interacted with females and in standard dichotomous choice tests that followed, as long as the males had been isolated less than 30 days. We did detect variation in male preference for female size depending on male size and the amount of time a male was isolated. These results suggest that variation in male mate preference is not likely to have produced the difference in female preference for symmetry between large and small females, but should be considered where females vary in their preference for male size. In addition, our results suggest that males may shift their preferences from large to small females depending on time since last mating opportunity.

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13

Merino, Quim, Cris Busquets, Arnau Giol, and G. Termes. "Visual test: preferences of the good design." grafica 2, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/grafica.26.

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14

Yartz, Andrew R., Michael J. Zvolensky, Amit Bernstein, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, and C. W. Lejuez. "Panic-relevant predictability preferences: A laboratory test." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 1 (2008): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.117.1.242.

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15

Nalbantis, Georgios, and Tim Pawlowski. "U.S. Demand for European Soccer Telecasts: A Between-Country Test of the Uncertainty of Outcome Hypothesis." Journal of Sports Economics 20, no. 6 (December 18, 2018): 797–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002518817598.

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Demand studies in sports relying on within-country settings are suggestive of cross-continental differences with regard to game uncertainty preferences. While North Americans seem to have a preference for tighter games, Europeans prefer games involving a favorite. Our study is the first to test this suggested pattern in a between-country setting with individual-level data. In contrast to the existing evidence from within-country settings, our demand models show that U.S. consumers do not value game uncertainty when watching European soccer. This finding suggests that, when examining the same sport, European and North American consumers’ preferences seem to be quite similar.

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Nowack, Kati. "Unfinished sympathies: Influence of individual temporal orientation on music preferences." Psychology of Music 47, no. 5 (May 28, 2018): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735618775200.

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Temporal aspects have been studied extensively within the context of music perception but insufficiently within the context of music preference. In this online questionnaire study, I investigated the impact of chronotype (morningness, eveningness) and time perspective (present, future) on music preferences. Participants ( n = 258) completed the Short Test of Music Preferences for 26 music genres, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Principal component analysis replicated a six-component structure of music preference. Whilst preference scores were highest for intense music for all participants, I found significant effects of chronotype and time perspective on music preferences. In particular, present-oriented evening types and future-oriented morning types differed in their preferences for various music genres. Consistent with a matching hypothesis, present-oriented evening types (fast life histories) showed greater preferences for contemporary (i.e., high rhythmic complexity), sophisticated (i.e., high complexity) and electronic music (i.e., fast tempo) compared to future-oriented morning types (slow life histories; greater difficulties with temporal irregularities). Consistent with a self-regulation hypothesis, present-oriented evening types showed greater preferences than future-oriented morning types for campestral music (i.e., slow tempo and low complexity).

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Amri, Khairul, and Marwiyati Marwiyati. "Preferensi Muzakki Membayar Zakat Melalui Baitul Mal: Studi Empiris di Kota Banda Aceh." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 4, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v4i2.123.

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This study aims to analyze the preferences of muzakki paying zakat in Baitul Mal Aceh and the differences in preferences based on socio-demographic characteristics. The study was conducted on 282 muzakki in the city of Banda Aceh. Data collection using a questionnaire and then the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics average method and inference statistics Mann-Whitney test method. The study found that the most determines of muzakki preference in paying zakat through Baitul Mal is the muzakki social environment, followed by Baitul Mal services quality, understanding of zakat management by the institution and the ease of reaching the Baitul Mal location. Mann-Whitney Test different test results indicate that muzakki preferences differ significantly by sex, occupation, and income per month, but not significantly based on age, marital status, and education level.

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18

Hua, Lei, Zhong Yang, Jiyou Shao, and Dan Jin. "The Impact of the Preferential Attachment Level on the Innovation Network Structure and Innovation Efficiency." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928897.

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In the formation process of innovation networks, the level of preferential attachment between agents has an important impact on the resulting structural and functional characteristics of a network. A simulation model of innovation networks with variable preferential levels of attachment is established to study these impacts. Negative preferences tend to form chain-type structures, while positive preferences tend to form star-type structures. Furthermore, a simulation process of innovation is added to the network model to test the impact of the resulting structures on innovation efficiency. For explorative innovation, the structure with unbiased preference has the fastest innovation speed, but the structures with strong positive preference show lower innovation costs. For exploitive innovation, strong negative preferences generate the fastest innovation speed and relatively low cost, while strong positive preferences show a slightly lower cost than negative preference structures but a much lower innovation speed. Finally, some internal mechanisms of the results are discussed.

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Wilgosh, Lorraine. "The Audiovisual Vocational Preferences Test: A research note on test development." Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 18, no. 2 (January 1992): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07263869200034871.

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Sulitzeanu-Kenan, Raanan, and Eran Halperin. "Making a Difference: Political Efficacy and Policy Preference Construction." British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 2 (August 21, 2012): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000324.

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How does individual political efficacy affect the construction of policy preferences? This article presents a model of individual-level politicization of policy preference, which draws on psychological and political explanations and posits that greater external political efficacy results in a stronger effect of political ideology on concrete policy preference. Two empirical studies that test this hypothesis are reported: an original survey experiment conducted in Israel, and an analysis that relies on the 2002 wave of the European Social Survey. The empirical findings support the hypothesis. In contrast to the established conviction that no association exists between political efficacy and policy preferences, these findings reveal that external political efficacy has a polarizing effect on expressed policy preferences.

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Moroń, Marcin. "Mate preferences toward agency and communion." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 6, no. 1 (March 8, 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2015.32.

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Agency and communion constitute two fundamental dimensions of social perception. Universal dimensions of mate preferences represent both agentic and communal content, but a direct test of mate preferences toward agency and communion is lacking. The present study examined preferences toward agentic and communal traits in mate preferences among 206 heterosexual individuals (112 females), analysing the role of the target's sex and actor's sexual strategy. Results showed that women demonstrated higher expectations toward agentic and communal traits in a potential partner than men. Preference for agency in short-term relationships did not differ from preferences toward agency and communion in long-term relationships, but preferences toward communion of partner in short-term relationships was significantly lower. These results were discussed in light of the signaling role of agency and communion in human mating behavior.

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Molin, E., H. Oppewal, and H. Timmermans. "Group-Based versus Individual-Based Conjoint Preference Models of Residential Preferences: A Comparative Test." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 31, no. 11 (November 1999): 1935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a311935.

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Wedowati, Endang Retno, Moses Laksono Singgih, and I. Ketut Gunarta. "A study of consumer preferences for customized product design." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820401002.

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Segmentation has been frequently used to study individual consumer behavior against its preference. Consumer preferences indicate consumer requirements for a product. This study aims to analyze consumer preferences based on gender segmentation (male and female) and age segmentation (adolescents, adults, and elderl y). Consumer preferences wer e studied based on three aspects, namely functionality, usability, and pleasure that are applied to food products. Respondents consisted of 225 consumers of ice cream products. Crosstab analysis was used to describe consumer preferences, while chi-square test was applied to analyse the difference of consumer preference based on predetermined segmentation. The result showed that there was no significant difference for male and female consumer preferences for three aspects. Furthermore, on the attributes of taste (functionality), shape (usability) and appearance (pleasure) there were significant differences. Based on the age segmentation there were differences in consumer preferences for aspects of functionality and pleasure. Howe ver, we also found that there was no significant difference in product attributes of those aspects, except for the colour attribute. Different consumer preferences obtained in different segments can be used as a reference to customer requirements for design ing customized products. Ultimately, the products can be tailored to consumer preferences in each segment.

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Hawley, Sarah T., Bruce Ling, Angela Fagerlin, Sally W. Vernon, and Sandeep Vijan. "Evaluating a preference-tailored decision tool for increasing colorectal cancer screening." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 34_suppl (December 1, 2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.10.

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10 Background: Incorporating patient preferences into CRC screening decisions has been identified as one method for improving informed decision making and increasing screening adherence, yet the impact of tailoring screening recommendations to patients’ preferences on these outcomes has not been evaluated. Methods: We compared the effect of a web-based preference-tailored decision tool (intervention) to a standard information decision tool (control) through an RCT at two VA sites. Eligible subjects were age 50-77, due for CRC screening, with a scheduled primary care visit. Participants arrived 45 minutes early to complete consent and were randomized online. Telephone surveys were conducted 3-5 days post-enrollment and CRC screening adherence was collected from medical charts 6 months later. We evaluated the effect of the tool on adherence and compared stated test preferences to test recevived through Chi-square tests and regression. Results: 468 subjects were enrolled from two VAs. CRC screening adherence 6-months post-enrollment was 38.6% and was not significantly different between groups (37.4% intervention, 39.7% control). Most were adherent with fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (22.4%), followed by colonoscopy (COL) (16.7%). The most commonly recommended test by physicians was COL (59.2% of tests recommended), though veterans most commonly stated a preference for FOBT (60.1%). The features of tests most important to veterans were nature of the test (32.8%), effectiveness (27.1%), and risk of complications (17%). Participants significantly more often adhered to the test that they stated they preferred after the intervention than with a non-preferred test (30.4% adhered to preferred test vs. 7.6% adhered to non-preferred test, P<0.001). Conclusions: CRC screening adherence in this population of veterans was low and the preference-tailored intervention did not significantly improve adherence relative to standard information. Veterans preferred a non-invasive test (FOBT) despite higher rates of recommendation for COL by their physicians. Improving concordance between physician recommendations and patients’ preference may be one method for improving CRC screening adherence in this population.

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Downer-Bartholomew, Benjamin M. B., and F. Helen Rodd. "Female preference for color-enhanced males: a test of the sensory bias model in medaka, a drab fish." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (November 19, 2021): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab131.

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Abstract Sexual selection research has long focused on the evolution of female mate preferences. Most of the models that have been developed posit that mate preferences evolve in a mating context. In contrast, the sensory bias model proposes that mate choice preferences arise in a non-mating context, as a by-product of natural selection acting on a female’s perceptual system. Recent research has shown that many species of fishes, from across a large clade including poeciliids, goodeids, and medaka, have a bias for long wavelength (LW) colors (yellow, orange, red) in a non-mating context. Even species that do not have LW-colored ornaments, apparently because they have been lost secondarily, retain this latent bias for LW colors. Here, we predicted that female Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka), a drab species with a latent preference for LW colors, would show a mate choice preference for males with an artificial secondary sexual trait—a colored stripe added to their flank. We confirmed that females were more responsive to red and orange objects in a non-mating context than to other colors. We also showed that females were less resistant towards males with an LW-colored stripe than to those enhanced with a non-LW stripe and that, for many females, responses towards specific LW colors were consistent across these non-mating and mating contexts. Therefore, our results provide support for the sensory bias model by providing a link between a sensory bias in a non-mating context and a mate choice preference in a drab species like medaka.

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Guan, Zhengfei, and Feng Wu. "Modeling heterogeneous risk preferences." Agricultural Finance Review 77, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2015-0016.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a general framework for modeling heterogeneous risk preferences of agricultural producers and identifying the underlying factors that affect risk preferences. Design/methodology/approach This paper nests the risk preference function in a general production decision framework to test and model producers’ risk preferences. The framework allows for both production and price risk, and accommodates potential inefficient behavior. Panel data and the GMM method are used in the empirical estimation. Findings The results in this study confirmed the hypothesis of heterogeneous risk preferences. Farmers are found to have decreasing absolute risk aversion. Both farmer characteristics and socioeconomic factors have significant impact on producers’ risk preferences. The results suggest that ignoring heterogeneity in risk preferences across individuals and how non-wealth variables could affect farmers’ risk preferences could result in biased economic behavior analysis. Originality/value It is generally assumed in the literature that risk preferences are homogeneous among farmers at given wealth. This is a strong assumption and there are abundant evidences that suggest otherwise. This paper makes contributions to the literature by proposing an approach to modeling heterogeneous risk preferences and identifying the factors that affect preferences.

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van Dijk, Sandra, Mariëlle S. van Roosmalen, Wilma Otten, and Peep F. M. Stalmeier. "Decision Making Regarding Prophylactic Mastectomy: Stability of Preferences and the Impact of Anticipated Feelings of Regret." Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, no. 14 (May 10, 2008): 2358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.10.5494.

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Purpose Women who test positive for a BRCA1/2 mutation face difficult choices to manage their breast cancer risk; one of these choices is whether to opt for prophylactic mastectomy. Few data are available about this decision-making process. The current study provides data regarding the stability of risk-management preferences over time and the factors that are associated with these preferences. Patients and Methods We analyzed data from 338 women who opted for breast cancer antigen (BRCA) testing. First, we prospectively assessed preferences of 80 BRCA mutation carriers at five different points in time ranging from 1 week after blood sampling up to 9 months after BRCA-test disclosure. Second, we applied univariate and multivariate regression analyses to examine which medical, sociodemographic, and psychological factors are related to a preference for prophylactic mastectomy. Results Ninety percent of the women already indicated a preference regarding risk management at baseline. Moreover, most women had stable preferences over time. Furthermore, anticipated feelings of regret in case of a hypothetical breast cancer diagnosis in the near future were strongly related to risk-management preference (odds ratio = 8.93; P < .0001). Conclusion Women seem to decide at a relatively early stage about their risk-management preferences. Many of them may be sensitive to the possibility of regret in case of a bad outcome. We discuss whether possible regret in the future is a rational reason for opting for prophylactic mastectomy, or whether it signifies an emotional coping process or strategy in which the future costs are no longer fully considered.

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DeVries, A. Courtney, Camron L. Johnson, and C. Sue Carter. "Familiarity and gender influence social preferences in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-037.

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The physiological mechanisms influencing group cohesion and social preferences are largely unstudied in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). In nature, prairie vole family groups usually consist of an adult male and female breeding pair, one or more litters of their offspring, and occasionally unrelated adults. Pair bonds, defined by heterosexual preferences, develop in male and female prairie voles following cohabitation or mating. However, social preferences between members of the same sex also may be important to the maintenance of communal groups. In the present study we compared the development of social preferences for conspecific strangers of the same sex versus preferences for the opposite sex, and examined the effect of the gonadal status of the stimulus animal on initial social preference. The present study revealed that reproductively naive males, but not females, showed initial preferences for partners of the opposite sex. In both sexes preferences for the opposite sex were not influenced by the presence or absence of gonadal hormones. Heterosexual and same-sex preferences for a familiar individual formed following 24 h of nonsexual cohabitation in both males and females. Male and female same-sex preferences, however, were no longer stable when the stranger in the preference test was of the opposite sex to the experimental animal. The development of same-sex preferences may help to maintain group cohesion, but same-sex preferences formed by cohabitation do not withstand the challenge of an opposite-sex stranger.

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PEREVERZEVA, MARIA, and DAVIDA Y. TELLER. "Infant color vision: Influence of surround chromaticity on spontaneous looking preferences." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (May 2004): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804213086.

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When infants are tested with stimuli of various chromaticities embedded in a dark or achromatic (white) surround, they show maximal preference for stimuli of maximal colorimetric purity, and minimal preference for achromatic stimuli. We investigated how this pattern of preferences changes with changes of surround chromaticity. Sixteen-week-old infants were tested in two experimental conditions. The surrounds in the first condition were red and white; and in the second condition green and white. The three test stimuli varied in colorimetric purity from white to red in the first condition, and from white to green in the second condition. A test stimulus that appeared achromatic to adults when viewed in the chromatic surround was included. Infant spontaneous looking preferences changed with changes of surround chromaticity. The changes were consistent with the conclusion that infant looking behavior is governed by a preference for the stimuli that differ maximally in purity from the surround. The implications of this pattern of results are discussed.

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Wildavsky, Aaron. "Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation." American Political Science Review 81, no. 1 (March 1987): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1960776.

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Preferences come from the most ubiquitous human activity: living with other people. Support for and opposition to different ways of life, the shared values legitimating social relations (here called cultures) are the generators of diverse preferences. After discussing why it is not helpful to conceive of interests as preferences or to dismiss preference formation as external to organized social life, I explain how people are able to develop many preferences from few clues by using their social relations to interrogate their environment. The social filter is the source of preferences. I then argue that culture is a more powerful construct than conceptual rivals: heuristics, schemas, ideologies. Two initial applications—to the ideology of the left-right distinctions and to perceptions of danger—test the claim that this theory of how individuals use political cultures to develop their preferences outperforms the alternatives.

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Dhakal, Prajwal, Christopher S. Wichman, Bunny Pozehl, Meaghann Weaver, Alfred L. Fisher, Julie Vose, R. Gregory Bociek, and Vijaya R. Bhatt. "Preferences of adults with cancer for systemic cancer treatment: do preferences differ based on age?" Future Oncology 18, no. 3 (January 2022): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0260.

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Background: We used the Therapy Preference Scale, a 30-item questionnaire, to determine cancer treatment preferences of adults with cancer. Methods: We used Wilcoxon’s rank sum test and Fisher’s exact test to compare the preferences of younger (<60 years) versus older adults (≥60 years). Results: While 56% of patients would accept treatment offering increased life expectancy at an expense of short-term side effects, 75% preferred maintenance of cognition, functional ability and quality of life to quantity of days. Oral instead of intravenous treatment (p = 0.003), shorter hospital stay (p = 0.03), preservation of cognitive function (p = 0.01) and avoidance of pain (p = 0.02) were more important to older patients compared with younger patients. Conclusion: Many patients prioritized maintenance of cognition, functional ability and quality of life; older patients valued oral treatment, shorter hospital stay, preservation of cognitive function and avoidance of pain.

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Marsh, Kevin, Nancy Zaour, Kerrie-Anne Ho, Ankit Joshi, Rachel Lo, Aneesh Thomas George, and Nigel S. Cook. "PP268 Eliciting Meaningful Patient Preferences In Rare Diseases – Swing Weighting With Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Patients In The United States And China." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, S1 (December 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462320001476.

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IntroductionReimbursement agencies are increasingly using patient preference data to evaluate health technologies. Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are commonly used to elicit patient preferences, but they require large sample sizes to obtain meaningful results. For this reason, it is often not possible to use DCE to elicit patient preferences in rare diseases. This study assessed a swing weighting method for eliciting preferences from a small sample: patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in the United States (US) and China.MethodsAttributes and levels were selected based on a review of clinical studies and qualitative research on patients. Computer-assisted, interview-based swing weighting exercises were piloted in a focus group with five participants each from the US and China. Preferences were then elicited in interviews with twenty-five patients in the US and fifteen patients in China. Consistency tests were used to assess internal validity. Qualitative data were collected on the reasons for patients’ preferences.ResultsPreference consistency: The weights for one attribute were elicited twice. The difference between initial and consistency test weights was not statistically significant (p < 0.1), although this may partly reflect the small sample sizes. Trade-offs: Qualitative data were used to demonstrate the validity of interpreting participants’ ratings as trade-offs. Using the partial value function for end-stage renal disease as an example, qualitative data demonstrated that patients were able to provide face-valid reasons for different shaped, non-linear preference functions. Robustness of treatment evaluation: Three hypothetical treatment profiles (using the attribute swings) were constructed. Preferences for these treatment profiles were robust to variations in patients’ preferences; all patients preferred one specific profile. This finding was not sensitive to changes in weights.ConclusionsThis study supports the feasibility of collecting valid and robust preference data from small groups of patients using swing weighting. Further work could be done to test the performance of swing weighting in larger sample sizes.

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Martins, Paulo, Paula Rodrigues, Carlos Martins, Teresa Barros, Nelson Duarte, Rebecca Kechen Dong, Yiyi Liao, Ubaldo Comite, and Xiaoguang Yue. "Preference between Individual Products and Bundles: Effects of Complementary, Price, and Discount Level in Portugal." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14050192.

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This paper aims to (1) compare consumers’ preferences between individual products and bundles as well as (2) investigate some of the factors involved in bundle characteristics that may affect consumer’s preferences. Those factors are complementarity, price level, and discount level. An online survey developed by means of questionnaires were collected from the Portuguese population. Student’s t-tests were used to test the hypothesis formulated and to analyze the consumers’ preferences. The findings corroborate that in a scenario where the bundle does not offer any discounts, preference of individual products is higher. When a 20% discount is assigned to bundles, the overall preference for individual products is still superior. By offering a discount level of 45%, the overall preference for bundles becomes higher. The positive effect of complementarity bundles valuation is confirmed. This is the first approach to evaluate the preferences between bundles and individual products in the Portuguese market. The findings contribute to clarify the customer map within a Business Model Canvas. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the bundle complementarity and discount level effects simultaneously.

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Alegría-Morán, Raúl A., Sergio A. Guzmán-Pino, Juan I. Egaña, Valeria Sotomayor, and Jaime Figueroa. "Food Preferences in Cats: Effect of Dietary Composition and Intrinsic Variables on Diet Selection." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060372.

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A ten-year database of food preference tests (n = 1021; period 2007−2017) was used to explore the feeding behavior of domestic cats. Principal component (PC) analysis and linear regression between food nutrients and preferences (for the most preferred diet of each test; Diet A) were performed. Intake and preference for Diet A were analyzed by intrinsic cats’ variables and climate season. The PC1 (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and ash), PC2 (lipids and ether extract) and PC4 (crude fiber; CF) had borderline significance (p < 0.06; β = −1.42, β = −1.56, and β = 2.68, respectively). Ash and CF contents presented negative correlations with food preference (rho = −0.269, p = 0.031; rho = −0.338, p = 0.006, respectively), and Ca had borderline significance and negative correlation with food preference (rho = −0.241, p = 0.054). Body weight and sex influenced the intake of Diet A, being lower for females (β = 11.758; p = 0.014) and heaviest cats (β = −5.490; p < 0.001). However, only body weight affected food preferences, where the heaviest cats had greater preferences for Diet A. Hot season decreased food intake (β = −2,117; p = 0.032), mostly in females (rho = −3.537; p = 0.002). Males had greater preferences for Diet A during hot seasons (β = 10.216; p = 0.023) and females presented similar preferences throughout the year (p = 0.950). Mineral contents, body weight and sex affected food intake and preferences of cats under the influence of climate season, probably explained by adaptive changes in food detection.

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Hicks, Nytasia, Katherine Abbott, Allison Heid, Kendall Leser, and Kimberly Van Haitsma. "Patterns of preference importance ratings among African-American and White nursing home residents." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3063.

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Abstract Background: The Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) was developed to assess the psychosocial preferences of older adults receiving home care (PELI-HC) and then revised for nursing home residents (PELI-NH). While the PELI-HC has been tested to identify patterns in preference ratings by race, the PELI-NH has not. We sought to explore whether the PELI-NH tool captures differences in preference ratings of African-American and White NH residents. Methods: Preference assessment interviews were conducted with NH residents (n = 317). Analysis via a Mann-Whitney U test, results show that 46 of 72 (63.88%) a preference importance items were not statistically different between African-American and White NH residents. Additionally, African-Americans reported greater importance than White older adult NH residents in 26 of 72 (36%) preference importance items. Conclusion/Implications: It appears that the PELI-NH can test group differences in preference importance among African-American and White NH residents; implications for practice will be discussed. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Research in Quality of Care Interest Group.

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Rutter, S. M., P. D. Penning, A. J. Parsons, A. Harvey, and R. J. Orr. "Dietary preferences of domestic ruminants." BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00043482.

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To develop sustainable grazing systems, an understanding of the complex interactions between competing plant species and grazing herbivores is needed. An understanding of dietary preference is a prerequisite to predicting how much and from which plant species animals select. This work initially concentrated on dietary preferences of sheep grazing perennial ryegrass and white clover swards and was then extended to other animal species to test the generality of our findings.

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Tappeta, Ravindra V., and John E. Renaud. "Interactive Multiobjective Optimization Design Strategy for Decision Based Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 123, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1358302.

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This research focuses on multi-objective system design and optimization. The primary goal is to develop and test a mathematically rigorous and efficient interactive multi-objective optimization algorithm that takes into account the Decision Maker’s (DM’s) preferences during the design process. An interactive MultiObjective Optimization Design Strategy (iMOODS) has been developed in this research to include the Pareto sensitivity analysis, Pareto surface approximation and local preference functions to capture the DM’s preferences in an Iterative Decision Making Strategy (IDMS). This new multiobjective optimization procedure provides the DM with a formal means for efficient design exploration around a given Pareto point. The use of local preference functions allows the iMOODS to construct the second order Pareto surface approximation more accurately in the preferred region of the Pareto surface. The iMOODS has been successfully applied to two test problems. The first problem consists of a set of simple analytical expressions for the objective and constraints. The second problem is the design and sizing of a high-performance and low-cost ten bar structure that has multiple objectives. The results indicate that the class functions are effective in capturing the local preferences of the DM. The Pareto designs that reflect the DM’s preferences can be efficiently generated within IDMS.

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Nuryani, Yantri, Laili Susanti, and Kurnia Herlina Dewi. "CONSUMERS PREFERENCES TEST OF SAMBAL LEMEA THE UNIQUE FOOD OF REJANGNESE AND CHANGED PRODUCTS IN VARIOUS STORAGE TEMPERATURE." Jurnal Agroindustri 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2012): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/j.agroind.2.2.71-76.

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Lemea is one of the unique food of Rejangnese which made from bamboo shoots and fermented fish. This research is aimed to find the effect of processing and storage temperature on moisture content, pH, total microbial and consumers preferences ( color, aroma, and taste) of sambal lemea. This research carried out by using CRD with two factors namely processing (pots and bamboo) and storage temperature (room temperature and refrigerator). The results showed that the treatment gives significant effect on moisture content, pH and the level of preference (color, aroma and flavor). While the temperature did not show significant differences. Sambal lemea which cooked in bamboo has the highest preferences score on color, aroma and flavor on days 0 and 7.

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Bonnichsen, Ole, and Jacob Ladenburg. "Reducing Status Quo Bias in Choice Experiments." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 3, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.645.

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To secure the validity and applicability of stated preference measures in economic analysis, hypothetical preferences must mimic real life preferences. For instance, people have a propensity to prefer what they already have when presented with alternatives that, all things being equal, seem to be superior, i.e. a status quo effect. However, in the stated preference literature, the tendency to choose the alternative representing the status quo situation seems to exceed real life status quo effects. Accordingly, status quo bias can be a problem. In the Choice Experiment literature, status quo bias is found to be a function of protest attitudes concerning the payment of the hypothetical good. In a split sample framework we test an ex-ante entreaty aimed at reducing payment based protest attitudes. We find that the entreaty reduces status quo bias and improves the internal validity of stated preferences in our data based on Swedish ostomates’ preferences for ostomy pouch quality changes. Published: Online January 2015. In print December 2015.

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LaRocque, J. R., C. L. Davis, T. P. Tan, F. J. D'Amico, and D. J. Merenstein. "Patient Preferences for Receiving Reports of Test Results." Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 28, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2015.06.150030.

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Phadke, Sneha, Mark Vander Weg, Najla Itani, Nicole Grogan, Timothy Ginader, Sarah Mott, and Bradley McDowell. "Breast cancer patient preferences for test result communication." Breast Journal 25, no. 6 (July 12, 2019): 1326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13461.

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Frohlich, Norman, Joe Oppenheimer, and Anja Kurki. "Modeling Other-Regarding Preferences and an Experimental Test." Public Choice 119, no. 1/2 (April 2004): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:puch.0000024169.08329.eb.

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Walsh, Mary Barbara. "Feminism, Adaptive Preferences, and Social Contract Theory." Hypatia 30, no. 4 (2015): 829–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12175.

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Feminists have long been aware of the pathology and the dangers of what are now termed “adaptive preferences.” Adaptive preferences are preferences formed in unconscious response to oppression. Thinkers from each wave of feminism continue to confront the problem of women's internalization of their own oppression, that is, the problem of women forming their preferences within the confining and deforming space that patriarchy provides. All preferences are, in fact, formed in response to a (more or less) limited set of options, but not all preferences are unconscious, pathological responses to oppression. Feminist theory therefore requires a method for distinguishing all preferences from adaptive or deformed preferences. Social contract theory provides such a tool. Social contract theory models autonomous preference‐acquisition and retention at both the external level of causation and the internal level of justification. In doing so, social contract theory exposes preferences that do not meet those standards, acting as both a conceptual test that identifies adaptive preferences and as a practical tool for personal and social clarification. A social contract approach helps persons and societies to identify and to confront preferences rooted in unconscious response to oppression.

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Park, Han-Saem, Moon-Hee Park, and Sung-Bae Cho. "Mobile Information Recommendation Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making with Bayesian Network." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 14, no. 02 (March 2015): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622015500017.

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The advancement of network technology and the popularization of the Internet lead to increased interest in information recommendation. This paper proposes a group recommendation system that takes the preferences of group users in mobile environment and applies the system to recommendation of restaurants. The proposed system recommends the restaurants by considering various preferences of multiple users. To cope with the uncertainty in mobile environment, we exploit Bayesian network, which provides reliable performance and models individual user's preference. Also, Analytical Hierarchy Process of multi-criteria decision-making method is used to estimate the group users' preference from individual users' preferences. Experiments in 10 different situations provide a comparison of the proposed method with random recommendation, simple rule-based recommendation and neural network recommendation, and confirm that the proposed method is useful with the subjective test.

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Korhonen, Hannu, and Paavo Niemelä. "Preferences of farmed blue foxes for platforms, nestbox and cage floor." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72718.

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A preference test system was devised to assess the preferences of farm-raised, juvenile blue foxes for six various types of resting platforms, including nestbox roof, and for nestbox and cage floor. The results showed that platform use was low since the test foxes preferred the cage floor. The amount of previous individual platform usage did not affect preference. However, foxes originating from groups with a high amount of previous platform use also had the highest amount of platform usage in the test situation. Of all the platforms, the nestbox roof was preferred the most. Although the location of the platform in the present test situation was found to affect preference, it was difficult to finally separate the real effects of platform location and type. No relationship was found between temperature and use of the platforms or nestbox. On the basis of the present results we may conclude that platforms are not actually necessary for foxes during winter period.

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Zoghi, Rashideh. "The Relationship between Linguistic Intelligence and Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic Preferences of Iranian EFL Learners." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0711.16.

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Many factors including the learners’ individual personality factors and their sociocultural backgrounds, attitudes to learning the new language, intelligence quotient, and personal learning styles and preferences are involved in the process of second/foreign language learning. The present study attempted to examine the relationship between learners’ linguistic intelligence and their visual, audio, and kinaesthetic (VAK) preferences by formulating three null hypotheses. In order to test the hypotheses, a total number of 100 Iranian female high school-level EFL learners in Tabriz were selected through cluster sampling. The participants took a linguistic intelligence test and responded to a VAK preference questionnaire to obtain data about their linguistic intelligence and VAK preferences. The statistical analysis of the obtained data led to the rejection of all three null hypotheses indicating a significant relationship between the learners’ linguistic intelligence and their VAK preferences. The relationship between linguistic intelligence and auditory preferences turned out to be negative and reverse. These results indicated that in order to increase teaching efficiency, the language educators should try to prepare and use instructional materials suiting the learners’ visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic preferences, indicating the need for individualized language instruction. The findings have implications for curriculum developers and syllabus designers as well as educational policy makers.

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Pizer, Jasmin H., Melissa A. Myers, Nanako A. Hawley, Murphy N. Harrell, and Benjamin D. Hill. "A-174 Diurnal Preference Relation to Need for Cognition and Cognitive Reflection." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.192.

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Abstract Objective This study evaluated the effect of individual differences in diurnal preferences on a problem-solving test of intelligence and a measure of a personality trait of how much someone enjoys thinking. Method Archival data from 85 participants who had completed measures online were utilized in this study. The sample was 51.8% female, 71.8% Caucasian, and mean age was 19.5. Participants completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Composite Morningness Questionnaire (CMQ), Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), and Need for Cognition Scale-Short Form (NFC). Raw score totals were utilized. Diurnal preferences were later grouped for morning, evening, or in between based on published MEQ and CMQ cutoffs. Lower scores indicate evening types, and higher scores indicate morning types. Results Scores on measures of diurnal preference were significantly positively related to NFC (MEQ r = 0.28, p = 0.011; CMQ r = 0.36, p = 0.001) meaning that morning types tend to enjoy effortful mentation more. Diurnal preferences were not significantly related to CRT performance. One-way ANOVA was performed with diurnal preferences as the group factor and NFC and CRT as dependent variables. Significant main effects were not found for MEQ and NFC nor MEQ and CRT. Significant main effects were found for CMQ and NFC F(2,77) = 5.33, p = 0.007, but not for CMQ and CRT. Conclusion These findings indicate that diurnal preference was not associated with performance on the problem-solving intelligence test used in this study. However, morning types appear to be higher for personality traits related to motivation to engage in thinking and would be expected to do better on some cognitive tests that demand more test engagement.

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Kroth, Jerry, Jasmin Lamas, Nicholas Pisca, Kristy Bourret, and Miranda Kollath. "Retrospective Dream Components and Musical Preferences." Psychological Reports 103, no. 1 (August 2008): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.103.1.93-96.

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Retrospective dream components endorsed on the KJP Dream Inventory were correlated with those on the Short Test of Musical Preference for 68 graduate students in counseling psychology (11 men). Among 40 correlations, 6 were significant between preferences for Heavy Metal and Dissociative avoidance dreams (.32), Dreaming that you are dreaming (.40), Dreaming that you have fallen unconscious or asleep (.41), Recurring pleasantness (.31), and Awakening abruptly from a dream (−.31); between preferences for Rap/Hip-Hop and Sexual dreams (.27); and between preferences for Jazz and Recurring pleasantness in dreams (.33). Subjects preferring Classical music reported a higher incidence of Dreams of flying (.33) and rated higher Discontentedness in dreams (−.26). The meaning of these low values awaits research based on personality inventories and full dream reports.

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Giaccherini, Matilde, and Giovanni Ponti. "Preference Based Subjective Beliefs." Games 9, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9030050.

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We test the empirical content of the assumption of preference dependent beliefs using a behavioral model of strategic decision making in which the rankings of individuals over final outcomes in simple games influence their beliefs over the opponent’s behavior. This approach— by analogy with Psychological Game Theory—allows for interdependence between preferences and beliefs but reverses the order of causality. We use existing evidence from a multi-stage experiment in which we first elicit distributional preferences in a Random Dictator Game, then estimate beliefs in a related 2×2 effort game conditional on these preferences. Our structural estimations confirm our working hypothesis on how social preferences shape beliefs: subjects with higher guilt (envy) expect others to put less (more) effort, which reduces the expected difference in payoffs.

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Pratiwi, Prita Indah, and Katsunori Furuya. "The Neighbourhood Park Preferences and its Factors among Elderly Residents in Tokiwadaira, Japan." Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies 4, no. 16 (April 30, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v4i16.178.

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Tokiwadaira is one of the districts most populated by the elderly in Japan. This study compared the preferences of danchi and apartment residents to examine the neighbourhood park preferences as well as factors in park preferences. This research was conducted in three stages, including a spatial preference survey, analysis, and interpretation. Welch’s t-test and factor analysis were applied. Results demonstrated three significant differences between danchi and apartment residents, namely park preference, length of visit, and park elements. There were seven factors of park preferences. These results may help urban planners optimise existing features of neighbourhood parks to encourage use.Keywords: landscape preference; neighbourhood park; urban green space; green space management experience; exposure towards green spaceeISSN 2398-4295 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ajbes.v4i16.178

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