Дисертації з теми "91A80"

Cette thèse présente trois contributions principales liées à l'approche de programmation linéaire pour les jeux à champ moyen (MFGs).La première partie de la thèse traite les aspects théoriques des MFGs permettant simultanément arrêt optimal, contrôle stochastique et absorption. En utilisant la formulation de programmation linéaire pour ce type de MFGs, un résultat général d'existence pour les équilibres de Nash MFG est dérivé sous des hypothèses faibles à travers du théorème de point fixe de Kakutani-Fan-Glicksberg. Nous montrons que cette méthode de relaxation est équivalente à l'approche par martingales contrôlées/arrêtées pour les MFG, une autre méthode de relaxation utilisée dans des articles précédents dans le cas du contrôle. De plus, sous des conditions appropriées, nous montrons que notre notion de solution satisfait un système d'équations différentielles partielles (EDP), ce qui permet de comparer nos résultats avec la littérature sur les EDP.La deuxième partie se concentre sur un algorithme numérique pour l'approximation de l'équilibre de Nash MFG en tirant profit de l'approche par programmation linéaire. La convergence de cet algorithme est démontrée pour deux classes de MFG, les MFG avec arrêt optimal et absorption, et les MFG avec contrôle stochastique et absorption. Le schéma numérique appartient à la classe des procédures d'apprentissage. En particulier, nous appliquons l'algorithme Fictitious Play où la meilleure réponse à chaque itération est calculée en résolvant un problème de programmation linéaire.La dernière partie de la thèse porte sur une application des MFGs à la dynamique long terme de l'industrie de l'électricité. Différents scénarios macroéconomiques et de politique climatique sont possibles pour les années à venir, or le scénario exact reste incertain. Par conséquent, les producteurs conventionnels ou renouvelables visant à sortir du marché ou à y entrer, respectivement, sont confrontés à l'incertitude concernant le prix du carbone et les politiques climatiques à venir. Les deux classes de producteurs interagissent par le biais du prix de l'électricité. Des stratégies d'équilibre de Nash sur des temps d'arrêt sont considérées et le problème est analysé à travers d'un modèle MFG. À cette fin, nous développons l'approche de programmation linéaire pour les MFG d'arrêt optimal avec bruit commun et information partielle en temps discret. Nous montrons l'existence d'un équilibre de Nash MFG et l'unicité du prix de marché en équilibre. Enfin, nous étendons l'algorithme numérique développé dans la deuxième partie de la thèse pour illustrer le modèle avec un exemple empirique inspiré du marché de l'électricité britannique
This thesis presents three main contributions related to the linear programming approach for mean field games (MFGs).The first part of the thesis is concerned with the theoretical aspects of MFGs allowing simultaneously for optimal stopping, stochastic control and absorption. Using the linear programming formulation for this type of MFGs, a general existence result for MFG Nash equilibria is derived under mild assumptions by means of Kakutani-Fan-Glicksberg's fixed point theorem. This relaxation method is shown to be equivalent to the controlled/stopped martingale approach for MFGs, another relaxation method used in earlier papers in the pure control case. Furthermore, under appropriate conditions, we show that our notion of solution satisfies a partial differential equation (PDE) system, allowing to compare our results with the PDE literature.The second part focuses on a numerical algorithm for approximating the MFG Nash equilibrium taking advantage of the linear programming approach. The convergence of this algorithm is shown for two classes of MFG, MFGs with optimal stopping and absorption, and MFGs with stochastic control and absorption. The numerical scheme belongs to the class of learning procedures. In particular, we apply the Fictitious Play algorithm where the best response at each iteration is computed by solving a linear programming problem.The last part of the thesis deals with an application of MFGs to the long term dynamics of the electricity industry. Different macroeconomic and climate policy scenarios are possible for the coming years, and the exact scenario remains uncertain. Therefore, conventional or renewable producers aiming to exit or enter the market, respectively, are facing uncertainty about the future carbon price and climate policies. Both classes of producers interact through the electricity market price. Nash equilibrium strategies over stopping times are considered and the problem is analyzed through a MFG model. To this end, we develop the linear programming approach for MFGs of optimal stopping with common noise and partial information in discrete time. We show the existence of an MFG Nash equilibrium and the uniqueness of the equilibrium market price. Finally, we extend the numerical algorithm developed in the second part of the thesis to illustrate the model with an empirical example inspired by the UK electricity market

Lo scopo di questo lavoro è capire come funzionasse la mediazione linguistica tra popoli di continenti diversi e lontani. L’elaborato finale si sviluppa in quattro macrocapitoli. Nel primo parlerò della comunicazione e della mediazione in senso generale e cercherò di fornirne una panoramica a tinte storiche e sociali. Nel secondo accennerò alla figura del mediatore culturale dal punto di vista storico e la analizzerò in un contesto preciso: la colonizzazione delle Americhe da parte degli europei, nei secoli XVI e XVII. Il terzo macrocapitolo introduce due personaggi chiave (Gerónimo de Aguilar e Gonzalo Guerrero) che legano la mediazione di epoca coloniale alla figura de La Malinche e pertanto questo funge da ponte tra il secondo ed il quarto. Nell'ultimo macrocapitolo proverò a raccontare la storia de La Malinche, l'interprete personale del conquistador spagnolo Hernán Cortés, durante la colonizzazione della penisola dello Yucatán, in Messico. Le conclusioni alle quali sono giunto coincidono con le risposte concrete al mio quesito su come funzionasse la mediazione linguistica nel mondo antico. In particolare ho individuato alcune vie principali attraverso le quali è nata la figura del mediatore-interprete. Nello specifico, queste vie sono: l'intreccio amoroso tra conquistatori e donne indigene; lo studio delle lingue native da parte degli ecclesiasti; il rapimento di giovani indigeni o lo scambio di giovani tra europei e nativi così che apprendessero la lingua degli altri e viceversa; lo sfruttamento di schiavi o servi che avevano appreso la lingua tramite la cosiddetta “immersione”; l'inserimento in tribù indigene di giovani avventurieri europei i quali imparavano la lingua per immersione; il caso.

Background: Although there is a growing body of literature surrounding new psychoactive substances (NPS), and reasons for general use have been described, there is little understanding as to why certain NPS spread through user populations and become popular. This research used Rogers’ 1962 diffusion of innovations theory (DOI) to help better understand the NPS market and how it is shaped and characterised. Objective The aim of this research was to explore the diffusion of NPS in the UK and why different NPS diffuse and others fail to do so, to identify appropriate public health interventions to reduce harm. Methodology: A mixed methods approach was undertaken, which comprised four studies. The first study involved a critical analysis of the appropriateness of Rogers’ DOI to explain the diffusion of NPS. This study was followed by two sets of interviews. The first interview study was conducted with NPS online retailers based in the UK. The second interview study involved interviews with NPS professionals including law enforcement professionals, drug policy organisations and NPS early warning system representatives from the UK, wider Europe, America and Australasia. These findings were analysed using thematic analysis. The final study was an online questionnaire and choice-based conjoint analysis with UK pre-existing recreational drug users aged between 18 and 35. These findings were analysed using Latent Class Analysis. Results: The DOI was found to be applicable for the diffusion of an NPS product. However, the theory should be used in application to different individual NPS; NPS should not be classed as a homogenous group of substances and NPS users should not be classed as a homogenous group either. It was found that the theory should be updated in relation to NPS to include the influence of the internet. The key reason for the diffusion of an NPS was found to be the psychopharmacological effects of a product. However, there should also be an acknowledgment of the importance of friendship networks, and increasingly online forums. Even if a product had the desired psychopharmacological effects, if these are not communicated then it is unlikely to diffuse at a fast rate. Conversely, unless a product had the psychopharmacological effects desired by an individual, despite positive feedback from friends and online forums, it would be unlikely to diffuse. The emergence of NPS did not have a transformative effect for all drug-using groups; instead, it affected different user groups in different contexts. Similarly, it is likely that the introduction of the UK Psychoactive Substances Act will not have a transformative effect on the use of NPS by all drug-using groups. Nevertheless, the changes in health and social harms associated with individuals accessing NPS through the underground market or choosing to use traditional illegal drugs should be recognised. Finally, the need to conduct research with a range of stakeholders, to gain a greater understanding of motivations for drug use to assist with future public health interventions, was an important finding of the thesis.

Seismic risk management is a problem of many dimensions, involving multiple inputs, interactions within risk factors, criteria, alternatives and stakeholders. The deployment of this process is inherently fraught with the issues of complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty, posing extra challenges in the assessment, modelling and management stages. The complexity of earthquake impacts and the uncertain nature of information necessitate the establishment of a systematic approach to address the risk of many effects of seismic events in a reliable and realistic way. To fulfill this need, the study applies a systematic approach to the assessment and management of seismic risk and uses an integrated risk structure. The fuzzy set theory was used as a formal mathematical basis to handle uncertainties involved within risk parameters. Throughout the process, the potential impacts of an earthquake as the basic criteria for risk assessment were identified and relations between them were accommodated through a hierarchical structure. The various impacts of an earthquake are then aggregated through a composite fuzzy seismic risk index (FSRi) to screen and prioritize the retrofitting of a group of school buildings in Iran. Given the imprecise data which is the prime challenge for development of any risk model, the proposed model demonstrates a more reliable and robust methodology to handle vague and imprecise information. The significant feature of the model is its transparency and flexibility in aggregating, tracing and monitoring the risk impacts. The novelty of this study is that it serves as the first attempt of the process of a knowledge base risk-informed system for ranking and screening the retrofitting group of school buildings. The model is capable of integrating various forms of knowledge (quantitative and qualitative information) extracted from different sources (facts, algorithms, standards and experience). The outcomes of the research collectively demonstrate that the proposed system supports seismic risk management processes effectively and efficiently.

This thesis contextualises and historicises the contribution of DreamWorks Animation to the dominant aesthetic of contemporary American feature animation from the early 2000s to the present day. Specifically, it aims to justify the claim that mainstream feature animation has shifted away from hyperrealism and towards a form of ‘narrative-cartoonalism’ predicated on non-visual departures from realism. The thesis introduces this term to counteract the focus on the visual in conceptions of animated realism, and aims to identify the extent to which the DreamWorks studio played a key role in this shift, particularly through its use of intertextuality. Tracing the history of intertextuality in animation from the 1920s to the present day, the thesis looks to establish DreamWorks’ position within this lineage by closely examining the studio’s use of star performances, contemporary music, generic pastiche and allusive comedic gags in its features, and discussing the various diegetic contradictions that result. Ultimately, I intend for this thesis to contribute a crucial approach to understanding one of the key studios working during a hugely significant period of western feature animation, not only illuminating the output of Dreamworks but of this period as a whole. Culturally important yet critically neglected, research into the aesthetics of this modern era is essential to the progression of animation studies.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Neste trabalho abordamos um tema pouco explorado nos cursos de graduação em Matemática, que é a Geometria Fractal, resgatando conceitos básicos da Geometria Euclidiana, utilizando caleidoscópios e softwares educacionais. Assim, foram tecidas algumas considerações a respeito da utilização de computadores na sala de aula, através de um estudo que investigou: Que contribuições pode trazer, para o ensinoaprendizagem de Geometria, um estudo de Fractais Geométricos através de caleidoscópios e softwares de Geometria Dinâmica ?. Foram elaboradas atividades e aplicadas a alunos da Licenciatura em Matemática (do 1º e 2º semestres) da Unesp de Rio Claro, que participaram de um Curso de Extensão. A utilização de materiais diferentes do tradicional, como o caleidoscópio e o computador (este último como elemento inserido no contexto educacional), e a contextualização da Geometria contribuíram para o estabelecimento de um ambiente de aprendizagem agradável e participativo. Nosso estudo mostrou uma maneira inovadora de obterem-se fractais geométricos: através de bases caleidoscópicas, o que enseja um grande estudo sobre espelhos e caleidoscópios, e traz em si a oportunidade de estudarem-se muitos conceitos geométricos (reflexão, simetrias, transformações geométricas, bissetriz, mediatriz, seqüências, etc.). Apresentamos, ainda, alguns aspectos pedagógicos e matemáticos relacionados à aplicabilidade dos Fractais Geométricos no processo de construção de conceitos geométricos, por meio da interação aluno-aluno, aluno-computador e alunoprofessor, tendo como pano de fundo a resolução de problemas. Dessa forma, nosso estudo proporcionou para os alunos uma maior relação com os conceitos fundamentais de Geometria Euclidiana e Geometria Fractal, além de uma alternativa metodológica inerente ao ensino da Geometria.
In this work we approached a theme little explored in the degree courses in Mathematics, that it is the Fractal Geometry ransoms basic concepts of the Euclidian Geometry, using kaleidoscopic and educational softwares. At his, are some woven considerations respect the use computers in the classroom, through a study that enquired: What contributions can bring, for teaching-learning of Geometry, a study of the geometrical fractals that include kaleidoscopic and softwares of Dynamic Geometry? Activities were elaborated and applied to students of the degree in mathematics (of the 1st and 2nd semesters) of Unesp de Rio Claro, who participated in a Course of Extension. The use of different materials from the traditional as the kaleidoscopic and computer (this last one as element inserted in the education context), and the contextualization of the Geometry contributed to the establishment of an environment of the pleasing learning and interest. Our study showed an innovator way of they be obtained fractal geometrics: through of kaleidoscopic bases, that wish a great study with mirrors and kaleidoscopic, and bring in itself the opportunity of they be studied many geometric concepts (reflection, symmetric, geometric transformations, bisector, mediate, etc). We presented, still, some pedagogic and mathematic aspects related to the applicability of Fractal Geometrics in the process of construction of geometrical concepts, through the interaction student-student, student-computer and student-teacher using as backdrop the problem solve. Of this form, our study it provided for the students a bigger relation with the basic concepts of Euclidean Geometry and Fractal Geometry, beyond inherent a metodology alternative to the teaching of Geometry.

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Por trabalharmos há muitos anos com o fornecimento de softwares educativos para escolas e universidades, tínhamos a convicção de que a tecnologia podia se constituir em ferramenta importante para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Ao iniciarmos nossos estudos verificamos que a Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA era um segmento pouco estudado e com baixa utilização de tecnologias educacionais. Observamos, também, que já existiam alguns estudos sobre o uso das tecnologias na Educação com enfoque em teorias de ensino-aprendizagem, porém, não localizamos nenhum direcionado para a Teoria Histórico-Cultural - THC. Decidimos que o objetivo de nossa pesquisa seria buscar pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural que pudessem contribuir para o uso da Informática na Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA. Para a concretização do estudo desenvolvemos investigação bibliográfica abrangendo a história da Educação Brasileira, os índices de qualidade na Educação, o analfabetismo funcional e o letramento, a dualidade de função da escola que ao mesmo tempo emancipa e aliena, as iniciativas governamentais para a EJA, as diversas teorias da aprendizagem e as relacionamos com as tecnologias. Analisamos a questão do alfabetismo digital, da formação dos professores e nos aprofundamos na Teoria Histórico-Cultural pensando sobre o entorno, sobre as perspectivas educativas que se abrem ao se considerar a Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal e o aprendizado pela interação social. Apresentamos as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação - TIC e relacionamos a Informática na Educação com a EJA e apresentamos um caso real sobre o assunto. Coletamos dados por meio de entrevistas, formulários, observações e registros durante o processo de formação de professores com ênfase na abordagem Histórico-Cultural e durante suas atividades com alunos nos laboratórios de informática em Pirassununga (SP)
By working for many years with the provision of educational software for schools and colleges we had the conviction that technology could be constituted as an important tool in the teaching-learning process. When we began our studies we found that the YAE – Youth and Adult Education was a segment little studied and with low use of educational technologies. We also noted that there were already some studies on the use of technology in Education with focus on theories of teaching-learning, however, we did not find any directed to the Historic-Cultural Theory. We decided that the goal of our research would be to seek assumptions of the Historical-Cultural Theory that could contribute to the use of the Computer in Youths and Adults Education – YAE. To realize the study we developed literature investigation comprehending the history of Brazilian Education, the quality indexes in Education, the functional illiteracy and the literacy, the dual function of the school that, at the same time, emancipates and alienates, the government initiatives for the YAE, the various learning theories and related it to the technologies. We analyzed the issue of the digital illiteracy, of the teacher training and we went deeper in the Historical-Cultural Theory thinking about the environment, about the educational prospects that open up when considering the Zone of Proximal Development and the learning through social interaction. We Introduced the ICT – Information and Communication Technology and related it to the Data Processing in Education in YAE – Youth and Adult Education and presented a real case on the subject. We collected data through interviews, forms, observation and records during the process of teachers education with an emphasis on historical-cultural approach and during their activities with students in the computer labs in Pirassununga (SP). We concluded our work showing that the pedagogical approach

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Muitos pesquisadores têm se preocupado com a avaliação na educação especial para o conhecimento das necessidades e habilidades do aluno deficiente. Em se tratando de alunos não-falantes, é fundamental a avaliação de suas habilidades comunicativas, dada a sua importância para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Visando a colaborar com instrumentos já existentes e devido à escassez de trabalhos na área, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um protocolo para avaliação de habilidades comunicativas de alunos não-falantes em ambiente escolar. O desenvolvimento do protocolo foi realizado cinco etapas. Na primeira etapa, o protocolo apresentado inicialmente sofreu três mudanças referentes ao lay out e a redação de algumas perguntas para aplicação na próxima etapa. Na segunda etapa, aplicou-se o protocolo a um grupo de 23 professores que lecionavam para alunos não-falantes, três fonoaudiólogas, uma assistente social e uma psicóloga a fim de verificar possíveis problemas no instrumento. Após análise, foi verificado um número elevado de itens deixados em branco e itens preenchidos de maneira inadequada na seção Principal e também se verificou a necessidade de mudanças em todas as outras quatro seções para que houvesse maior clareza aos respondentes. Na terceira etapa, após reformulação, aplicou-se o protocolo a um grupo de dois coordenadores, 16 professores que também lecionavam para alunos não-falantes, dois fisioterapeutas, cinco fonoaudiólogas e dois terapeutas ocupacionais e, após análise, também foram encontrados itens em brancos, mas em número menor que na etapa anterior, na seção Principal. Não houve itens preenchidos de maneira inadequada, sendo que nas outras seções também não foram encontrados problemas, exceto na da Rotina, encontrada em branco em alguns protocolos...
A number of researchers have been giving attention to evaluation in special education for identifying the challenged student s needs and skills. When it comes to non-speaking students, it is essential to evaluate his/her communication skills, given the importance to the teaching-learning process. Aiming at collaborating with already existent instruments and due to the lack of studies on the matter, the objective of the present study was to develop a protocol for evaluating communication skills of non-speaking students in school environment. In order to develop the protocol, five steps were taken. During the first step, the protocol suffered three lay-out changes and some questions were formulated to be applied on the next step. During the next step, the protocol was submitted to a group of 23 teachers who taught non-speaking students, 3 speech language pathologists, 1 social worker, and 1 psychologist with the purpose of checking for possible problems with the instrument. It was verified there was a great number of blank items as well inadequately filled ones on the Principal section. It was also noticed that the four other sections had to be modified for the sake of a better understanding. During the third step, after changes had been made, the protocol was submitted to a group of 2 coordinators, 16 teachers who also taught non-speaking students, 2 physiotherapists, 5 speech-language pathologists, and 2 occupational therapists. After analysis, blank items were also found, although not as many as before. There were no inadequately filled items, no problems were found on other sections, exception made on the Routine section, which was blank in some protocols. During the forth step, interviews were carried out, using the very protocol itself to also find out what could justify the problems during the previous step, given the fact that changes had already been made...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Resultados de efeitos de compostos fenólicos incorporados em dietas artificiais têm sido contestados, principalmente pela presença de proteínas com alto valor nutritivo, como a caseína, que podem influenciar a atividade dos aleloquímicos. Genótipos de soja resistentes a insetos têm apresentado flavonóides em sua composição, tornando necessária a informação sobre a interação deste fenólico com dieta. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se os efeitos de dietas artificiais, contendo diferentes concentrações de rutina (R) e genistina (G), e de genótipos de soja nos aspectos biológicos, assim como o modo de ação desses alimentos no intestino médio (IM) de A. gemmatalis. O efeito de rutina foi potencializado apenas quando as lagartas se alimentaram com dietas com 7g de caseína, ou seja, a metade da necessária para o desenvolvimento adequado do inseto. Dietas com as maiores concentrações de rutina (R2) e a mistura R1+G1 e folhas de PI 227687 e ‘IAC-100’ foram responsáveis pela maior mortalidade, redução dos pesos iniciais e de pupa, menor ganho de peso e crescimento. Estes tratamentos, principalmente R1+G1 e ‘IAC-100’ ainda provocaram maiores alterações morfológicas no IM da lagarta. Dietas e genótipos contendo apenas genistina não apresentaram acentuado efeito antinutricional no inseto e nem alterações morfológicas importantes. Assim sendo, estes resultados permitem concluir que a interação das substâncias R e G observadas em folhas de soja, como a ‘IAC-100’ e PI 227687, atua na proteção da planta ao ataque de A. gemmatalis, possivelmente por alterar as células colunares do IM.
Results regarding the effects of phenolics incorporated in artificial diets have been contested, mainly by the presence of high nutritive proteins as casein. This protein can cause deep influence in the alelochemical activity on herbivores. Resistant soybean genotypes have presented flavonoids, as rutin (R), in their chemical profile, turning necessary the information related to the interaction of such phenolic compound with the artificial diet. Additionally, effects of diets, with different concentration of R and genistin (G), and of soybean leaves on biological aspects, as well as, on the mode of action of them in A. gemmatalis midgut were evaluated. Rutin effect was only potentialized when larvae fed on diet with 7g of casein, i.e., half of amount necessary for an adequate insect development. Insects fed on artificial diet containing R2 (the highest rutin concentration) or R1+G1 (mixture of R and G), on PI 227687 and ‘IAC-100’ caused higher mortality, reduction in weighs of larvae (end of second instar) and pupae, also gained less weigh and presented lower growth compared to other diets. These treatments, mainly R1+G1 and ‘IAC-100’ also presented more morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Diets and genotypes containing only genistin did not show accentuated antinutritional effect and presented less intense morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Thus, these results allow suggesting that R and G, observed in leaves of soybean, as ‘IAC-100’ and PI 227687, interacts in the protection of the plant to A. gemmatalis attack, possibly by causing alterations in columnar cells of midgut.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar o comportamento dinâmico de estruturas laminares planas com carregamento perpendicular ao plano médio, em particular as placas delgadas, utilizando-se, para isso, a teoria clássica de flexão de placas e a discretização estrutural feita com os elementos finitos triangulares e retangulares trabalhando em conjunto e em separado. Na dedução das matrizes de rigidez e de massas dos elementos finitos em questão utiliza-se a formulação com parâmetros generalizados e com coordenadas homogêneas, cujas funções aproximadoras contêm nove e doze monômios, respectivamente, extraídos do polinômio algébrico cúbico em “x” e “y”. Para a consideração do amortecimento utiliza-se o Método de Rayleigh e para a integração numérica ao longo do tempo utiliza-se o Método de Newmark, via algoritmo previsor / corretor. Ao final deste são elaborados vários exemplos elucidativos visando uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos resultados obtidos.
In this work the dynamic behavior of plane laminate structures, with load applied perpendicularly to the middle plan, has been analyzed. The classic theory of bending plates and structural subdivision - done with triangular and rectangular finite elements working together as well as in separate – are used to study thin plates. The formulation employing generalized parameters and homogeneous coordinates, using approximating functions containing nine and twelve terms starting from the cubic algebraic polynomial in Cartesian coordinates x and y, is used to obtain the stiffness and mass matrices for the triangular and rectangular finite element, respectively. The Rayleigh Method is used to take into account the structural dumping while the Newmark Method is used to perform the numeric integration in the time, by means of predictor / corrector scheme. Additionally, several elucidating examples are elaborated in order to analyze the final results.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
René Char (1907-1988) deu início à sua vida literária no momento de uma estreita ligação com o movimento surrealista, no início da década de 30. No entanto, logo o poeta desligou-se do grupo liderado por Breton, engajou-se na Resistência Francesa e trilhou um caminho próprio que o levou a produzir uma poesia única, marcada pela associação de técnicas surrealistas a um certo rigor formal, dois elementos aparentemente opostos, mas cuja união produziu textos de intenso efeito poético. Char deixou uma vasta produção poética, ainda pouco estudada (sobretudo no Brasil), fato que se deve à difícil compreensão da obra do poeta, considerada muito hermética. Entretanto, ela tem despertado cada vez mais o interesse da crítica e, pouco a pouco, vem conquistando o espaço merecido: começa a transpor os limites territoriais e lingüísticos, fazendo-se conhecida e acolhida pelos espíritos agraciados pela receptividade e empenho na decifração de mensagens poéticas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o estudo da estética de René Char acompanhado da tradução comentada de Fenêtres dormantes et porte sur le toit e da análise das dificuldades encontradas durante a prática tradutória. A análise da obra centra-se no estudo de questões estilísticas, formais, bem como na herança surrealista presente na obra do poeta. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em duas grandes frentes de estudo que deram os subsídios para o trabalho de tradução. A primeira delas centrou-se no estudo de textos sobre teoria da poesia, sobre história literária do século XX e sobre a obra de René Char. A segunda etapa centrou-se no estudo teórico da tradução, possibilitando um aprofundamento das principais questões envolvidas no ato de traduzir tanto no seu aspecto teórico quanto prático.
René Char (1907-1988) began his literary life at the time of close liaison with the surrealist movement at the beginning of the 30’s. However, once the poet is disconnected from the group led by Breton, engaged in the French Resistance and decided to work by his own, which made him produce a singular poetry, marked by the association of surrealistic techniques and formal traces – two opposite elements, whose mixture produced texts of intense poetic effect. Char left a huge poetic work, yet little studied (especially in Brazil) a fact which is due to the difficulty of understanding his work, considered very hermetic. Neverthless, his work has increasingly aroused the interest of the critical and, little by little, has been conquering the space deserved: it begins to cross the boundaries and language, making itself known and accepted by the spirits given by the receptiveness and commitment to the deciphering of the poetic messages. This research aims at studying the esthetics of René Char by the commented translation of Fenêtres dormantes et porte sur le toit and analysis of the difficulties faced during the translation work. The analysis of this book focuses on the study of the esthetic and formal issues and on the surreal legacy in the poet’s work. The survey was developed in two main fronts of study that allowed the translation work. The first one focused on the study of texts on the theory of poetry, literary history in the twentieth century and René Char’s work. The second one focused on the translation theory, what made possible a deeper knowledge about the main questions concerned with the translation act, both theoretical and practical. At the end of this work, we not only demonstrate the importance of Char as one of the most significant poets of the twentieth century, but also open the possibility of presenting to the Brazilian reader an author still little known and poorly translated.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O azumoleno sódico é um fármaco desenvolvido para combater a hipertermia maligna, que é caracterizada por predisposição genética e desencadeada pelo uso de agentes anestésicos inalatórios em processos cirúrgicos podendo levar a óbito 70% dos enfermos. Este fármaco mostra-se como congênere do dantroleno sódico, e devido à sua solubilidade ser 30 vezes maior, apresenta vantagens durante seu uso emergencial. Por tratar-se de um novo fármaco, há poucos estudos relacionados às suas características físicoquímicas, impurezas e métodos de análises. Os objetivos são desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos eficazes na identificação e na quantificação de azumoleno sódico. A análise qualitativa foi realizada por análise térmica, espectrofotometria de absorção na região do ultravioleta, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e espectrofotometria de absorção na região do visível com utilização de ácido cloranílico 0,1% como reagente, permitindo a identificação do azumoleno sódico. Os métodos de análise quantitativos desenvolvidos e validados envolveram: (i) espectrofotometria no UV, com comprimento de onda a 340 nm, que apresentou resposta linear entre a faixa de concentração de 7,0 e 12,0 Ng/mL, na qual foram analisados satisfatoriamente os parâmetros de precisão, exatidão, robustez, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação, com teor médio de 98,86% e CV de 0,62 %; (ii) espectrofotometria na região visível, com utilização de ácido cloranílico 0,1% como reagente e acetonitrila como solvente, com comprimento de onda a 507 nm e faixa de concentração linear de 8,0 a 13,0 Ng/mL, com avaliação dos parâmetros de precisão, exatidão, robustez, limite de detecção...
Azumolene sodium is a drug designed to fight malignant hyperthermia, which is characterized by genetic predisposition and triggered by the use of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures can lead to death 70% of patients. This drug is shown as a congener of dantroleno sodium, and due to its solubility is 30 times larger, has advantages for its emergency use. As this is a new drug, there are few studies related to their physical and chemical characteristics, impurities and methods of analysis. The objectives are to develop and validate analytical methods effective in the identification and quantification of azumolene sodium. Qualitative analysis was performed by thermal analysis, absorption spectrophotometry in ultraviolet and visible region using 0.1% chloranilic acid as reagent and spectroscopy infrared absorption, allowing the identification of azumolene sodium. The methods of analysis developed and validated involved: (i) UV spectrophotometry, with wavelength at 340 nm, which showed linear response the concentration range of 7.0 and 12.0 Ng/mL, which were analyzed satisfactorily the parameters of precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, with percentage average of 98.86% and CV 0.62%, (ii) visible spectrophotometry, using 0.1% chloranilic acid reagent and acetonitrile as solvent, at 507 nm and linear concentration range from 8.0 to 13.0 mg/mL, with evaluation of precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification, showed the percentage average of 98.15% and CV 0.66%, (iii) high performance liquid chromatography, which used reverse-phase column C18 and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Dentre as diversas lógicas não-clássicas, que complementam o cálculo de predicados de primeira ordem, destacamos as lógicas moduladas. As lógicas moduladas são caracterizadas pela inclusão de um novo quantificador, chamado modulado, que tem a incumbência de interpretar aspectos indutivos de quantificadores das linguagens naturais. Como um caso particular de lógica modulada, a lógica do muito formaliza a noção intuitiva de “muitos”. O quantificador do muito é representado por G. Assim, uma sentença do tipo Gxα(x) deve ser entendida como “muitos indivíduos satisfazem a propriedade α”. Semanticamente, a noção de muitos está associada a uma estrutura matemática denominada família fechada superiormente e própria. Seja E um conjunto não vazio. Uma família própria fechada superiormente F em E é tal que: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitivamente, F caracteriza os conjuntos que possuem ‘muitos’ elementos. E, assim, o universo E possui muitos elementos; o ∅ não possui muitos elementos; e se A possui muitos elementos, então todo conjunto que contém A também possui muitos elementos. Com elementos sintáticos que caracterizam linguisticamente estas propriedades de F, pode-se verificar que a lógica do muito é correta e completa para uma estrutura de primeira ordem estendida por uma família própria fechada superiormente. A lógica do muito foi originalmente introduzida em um sistema dedutivo hilbertiano, baseado apenas em axiomas e regras de dedução. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um outro sistema dedutivo para a lógica do muito, porém num sistema de tablôs. Demonstramos, naturalmente, que esse novo sistema é equivalente ao sistema axiomático original.
Among the several non classical logics that complement the classical first-order logic, we detach the Modulated Logics. This class of logics is characterized by extending the classical logic by the introduction of a new generalized quantifier, called modulated quantifier, that has the attribution of interpreting some inductive aspects of quantifiers in any natural language. As a particular case of Modulated Logic, the Logic of Many formalize the intuitive notion of “many”. The quantifier of many is represented by G. Thus, a sentence of the type Gxα(x) must be understood like “many individuals satisfy the property α”. Semantically, the notion of many is associated with a mathematical structure named proper superiorly closed family. Let E be a non empty set. A proper superiorly closed family F in E is such that: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitively, F characterizes the sets which have “many” elements. The empty set ∅ does not have many elements. And if A has many elements, then any set which contains A, also has many elements. The logic of many has syntactical elements that caracterize linguisticaly these properties of F. We can verify that the Logic of Many is correct and complete for a first order structure extended by a proper superiorly closed family. The Logic of Many was originally introduced in a Hilbertian deductive system, based only on axioms and rules. In this work, we developed another deductive system for the Logic of Many, but in a tableaux system. We proof that this new system is equivalent to the original one.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Investigamos nesta dissertação a introdução de uma barreira dinâmica em diferentes sistemas físicos caóticos, a fim de analisar a influência que esta barreira causa na dinâmica e topologia destes sistemas. A barreira principal deste estudo é a barreira denominada Toro Robusto, que nada mais é do que uma curva invariante no espaço de fases em meio a estruturas de ressonância, mares de caos, etc. A barreira Toro Robusto bloqueia a difusão caótica no espaço de fases associado ao sistema físico, e causa também uma estabilização em sua vizinhança linear. Introduziremos Toros Robustos em vários tipos de sistemas dinâmicos, como por exemplo, em uma Hamiltoniana “Toy Model” a fim de entender o seu efeito no processo de reconexão ou “overlap” de ressonâncias isócronas. Toros Robustos quebrando a dimerização de cadeias de ressonância também foram estudados no mapa padrão “não-twist”. O bloqueio da difusão de Arnold no mapa padrão acoplado também foi mostrado, assim como, a introdução de Toros Robustos em sistemas utilizados em física de plasmas, como meio de controle de caos em plasma confinado em Tokamak. Outra barreira apresentada aqui é a barreira do tipo “meander” que surge através do processo de reconexão de ressonâncias no espaço de fases. Introduziremos um novo mapa discreto que chamamos de Mapa padrão “não-twist” labiríntico, que apresenta múltiplas regiões de barreiras “meanders” por todo o espaço de fases
We investigated in this work the introduction of a dynamical barrier in different chaotic physical systems in order to analyze the influence that it causes in the topology and in the dynamics of them. The main barrier studied here is called Robust Tori which is an invariant curve in the phase space permeated by resonance structures and chaotic seas. The Robust Torus barrier blocks the chaotic diffusion in the phase space of the associated physical system, and it also causes a linear stabilization in its neighborhood. Robust Tori will be introduced in several types of dynamic systems, such as in a Toy Model Hamiltonian in order to understand their effect on the reconnection process or overlap of isochronous resonances. The breakdown of resonance dimerization by Robust Tori was also studied using the nontwist standard map. The blocking of Arnold diffusion in the coupled standard map was also shown, as well as the introduction of Robust Tori in relevant models for plasma physics as a tool for controlling chaos in confined plasmas in Tokamaks. Another barrier, which is presented here, is the meander barrier that emerges through the reconnection process of resonances in phase space. We will also introduce a new discrete map, which we call labyrinthic standard non-twist map that shows multiple regions of meanders barriers around the phase space

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Apresentamos os resultados de estudos de cristalização de possíveis crescimentos de cristais semicondutores de óxido de telúrio (CdTe) e óxido de bismuto (Bi2O3) no sistema de vidro 20WO3-80TeO2 (TW). Estes trabalho configura-se como um estagio anterior aos estudos de crescimentos de semicondutores em dimensões nanométricas(nanocristais “NCs”) em vidros teluritos. Com este objetivo foi sintetizada a amostra: dopadas com óxido de cadmio e óxido de bismuto, em diversas proporções em suas composições, e estas foram submetidas ou não a ambientes redutores. As amostras foram tratadas termicamente a diferentes temperaturas na região de transição vítrea (Tg ~ 350° C) e analisados utilizando as técnicas de DRX, DSC, FTIR e UV-Vis. Resultados de DRX mostram que acima do recozimento 400°C estimulou o crescimento de trigonal bipiramidal-estruturas conhecidas como α-TeO2 em ambas as amostras, e para as amostras TW dopadas com óxido de bismuto, o tratamento térmico induz a formação de cristais semicondutores de óxido de bismuto. Espectroscopia no infravermelho também mostrou a presença de estruturas Bi2O3. Absorção óptica UV-Vis indica que a presença de cádmio e bismuto em vidro TW sem serem submetidos a tratamento térmico não muda os valores de gap óptico, sendo que este corresponde a uma energia de ~2,8 eV
The present work shows the studies of possible crystallization growth of crystals oxide semiconductors of tellurium (CdTe) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in the glass system 20WO3- 80TeO2 (TW). This work consists in the first steps of initial growth of semiconductors in nanometrics dimensions (nanocrystals “NCs”) in glasses teluritos. The sample was synthecized: doped with oxide of cadmium and bismuth oxide, in diverse ratios of its compositions, and these had been submitted or not it reducing enviroments. The samples had been thermally dealt with the different temperatures in the region glass transition (Tg ~ 350° C) and analyzed using the techniques of DRX, DSC, FTIR and UV-Vis. Results of DRX showed that up to the annealing 400°C it stimulated the trigonal growth known bipiramidal-structures as α-TeO2 in both the samples, and for samples TW (B), the thermal treatment induced the crystal formation bismuth oxide semiconductors. Spectroscopy in the infra-red ray also showed the presence of Bi2O3 structures in samples TW (B). Optic absorption UV-Vis indicated that the presence of cadmium and bismuth in glass TW without being submitted not dumb the thermal treatment the values of optic gap, being that this corresponds to an energy of ~2,8 eV

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 108).
The original question was: "Can machines think?" Alan Turing asked: "Does there exist a digital computer that can do sufficiently well at the imitation game?" Patrick Winston asked: "What makes human intelligence different from that of other primates?" Winston's answer came in the form of four hypotheses that are the core behind the vision of the Genesis group at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, which has developed the Genesis story understanding system. The key focus behind this system is: stories are an essential component of what makes human intelligence so remarkably different from that of other animals. I believe that if Winston and the Genesis group are correct and stories are a key part of human intelligence, then it is necessary that Genesis, the system that serves to demonstrate this point, be capable of handling stories from all cultures, including less well-known cultures such as that of the Crow indians, a tribe from the northern plains of the United States. Over the course of my work, I analyzed three collections of Crow literature, created a list of cultural features present in the stories, identified four as particularly important (unknowable events, medicine, differences as strengths, and uniform treatment of entities), and developed a set of five Genesis-readable stories in which those four features were prominent. This led to several new elements in the story understanding model; with these new elements, Genesis is capable of understanding stories from the Crow culture, bringing it one step closer to being a universal story understanding system.
by Wolfgang Victor Hayden Yarlott.
M. Eng.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-167).
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by an accumulation of lipid and fibrous tissue in the arterial wall. Postmortem studies have characterized rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques by the presence of a large lipid-rich core covered by a thin fibrous cap. Studies employing finite element analysis (FEA) based on ex vivo plaque geometry have found that most plaques rupture at sites of high circumferential stress, thus diagnosis of plaque vulnerability may be enhanced by probing the mechanical behavior of individual plaques. Elastography is a method of strain imaging in which an image sequence of the artery undergoing deformation is acquired, pixel motion is estimated between each frame, and the resulting velocity field is used to calculate strain. In this thesis, optical coherence tomography (OCT), a high-resolution optical imaging modality, is investigated as a basis for FEA and elastography of atherosclerotic plaques. FEA was performed using plaque geometries derived from both histology and OCT images of the same plaque. Patterns of mechanical stress and strain distributions computed from OCT-based models were compared with those from histology-based models, the current gold standard for FEA. The results indicate that the vascular structure and composition determined by OCT provides an adequate basis for investigating the biomechanical factors relevant to atherosclerosis. A new variational algorithm was developed for OCT elastography that improves upon the conventional algorithm by incorporating strain smoothness and incompressibility constraints into the estimation algorithm.
(cont.) In simulated OCT images, the variational algorithm offers significant improvement in velocity and strain accuracy over the conventional algorithm, particularly in the presence of image noise. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) phantoms of homogeneous and heterogeneous elastic modulus distribution were developed for further testing of the variational algorithm. Testing with the phantoms indicated that motion- and strain-induced decorrelation between images presents a practical challenge to the implementation of OCT elastography. Analysis of the experimental results led to the identification of potential improvements to the elastography algorithm that may increase accuracy. These improvements may include relaxation of the strain smoothness constraint to incorporate strain discontinuities at boundaries of elastic modulus in heterogeneous regions, and enforcement of geometry compatibility to prevent the estimation of non-physical velocity fields.
by Alexandra H. Chau.
S.M.

Thesis: Ph. D. in Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-96).
Any non-skeptical epistemological theory should hold that, if we want to know what the world is like, our best bet is to believe what our evidence supports. Evidence is a guide to truth. Though it might sound like a platitude, this thesis is far from trivial. My dissertation defends and develops a more complete picture of what our epistemological theory should look like, given this anti-skeptical thesis. If evidence is a guide to truth, we should expect that our beliefs about what our evidence supports should line up with our beliefs about the world. But this idea has come under fire in recent literature. In the first chapter, "Epistemic Akrasia", I argue that it is irrational to believe both P and my evidence does not support P. I show that epistemic akrasia licenses bad reasoning and irrational action. The second chapter "Immoderately Rational", brings out a surprisingly strong implication of the thesis. I argue that we can defend the thought that evidence is a guide to truth only if we have an extremely impermissive view, on which there is just one ideally rational response to any body of evidence. Even moderately permissive views cannot give this answer. In the third chapter, "Immodesty and Educated Guesses", I step back to consider how degrees of belief, or credences, can "get things right", given that they cannot be true or false. I defend a novel alternative: credences get things right by licensing true "educated guesses". The idea is that an agent's credences license all-or-nothing verdicts, which can be elicited in forced choice scenarios; credences get things right to the extent that these all-or-nothing verdicts tend to be true. This account vindicates a popular and plausible thought that rational credence is stable: if you know your credences are rational, you should not want to change them without receiving new evidence. I also suggest that it can be used to argue for probabilistic coherence as a rational requirement.
by Sophie Pilloo Horowitz.
Ph. D. in Philosophy

Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Banca: Maria José Vieira Fonseca
Banca: Maria Virginia Costa Scarpa
Resumo: O azumoleno sódico é um fármaco desenvolvido para combater a hipertermia maligna, que é caracterizada por predisposição genética e desencadeada pelo uso de agentes anestésicos inalatórios em processos cirúrgicos podendo levar a óbito 70% dos enfermos. Este fármaco mostra-se como congênere do dantroleno sódico, e devido à sua solubilidade ser 30 vezes maior, apresenta vantagens durante seu uso emergencial. Por tratar-se de um novo fármaco, há poucos estudos relacionados às suas características físicoquímicas, impurezas e métodos de análises. Os objetivos são desenvolver e validar métodos analíticos eficazes na identificação e na quantificação de azumoleno sódico. A análise qualitativa foi realizada por análise térmica, espectrofotometria de absorção na região do ultravioleta, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e espectrofotometria de absorção na região do visível com utilização de ácido cloranílico 0,1% como reagente, permitindo a identificação do azumoleno sódico. Os métodos de análise quantitativos desenvolvidos e validados envolveram: (i) espectrofotometria no UV, com comprimento de onda a 340 nm, que apresentou resposta linear entre a faixa de concentração de 7,0 e 12,0 Ng/mL, na qual foram analisados satisfatoriamente os parâmetros de precisão, exatidão, robustez, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação, com teor médio de 98,86% e CV de 0,62 %; (ii) espectrofotometria na região visível, com utilização de ácido cloranílico 0,1% como reagente e acetonitrila como solvente, com comprimento de onda a 507 nm e faixa de concentração linear de 8,0 a 13,0 Ng/mL, com avaliação dos parâmetros de precisão, exatidão, robustez, limite de detecção... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Azumolene sodium is a drug designed to fight malignant hyperthermia, which is characterized by genetic predisposition and triggered by the use of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures can lead to death 70% of patients. This drug is shown as a congener of dantroleno sodium, and due to its solubility is 30 times larger, has advantages for its emergency use. As this is a new drug, there are few studies related to their physical and chemical characteristics, impurities and methods of analysis. The objectives are to develop and validate analytical methods effective in the identification and quantification of azumolene sodium. Qualitative analysis was performed by thermal analysis, absorption spectrophotometry in ultraviolet and visible region using 0.1% chloranilic acid as reagent and spectroscopy infrared absorption, allowing the identification of azumolene sodium. The methods of analysis developed and validated involved: (i) UV spectrophotometry, with wavelength at 340 nm, which showed linear response the concentration range of 7.0 and 12.0 Ng/mL, which were analyzed satisfactorily the parameters of precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, with percentage average of 98.86% and CV 0.62%, (ii) visible spectrophotometry, using 0.1% chloranilic acid reagent and acetonitrile as solvent, at 507 nm and linear concentration range from 8.0 to 13.0 mg/mL, with evaluation of precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification, showed the percentage average of 98.15% and CV 0.66%, (iii) high performance liquid chromatography, which used reverse-phase column C18 and a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Resumo: Resultados de efeitos de compostos fenólicos incorporados em dietas artificiais têm sido contestados, principalmente pela presença de proteínas com alto valor nutritivo, como a caseína, que podem influenciar a atividade dos aleloquímicos. Genótipos de soja resistentes a insetos têm apresentado flavonóides em sua composição, tornando necessária a informação sobre a interação deste fenólico com dieta. Adicionalmente, avaliaram-se os efeitos de dietas artificiais, contendo diferentes concentrações de rutina (R) e genistina (G), e de genótipos de soja nos aspectos biológicos, assim como o modo de ação desses alimentos no intestino médio (IM) de A. gemmatalis. O efeito de rutina foi potencializado apenas quando as lagartas se alimentaram com dietas com 7g de caseína, ou seja, a metade da necessária para o desenvolvimento adequado do inseto. Dietas com as maiores concentrações de rutina (R2) e a mistura R1+G1 e folhas de PI 227687 e 'IAC-100' foram responsáveis pela maior mortalidade, redução dos pesos iniciais e de pupa, menor ganho de peso e crescimento. Estes tratamentos, principalmente R1+G1 e 'IAC-100' ainda provocaram maiores alterações morfológicas no IM da lagarta. Dietas e genótipos contendo apenas genistina não apresentaram acentuado efeito antinutricional no inseto e nem alterações morfológicas importantes. Assim sendo, estes resultados permitem concluir que a interação das substâncias R e G observadas em folhas de soja, como a 'IAC-100' e PI 227687, atua na proteção da planta ao ataque de A. gemmatalis, possivelmente por alterar as células colunares do IM.
Abstract: Results regarding the effects of phenolics incorporated in artificial diets have been contested, mainly by the presence of high nutritive proteins as casein. This protein can cause deep influence in the alelochemical activity on herbivores. Resistant soybean genotypes have presented flavonoids, as rutin (R), in their chemical profile, turning necessary the information related to the interaction of such phenolic compound with the artificial diet. Additionally, effects of diets, with different concentration of R and genistin (G), and of soybean leaves on biological aspects, as well as, on the mode of action of them in A. gemmatalis midgut were evaluated. Rutin effect was only potentialized when larvae fed on diet with 7g of casein, i.e., half of amount necessary for an adequate insect development. Insects fed on artificial diet containing R2 (the highest rutin concentration) or R1+G1 (mixture of R and G), on PI 227687 and 'IAC-100' caused higher mortality, reduction in weighs of larvae (end of second instar) and pupae, also gained less weigh and presented lower growth compared to other diets. These treatments, mainly R1+G1 and 'IAC-100' also presented more morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Diets and genotypes containing only genistin did not show accentuated antinutritional effect and presented less intense morphologic alterations in the insect midgut. Thus, these results allow suggesting that R and G, observed in leaves of soybean, as 'IAC-100' and PI 227687, interacts in the protection of the plant to A. gemmatalis attack, possibly by causing alterations in columnar cells of midgut.
Orientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior
Coorientadora: Clara Beatriz Hoffmann-Campo
Banca: André Luiz Lourenção
Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Mestre

Orientador: Keizo Yukimitu
Banca: Ezequiel Costa Siqueira
Banca: Américo Sheitiro Tabata
Resumo: Apresentamos os resultados de estudos de cristalização de possíveis crescimentos de cristais semicondutores de óxido de telúrio (CdTe) e óxido de bismuto (Bi2O3) no sistema de vidro 20WO3-80TeO2 (TW). Estes trabalho configura-se como um estagio anterior aos estudos de crescimentos de semicondutores em dimensões nanométricas(nanocristais "NCs") em vidros teluritos. Com este objetivo foi sintetizada a amostra: dopadas com óxido de cadmio e óxido de bismuto, em diversas proporções em suas composições, e estas foram submetidas ou não a ambientes redutores. As amostras foram tratadas termicamente a diferentes temperaturas na região de transição vítrea (Tg ~ 350° C) e analisados utilizando as técnicas de DRX, DSC, FTIR e UV-Vis. Resultados de DRX mostram que acima do recozimento 400°C estimulou o crescimento de trigonal bipiramidal-estruturas conhecidas como α-TeO2 em ambas as amostras, e para as amostras TW dopadas com óxido de bismuto, o tratamento térmico induz a formação de cristais semicondutores de óxido de bismuto. Espectroscopia no infravermelho também mostrou a presença de estruturas Bi2O3. Absorção óptica UV-Vis indica que a presença de cádmio e bismuto em vidro TW sem serem submetidos a tratamento térmico não muda os valores de "gap" óptico, sendo que este corresponde a uma energia de ~2,8 eV
Abstract: The present work shows the studies of possible crystallization growth of crystals oxide semiconductors of tellurium (CdTe) and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) in the glass system 20WO3- 80TeO2 (TW). This work consists in the first steps of initial growth of semiconductors in nanometrics dimensions (nanocrystals "NCs") in glasses teluritos. The sample was synthecized: doped with oxide of cadmium and bismuth oxide, in diverse ratios of its compositions, and these had been submitted or not it reducing enviroments. The samples had been thermally dealt with the different temperatures in the region glass transition (Tg ~ 350° C) and analyzed using the techniques of DRX, DSC, FTIR and UV-Vis. Results of DRX showed that up to the annealing 400°C it stimulated the trigonal growth known bipiramidal-structures as α-TeO2 in both the samples, and for samples TW (B), the thermal treatment induced the crystal formation bismuth oxide semiconductors. Spectroscopy in the infra-red ray also showed the presence of Bi2O3 structures in samples TW (B). Optic absorption UV-Vis indicated that the presence of cadmium and bismuth in glass TW without being submitted not dumb the thermal treatment the values of optic " gap", being that this corresponds to an energy of ~2,8 eV
Mestre

Orientador: Claudemir Murari
Banca: Geraldo Perez
Banca: Ruy Madsen Barbosa
Resumo: Neste trabalho abordamos um tema pouco explorado nos cursos de graduação em Matemática, que é a Geometria Fractal, resgatando conceitos básicos da Geometria Euclidiana, utilizando caleidoscópios e softwares educacionais. Assim, foram tecidas algumas considerações a respeito da utilização de computadores na sala de aula, através de um estudo que investigou: "Que contribuições pode trazer, para o ensinoaprendizagem de Geometria, um estudo de Fractais Geométricos através de caleidoscópios e softwares de Geometria Dinâmica ?". Foram elaboradas atividades e aplicadas a alunos da Licenciatura em Matemática (do 1º e 2º semestres) da Unesp de Rio Claro, que participaram de um Curso de Extensão. A utilização de materiais diferentes do tradicional, como o caleidoscópio e o computador (este último como elemento inserido no contexto educacional), e a contextualização da Geometria contribuíram para o estabelecimento de um ambiente de aprendizagem agradável e participativo. Nosso estudo mostrou uma maneira inovadora de obterem-se fractais geométricos: através de bases caleidoscópicas, o que enseja um grande estudo sobre espelhos e caleidoscópios, e traz em si a oportunidade de estudarem-se muitos conceitos geométricos (reflexão, simetrias, transformações geométricas, bissetriz, mediatriz, seqüências, etc.). Apresentamos, ainda, alguns aspectos pedagógicos e matemáticos relacionados à aplicabilidade dos Fractais Geométricos no processo de construção de conceitos geométricos, por meio da interação aluno-aluno, aluno-computador e alunoprofessor, tendo como pano de fundo a resolução de problemas. Dessa forma, nosso estudo proporcionou para os alunos uma maior relação com os conceitos fundamentais de Geometria Euclidiana e Geometria Fractal, além de uma alternativa metodológica inerente ao ensino da Geometria.
Abstract: In this work we approached a theme little explored in the degree courses in Mathematics, that it is the Fractal Geometry ransoms basic concepts of the Euclidian Geometry, using kaleidoscopic and educational softwares. At his, are some woven considerations respect the use computers in the classroom, through a study that enquired: "What contributions can bring, for teaching-learning of Geometry, a study of the geometrical fractals that include kaleidoscopic and softwares of Dynamic Geometry?" Activities were elaborated and applied to students of the degree in mathematics (of the 1st and 2nd semesters) of Unesp de Rio Claro, who participated in a Course of Extension. The use of different materials from the traditional as the kaleidoscopic and computer (this last one as element inserted in the education context), and the contextualization of the Geometry contributed to the establishment of an environment of the pleasing learning and interest. Our study showed an innovator way of they be obtained fractal geometrics: through of kaleidoscopic bases, that wish a great study with mirrors and kaleidoscopic, and bring in itself the opportunity of they be studied many geometric concepts (reflection, symmetric, geometric transformations, bisector, mediate, etc). We presented, still, some pedagogic and mathematic aspects related to the applicability of Fractal Geometrics in the process of construction of geometrical concepts, through the interaction student-student, student-computer and student-teacher using as backdrop the problem solve. Of this form, our study it provided for the students a bigger relation with the basic concepts of Euclidean Geometry and Fractal Geometry, beyond inherent a metodology alternative to the teaching of Geometry.
Mestre

Orientador: Rogério de Oliveira Rodrigues
Banca: Wilson Sergio Venturini
Banca: Mônica Pinto Barbosa
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar o comportamento dinâmico de estruturas laminares planas com carregamento perpendicular ao plano médio, em particular as placas delgadas, utilizando-se, para isso, a teoria clássica de flexão de placas e a discretização estrutural feita com os elementos finitos triangulares e retangulares trabalhando em conjunto e em separado. Na dedução das matrizes de rigidez e de massas dos elementos finitos em questão utiliza-se a formulação com parâmetros generalizados e com coordenadas homogêneas, cujas funções aproximadoras contêm nove e doze monômios, respectivamente, extraídos do polinômio algébrico cúbico em "x" e "y". Para a consideração do amortecimento utiliza-se o Método de Rayleigh e para a integração numérica ao longo do tempo utiliza-se o Método de Newmark, via algoritmo previsor / corretor. Ao final deste são elaborados vários exemplos elucidativos visando uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos resultados obtidos.
Abstract: In this work the dynamic behavior of plane laminate structures, with load applied perpendicularly to the middle plan, has been analyzed. The classic theory of bending plates and structural subdivision - done with triangular and rectangular finite elements working together as well as in separate - are used to study thin plates. The formulation employing generalized parameters and homogeneous coordinates, using approximating functions containing nine and twelve terms starting from the cubic algebraic polynomial in Cartesian coordinates "x" and "y", is used to obtain the stiffness and mass matrices for the triangular and rectangular finite element, respectively. The Rayleigh Method is used to take into account the structural dumping while the Newmark Method is used to perform the numeric integration in the time, by means of predictor / corrector scheme. Additionally, several elucidating examples are elaborated in order to analyze the final results.
Mestre

Orientador: Ricardo Egydio de Carvalho
Banca: Iberê Luiz Caldas
Banca: Marisa Roberto
Resumo: Investigamos nesta dissertação a introdução de uma barreira dinâmica em diferentes sistemas físicos caóticos, a fim de analisar a influência que esta barreira causa na dinâmica e topologia destes sistemas. A barreira principal deste estudo é a barreira denominada Toro Robusto, que nada mais é do que uma curva invariante no espaço de fases em meio a estruturas de ressonância, mares de caos, etc. A barreira Toro Robusto bloqueia a difusão caótica no espaço de fases associado ao sistema físico, e causa também uma estabilização em sua vizinhança linear. Introduziremos Toros Robustos em vários tipos de sistemas dinâmicos, como por exemplo, em uma Hamiltoniana "Toy Model" a fim de entender o seu efeito no processo de reconexão ou "overlap" de ressonâncias isócronas. Toros Robustos quebrando a dimerização de cadeias de ressonância também foram estudados no mapa padrão "não-twist". O bloqueio da difusão de Arnold no mapa padrão acoplado também foi mostrado, assim como, a introdução de Toros Robustos em sistemas utilizados em física de plasmas, como meio de controle de caos em plasma confinado em Tokamak. Outra barreira apresentada aqui é a barreira do tipo "meander" que surge através do processo de reconexão de ressonâncias no espaço de fases. Introduziremos um novo mapa discreto que chamamos de Mapa padrão "não-twist" labiríntico, que apresenta múltiplas regiões de barreiras "meanders" por todo o espaço de fases
Abstract: We investigated in this work the introduction of a dynamical barrier in different chaotic physical systems in order to analyze the influence that it causes in the topology and in the dynamics of them. The main barrier studied here is called Robust Tori which is an invariant curve in the phase space permeated by resonance structures and chaotic seas. The Robust Torus barrier blocks the chaotic diffusion in the phase space of the associated physical system, and it also causes a linear stabilization in its neighborhood. Robust Tori will be introduced in several types of dynamic systems, such as in a Toy Model Hamiltonian in order to understand their effect on the reconnection process or overlap of isochronous resonances. The breakdown of resonance dimerization by Robust Tori was also studied using the nontwist standard map. The blocking of Arnold diffusion in the coupled standard map was also shown, as well as the introduction of Robust Tori in relevant models for plasma physics as a tool for controlling chaos in confined plasmas in Tokamaks. Another barrier, which is presented here, is the meander barrier that emerges through the reconnection process of resonances in phase space. We will also introduce a new discrete map, which we call labyrinthic standard non-twist map that shows multiple regions of meanders barriers around the phase space
Mestre

Orientador: Eduardo José Manzini
Banca: Dionísia Aparecida Cusin Lamônica
Banca: Sadao Omote
Resumo: Muitos pesquisadores têm se preocupado com a avaliação na educação especial para o conhecimento das necessidades e habilidades do aluno deficiente. Em se tratando de alunos não-falantes, é fundamental a avaliação de suas habilidades comunicativas, dada a sua importância para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Visando a colaborar com instrumentos já existentes e devido à escassez de trabalhos na área, o objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um protocolo para avaliação de habilidades comunicativas de alunos não-falantes em ambiente escolar. O desenvolvimento do protocolo foi realizado cinco etapas. Na primeira etapa, o protocolo apresentado inicialmente sofreu três mudanças referentes ao lay out e a redação de algumas perguntas para aplicação na próxima etapa. Na segunda etapa, aplicou-se o protocolo a um grupo de 23 professores que lecionavam para alunos não-falantes, três fonoaudiólogas, uma assistente social e uma psicóloga a fim de verificar possíveis problemas no instrumento. Após análise, foi verificado um número elevado de itens deixados em branco e itens preenchidos de maneira inadequada na seção Principal e também se verificou a necessidade de mudanças em todas as outras quatro seções para que houvesse maior clareza aos respondentes. Na terceira etapa, após reformulação, aplicou-se o protocolo a um grupo de dois coordenadores, 16 professores que também lecionavam para alunos não-falantes, dois fisioterapeutas, cinco fonoaudiólogas e dois terapeutas ocupacionais e, após análise, também foram encontrados itens em brancos, mas em número menor que na etapa anterior, na seção Principal. Não houve itens preenchidos de maneira inadequada, sendo que nas outras seções também não foram encontrados problemas, exceto na da Rotina, encontrada em branco em alguns protocolos...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: A number of researchers have been giving attention to evaluation in special education for identifying the challenged student’s needs and skills. When it comes to non-speaking students, it is essential to evaluate his/her communication skills, given the importance to the teaching-learning process. Aiming at collaborating with already existent instruments and due to the lack of studies on the matter, the objective of the present study was to develop a protocol for evaluating communication skills of non-speaking students in school environment. In order to develop the protocol, five steps were taken. During the first step, the protocol suffered three lay-out changes and some questions were formulated to be applied on the next step. During the next step, the protocol was submitted to a group of 23 teachers who taught non-speaking students, 3 speech language pathologists, 1 social worker, and 1 psychologist with the purpose of checking for possible problems with the instrument. It was verified there was a great number of blank items as well inadequately filled ones on the Principal section. It was also noticed that the four other sections had to be modified for the sake of a better understanding. During the third step, after changes had been made, the protocol was submitted to a group of 2 coordinators, 16 teachers who also taught non-speaking students, 2 physiotherapists, 5 speech-language pathologists, and 2 occupational therapists. After analysis, blank items were also found, although not as many as before. There were no inadequately filled items, no problems were found on other sections, exception made on the Routine section, which was blank in some protocols. During the forth step, interviews were carried out, using the very protocol itself to also find out what could justify the problems during the previous step, given the fact that changes had already been made...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Orientador: Hércules de Araújo Feitosa
Banca: Edélcio Gonçalves de Souza
Banca: Mauri Cunha do Nascimento
Resumo: Dentre as diversas lógicas não-clássicas, que complementam o cálculo de predicados de primeira ordem, destacamos as lógicas moduladas. As lógicas moduladas são caracterizadas pela inclusão de um novo quantificador, chamado modulado, que tem a incumbência de interpretar aspectos indutivos de quantificadores das linguagens naturais. Como um caso particular de lógica modulada, a lógica do muito formaliza a noção intuitiva de "muitos". O quantificador do muito é representado por G. Assim, uma sentença do tipo Gxα(x) deve ser entendida como "muitos indivíduos satisfazem a propriedade α". Semanticamente, a noção de muitos está associada a uma estrutura matemática denominada família fechada superiormente e própria. Seja E um conjunto não vazio. Uma família própria fechada superiormente F em E é tal que: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitivamente, F caracteriza os conjuntos que possuem 'muitos' elementos. E, assim, o universo E possui muitos elementos; o ∅ não possui muitos elementos; e se A possui muitos elementos, então todo conjunto que contém A também possui muitos elementos. Com elementos sintáticos que caracterizam linguisticamente estas propriedades de F, pode-se verificar que a lógica do muito é correta e completa para uma estrutura de primeira ordem estendida por uma família própria fechada superiormente. A lógica do muito foi originalmente introduzida em um sistema dedutivo hilbertiano, baseado apenas em axiomas e regras de dedução. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um outro sistema dedutivo para a lógica do muito, porém num sistema de tablôs. Demonstramos, naturalmente, que esse novo sistema é equivalente ao sistema axiomático original.
Abstract: Among the several non classical logics that complement the classical first-order logic, we detach the Modulated Logics. This class of logics is characterized by extending the classical logic by the introduction of a new generalized quantifier, called modulated quantifier, that has the attribution of interpreting some inductive aspects of quantifiers in any natural language. As a particular case of Modulated Logic, the Logic of Many formalize the intuitive notion of "many". The quantifier of many is represented by G. Thus, a sentence of the type Gxα(x) must be understood like "many individuals satisfy the property α". Semantically, the notion of many is associated with a mathematical structure named proper superiorly closed family. Let E be a non empty set. A proper superiorly closed family F in E is such that: (i) F ⊆ P(E); (ii) E ∈ F; (iii) ∅ ∉ F; (iv) A ∈ F e A ⊆ B ⇒ B ∈ F. Intuitively, F characterizes the sets which have "many" elements. The empty set ∅ does not have many elements. And if A has many elements, then any set which contains A, also has many elements. The logic of many has syntactical elements that caracterize linguisticaly these properties of F. We can verify that the Logic of Many is correct and complete for a first order structure extended by a proper superiorly closed family. The Logic of Many was originally introduced in a Hilbertian deductive system, based only on axioms and rules. In this work, we developed another deductive system for the Logic of Many, but in a tableaux system. We proof that this new system is equivalent to the original one.
Mestre

Orientador: José Carlos Miguel
Banca: Mariângela Braga Norte
Banca: Maria Raquel Miotto Morelatti
Resumo: Por trabalharmos há muitos anos com o fornecimento de softwares educativos para escolas e universidades, tínhamos a convicção de que a tecnologia podia se constituir em ferramenta importante para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Ao iniciarmos nossos estudos verificamos que a Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA era um segmento pouco estudado e com baixa utilização de tecnologias educacionais. Observamos, também, que já existiam alguns estudos sobre o uso das tecnologias na Educação com enfoque em teorias de ensino-aprendizagem, porém, não localizamos nenhum direcionado para a Teoria Histórico-Cultural - THC. Decidimos que o objetivo de nossa pesquisa seria buscar pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural que pudessem contribuir para o uso da Informática na Educação de Jovens e Adultos - EJA. Para a concretização do estudo desenvolvemos investigação bibliográfica abrangendo a história da Educação Brasileira, os índices de qualidade na Educação, o analfabetismo funcional e o letramento, a dualidade de função da escola que ao mesmo tempo emancipa e aliena, as iniciativas governamentais para a EJA, as diversas teorias da aprendizagem e as relacionamos com as tecnologias. Analisamos a questão do alfabetismo digital, da formação dos professores e nos aprofundamos na Teoria Histórico-Cultural pensando sobre o entorno, sobre as perspectivas educativas que se abrem ao se considerar a Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal e o aprendizado pela interação social. Apresentamos as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação - TIC e relacionamos a Informática na Educação com a EJA e apresentamos um caso real sobre o assunto. Coletamos dados por meio de entrevistas, formulários, observações e registros durante o processo de formação de professores com ênfase na abordagem Histórico-Cultural e durante suas atividades com alunos nos laboratórios de informática em Pirassununga (SP)
Abstract: By working for many years with the provision of educational software for schools and colleges we had the conviction that technology could be constituted as an important tool in the teaching-learning process. When we began our studies we found that the YAE - Youth and Adult Education was a segment little studied and with low use of educational technologies. We also noted that there were already some studies on the use of technology in Education with focus on theories of teaching-learning, however, we did not find any directed to the Historic-Cultural Theory. We decided that the goal of our research would be to seek assumptions of the Historical-Cultural Theory that could contribute to the use of the Computer in Youths and Adults Education - YAE. To realize the study we developed literature investigation comprehending the history of Brazilian Education, the quality indexes in Education, the functional illiteracy and the literacy, the dual function of the school that, at the same time, emancipates and alienates, the government initiatives for the YAE, the various learning theories and related it to the technologies. We analyzed the issue of the digital illiteracy, of the teacher training and we went deeper in the Historical-Cultural Theory thinking about the environment, about the educational prospects that open up when considering the Zone of Proximal Development and the learning through social interaction. We Introduced the ICT - Information and Communication Technology and related it to the Data Processing in Education in YAE - Youth and Adult Education and presented a real case on the subject. We collected data through interviews, forms, observation and records during the process of teachers education with an emphasis on historical-cultural approach and during their activities with students in the computer labs in Pirassununga (SP). We concluded our work showing that the pedagogical approach
Mestre

In this thesis we investigate concepts associated with aggregation. The basic idea of aggregation is that there exists a reduced order model such that, for an appropriate initial condition, the trajectories of the reduced-order model are linear combinations of the trajectories of the ful 1-order model. We study systems which do not aggregate exactly, but which "nearly aggregate". It is shown that for "nearly aggregable" systems there exists a reduced-order model such that, for an appropriate initial condition, the trajectories of the reduced-order model are near a linear combination of the trajectories of the full-order model. Under certain conditions it has also been shown that near-aggregation is equivalent to near-unobservability (roughly, an invariant subspace close to the null space of C). Here we establish a relationship between near-unobservability and modal measures of observability as suggested by Selective Modal Analysis. With this result we then obtain an upper bound on the norm of the transfer function residue using near-unobservability measures. The Generalized Hessenberg Representation (GHR) and Dual GHR are examined throughout this analysis. It is finally shown that for SISO systems, the residue norm may be expressed in terms of certain parameters of the Dual GHR.
M.S.

Crayfish throughout the holarctic are found in association with an order of worms known as branchiobdellidans. This relationship has been confirmed as a cleaning symbiosis in several species. The Conhaway crayfish,​ Cambarus appalachiensis, is a species of crayfish endemic to the New River Basin in Virginia and West Virginia. We studied a population of ​ C. appalachiensis​ in Sinking Creek in Newport, VA from March 2017 until February 2018. We collected morphological data and quantified the branchiobdellidan communities on 986 individuals, and kept note of egg brooding and young of year throughout the study period. The life cycle of C. appalachiensis was found to be similar to other large-bodied species of Cambarus crayfish. Molting occurred throughout the year, peaking in the months of April and September. This molting served as a disturbance effect to the symbiotic branchiobdellidan community and reset community assembly. The worm communities on larger, recently molted crayfish more closely resembled the less diverse communities on smaller crayfish. Most worms on recently molted crayfish were ones that we know are early colonizers. This thesis work provides the first life history information on a newly described species of Cambarus crayfish and provides both seasonal data on its branchiobdellidan associates and one of the first empirical examples of host ontogeny acting as a disturbance on a symbiotic community.
Master of Science
Crayfish throughout North America and Eurasia are the symbiotic partners to a number of small worms. This relationship has been confirmed as a cleaning symbiosis for several crayfish, similar to the cleaning stations at a coral reef. The Conhaway crayfish is a species of crayfish found in the New River Basin in Virginia and West Virginia. We studied a population of Conhaway crayfish in Sinking Creek in Newport, VA from March 2017 until February 2018. We collected data on the physical attributes of the crayfish, quantified the worms present on 986 individuals, and kept note of female crayfish with eggs and baby crayfish throughout the study period. The life cycle of the Conhaway crayfish was found to be similar to other large-bodied species of closely related crayfish. Molting, where the crayfish loses its shell and grows a new one, occurred throughout the year, peaking in the months of April and September. This molting served as a disturbance effect to the symbiotic worms, similar to how a wildfire might displace animals in a grassland ecosystem. The type and number of worms found on larger, recently molted crayfish more closely resemble the type and number of worms found on smaller crayfish. This thesis work provides the first information on the physical and reproductive attributes of a newly described species of crayfish and provides both seasonal data on its symbiotic worms and one of the first empirical examples of host growth and aging acting as a disturbance to symbiotic organisms living on that host.

In February 2014, a coal ash spill on Duke Energy's Dan River Plant in Eden, NC released approximately 39,000 tons of coal ash into the Dan River. It took approximately one week to stop the spill. Starting in February 2015, drinking water utilities using the Dan River experienced a series of taste and odor (TandO) events described as "earthy" or "musty". Similar TandO events were not documented before the coal ash spill. This research attempted to understand causes of the TandO events and if the coal ash spill was connected. A variety of water quality analyses were performed on twelve sites from August 2016 to September 2017 on the Dan and Smith Rivers. The Smith River served as the control. From concentrations of coal ash indicators (particularly Ba, Sr, As, V, and Br-), there was a signature of coal ash on the Dan River that was not present on the Smith River. The signature could not be attributed to the coal ash spill, as the signature was present upstream of the spill. Chronic ecosystem toxicity due to metals was low and not significantly different between the Dan and Smith Rivers. No substantial TandO events occurred during the period of this study. All monitored odorants were detected with varying frequencies in both the Dan and Smith Rivers. No significant change in odorant concentration was found above and below the location of the coal ash spill.
MS

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, магистерской три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и диссертации (на приложения, В первой главе исследуются теоретические русском и аспекты оборотного капитала, структура его активов. Рассматриваются механизмы и методы по формированию и управлению оборотным капиталом в современных условиях экономики. Вторая глава включает в себя финансовую оценку состояния объекта исследования на основе данных бухгалтерской отчетности, анализ показателей обеспеченности: оборотными средствами и их использования, а также был проведен анализ финансового состояния в целом и дана общая оценка предприятия. Третья глава включает в себя описание основных проблем и предложенных мер с целью повышения эффективности управления оборотным капиталом, основанные на модернизации системы управления дебиторской задолженностью и рентабельностью предприятия. Произведен ‘расчет экономического эффекта от предложенных мер. В заключении сформированы основные выводы.
The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of sources and dissertations (for applications, The first chapter examines theoretical Russian and aspects of working capital, the structure of its assets. Mechanisms and methods for the formation and management of working capital in modern economic conditions. The second chapter includes financial assessment of the state of the research object on the basis of accounting data, analysis of indicators of security: working capital and their use, as well as an analysis of the financial condition as a whole and an overall assessment of the enterprise.The third chapter includes a description of the main problems and proposed measures to improve efficiency of working capital management, based on the modernization of the system of management of accounts receivable and the profitability of the enterprise. The calculation of the economic effect of the proposed measures is made.

Orientador: Adalberto Luis Vicente
Banca: Gloria Carneiro do Amaral
Banca: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite
Resumo: René Char (1907-1988) deu início à sua vida literária no momento de uma estreita ligação com o movimento surrealista, no início da década de 30. No entanto, logo o poeta desligou-se do grupo liderado por Breton, engajou-se na Resistência Francesa e trilhou um caminho próprio que o levou a produzir uma poesia única, marcada pela associação de técnicas surrealistas a um certo rigor formal, dois elementos aparentemente opostos, mas cuja união produziu textos de intenso efeito poético. Char deixou uma vasta produção poética, ainda pouco estudada (sobretudo no Brasil), fato que se deve à difícil compreensão da obra do poeta, considerada muito hermética. Entretanto, ela tem despertado cada vez mais o interesse da crítica e, pouco a pouco, vem conquistando o espaço merecido: começa a transpor os limites territoriais e lingüísticos, fazendo-se conhecida e acolhida pelos espíritos agraciados pela receptividade e empenho na decifração de mensagens poéticas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo o estudo da estética de René Char acompanhado da tradução comentada de Fenêtres dormantes et porte sur le toit e da análise das dificuldades encontradas durante a prática tradutória. A análise da obra centra-se no estudo de questões estilísticas, formais, bem como na herança surrealista presente na obra do poeta. A pesquisa desenvolveu-se em duas grandes frentes de estudo que deram os subsídios para o trabalho de tradução. A primeira delas centrou-se no estudo de textos sobre teoria da poesia, sobre história literária do século XX e sobre a obra de René Char. A segunda etapa centrou-se no estudo teórico da tradução, possibilitando um aprofundamento das principais questões envolvidas no ato de traduzir tanto no seu aspecto teórico quanto prático.
Abstract: René Char (1907-1988) began his literary life at the time of close liaison with the surrealist movement at the beginning of the 30's. However, once the poet is disconnected from the group led by Breton, engaged in the French Resistance and decided to work by his own, which made him produce a singular poetry, marked by the association of surrealistic techniques and formal traces - two opposite elements, whose mixture produced texts of intense poetic effect. Char left a huge poetic work, yet little studied (especially in Brazil) a fact which is due to the difficulty of understanding his work, considered very hermetic. Neverthless, his work has increasingly aroused the interest of the critical and, little by little, has been conquering the space deserved: it begins to cross the boundaries and language, making itself known and accepted by the spirits given by the receptiveness and commitment to the deciphering of the poetic messages. This research aims at studying the esthetics of René Char by the commented translation of Fenêtres dormantes et porte sur le toit and analysis of the difficulties faced during the translation work. The analysis of this book focuses on the study of the esthetic and formal issues and on the surreal legacy in the poet's work. The survey was developed in two main fronts of study that allowed the translation work. The first one focused on the study of texts on the theory of poetry, literary history in the twentieth century and René Char's work. The second one focused on the translation theory, what made possible a deeper knowledge about the main questions concerned with the translation act, both theoretical and practical. At the end of this work, we not only demonstrate the importance of Char as one of the most significant poets of the twentieth century, but also open the possibility of presenting to the Brazilian reader an author still little known and poorly translated.
Mestre

El risc de crèdit s'associa a l'eventual incompliment de les obligacions de pagament per part dels creditors. En aquest cas, l'interès principal de les institucions financeres és mesurar i gestionar amb precisió aquest risc des del punt de vista quantitatiu. Com a resposta a l'interès esmentat, aquesta tesi doctoral, titulada "Structural Credit Risk Models: Estimation and Applications", se centra en l'ús pràctic dels anomenats "models estructurals de risc de crèdit". Aquests models es caracteritzen perquè estableixen una relació explícita entre el risc de crèdit i diverses variables fonamentals, la qual cosa permet un ventall ampli d'aplicacions. Concretament, la tesi analitza el contingut informatiu tant del mercat d'accions com del mercat de CDS sobre la base dels models estructurals esmentats.

El primer capítol, estudia la velocitat distinta amb què el mercat d'accions i el mercat de CDS incorporen nova informació sobre el risc de crèdit. L'anàlisi se centra a respondre dues preguntes clau: quin d'aquests mercats genera una informació més precisa sobre el risc de crèdit i quins factors determinen el diferent contingut informatiu dels indicadors respectius de risc, és a dir, les primes de crèdit implícites en el mercat d'accions enfront del de CDS. La base de dades utilitzada inclou 94 empreses (40 d'europees, 32 de nordamericanes i 22 de japoneses) durant el període 2002-2004. Entre les conclusions principals destaquen la naturalesa dinàmica del procés de price discovery, una interconnexió més gran entre ambdós mercats i un major domini informatiu del mercat d'accions, associat a uns nivells més elevats del risc de crèdit, i, finalment, una probabilitat més gran de lideratge informatiu del mercat de CDS en els períodes d'estrès creditici.

El segon capítol se centra en el problema de l'estimació de les variables latents en els models estructurals. Es proposa una nova metodologia, que consisteix en un algoritme iteratiu aplicat a la funció de versemblança per a la sèrie temporal del preu de les accions. El mètode genera estimadors de pseudomàxima versemblança per al valor, la volatilitat i el retorn que s'espera obtenir dels actius de l'empresa. Es demostra empíricament que aquest nou mètode produeix, en tots els casos, valors raonables del punt de fallida. A més, aquest mètode és contrastat d'acord amb les primes de CDS generades. S'observa que, en comparació amb altres alternatives per fixar el punt de fallida (màxima versemblança estàndard, barrera endògena, punt d'impagament de KMV i nominal del deute), l'estimació per pseudomàxima versemblança proporciona menys divergències.

El tercer i darrer capítol de la tesi tracta la qüestió relativa a components distints del risc de crèdit a la prima dels CDS. Més concretament, estudia l'efecte del desequilibri entre l'oferta i la demanda, un aspecte important en un mercat on el nombre de compradors (de protecció) supera habitualment el de venedors. La base de dades cobreix, en aquest cas, 163 empreses en total (92 d'europees i 71 de nord-americanes) per al període 2002- 2008. Es demostra que el desequilibri entre l'oferta i la demanda té, efectivament, un paper important a l'hora d'explicar els moviments a curt termini en els CDS. La influència d'aquest desequilibri es detecta després de controlar l'efecte de variables fonamentals vinculades al risc de crèdit, i és més gran durant els períodes d'estrès creditici. Aquests resultats il·lustren que les primes dels CDS reflecteixen no tan sols el cost de la protecció, sinó també el cost anticipat per part dels venedors d'aquesta protecció per tancar la posició adquirida.
El riesgo de crédito se asocia al potencial incumplimiento por parte de los acreedores respecto de sus obligaciones de pago. En este sentido, el principal interés de las instituciones financieras es medir y gestionar con precisión dicho riesgo desde un punto de vista cuantitativo. Con objeto de responder a este interés, la presente tesis doctoral titulada "Structural Credit Risk Models: Estimation and Applications", se centra en el uso práctico de los denominados "Modelos Estructurales de Riesgo de Crédito". Estos modelos se caracterizan por establecer una conexión explícita entre el riesgo de crédito y diversas variables fundamentales, permitiendo de este modo un amplio abanico de aplicaciones. Para ser más explícitos, la presente tesis explora el contenido informativo tanto del mercado de acciones como del mercado de CDS sobre la base de los mencionados modelos estructurales.

El primer capítulo de la tesis estudia la distinta velocidad con la que el mercado de acciones y el mercado de CDS incorporan nueva información sobre el riesgo de crédito. El análisis se centra en contestar dos preguntas clave: cuál de estos mercados genera información más precisa sobre el riesgo de crédito, y qué factores determinan en distinto contenido informativo de los respectivos indicadores de riesgo, esto es, primas de crédito implícitas en el mercado de acciones frente a CDS. La base de datos utilizada engloba a 94 compañías (40 europeas, 32 Norteamericanas y 22 japonesas) durante el periodo 2002-2004. Entre las principales conclusiones destacan la naturaleza dinámica del proceso de price discovery, la mayor interconexión entre ambos mercados y el mayor dominio informativo del mercado de acciones asociados a mayores niveles del riesgo de crédito, y finalmente la mayor probabilidad de liderazgo informativo del mercado de CDS en los periodos de estrés crediticio.

El segundo capítulo se centra en el problema de estimación de variables latentes en modelos estructurales. Se propone una nueva metodología consistente en un algoritmo iterativo aplicado a la función de verosimilitud para la serie temporal del precio de las acciones. El método genera estimadores pseudo máximo verosímiles para el valor, volatilidad y retorno esperado de los activos de la compañía. Se demuestra empíricamente que este nuevo método produce en todos los casos valores razonables del punto de quiebra. El método es además contrastado en base a las primas de CDS generadas. Se observa que, en comparación con otras alternativas para fijar el punto de quiebra (máxima verosimilitud estándar, barrera endógena, punto de impago de KMV, y nominal de la deuda), la estimación por pseudo máxima verosimilitud da lugar a las menores divergencias.

El tercer y último capítulo de la tesis aborda la cuestión relativa a componentes distintos al riesgo de crédito en la prima de los CDS. Se estudia más concretamente el efecto del desequilibrio entre oferta y demanda, un aspecto importante en un mercado donde el número de compradores (de protección) supera habitualmente al de vendedores. La base de datos cubre en este caso un total de 163 compañías (92 europeas y 71 norteamericanas) para el periodo 2002-2008. Se demuestra que el desequilibrio entre oferta y demanda tiene efectivamente un papel importante a la hora de explicar los movimientos de corto plazo en los CDS. La influencia de este desequilibrio se detecta una vez controlado el efecto de variables fundamentales ligadas al riesgo de crédito, y es mayor durante los periodos de estrés crediticio. Estos resultados ilustran que las primas de los CDS reflejan no sólo el coste de la protección, sino el coste anticipado por parte de los vendedores de tal protección de cerrar la posición adquirida.
Credit risk is associated with potential failure of borrowers to fulfill their obligations. In that sense, the main interest of financial institutions becomes to accurately measure and manage credit risk on a quantitative basis. With the intention to respond to this task this doctoral thesis, entitled "Structural Credit Risk Models: Estimation and Applications", focuses on practical usefulness of structural credit risk models that are characterized with explicit link with economic fundamentals and consequently allow for a broad range of application possibilities. To be more specific, in essence, the thesis project explores the information on credit risk embodied in the stock market and market for credit derivatives (CDS market) on the basis of structural credit risk models. The issue addressed in the first chapter refers to relative informational content of stock and CDS market in terms of credit risk. The overall analysis is focused on answering two crucial questions: which of these markets provides more timely information regarding credit risk, and what are the factors that influence informational content of credit risk indicators (i.e. stock market implied credit spreads and CDS spreads). Data set encompasses international set of 94 companies (40 European, 32 US and 22 Japanese) during the period 2002-2004. The main conclusions uncover time-varying behaviour of credit risk discovery, stronger cross market relationship and stock market leadership at higher levels of credit risk, as well as positive relationship between the frequency of severe credit deterioration shocks and the probability of the CDS market leadership.

Second chapter concentrates on the problem of estimation of latent parameters of structural models. It proposes a new, maximum likelihood based iterative algorithm which, on the basis of the log-likelihood function for the time series of equity prices, provides pseudo maximum likelihood estimates of the default barrier and of the value, volatility, and expected return on the firm's assets. The procedure allows for credit risk estimation based only on the readily available information from stock market and is empirically tested in terms of CDS spread estimation. It is demonstrated empirically that, contrary to the standard ML approach, the proposed method ensures that the default barrier always falls within reasonable bounds. Moreover, theoretical credit spreads based on pseudo ML estimates offer the lowest credit default swap pricing errors when compared to the other options that are usually considered when determining the default barrier: standard ML estimate, endogenous value, KMV's default point, and principal value of debt.

Final, third chapter of the thesis, provides further evidence of the performance of the proposed pseudo maximum likelihood procedure and addresses the issue of the presence of non-default component in CDS spreads. Specifically, the effect of demand-supply imbalance, an important aspect of liquidity in the market where the number of buyers frequently outstrips the number of sellers, is analyzed. The data set is largely extended covering 163 non-financial companies (92 European and 71 North American) and period 2002-2008. In a nutshell, after controlling for the fundamentals reflected through theoretical, stock market implied credit spreads, demand-supply imbalance factors turn out to be important in explaining short-run CDS movements, especially during structural breaks. Results illustrate that CDS spreads reflect not only the price of credit protection, but also a premium for the anticipated cost of unwinding the position of protection sellers.

This thesis presents a series of case studies demonstrating that literary biography and literary criticism concerning writers who abused alcohol or who lived in relationships with those who abused alcohol can be enriched by an interdisciplinary appreciation of contemporary addiction theory. It begins with an overview of the various constructions of addiction to alcohol and to other substances and activities, ways of thinking about harmful dependencies which have dominated Western attitudes since the eighteenth century. It then identifies the directions current addiction research and therapy have taken and focuses particularly on the paradigm in most frequent clinical use today; that is, the understanding of alcohol addiction as a disorder not merely of the individual subject but of a constellation of codependent relationships. Literary biography has all too often either trivialized or sensationalized the addictions of writers and their families, and in doing so, has made it difficult for critics to address textual questions which could be resolved more appropriately with a sensitivity to addiction theory in general and to the circumstances of the writer's life in particular. To demonstrate that current thinking about alcoholism and codependency provides a valid way to read works by writers who were either alcoholic themselves or who lived in domestic relationships with alcoholics, it presents "case studies" from eras prior to our own and argues that authorial anxiety about alcohol abuse and addiction was not only a significant factor in the production of the texts but in the preoccupations within the works themselves in ways which repay close reading. It provides readings of well-known nineteenth and twentieth-century novels: Anne Bronte's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment, Malcolm Lowry's Under the Volcano, and Evelyn Waugh's The Sword of Honour trilogy. In doing so, it seeks to demonstrate that anxiety about alcohol abuse in the context of marriage and parent-child relationships is a recurring and meaningful element, attention to which deepens a reader's appreciation of the writers' theme and technique and, moreover, challenges-or complements, in unexpected ways-insights from more conventional criticism.

The current study examined Gilbert's (1998) concept of internal and external shame, and the degree to which eye gaze diversion is associated with the activation of shame generally, or is more isolated to when either external (i.e., perceived negative judgements from others) or internal (when shame-evoking evaluations come from the self) shame is experienced. The study also examined experiences of dissociation to ascertain whether there is a relationship between shame and dissociation. It was hypothesised that if shame is associated with internal and external observations, more gaze diversion will occur when participants are looking at themselves in the mirror or at the experimenter than when looking at a blank board, during the shame induction. Secondly, if eye gaze diversion is more strongly related to external shame, participants will look away from the experimenter more, during the shame induction. Thirdly, if eye gaze diversion is more strongly related to internal shame, more gaze diversion will be evident when they view themselves in the mirror during the shame induction. It is also thought that experiences of dissociation will increase after the shame induction. Psychology students from the University of Canterbury (n = 78) completed four measures assessing trait and state shame and dissociation, and listened to audio clips of shame-inducing and neutral scenarios while either viewing themselves in a mirror (internal shame), looking at the researcher (external shame) or looking at a blank board (control). Eye gaze diversion was recorded across scripts and conditions. Although initial analyses did not reach significance, simple effects analyses do indicate that eye gaze diversion is more associated with external shame than internal shame or shame more generally. Furthermore, state dissociation was significantly higher following shame inductions, when compared to the neutral induction. Taken together, results indicate support for hypotheses two and four and do not support hypotheses one and three.

Credit default swaptions (CDS options) are credit derivatives that are widely used by finan-cial institutions such as banks and hedging companies to manage their credit risk. These options are usually priced using Black-Scholes model, but the assumptions underlying this model do not always hold especially when solving complex financial problems. The proposed solution is to use numerical methods such as finite difference method (FDM) to approximate the solution of the Black-Scholes PDE in cases where closed form solutions cannot be obtained. The pricing of swaptions are important in financial markets, hence we specifically discuss the pricing of interest rate swaptions, CDS options, commodity swaptions and energy swap-tions using Black-Scholes model. Simple parabolic PDE known as heat equation given at (Higham, 2004) forms a foundations to understand the application of FDM when solving a PDE. Since, Black-Scholes PDE is also a parabolic equation it is transformed to a form of a heat equation (diffusion equation) by applying change of variables technique. FDM, specifically Crank-Nicolson method can be applied to the heat equation but in this dissertation it is applied directly to the Black-Scholes PDE to approximate its solution. Therefore, it is preferable to use Crank-Nicolson method because it is known to be second- order accurate, unconditionally stable, very flexible, suitable and can accommodate varia- tions in financial problems, (Duffy, 2008). The stability of this method is investigated using a matrix approach because it accommodates the effect of boundary conditions. To test the convergence of Crank-Nicolson method, it is compared with the Black-Scholes method used in (Tucker and Wei, 2005) to price CDS options. Conclusively the results obtained by Crank-Nicolson method to price CDS options are similar to those obtained using Black-Scholes method.
Thesis (MSc (Risk Analysis))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references.
The first two chapters of this dissertation study financial asset markets which are not "frictionless." The first chapter focuses on the effects of transaction costs. The second chapter focuses on the interaction between asymmetric information and strategic behavior. The third chapter empirically assesses the informativeness of certain types of price indicators based on technical analysis. In Chapter 1 ( co-authored with Andrew Lo and Jiang Wang) we propose a dynamic equilibrium model of asset pricing and trading volume with heterogeneous investors facing fixed transactions costs. We show that even small fixed costs can give rise to large "notrade" regions for each investor's optimal trading policy and a significant illiquidity discount in asset prices. We perform a calibration exercise to illustrate the empirical relevance of our model for aggregate data. Our model also has implications for the dynamics of order flow, bid/ask spreads, market depth, the allocation of trading costs between buyer and seller, and other aspects of market microstructure, including a square-root power law between trading volume and fixed costs which we confirm using historical US stock market data from 1993 to 1997. Chapter 2 develops an equilibrium model of a dynamic asymmetric information economy. The model is solved under two circumstances: where the informed and uninformed sectors are both competitive, and where the informed sector is competitive and the uninformed sector consists of a single, strategic agent. The strategic uninformed agent, when facing the same signals as the uninformed competitive sector, manages to extract different information abo~t the state of the economy. I find that expected returns, return variability, and unexpected trading volume differ between the competitive and the strategic economies. Furthermore, this difference depends on the degree of informational asymmetry between the two sectors. In the strategic economy, less surplus is lost due to informational arbitrage by the informed sector. Interestingly, the presence of asymmetric information allows even the competitive uninformed agents to gain surplus from allocational trade. Finally, I examine the incentives of agents to become better informed, and find that sometimes both competitive and strategic agents are better off under worse information. Technical analysis, also known as "charting," has been a part of financial practice for many decades, but this discipline has not received the same level of academic scrutiny and acceptance as more traditional approaches such as fundamental analysis. One of the main obstacles is the highly subjective nature of technical analysis-the presence of geometric shapes in historical price charts is often in the eyes of the, beholder. In Chapter 3 ( co-authored with Andrew Lo and Jiang Wang), we propose a systematic and automatic approach to technical pattern recognition using nonparametric kernel regression, and apply this method to a large number of U.S. stocks from 1962 to 1996 to evaluate the effectiveness of technical analysis. By comparing the unconditional empirical distribution of daily stock returns to the conditional distribution-conditioned on specific technical indicators such as head-and shoulders or double-bottoms-we find that over the 31-year sample period, several technical indicators do provide incremental information and may have some practical value.
by Harry Mamaysky.
Ph.D.

Master of Science
Department of Journalism and Mass Communications
Todd F. Simon
In the United States, the number of college-age students (19-24) who volunteer is rising rapidly. However, most of the research in regard to sustaining volunteers with nonprofits is targeted to the whole population, especially older adults. This research employed the first sample survey of college volunteers for the study of a public relations theory. The findings showed that theories developed for older adults may also apply to young adults and could provide insights about youth relationships. While using organization-public relationship model as the theoretical background, the results suggest that Access, Networking, and Assurance are important public relations strategies for nonprofits maintaining college volunteers. Nonprofits should try to cultivate a sense of commitment with college volunteers, which could greatly increase their volunteer intentions in the future. In addition, as suggested by the previous research, this study collected the data in regard to college volunteers' parents' social-economic status, and has found that parental involvement with nonprofits has a great impact on their children's volunteer behaviors in the future.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia
Introdução: O envelhecimento provoca perda de funcionalidade, diminuição da força muscular e da massa óssea, lentificação dos movimentos e aumento do tempo de reação. O equilíbrio altera-se à medida que a idade avança provocando instabilidade na marcha, o que pode dar origem a quedas e diminuição da independência. A qualidade de vida, nos idosos, é avaliada através do nível de independência e de autonomia no desempenho das atividades da vida diária. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos da prática de um plano de exercícios baseado no método de Pilates no equilíbrio e qualidade de vida de idosas. Metodologia: pesquisa com palavras chave nas bases de dados na B-on e Pubmed de modo a encontrar estudos randomizados controlados, publicados em inglês, que aplicassem um plano de exercícios de Pilates num grupo de idosas. Foram excluídos artigos que incluíssem um protocolo de Pilates com recurso a equipamentos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 5 estudos experimentais randomizados controlados, com um total de 299 participantes. 3 artigos avaliaram os efeitos no equilíbrio, 1 avaliou o impacto na qualidade de vida e 1 artigo investigou os efeitos no equilíbrio e qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Os resultados dos estudos sugerem que o método de Pilates pode melhorar o equilíbrio de idosas e parece existir uma tendência na melhoria da qualidade de vida.
Introduction: Aging leads to loss of functionality, decrease of strength and bone mass, slowness of movements and increase of reaction time. Balance changes as we get older, causing walking instability which can cause falls and decrease of independence. Quality of life in elderly is evaluated through independence level and autonomy at daily life activities. Objective: Verified the effects of Pilates-based program on balance and quality of life in old female adults. Methodology: Research with keywords at B-on and Pubmed in order to find randomized controlled trial, published in English, that applied a Pilates program in old female adults. Excluded studies that include a Pilates protocol with machines. Results: Were included 6 randomized controlled trials, included 299 participants. 3 articles evaluated the effects on balance, 1 evaluated the impact on quality of life and 1 investigated effects on balance and quality of life. Conclusion: The results of studies suggest that Pilates method may improve balance in elderly. Seems to a trend towards improving quality of life.
N/A

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Realiza el diseño e implementación de una plataforma web, simple y didáctica, que permita visualizar y administrar una red de monitoreo continuo en área y evaluación de los CEM con respecto a los límites máximos permisibles (LMP), para informar a la población los niveles de las RNI, en términos de la intensidad de campo eléctrico (V/m), densidad de potencia radiada (W/m2 ) y coeficiente de exposición generadas por los servicios de telecomunicaciones a los cuales está siendo expuesta una determinada zona, con aplicación en la ciudad universitaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) en Lima. Estas redes son utilizadas para mejorar la comunicación del riesgo debido a la exposición a los CEM de las telecomunicaciones, de tal manera que la población cambie su percepción negativa y permita la instalación de las estaciones y el desarrollo de las redes de telecomunicaciones. La interfaz gráfica de la plataforma web se realizó utilizando HTML5, CSS y JavaScript, mientras que la lógica se desarrolló con PHP. Se realizaron pruebas a la plataforma utilizando una estación de ensayo llamada TESTFIEE01, esta estación contaba con un equipo de medición continua AMB-8059 y una sonda EP-1B-01. Se instaló en el techo de la Facultad de Ingeniería Electrónica y Eléctrica de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Como resultado, la plataforma se encuentra en funcionamiento continuo, a través del portal http://www.girniunmsm.rf.gd, además se probó la compatibilidad de funcionamiento con todas las sondas compatibles con el equipo AMB-8059, permitiendo también la plataforma realizar evaluaciones con los tres estándares de evaluación RNI que se encuentran v en nuestra legislación. Como resultado de la evaluación de los CEM realizada en la estación TESTFIEE01, la plataforma arrojó un nivel máximo de 2.3% durante el tiempo de monitoreo continuo, esto demuestra que se cumple con los LMP con mucha holgura. Como conclusión, esta plataforma web y red de monitoreo puede utilizarse en lugares sensibles para mejorar la comunicación de los verdaderos niveles de los CEM a la población. Si bien el costo de la implementación de este sistema es un poco elevado en caso se requiera instalarse en muchos lugares, esto puede reducirse utilizando una cantidad menor de estaciones y realizando campañas de medición y concientización en estos lugares sensibles por periodos, reubicando luego a otros puntos las mismas estaciones pudiendo abarcar así más lugares con menos estaciones, reduciendo de esta manera el costo de implementación.
Tesis

Includes bibliographical references.
In recent years, many States particularly within the SADC and East Africa region have embarked on constitution making exercises as part of the democratization process. There is a strong emphasis that such constitution making processes must be based on public participation. An assumption is often made that public participation in constitution making processes will lead to the creation of a legitimate and democratic constitution. With reference to the Zimbabwe 2013 constitution making process, this dissertation argues that whilst public participation in constitution making will surely enhance the legitimacy of the final constitution, it does not necessarily result in the writing of a democratic constitution. There are contextual and conceptual challenges that constrain public participation from resulting in the creation of a democratic constitution. Using the Zimbabwe 2013 constitution making process and the resultant final constitution as a case study, this dissertation identifies and examines these contextual challenges and they include the legal context prevailing at the time of the constitution making process, political culture of the society and its leadership, manipulation of public views by the dominant forces as well as constitutional illiteracy. The conceptual challenges relate to the shortcomings of the theoretical foundations of public participation in constitution making. Such theoretical foundations include the doctrine of popular sovereignty and the doctrine of nation building and national reconciliation.

The amount of water flowing through streams and rivers changes through time. The seasonality and duration of these changes can have profound impacts on human freshwater availability, aquatic habitat, and biogeochemical cycling. Numerous factors are thought to influence streamflow regime, including drainage basin area, temperature, precipitation, and land cover. Few of these qualities have remained untouched, either directly or indirectly, by expanding human activities. Altered climate, sweeping changes to large portions of the earth's surface, and the construction of dams and other infrastructure have fundamentally altered streamflows worldwide. Understanding the nature of these changes, both globally and regionally in the Western United States, is the subject of this thesis. In chapter 1 we explore ideal metric spaces for describing streamflow regime. The representation of information in concise terms is usually preliminary to developing an understanding of any system, and streamflow regime, which has been described with over 600 unique variables, is no exception. We demonstrate the efficacy of dimensionality reduction techniques, as well as frequency decompositions, in succinctly capturing much of the information previously described with hundreds of variables. We use this succinct language to gain key insights into major drivers of streamflow regime and present a new hypothesis about the mechanisms mediating flow variability. In chapter 2, we use frequency decompositions and several machine learning approaches to characterize streamflow regimes around the world and to understand how they are changing through time. Finally, in chapter 3, we analyze the effect that wildfire has had on the timing, amount, and variability of flow in the western US in recent decades. The work presented here demonstrates the power that advances in data science, particularly in time series analysis methods and machine learning, can have when coupled with large datasets in revealing insights into global and regional phenomena in hydrology.

Doutoramento em Didáctica e Formação
Este estudo investiga a influência da interação imagem-texto de três álbuns ilustrados de língua inglesa no desenvolvimento do repertório linguístico de crianças pré-leitoras. Numa metodologia de estudo de caso, adotando uma abordagem qualitativa e socio construtivista num contexto real de educação pré-escolar, três grupos de crianças portuguesas foram filmados ao longo de várias sessões de leitura repetida em voz alta e em inglês, e de sessões de recontos trabalhados em pequenos grupos. Após a transcrição das gravações, o corpus resultante foi analisado com base numa teoria fundamentada de compreensão literária e em escalas de leitura emergente. Os resultados mostraram que as crianças adotaram uma postura fortemente analítica face aos álbuns, direcionando as suas respostas para as ilustrações e usando-as como apoio na construção de significados. Os resultados mostraram também que cada interanimação visual e verbal ofereceu diversas oportunidades para o uso das línguas em presença, o português e o inglês, tendo o formato e a estrutura inerentes a cada álbum contribuído de forma muito relevante para as respostas das crianças. Contudo, os álbuns com uma dinâmica imagem-texto mais complexa proporcionaram um maior envolvimento das crianças, provocando mais discussão em torno das ilustrações e criando mais oportunidades para mediação do uso da segunda língua. Os resultados revelaram ainda a importância da interação durante as leituras repetidas, na compreensão e na análise narrativa, num processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem. Com base nestes resultados, apontam-se conclusões, com implicações para os contextos educativos, quer ao nível da língua materna, quer ao nível da segunda língua, nomeadamente em relação: à seleção de álbuns e à valorização das ilustrações e ainda à importância de leituras repetidas em voz alta e à discussão realizada pelas crianças.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the picture-word dynamic within three English picturebooks affected childrenʼs linguistic repertoire and language development. Using a qualitative case study approach and adopting a socio-constructivist stance in a naturalistic setting, three groups of pre-literate Portuguese children were filmed during whole class repeated read alouds in English and small group retells. Upon transcription, the resulting corpus was analysed using a grounded theory of literary understanding and emergent reading scales. The findings showed that children took an overwhelmingly analytical stance towards the picturebooks, directing their responses to the illustrations and using them to support meaning making. It was found that each visual and verbal interanimation provided distinct opportunities for language use, and furthermore that the format and structure inherent within each picturebook contributed to the childrenʼs responses. However, the picturebooks at the more complex end of the picture-word dynamic afforded a more active involvement from the beholder, provoking more discussion around the illustrations and increased opportunities for the childrenʼs linguistic repertoires to mediate second language development. In addition, the results revealed the importance of interaction during repeated readings in supporting childrenʼs analysis of narrative and language development. Assertions are made based on these results, with implications in both mother tongue and second language classrooms, in relation to picturebook selection and valuing the illustrations, the importance of repeated read alouds and child-initiated discussion.
El objetivo de esta tesis fue investigar cómo la dinámica imagen-palabra de tres libros álbum en inglés influyó en el al repertorio lingüístico y en el desarrollo del lenguaje de los niños. Se trata de un estudio de caso con enfoque cualitativo para el que se adoptó una perspectiva socio-constructivista en un entorno naturalista. Se filmó a tres grupos de niños portugueses de preescolar durante la hora de clase en la que se realizaron repetidas lecturas en voz alta y una actividad consistente en volver a contar el cuento ilustrado en pequeños grupos. Tras la transcripción de las grabaciones, se analizó el corpus resultante mediante teorías de comprensión literaria y niveles de lectura emergente. Los resultados mostraron que los niños adoptaron una postura abrumadoramente analítica hacia los libros álbum, haciendo uso de las ilustraciones para apoyar sus respuestas. Se encontró que cada intercambio visual y verbal brindaba diferentes oportunidades para el uso del lenguaje, y más aún, que el formato y la estructura inherente de cada libro álbum influía en las respuestas de los niños. Además, los libros álbum que contenían una dinámica de imagen-palabra más compleja provocaron una participación más activa del espectador, provocando más debate en torno a las ilustraciones y aumentando las oportunidades de los repertorios lingüísticos de los niños para desarrollar una segunda lengua. Además, los resultados revelaron la importancia de la interacción durante las lecturas repetidas para el análisis de la narrativa y para el desarrollo del lenguaje de los niños. Estas afirmaciones se fundamentan en los resultados del estudio y tienen implicaciones pedagógicas tanto para la clase en lengua materna como en segundas lenguas, tales como la selección de libros álbum y la valoración de las ilustraciones; la importancia de la lectura repetida en voz alta; y las discusiones iniciadas por los niños.
Cette étude a comme objet de recherche les effets de lʼinteraction entre lʼimage et le texte de trois albums illustrés en langue anglaise sur le répertoire linguistique dʼun groupe dʼenfants portugais. Dans le cadre dʼune étude de cas, tout adoptant une approche socioconstructiviste dans un contexte réel dʼéducation, trois groupes dʼenfants portugais en phase de pré-alphabétisation ont été filmés au cours de plusieurs séances de lectures répétées, en voix haute, en anglais, ainsi que de contes/racontages travaillés en petits groupes. Après avoir transcrit les enregistrements vidéo, le corpus a été analysé a partir dʼune théorie fondée sur la compréhension littéraire avec une grille dʼanalyse des niveaux de lecture émergente. Les résultats obtenus ont démontré que les enfants ont adopté une attitude analytique face aux albums, en conduisant leurs réponses vers les illustrations et en sʼy appuyant pour la construction du sens. Les résultats ont aussi montré que chaque inter-animation visuelle ou verbale a offert des opportunités distinctes dʼutilisation des langues en présence, le portugais et lʼanglais. Le format et la structure inhérents aux albums semblent avoir aussi contribué aux réponses des élèves. Néanmoins, à un niveau plus complexe de la dynamique image-texte, les albums permettent une interaction plus active de lʼenfant, tout en incitant à une discussion plus élevée autour des illustrations et à une médiation de lʼusage de la deuxième langue. De plus, les résultats ont révélé lʼimportance des interactions entre les enfants, pendant les lectures répétées, pour la compréhension et lʼanalyse narrative. Lʼanalyse des résultats de lʼétude conduit à dʼimportantes implications éducatives, soit au niveau de la langue maternelle, soit au niveau dʼune deuxième langue, notamment par rapport à la sélection des albums et à la valorisation des illustrations; à lʼimportance de lectures orales répétées et à lʼinitiation des enfants à la discussion.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Curriculum and Instruction. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.