Добірка наукової літератури з теми "621.435.4"

Background : In 2013 based on the WHO (Word Health Organization) records the incidence ofappendicitis it was quite high in the world. The issues that occur mortality of appendicitis is21.000 people, for female population is more high than men. Furthermore, accordings to therecords measuremants of Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia in 2012 is 596.132 peopleand in 2013 increased to 621.435 people. In Indonesia the incidence of appendicitis infest thehighest rank between the other emergency abdomen cases from the result survey of HouseholdHealth Survey or SKRT. The profile of Kesehatan Kabupaten/Kota West Java Province in 2015was gived statement about the pattern of appendicitis at the age group ranges 5 ± 44 years old forhospitalized patients was 24,2%.Research Objective : The purpose in this research is to find out the effect of Mozart’s classicalmusic therapy towards the changes of pain scale in postoperative appendicitis patients in DahliaRoom Bogor Hospital.Research Methods : The type of this research is an experiment with quasi-experimental designand Non Equivalent Control Group design. The population in this studies are all of the post operative appendicitis patients in Dahlia Room Bogor Hospital, with 26 samples researched thatusing saturated sampling techniques, and the retrievel to complete the material informations wereused interview techniques at the preliminary studied and observation sheet when the research wasbegin. Results of the study :There is shown the differences result of the pain scale before and afterintervention group as 0,005, and the differences in the results of the pain scale before and after the control group as 1,000, and the effect of classic mozart’s music therapy towards the changes ofpain scale for post operative appendicitis in Dahlia Room Bogor Hospital as 0,007 (p < 0,05).Conclusion : There is a effect of Mozart's classic music therapy toward the changes of pain scalefor postoperative appendicitis patients in Dahlia Room Bogor Hospital. The results of thisresearchmight become knowledge for post operative patients to reduce pain scale by combiningmedical and non-treatment medical.

Latar Belakang. Insidensi apendisitis perforasi di dunia mencapai 2 per 10.000 kelahiran hidup, untuk proporsi apendisitis perforasi sekitar 25%. Kasus apendisitis di Indonesia berdasarkan data Kementerian Kesehatan RI pada tahun 2009 sebesar 596.132 kasus dengan persentase 3.36% dan meningkat pada tahun 2010 menjadi 621.435 kasus dengan persentase 3.53%. Sedangkan insidensi di RS Hasan Sadikin pada tahun 2017 mencapai 83% pasien yang datang dengan keluhan apendisitis telah mengalami perforasi. Pemeriksaan radiologik seperti computed tomography scan (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ataupun ultrasonography (USG) memiliki sensitifitas dan spesifitas yang tinggi untuk mendiagnosis perforasi apendisitis, tetapi alat–alat ini tidak selalu tersedia di institusi–institusi kesehatan negara berkembang. Fibrinogen sebagai faktor koagulasi yang pertama kali ditemukan dalam beberapa penelitian berpotensi digunakan sebagai prediktor perforasi pada pasien apendisitis, pemeriksaan fibrinogen dapat dilakukan sewaktu-waktu, memberikan hasil yang lebih cepat dengan harga yang lebih murah dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan penunjang lain. Metode. Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Subjek pasien apendisitis periode 1 April 2018 – 31 Desember 2018 yang datang ke Installasi Gawat Darurat RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung dan bersedia mengikuti penelitian. Pasien yang didiagnosis kerja awal sebagai apendisitis akut atau pasien dengan appendisits perforasi dengan gejala peritonitis lokal atau peritonitis difus setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan klinis dan laboratorium. Pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan fibrinogen serum preoperatif, lalu dilakukan operasi dan dicatat hasil temuan operasi yaitu yang mengalami perforasi dan yang tidak mengalami perforasi. Dilakukan pengelompokkan data setelah jumlah subyek penelitian terpenuhi. Hasil. Sebanyak 40 pasien (25 laki-laki, 15 perempuan) terdiagnosis apendisitis berdasarkan Alvarado Score, yang terdiri dari 20 pasien apendisitis akut dan 20 pasien apendisitis perforasi. Akurasi kadar fibrinogen serum dalam memprediksi terjadinya perforasi sebesar 85%. Nilai sensitivitas 90%, nilai spesifisitas 80%. Berdasarkan analisis kurva ROC diperoleh nilai Area Under Curve (AUC) sebesar 0,865 (p = 0,001). Menunjukkan bahwa kadar fibrinogen serum memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi yang tinggi dalam memprediksi terjadinya perforasi pada pasien apendisitis. Kesimpulan. Kadar fibrinogen serum yang meningkat dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor terjadinya perforasi pada pasien apendisitis. Kata kunci. Apendisitis perforasi, fibrinogen, prediktor (ISSN 2723-7494 J Bedah Indonesia. 2020;48:3-14)

Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.05.03 – Двигатели и энергетические установки. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт". – Харьков, 2017. Диссертация посвящена решению вопросов улучшения характеристик и параметров систем топливоподачи металлизированных топлив на основе выявления физико-технических закономерностей предпламенного окисления и горения таких топлив, а также разработке алгоритма структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи энергетических установок для обеспечения их высокой эффективности. Перспективным направлением создания новых образцов техники является разработка энергетических установок, которые используют высокоэффективные энергоемкие металлизированные топливные композиции. При их создании очень важным является знание соответствующих аспектов взаимодействия реагирующих топливных композиций и методологии структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи. Поэтому актуальными направлениями исследований являются: изучение физико-технических закономерностей горения таких композиций, разработка алгоритма оптимизации систем топливоподачи высокоэнергетичных металлизированных топливных композиций и создание новых методов для их исследования. В диссертационной работе выявлены порог воспламенения в гетерофазных разветвленно-цепных процессах и смена характеристик горения бора в зависимости от его аллотропных модификаций, определена их энергия активации; установлена зависимость уровня сложности структур топливоподачи в соответствии с уровнем технизации; разработан алгоритм структурно-параметрической оптимизации систем топливоподачи энергетических установок, работающих на металлизированном топливе. Предложен метод экспериментального бесконтактного количественного измерения продуктов сложных химических реакций с высокой чувствительностью за счет применения резонансно-флуоресцентной спектроскопии. Для экспериментального исследования макрокинетических характеристик топливных компонентов энергетических установок использован термогравиметрический метод. Усовершенствован химический состав топлив за счет ввода в него аллотропных модификаций бора и других компонентов металлизированных топливных композиций. Разработана многомерная классификация указанных систем и экспериментально оценена их эффективность. Синтезированы системы подачи металлизированых топлив с разными уровнями регулирования. Экспериментальная проверка синтезированных систем показала: рост функциональных возможностей в 2–3 раза, увеличение количества элементов структур до 18, повышение полноты сгорания на 11 %, рост скорости сгорания и удельной объемной теплоты сгорания, соответственно на 33% и 2,7%, а также снижение энергии активации на 71% и температуры загорания на 22%.
Thesis for obtaining the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in Specialty 05.05.03 – Engines and Power Plants. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis presents the issues of development of features and parameters of metal-backer fuel supply systems for power plants on the basis of detection of physical and technical patterns of metal-backer fuel burning and elaboration of the structural and parametric algorithm of power plant efficiency. The study of kinetic features of metal-backer fuels of different composition has been conducted and the main patterns of metal-backer fuel burning have been found. Physical and chemical process of metal-backer boron fuel burning has been explored. The method of structural and parametric optimization of metal-backer fuel supply systems has been elaborated. The metal-backer fuel supply systems with different levels of fuel supply regulation have been synthesized. Operating parameters have been experimentally determined and efficiency of the synthesized fuel supply systems has been assessed.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – Двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена питанням покращення характеристик та параметрів СППМП на основі виявлення фізико-технічних закономірностей горіння металізованих палив і розробки алгоритму структурно-параметричної оптимізації енергетичних установок для забезпечення їх високої ефективності. Проведено дослідження кінетичних характеристик металізованих палив різного складу та виявлені основні закономірності горіння металізованих палив. Досліджено фізико-хімічний процес горіння боромістких металізованих палив. Розроблено метод структурно-параметричної оптимізації систем паливоподачі металізованих палив. Синтезовані системи СППМП з різними рівнями регулювання процесів паливоподачі. Експериментально визначені експлуатаційні характеристики та оцінена ефективність роботи синтезованих систем паливоподачі.
Thesis for obtaining the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in Specialty 05.05.03 – Engines and Power Plants. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The thesis presents the issues of development of features and parameters of metal-backer fuel supply systems for power plants on the basis of detection of physical and technical patterns of metal-backer fuel burning and elaboration of the structural and parametric algorithm of power plant efficiency. The study of kinetic features of metal-backer fuels of different composition has been conducted and the main patterns of metal-backer fuel burning have been found. Physical and chemical process of metal-backer boron fuel burning has been explored. The method of structural and parametric optimization of metal-backer fuel supply systems has been elaborated. The metal-backer fuel supply systems with different levels of fuel supply regulation have been synthesized. Operating parameters have been experimentally determined and efficiency of the synthesized fuel supply systems has been assessed.

World developments have led the armed forces of many countries to become more aware of how their increasingly stringent financial budgets are spent. Major expenditure for military authorities is upon aero-engines. Some in-service deterioration in any mechanical device, such as an aircraft's gas-turbine engine, is inevitable. However, its extent and rate depend upon the qualities of design and manufacture, as well as on the maintenance/repair practices followed by the users. Each deterioration has an adverse effect on the performance and shortens the reliable operational life of the engine thereby resulting in higher life cycle costs. The adverse effect on the life-cycle cost can be reduced by determining the realistic fuel and life-usage and by having a better knowledge of the effects of each such deterioration on operational performance. Subsequently improvements can be made in the design and manufacture of adversely-affected components as well as with respect to maintenance / repair and operating practices. For a military aircraft's mission-profiles (consisting of several flight-segments), using computer simulations, the consequences of engine deterioration upon the aircraft's operational-effectiveness as well as fuel and life usage are predicted. These will help in making wiser management decisions (such as whether to remove the aero-engines from the aircraft for maintenance or to continue using them with some changes in the aircraft's mission profile), with the various types and extents of engine deterioration. Hence improved engine utilization, lower overall life-cycle costs and the optimal mission operational effectiveness for a squadron of aircraft can be achieved.

This work focuses on two main subjects: first, the development and validation of a robust generic performance code for industrial gas turbines (GTSI) and, second, the study of an innovative carbon dioxide/argon semi-closed cycle burning low calorific gas coming from coal gasification. GTSI will be able to simulate open, closed and semi-closed cycles at design and off-design conditions. A comprehensive thermodynamic study of the properties of the most common working fluids has been carried out, introducing the results in GTSI for a wide range of temperatures and pressures, being easy to add other gases. To make the code very general, in addition to gas turbines conventional components, such as inlet, compressor,, intercooler, regenerator, combustor, turbine and exhaust system, GTSI can model evaporative intercooler, steam injection and reheat. The possibility of variable geometry was introduced in the compressor, steam injector and turbine modules. Given the high temperatures in modem and future turbines, a detailed cooling system modeling has been developed, being able to predict cooling flow requirements according to different technology levels. The control of the complete power plant has also been considered in detail, allowing the user to select among different options. The code incorporates a simple steam turbine bottoming cycle for a preliminary analysis of the combined cycle arrangement. In addition to the conventional off-design simulations it is possible to carry out studies involving engine deterioration and modification, or substitution, of components. A validation process was carried out using different gas turbine arrangements. The result has been satisfactory, although additional configurations should be examined when more data is available. As a direct application of GTSI, the conceptual design of the carbon dioxide/argon semi-closed cycle was conducted. Several key performance factors were considered in this study, such as the working fluid composition, the gas turbine arrangement and the cooling technology. Other main parameters were selected according to the state-of-the-art technology. Advanced concepts such as cryogenic precooling and turbine stator internal cooling, together with improved component efficiencies and higher temperatures were contemplated for a mid-long term future design. The results obtained for the conventional cycles have not been very promising, with slightly better values for the advanced cycles. Five of the most interesting cycles were selected for off-design studies, evaluating the part-power behaviour, the variable geometry requirement, etc. To complete the investigation, the starting sequence of one of them was performed. Also, considering the possibility of using existing turbomachinery, designed for air, in a semi-closed cycle pilot plant, the operation of several gas turbine configurations was analysed.

Three steady state combustion models, two turbulence models and a model for tK'6 prediction of NO., were implemented and investigated on a simple backward facing step experiment as well as an experimental lean prevaporised premixed (LPP) combustor. The three combustion models included the simple Eddy Break-up model as well as a presumed probability density function (pdf) model and a form of the BML crossing frequency flamelet model. These models were adapted to consider a variable mixture fraction to account for a non-homogeneous fuel air mixture. The two turbulence models used were the k-e and second moment models. Despite being unable to capture the flame front spreading in the case of the backward facing step, these predictions provided insight into the performance and implementation of the models. All three of the combustion models, after appropriate tuning, worked well for the LPP test combustor. This illustrates that such time averaged models are useful for flows which do not contain large transient coherent structures, such as that of the LPP test combustor and most practical engine combustors designed today. The second moment closure turbulence model was found to have the greatest impact on the flame front through the flow field predictions rather than through counter gradient diffusion. The Eddy Break-up and BML crossing frequency models both performed very well, qualitatively predicting the correct trends. The additional consideration of flame front straining in the BML crossing frequency model did not appear to significantly influence the flame front. This is because the type of model adopted to predict this effect had a relatively uniform influence everywhere in the flow. The presumed pdf model also performed well and was additionally found to self ignite without the existence of hot products when the inlet temperature was high enough. The NO., model faired well for a simple experimental geometry. However, it considerably over predicted the NO., formed within the LIPP test combustor, which was most probably due to poor boundary conditions. Despite this overprediction, the results give insight into how to improve the NQ, emissions for the experimental combustor.

Future requirements for lower automotive emissions have lead to the development of new internal combustion (IC) engine technologies. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI), for example, is one of these promising new IC engine concepts. It offers the opportunity of increased efficiency through unthrottled operation. However, the realisation of this concept is critically dependent on the in-cylinder mixture formation, especially in the late injection/lean operation mode. Ideally, this would require a precise stratification of the in-cylinder fuel-air mixture in 3 distinct zones: an ignitable pocket located at the spark plug, surrounded by a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and air, encompassed by air. To enable this stratification, the GDI concept utilises advanced injector technology. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA), Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and the combination of PLIF and Mie scattering in the Laser-Sheet Dropsizing (LSD) technique, have been applied to sprays in the past to obtain dropsize information and study the mixture formation process. These new GDI sprays are denser, their droplet sizes are smaller and they evaporate faster, and as such, place us at the limit of the validity of these measurements techniques. The diagnostics were applied to a GDI spray in a pressure vessel for realistic in-cylinder conditions, ranging from supercooled to superheated environments. Tracer evaporation issues in the PLIF technique were resolved by using a dual tracer system. The study showed that the LSD technique provided good quantitative data in low evaporation regimes. In highly evaporating regimes, the technique still gave reliable dropsize data for the early stages of the injection, but was limited afterwards by vapour-phase contribution to the fluorescence signal. Variations between PDA data and LSD results also suggested a deviation of the Mie scattering signal from the assumed d2 dependence. This was further investigated and was found to be true for small droplets (d/?. <0.2). This source of error might be improved by using a different observation angle. High density seriously compromises the accuracy of PDA, whilst its effect through multiple scattering is of second order for the LSD technique. In low evaporating regimes, LSD has the overall advantage of being a 2-D measurement technique, and will yield data with a maximum error of 30% in dense parts of the spray where PDA data is totally unreliable. If the spray evaporates quickly, PLIF by itself is an appropriate tool for following the air-fuel mixture, because short droplet lifetimes limit the 2-phase flow behaviour of the spray. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), the LSD technique and equivalence ratio LIF measurements were applied to a BMW single cylinder optical GDI engine. The early injection operation showed no particular issues. However, the results obtained in the late injection highlighted the poor mixing and inappropriate stratification.