Статті в журналах: "5G Cellular systems"

1

Pedram, Massoud, and Luhao Wang. "Energy Efficiency in 5G Cellular Network Systems." IEEE Design & Test 37, no. 1 (February 2020): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdat.2019.2960342.

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Al-Rayif, Mohammed I., Hussein E. Seleem, Amr M. Ragheb, and Saleh A. Alshebeili. "PAPR Reduction in UFMC for 5G Cellular Systems." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091404.

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Universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is a potential multi-carrier system for future cellular networks. UFMC provides low latency, frequency offset robustness, and reduced out-of-band (OOB) emission that results in better spectral efficiency. However, UFMC suffers from the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which might impact the function of high power amplifiers causing a nonlinear distortion. We propose a comparative probabilistic PAPR reduction technique, called the decomposed selective mapping approach, to alleviate PAPR in UFMC systems. The concept of this proposal depends on decomposing the complex symbol into real and imaginary parts, and then converting each part to a number of different phase vectors prior to the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operation. The IFFT copy, which introduces the lowest PAPR, is considered for transmission. Results obtained using theoretical analysis and simulations show that the proposed approach can significantly enhance the performance of the UFMC system in terms of PAPR reduction. Besides, it maintains the OOB emission with candidate bit error rate and error vector magnitude performances.

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3

Sayed Kotb, Mohamed El, Wagdy R. Anis, and Ahmed A. Abd-Elhafez. "Towards using UAV for improving 5G cellular communication systems." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i1.pp265-272.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have sparked a lot of interest in the wireless networking community as an emerging subject in aerial robotics. The UAV environment can be used to improve UAV communications in various ways. These smart devices cater for a broad variety of wireless technologies and applications because of UAV's inherent features related to versatile mobility in 3D space, autonomous operations as well as intelligent positioning. This study will investigate the convergence synergies between 5G/B5G mobile systems and UAV technologies, with the UAV being integrated into current cellular networks as a modern aerial user equipment (UE). In this integration, UAVs play the function of cellular flying customers, and are hence referred to as cellularly linked UAVs (a.k.a. UAVUE, drone-UE, 5G-connected drone, or aerial user). The major goal of this research is to provide a thorough analysis of the integration task, as well as major technical breakthroughs from 5G/B5G and current work in prototyping architecture and field trials that support cell-based UAVs. This study examines recent 3GPP standards advances as well as socio-economic challenges that must be addressed before this promising technology can be properly implemented. There are already some accessible issues clearing the way for potential study opportunities.

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4

Kim, Myoung Jin. "An Analysis of Sidelink Throughput in the 5G NR based Cellular V2X Systems." Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers 58, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/ieie.2021.58.7.14.

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5

Choi, Siyoung, Junghwan Song, Junseok Kim, Seongjoon Kang, Ted Taekyoung Kwon, Sunghyun Choi, and Saewoong Bahk. "5G K-SimNet: Network Simulator for Evaluating End-to-End Performance of 5G Cellular Systems." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 44, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2019.44.3.609.

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6

Salva-Garcia, Pablo, Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero, Qi Wang, Jorge Bernal Bernabe, and Antonio Skarmeta. "5G NB-IoT: Efficient Network Traffic Filtering for Multitenant IoT Cellular Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (December 10, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9291506.

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Internet of Things (IoT) is a key business driver for the upcoming fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, which in turn will enable numerous innovative IoT applications such as smart city, mobile health, and other massive IoT use cases being defined in 5G standards. To truly unlock the hidden value of such mission-critical IoT applications in a large scale in the 5G era, advanced self-protection capabilities are entailed in 5G-based Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) networks to efficiently fight off cyber-attacks such as widespread Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. However, insufficient research has been conducted in this crucial area, in particular, few if any solutions are capable of dealing with the multiple encapsulated 5G traffic for IoT security management. This paper proposes and prototypes a new security framework to achieve the highly desirable self-organizing networking capabilities to secure virtualized, multitenant 5G-based IoT traffic through an autonomic control loop featured with efficient 5G-aware traffic filtering. Empirical results have validated the design and implementation and demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed system, which is capable of processing thousands of 5G-aware traffic filtering rules and thus enables timely protection against large-scale attacks.

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7

Vahidi, Vahid. "High speed trains communication systems in 5G cellular networks." Digital Signal Processing 115 (August 2021): 103075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2021.103075.

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Bakulin, Mikhail G., Taoufik Ben Rejeb, Vitaly B. Kreyndelin, Yuriy B. Mironov, Denis Y. Pankratov, and Alexey E. Smirnov. "Modulation for cellular 5G/IMT-2020 and 6G networks." T-Comm 16, no. 3 (2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-3-11-17.

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In recent years, 5G (Fifth Generation) and 6G (Sixth Generation) wireless networks have attracted extensive research interest. According to the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) project, 5G networks should be support three main application scenarios: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine-Type Communications, (mMTC), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC). In addition to that, enhanced vehicle-to-everything, (eV2X) are also considered as key technology in 5G. All these scenarios require ubiquitous connectivity providing high data rates and spectral efficiency. These issues lead to many challenges for introducing 5G and 6G networks. Traditional modulation and multiple access schemes will not achieve the requirements of 5G and 6G networks. In order to meet these upcoming requirements, it is necessary to explore novel modulation and multiple access schemes. Data rate, resistance to noise and capacity of wireless network depend on choosing current modulation scheme. To meet the requirements of 5G and 6G and reduce the out-of-band (OOB) leakage various modulation schemes based on subband filtering, pulse shaping and precoding have been proposed. This article provides an overview of the different modulation schemes for 5G and 6G systems.

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9

Duan, Siyan. "Honeycomb Structure and Key Technologies of 5G Wireless Communication Network." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823201013.

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In recent years, wireless technology in China has been further improved. Wireless system designers have also begun research on 5G wireless communication systems and obtained good research results. The application of the 5G cellular structure can effectively solve the problems existing in the current wireless technology application, thereby promoting the further improvement of the wireless technology level. This paper mainly discusses the cellular technology and the key technologies of 5G wireless communication network.

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10

Dymkova, Svetlana. "APPLICABILITY OF 5G SUBSCRIBER EQUIPMENT AND GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS." SYNCHROINFO JOURNAL 7, no. 5 (2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2664-066x-2021-7-5-36-48.

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5G is the latest generation of mobile cellular technology, which is designed to significantly increase Internet speed, coverage and reduce the data packet transfer time in wireless networks. 5G brings together all latest and most advanced developments of mankind in terms of communications and IT. This is the limit of existing technologies of microelectronics and data radio transmission. The new generation of 5G mobile communication has a number of fundamental advantages compared to 4G: higher data transfer rate; low signal delay; the ability to connect more devices; high energy efficiency; multiply increased throughput; high user mobility. Another important difference of 5G deserves attention – large-scale virtualization. The new technology goes beyond just hardware solutions. Many functions in it are implemented not at the level of physical infrastructure, but in a software way. This article covers the topic of applicability of GNSS and 5G mobile communications. The material of article will tell you why GNSS and 5G are interesting and how User Equipment developers can start shaping the 5G device market today.

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11

Kusaykin, D., and D. Denisov. "Channel estimation in 5G MIMO-OFDM systems based on multibeam lens antennas." Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, no. 4 (December 18, 2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2021-15-4-56-68.

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MIMO systems based on lens antennas are very promising for 5G networks. Some scientific papers have already been devoted to the problem of channel estimation in MIMO systems based on hemispherical lens antennas. However, Luneburg multipath lens antennas are also a promising type of lens antennas for 5G networks. This paper presents the results of channel estimation features research in 5G MIMO-OFDM systems with Luneburg lens antennas. The research results of six different interpolation methods effectiveness for estimating the channel characteristics based on pilot signals and MIMO detectors (Neumann, conjugate gradients, MMSE) in a 5G cellular communication system of the millimeter range are presented.

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12

Sikiru, Adegoke Adesoye, Ajayi Abayomi Olukayode, Otegbeye Adeyinka Lateef, and Soneye Olufemi Sobowale. "6G wireless system: The emerging trend in cellular technology." Journal of Electrical Engineering 74, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2023-0030.

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Abstract Cellular technology has brought about a significant revolution in the way we communicate and share information. In the last four (4) decades, researchers in the field of wireless cellular technology have been consistently upscaling their designs in tech space which has led to the evolutions of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G in close successions. The most recent is 5G which is currently being implemented in various continents across the globe. 5G encompasses a technological framework that can support machine-to-machine (m2m) communication, virtual and augmented reality and smart manufacturing. However, its drawbacks are now coming into bare as its being deployed globally which suggests that 5G may not stand test of time beyond this decade. This has necessitated early research work into the evolution of next generation technology, the 6G. This paper therefore chronicles the emerging technologies in wireless cellular systems, their evolutionary trends, likely features and prospects of the next generation, the 6G.

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13

Zhang, Xing, Jiaxin Zhang, Wenbo Wang, Yan Zhang, I. Chih-Lin, Zhengang Pan, Gang Li, and Yami Chen. "Macro-assisted data-only carrier for 5G green cellular systems." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 5 (May 2015): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7105669.

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14

Weng, Chung-Wei, Biswa P. S. Sahoo, Hung-Yu Wei, and Chia-Hao Yu. "Directional Reference Signal Design for 5G Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, no. 11 (November 2018): 10740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2868087.

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15

Wang, Hengzhi, Wei Wang, Vincent K. N. Lau, and Zhaoyang Zhang. "Hybrid Limited Feedback in 5G Cellular Systems With Massive MIMO." IEEE Systems Journal 11, no. 1 (March 2017): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsyst.2015.2455061.

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16

Sánchez, Brian J., David H. Covarrubias, Leonardo F. Yepes, Marco A. Panduro, and Elizvan Juárez. "Effects of Narrow Beam Phased Antenna Arrays over the Radio Channel Metrics, Doppler Power Spectrum, and Coherence Time, in a Context of 5G Frequency Bands." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 10081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110081.

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With the arrival of 5G wireless communication systems, there has been increased interest in exploring higher frequency bands above 6 GHz, up to millimeter-wave frequencies. Radio wave propagation at these higher frequencies can suffer from substantial Doppler impairments. The linear dependency of Doppler shifts with carrier frequencies make them challenging to use in high-mobility 5G cellular scenarios. Therefore, the Doppler power spectrum (DPS) characteristics and radio channel coherence time (CT) of the received signals are of great importance for 5G wireless systems. In this way, this paper presents the effects of a narrow beam phased antenna array in reducing the DPS (due to user movement) and, simultaneously, increasing the coherence time (CT). Functional and complete descriptive assessments of beamwidths versus the DPS and CT, through different elements and geometries of the phased antenna array, are analyzed. Moreover, in terms of CT and the DPS, better performance on the 5G cellular scenarios was obtained.

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17

Minoli, Daniel, and Benedict Occhiogrosso. "Practical Aspects for the Integration of 5G Networks and IoT Applications in Smart Cities Environments." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (August 5, 2019): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5710834.

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Both 5G cellular and IoT technologies are expected to see widespread deployment in the next few years. At the practical level, 5G will see initial deployments in urban areas. This is perhaps fortuitous from an IoT perspective, since many “mainstream” applications of IoT will support Smart Cities, Smart Campuses and Smart Buildings. Bandwidth demand for a number of Smart City applications is the main driver for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)-based 5G services in general, and new-generation 5G IoT applications, in particular. In turn, the use of the millimeter wave spectrum is required to enable 5G cellular technologies to support high data rates. Millimeter wave solutions, however, impose a requirement for small cells. Generally, an implementer tries to use one or a small handful of IoT technologies; preferably, and for managerial simplicity, the implementer would want to use a cellular/5G IoT technology for all nodes, whether indoors or outdoors, instead of a heterogenous mix of various IoT technologies that have evolved over the years. This overview paper discusses a number of practical issues related to 5G-based IoT applications, particularly in Smart City environments, including the need for small cells, the transmission issues at millimeter wave frequencies, building penetration issues, the need for Distributed Antenna Systems, and the near term introduction of pre-5G IoT technologies such as NB-IoT and LTE-M, these being possible proxies for the commercial deployment and acceptance of 5G IoT.

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18

Sinha, Himanshu Kumar, Anand Kumar, and Abhishek Saurabh. "Role of RF Propagation in 5g Network." East African Scholars Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences 6, no. 02 (March 6, 2023): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjecs.2023.v06i02.001.

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The performance analysis of various empirical radio propagation models or harvesters used in wireless cellular networks is presented in this paper. In particular, second generation (2G) through fifth generation (5G) cellular networks route loss and cell coverage areas is researched. Planning any wireless communication system requires precise path loss and coverage area forecasting. The Hata model, the Stanford University Interim (SUI) model, and modified SUI models are contrasted in light of the urban terrain. The investigation is carried out at 28 GHz as inspiration for new wave (mm- wave) cellular systems, or for 5G communication. When -75 dBm is used as the desired minimum received power, it is shown that 2G communications (using the Hata model at 900 MHz) has the lowest route loss and thus the widest coverage area. Future mm-wave systems with the smallest coverage area are found to have the highest path loss (at 28 GHz using a modified SUI model).

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19

Rahman, Md Mostafijur, Mani Manavalan, and Taposh Kumar Neogy. "Artificial Intelligence in 5G Technology: Overview of System Models." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v8i1.595.

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The occurrence of various devices that are interlinked to provide advanced connectivity throughout the systems revolves around the formation of 5G systems. Artificial Intelligence plays a fundamental role in the 5G networks. The popularity and integration of 5G have emerged through advanced cellular networks and many other technologies. This innovative and speedy network has built strong connections in recent years, its conduct in business, personal work, or daily life. Artificial Intelligence and edge computing devices have optimized internet usages in everyday life. The growth of 5G networks is effective in the AI/ML algorithms due to its low latency and high bandwidth, which also performs real-time analysis, reasoning, and optimization. The 5G era has fundamental features that are highlighted among the revolutionary techniques which are most commonly used by cellular device networks, such as the resource management of radio, mobility management, and service management, and so on. This work also integrates the selection of spectrum and access the spectrum which AI-based interface to accomplish demands of 5G. The strategies which are introduced are Fractional Knapsack Greedy-based strategy and Language Hyperplane approach which becomes the basis of subsequently utilized by strategies of Artificial Intelligence for purpose of the selection of spectrum and the right allocation of spectrum for IoT-enabled sensor networks.

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20

Khalifa, Mohamed, Ahmad Yacoub, and Daniel Aloi. "Compact 2x2 and 4x4 MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G Automotive Applications." Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society 36, no. 6 (August 6, 2021): 762–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47037/2020.aces.j.360619.

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In this paper, three Vehicular multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 5G antenna systems have been constructed from using a newly developed 5G cellular branched Monopole element are presented. The MIMO systems operates in the 5G frequency bands (617MHz- 5GHz) with a compact structure that allows for up to four elements to be integrated in the same Sharkfin. The 3 configurations of MIMO systems have been simulated using HFSS, measured on a 1-meter ground plane (GND), then measured on a vehicle roof and the individual antenna parameters in terms of reflection coefficient and efficiency have captured. The MIMO antenna systems performance in terms of passive isolation, combined radiation pattern, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and diversity gain (DG) have been reported and discussed.

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21

Ahmed, Rezwana, and Mohammad Abdul Matin. "Towards 6G wireless networks-challenges and potential technologies." Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0040.

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AbstractAs 5G technology is advancing towards its final phase of development and the deployment of 5G networks is underway, academic, development and industrial communities are already moving towards the research and development of 6G wireless networks. While 5G technologies had been hauled as an enabler for Internet of Everything, many limitations of such cellular systems are coming to light as they are being deployed. These drawbacks of 5G networks have motivated worldwide interest on developing the next generation wireless system, 6G, with the capability to fully incorporate wide-ranging applications from virtual reality to autonomous systems. In this paper, an overview of the first five generations of wireless systems has been shown, followed by a survey on 6G wireless network along with a discussion on the possible requirements and challenges of 6G.

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22

Aghashirin, Gholam D., MagedKafafy, Hoda S. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Mohamed A. Zohdy, and Adam Timmons. "Modeling and Designed of a Monopole Antenna that Operate at 3.3 GHz for Future 5G Sub 6 GHz." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e2832.0610521.

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Antenna unit is an importantpart of ADAS L2, L2+ and Automated Driving L3 systems. It needs to function as needed in dGPS, HD Map Correction Services, OEM Radios and Navigation Systems. The presented monopoleantenna model for 5G below 6 [GHz] operating at 3.3 [GHz] is developed. This work demonstrates the modeling, design, and determining of monopoleantenna with intended targeted applications within the automotive system emerging autonomous vehicles space and as well as 5G Wireless Cellular Technology domain. FEKO simulation is undertaken rather than mathematical modeling to create the structure and conduct the analysis of the proposed monopole antenna.In order to support the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication networks, SOS messages, vehicle tracking, remote vehicle start, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) L2, L2+/ Autonomous Driving (AD) L3 systems self-driving vehicles powered by 5G with rapidly growing sets of ADAS and AD features and functions within the autonomous space, USA cellular carriers mobile phone communication standard 4G MISO and 5G MIMO, LTE1, LTE2, connected functions, features/services, IoT, DSRC, V2X, and C-V2X applications and 5G enable vehicles destined for the NAFTA (USA, Canada and Mexico) market, a new single monopole antenna that operate at 3.3 [GHz] for future 5G (MIMO) below 6 [GHz] modeling, design and simulation with intended automotive applicability and applications is proposed. The presented novel new 5G below 6 [GHz] monopoleantenna: 1. Is not being investigated on the literatures review and published papers studied. 2. No paper exists on these frequency bands. 3. The desired monopole antenna is a new antenna with fewer components, reduction in size, low profile, competitive cost, better response to received RF signals for frequencies for future 5G below 6 [GHz] with each of the following: a. Range of operating frequencies, 0.6 [GHz] to 5.9256 [GHz]. b. Centerfrequency = 3.2628 [GHz] ~ 3.3 [GHz] for the above band. c. Lambda (λ) = (3.0 x10^8 [m/sec^2])/(3.3x10^9 [Hz])=0.090 [m] = 90 [mm], lambda (λ) /4 = (0.090 [m])/4=0.0225 [m]=22.5 m To be more direct, simulation studies are carried out and are done utilizing FEKO software package from Altair to model the proposed monopole antenna for 5G below 6 [GHz] frequency band. The focus is on the frequency band for 5G sub 6 [GHz] cellular system. The paper will introduce the following key points: 1. Modelled and anayzed single element 5G sub 6 [GHz] monopole antenna. 2. Student version of CAD FEKO program was used to design our desired monopole antenna with a wire feed excitation coupled with step-by-step instructions is undertaken to highlight the model geometry creation of our monopole antenna. POST FEKO program is used to plot and view our simulation results. 3. We report the development of 5G below 6 [GHz] for fifth generation (5G) system that meets automotive and vehicle homologation specification requirement of antenna height < 70 [mm]. So that the proposed monopole antenna can easly be integrated into multi tuned cellular antenna system. 4. The FEKO simulation is conducted in 2D and 3D element model, in terms of Far-Field Vertical Gain as a function of an Elevation Angle plots. 5. Future research work and study for the next steps will be recommended.

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23

Kim, Junhyeong, Guido Casati, Nicolas Cassiau, Antonio Pietrabissa, Alessandro Giuseppi, Dong Yan, Emilio Calvanese Strinati, et al. "Design of cellular, satellite, and integrated systems for 5G and beyond." ETRI Journal 42, no. 5 (October 2020): 669–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2020-0156.

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24

Przesmycki, Rafał, and Marek Bugaj. "Crescent Microstrip Antenna for LTE-U and 5G Systems." Electronics 11, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081201.

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The field of wireless cellular network technology has seen a significant development in recent years, allowing the emergence of many new applications in addition to the traditional mobile phone calls. We are currently implementing the 5G system, which is replacing the previous cellular technologies on the market. Parallel to the development of cellular technologies, wireless local networks based on the IEEE 802.11× standards are rapidly spreading. The desire to use the advantages of both mobile telephony and wireless local networks has led to the idea of integrating the currently used communication systems in one device and requires a well-designed antenna, which should be given a lot of attention when designing the radio system. This article presents the proposed model of a two-band microstrip antenna for which the main assumption is its operating frequencies in the LTE-U (LTE-Unlicensed) band and one of the 5G system bands. The antenna dimensions and parameters have been calculated, simulated, and optimized using CST Microwave Studio software. The developed antenna has a compact structure with dimensions of (60 × 40 × 1.57) mm. The dielectric material RT Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant εr = 2.2 and thickness h = 1.57 mm was used as a substrate for the antenna construction. The article presents an analysis of the results of simulation and measurements of selected electrical parameters and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna. The antenna described in the article, working in 5G systems and LTE-U systems, is characterized by two operating bands with center frequencies equal to 3.52 GHz and 5.37 GHz, a low reflection coefficient (for resonances −31.54 dB and −23.16 dB), a gain value of 4.45 dBi, a wide frequency band of 3.0 GHz (68.18%), and a high energy efficiency in the range of 80–96.68%.

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25

Ficzere, Dániel, Pál Varga, András Wippelhauser, Hamdan Hejazi, Olivér Csernyava, Adorján Kovács, and Csaba Hegedűs. "Large-Scale Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Deployments Based on 5G—Critical Challenges, Solutions, and Vision towards 6G: A Survey." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 8, 2023): 7031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167031.

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The proliferation of fifth-generation (5G) networks has opened up new opportunities for the deployment of cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) systems. However, the large-scale implementation of 5G-based C-V2X poses critical challenges requiring thorough investigation and resolution for successful deployment. This paper aims to identify and analyze the key challenges associated with the large-scale deployment of 5G-based C-V2X systems. In addition, we address obstacles and possible contradictions in the C-V2X standards caused by the special requirements. Moreover, we have introduced some quite influential C-V2X projects, which have influenced the widespread adoption of C-V2X technology in recent years. As the primary goal, this survey aims to provide valuable insights and summarize the current state of the field for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers involved in the advancement of C-V2X. Furthermore, this paper presents relevant standardization aspects and visions for advanced 5G and 6G approaches to address some of the upcoming issues in mid-term timelines.

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26

Choi, Young B., and Matthew E. Bunn. "The Security Risks and Challenges of 5G Communications." International Journal of Cyber Research and Education 3, no. 2 (July 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcre.2021070104.

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With the introduction of the 5th generation of wireless systems and communications (5G) comes new risks and challenges. This paper explores the potential security challenges of 5G communication compared with legacy cellular networks and prior generations of communication standards. This paper defines what 5G is and how it affects our lives on a daily basis. It further discusses the new security features involving different technologies applied to 5G, such as heterogeneous networks, device-to-device communications, massive multiple-input multiple-output, software-defined networks, and the internet of things, including autonomous cars, healthcare, automated manufacturing, and more.

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27

Albadran, Saleh. "Evaluation of Development Level and Technical Contribution of Recent Technologies Adopted to Meet the Challenges of 5G Wireless Cellular Networks." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040635.

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The evolution of the global wireless market is accompanied by an increased need in terms of speed and number of users, lower latency, better coverage, better spectral efficiency and quality of service, etc. To meet these needs, 5G has recently been introduced as an effective solution which targets, via the large scale deployment of symmetric antennas, a wide variety of sectors such as energy, health, media, industry, transport and especially wireless cellular networks which are among the most important pillars of modern societies. Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) systems, which have been extended to “Massive MIMO” mode and which consist of increasing the number of radiating elements involved in the transmission and reception of the radio link, are a very promising solution for improving the spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems (WCSs). Motivated by the aforementioned developments, the present paper investigates the increased capacity of MIMO systems to improve transmission in WCSs using 5G. It carefully focuses on the evaluation of the development level and technical contribution of MIMO systems and millimeter wave (mmWave) bands in 5G wireless cellular networks (WCNs) and gives important recommendations.

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28

Silva, Mário Marques da, and João Guerreiro. "On the 5G and Beyond." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 7091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207091.

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This article provides an overview of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) and beyond. It presents the transmission techniques of current 5G communications and those expected of future developments, namely a brief study of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using the single carrier with frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency. An introduction to the sixth generation of cellular communications (6G) is also provided. The insertion of 5G and 6G within the Fourth Industrial Revolution framework (also known as Industry 4.0) is also dealt with. Consisting of a change in paradigm, when compared to previous generations, 5G supports a myriad of new services based on the Internet of things (IoT) and on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, supporting technologies such as autonomous driving, smart cities, and remote surgery. The new services provided by 5G are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), in addition to traditional microwave communication, and by massive multiple-input multiple-output (m-MIMO) technology. These techniques were not employed in the fourth generation of cellular communications (4G). While 5G plays an important role in the initial implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 6G will address a number of new services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), holographic services, the advanced Internet of things (IoT), AI-infused applications, wireless brain–computer interaction (BCI), and mobility at higher speeds. The current research on systems beyond 5G indicates that these applications shall be supported by new MIMO techniques and make use of terahertz (THz) bands.

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29

Srikanth Kamath, H., Sreelakshmi ., Muthyala Siri Chandana Reddy, and Chelsea Camilo Monteiro. "Overview of Device-to-Device Communication and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24546.

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5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G LTE (Long-Term Evolution) standards. 5G technology needs to be specified, developed, and deployed by a variety of industry players including network equipment vendors, network operators, semiconductor vendors, and device manufacturers. The scope of 5G will range from mobile phones to next-generation automobiles. Device to Device (D2D) Communication is regarded as a promising technology in 5G to provide low power, high data rate and low latency. Introducing D2D poses many challenges and risks to the longstanding cellular architecture, which is centred on the base station.

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30

S, Sofana Reka, Tomislav Dragičević, Pierluigi Siano, and S. R. Sahaya Prabaharan. "Future Generation 5G Wireless Networks for Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Review." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112140.

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Wireless cellular networks are emerging to take a strong stand in attempts to achieve pervasive large scale obtainment, communication, and processing with the evolution of the fifth generation (5G) network. Both the present day cellular technologies and the evolving new age 5G are considered to be advantageous for the smart grid. The 5G networks exhibit relevant services for critical and timely applications for greater aspects in the smart grid. In the present day electricity markets, 5G provides new business models to the energy providers and improves the way the utility communicates with the grid systems. In this work, a complete analysis and a review of the 5G network and its vision regarding the smart grid is exhibited. The work discusses the present day wireless technologies, and the architectural changes for the past years are shown. Furthermore, to understand the user-based analyses in a smart grid, a detailed analysis of 5G architecture with the grid perspectives is exhibited. The current status of 5G networks in a smart grid with a different analysis for energy efficiency is vividly explained in this work. Furthermore, focus is emphasized on future reliable smart grid communication with future roadmaps and challenges to be faced. The complete work gives an in-depth understanding of 5G networks as they pertain to future smart grids as a comprehensive analysis.

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31

Ali, Azhar, Amna Baig, Ghulam Mujtaba Awan, Wali Ullah Khan, Zain Ali, and Guftaar Ahmad Sardar Sidhu. "Efficient Resource Management for Sum Capacity Maximization in 5G NOMA Systems." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2030027.

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The modern cellular technologies are expected to provide high data rates and massive connectivity in fifth generation (5G) systems; however, this may be impossible through traditional radio access techniques. Recently, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has emerged as one of the promising cellular techniques for modern cellular communications with its ability to provide access for multiple users to the network over the same system resources. This paper studies resource management problem for downlink transmission of multiuser NOMA system. Our objective is to optimize both frequency and power resources for sum capacity maximization while taking into account each user minimum capacity requirement. Firstly, the problem of resource management decouples into two subproblems, that is, efficient sub-channel assignment and optimal power allocation, respectively. Secondly, for given power at base station, we design two sub-optimal algorithms for sub-channel assignment based on user channel condition and user minimum capacity requirement, respectively. Lastly, for any given sub-channel assignment, the problem first transforms into standard convex optimization problem and then we employ duality theory. To evaluate our proposed NOMA scheme, the enhanced version of existing NOMA optimization scheme is also presented as a benchmark. Results demonstrate that the proposed NOMA resource management scheme outperforms the benchmark NOMA optimization scheme in terms of sum capacity.

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32

Shrestha, Rakesh, Seung Yeob Nam, Rojeena Bajracharya, and Shiho Kim. "Evolution of V2X Communication and Integration of Blockchain for Security Enhancements." Electronics 9, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9091338.

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With the rapid evolution in wireless communications and autonomous vehicles, intelligent and autonomous vehicles will be launched soon. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and road information in real-time in vehicular networks. V2X has evolved by integrating cellular 5G and New Radio (NR) access technology in V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X); it can fulfill the ever-evolving vehicular application, communication, and service demands of connected vehicles, such as ultra-low latency, ultra-high bandwidth, ultra-high reliability, and security. However, with the increasing number of intelligent and autonomous vehicles and their safety requirements, there is a backlash in deployment and management because of scalability, poor security and less flexibility. Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) plays a significant role in bringing cloud services closer to vehicular nodes, which reduces the scalability and flexibility issues. In addition, blockchain has evolved as an effective technology enabler to solve several security, privacy, and networking issues faced by the current 5G-based MEC systems in vehicular networks. Blockchain can be integrated as a strong security mechanism for securing and managing 5G V2X along with MEC. In this survey, we discuss, in detail, state-of-the-art V2X, its evolution based on cellular 5G technology and non-cellular 802.11bd. We investigate the integration of blockchain in 5G-based MEC vehicular networks for security, privacy protection, and content caching. We present the issues and challenges in existing edge computing and 5G V2X and, then, we shed some light on future research directions in these integrated and emerging technologies.

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33

Cao, Thanh Nghia, Minh Tam Nguyen, Huu Lam Phan, Duc Dung Nguyen, Dinh Lam Vu, Thi Quynh Hoa Nguyen, and Jung-Mu Kim. "Millimeter-Wave Broadband MIMO Antenna Using Metasurfaces for 5G Cellular Networks." International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 2023 (February 8, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9938824.

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Developing a millimeter-wave (mm-wave) antenna that enables wide bandwidth with its operating band covering the entire global 5G spectrum is highly desirable but very challenging for achieving both compact size and high-performance antenna. Herein, the mm-wave microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and its multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration based on the metasurfaces for 5G system applications are proposed and investigated by the simulation method. To improve performance and keep the low-profile and low-cost MPA antenna, square ring resonator (SQRR) metasurface and radiating patch are printed on a single dielectric layer. With the presence of the metasurfaces that acting as a secondary radiator, the performance of the designed antenna is significantly improved with a wide operating band in the range of 23.9-30.7 GHz, high peak gain of 9.4 dBic, and radiation efficiency of above 87%. Based on this design, four-port MIMO antenna configuration is performed for evaluating a MIMO system that realizes the advantage features such as compact size, wide bandwidth covering the entire global mm-wave 5G spectrum band of 24.25-29.5 GHz, and excellent diversity performance characterized by good isolation between the adjacent elements and low envelope correlation coefficient. Thus, the MIMO antenna design is a very promising candidate for 5G MIMO mm-wave applications, specifically in cellular systems.

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34

SAMPEI, Seiichi. "Development of Wireless Access and Flexible Networking Technologies for 5G Cellular Systems." IEICE Transactions on Communications E100.B, no. 8 (2017): 1174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.2016fgi0001.

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35

Ki, Hyeon-Cheol. "A Study on Waveguide to Microstrip Antipodal Transition for 5G cellular systems." Journal of The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication 15, no. 4 (August 31, 2015): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2015.15.4.185.

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36

Weng, Chung-Wei, Kuang-Hsun Lin, Biswa P. S. Sahoo, and Hung-Yu Wei. "Beam-Aware Dormant and Scheduling Mechanism for 5G Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 67, no. 11 (November 2018): 10935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2870694.

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37

Kumar, Amitesh, Abhinav Gautam, and Vishnu Priye. "Microwave Photonic Mixer Using DP-DDMZM for Next Generation 5G Cellular Systems." Fiber and Integrated Optics 39, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468030.2020.1826068.

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38

Kozel, V. M., D. A. Podvornaya, and K. A. Kovalev. "Peal factor of signals of 5G mobile service systems." Doklady BGUIR 18, no. 6 (October 1, 2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2020-18-6-5-10.

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This article discusses the possible formats of signals of 5G mobile communication networks (NR, IMT-2020): configurations of the number of resource blocks and frequency shifts of subcarriers. modulation schemes, organizations of the physical level, as well as the broadband signals of these networks and, as a result, the need for introducing a margin on the linearity of the transceiver’s paths to eliminate distortion or the manifestation of blocking effects when the signal interferes with third-party means. We analyze the characteristics of the dynamic range of the signals from IMT-2020 ground mobile systems and make a conclusion about the noise-like signals. To find the ratio of the maximum amplitude to its average value and a given ratio not exceeded with a given probability, the Matlab mathematical models were used. We infer that the law of probability distribution of the module of the instantaneous amplitude of the 5G signals corresponds to the distribution characteristic of narrow-band radio noise. Based on the study, the peak factor of the signal of the IMT-2020 ground mobile systems for various variations is obtained and a sufficient level of power reserve is provided to ensure, with high probability, the transmission of the 5G signals through radio paths, eliminating signal distortion. The results of this study were applied in the examination of the electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic devices of cellular mobile communications with existing and promising electronic means of civil and special purposes and in the study of the protection of ground satellite stations from the effects of radio electronic means of IMT-2020 cellular mobile telecommunication networks located at border territories.

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39

Attar, Hani, Haitham Issa, Jafar Ababneh, Mahdi Abbasi, Ahmed A. A. Solyman, Mohammad Khosravi, and Ramy Said Agieb. "5G System Overview for Ongoing Smart Applications: Structure, Requirements, and Specifications." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (October 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2476841.

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Fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks are state-of-the-art wireless technologies revolutionizing all wireless systems. The fundamental goals of 5G are to increase network capacity, improve data rates, and reduce end-to-end latency. Therefore, 5G can support many devices connected to the Internet and realize the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. Though 5 G provides significant features for mobile wireless networks, some challenges still need to be addressed. Although 5 G offers valuable capabilities for mobile wireless networks, specific issues still need to be resolved. This article thoroughly introduces 5G technology, detailing its needs, infrastructure, features, and difficulties. In addition, it summarizes all the requirements and specifications of the 5G network based on the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 15–17. Finally, this study discusses the key specifications challenges of 5G wireless networks.

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40

Oruthota, Udesh, Furqan Ahmed, and Olav Tirkkonen. "Ultra-Reliable Link Adaptation for Downlink MISO Transmission in 5G Cellular Networks." Information 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info7010014.

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41

Jo, Younghoon, Jaechan Lim, and Daehyoung Hong. "Mobility Management Based on Beam-Level Measurement Report in 5G Massive MIMO Cellular Networks." Electronics 9, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050865.

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Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MMIMO) in the mmWave band is an essential technique to achieve the desired performance for 5G new radio (NR) systems. To employ mmWave MMIMO technology, an important challenge is maintaining seamless mobility to users because we need to consider beam-switching within a cell besides the handover between cells. For mobility management in 5G NR systems, 3GPP specified a beam-level-mobility scheme that includes beam pairing and maintenance between a transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) pair. We propose a unific-measurement report based mobility management scheme for improved radio-link-failure (RLF) rate and the accuracy of the Tx-Rx-beam-pair (TRP) selection with low overhead in 5G mmWave MMIMO networks where both handover and beam-switching are required. Furthermore, we modeled a finite-state-machine (FSM) for a user terminal to evaluate performance gain based on a system-level-simulation (SLS). We use the FSM-based Monte-Carlo SLS for the experiment and compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of existing schemes in the scenario where both beam and cell-level-mobility are necessary. We show that the proposed scheme achieves an improvement in terms of the 3-dB loss probabilities representing the accuracy of the TRP selection, signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR), and RLF rates with a lower signaling overhead compared to existing methods.

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42

Arana, Jasper Meynard, Joo Pyo Han, and Yong Soo Cho. "Random-Access Technique for Self-Organization of 5G Millimeter-Wave Cellular Communications." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5261089.

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The random-access (RA) technique is a key procedure in cellular networks and self-organizing networks (SONs), but the overall processing time of this technique in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) cellular systems with directional beams is very long because RA preambles (RAPs) should be transmitted in all directions of Tx and Rx beams. In this paper, two different types of preambles (RAP-1 and RAP-2) are proposed to reduce the processing time in the RA stage. After analyzing the correlation property, false-alarm probability, and detection probability of the proposed RAPs, we perform simulations to show that the RAP-2 is suitable for RA in mm-wave cellular systems with directional beams because of the smaller processing time and high detection probability in multiuser environments.

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43

Al-Maitah, Mohammed, Olena O. Semenova, Andriy O. Semenov, Pavel I. Kulakov, and Volodymyr Yu Kucheruk. "A Hybrid Approach to Call Admission Control in 5G Networks." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2018 (October 8, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2535127.

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Artificial intelligence is employed for solving complex scientific, technical, and practical problems. Such artificial intelligence techniques as neural networks, fuzzy systems, and genetic and evolutionary algorithms are widely used for communication systems management, optimization, and prediction. Artificial intelligence approach provides optimized results in a challenging task of call admission control, handover, routing, and traffic prediction in cellular networks. 5G mobile communications are designed as heterogeneous networks, whose important requirement is accommodating great numbers of users and the quality of service satisfaction. Call admission control plays a significant role in providing the desired quality of service. An effective call admission control algorithm is needed for optimizing the cellular network system. Many call admission control schemes have been proposed. The paper proposes a methodology for developing a genetic neurofuzzy controller for call admission in 5G networks. Performance of the proposed admission control is evaluated through computer simulation.

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44

Cui, Zhiwei, Baojiang Cui, Junsong Fu, and Renhai Dong. "Security Threats to Voice Services in 5G Standalone Networks." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (September 4, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7395128.

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With the rapid development of 5G SA (standalone) networks, increasing subscribers are motivated to make calls through 5G. To support voice services critical to mobile users, 5G SA networks adopt two solutions: VoNR (Voice Over New Radio) and EPS (Evolved Packet System) fallback. At this stage, 5G SA networks provide voice services through EPS fallback, which leverages 4G networks to support voice calls for 5G users. This switch between cellular network systems may expose vulnerabilities to adversaries. However, there is a lack of security research on voice services in the 5G SA network. In this paper, we analyze the security of EPS fallback and its closely related IMS from the perspective of the protocol and the practices of the carriers. We uncover two protocol design vulnerabilities and two implementation flaws. In addition, we exploit them to design three attacks: voice DoS, voice monitoring, and SMS spoofing and interception. We validated these vulnerabilities and attacks using SDR (software-defined radio) tools and a set of open-source software in three mobile carriers. Our analysis reveals that the problems stem from both specifications and carrier networks. We finally propose several potential countermeasures to defend these attacks.

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45

Hoque, Md Mizanul, Md Masud Karim, Md Mustafa Kamal, Md Kayesh, and Sawkat Osman. "Performance Analysis of Different Hybrid Precoding Schemes in 5G mmWave massive MIMO Systems." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 11, no. 09 (September 25, 2021): 1696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2020.09.05.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is most likely to appear as a aspiring technology in the upcoming generation of cellular communication (5G). To confront several challenges (e.g., system complexity, energy consumption etc.), hybrid precoding is largely investigated in mmWave massive MIMO systems due to its low energy consuming nature and reduced system complexity.

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46

Khan, Dost Muhammad, Tariq Aziz Rao, and Najia Sehr. "Energy Proficient Strategies and Future Challenges in 5G Networks in Pakistan." Global Regional Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(iv-iii).24.

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To meet the extraordinary subscribers’ requests in near future, 5G wireless cellular networks are developing. With the arrival of 5th generation (5G), millions of new Base Stations (BS) and billions of associated gadgets will also be increased which require the extra power. More power utilization will result in an ascent in the CO2 discharge into the atmosphere, which may cause various human diseases. To meet the requests of an expanded limit, an enhanced data rate, and a superior nature of the service of the up-coming generation systems, there is a dire need to embrace energy proficient models, which consume less power. This manuscript gives an overview of energy proficient strategies and future challenges in 5G networks, which will be helpful for research scholars and organizations for future exploration of power optimization in 5G networks.

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47

Marques da Silva, Mário, and Rui Dinis. "Power-Ordered NOMA with Massive MIMO for 5G Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083541.

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The aim of this article is to study the conventional and cooperative power-order Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) using the Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE) block transmission technique, associated with massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), evidencing its added value in terms of spectral efficiency of such combined scheme. The new services provided by Fifth Generation of Cellular Communications (5G) are supported by new techniques, such as millimeter waves (mm-wave), alongside the conventional centimeter waves and by massive MIMO (m-MIMO) technology. NOMA is expected to be incorporated in future releases of 5G, as it tends to achieve a capacity gain, highly required for the massive number of Internet of things (IoT) devices, namely to support an efficient reuse of limited spectrum. This article shows that the combination of conventional and cooperative NOMA with m-MIMO and SC-FDE, tends to achieve capacity gains, while the performance only suffers a moderate degradation, being an acceptable alternative for future evolutions of 5G. Moreover, it is shown that Cooperative NOMA tends to outperform Conventional NOMA. Moreover, this article shows that the Maximum Ratio Combiner (MRC) receiver is very well fitted to be combined with NOMA and m-MIMO, as it achieves a good performance while reducing the receiver complexity.

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48

Lin, James C. "Telecommunications health and safety: The Covid-19 pandemic and 5G cellular telecommunication systems." URSI Radio Science Bulletin 2020, no. 372 (March 2020): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursirsb.2020.9240107.

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49

Kumar, Vineeth, and Neelesh B. Mehta. "Modeling and Analysis of Differential CQI Feedback in 4G/5G OFDM Cellular Systems." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 18, no. 4 (April 2019): 2361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2903047.

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50

Ki, Hyeon-Cheol. "A Study on Spatial Combining power Amplifiers for Backhaul of 5G cellular systems." Journal of the Institute of Internet Broadcasting and Communication 16, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2016.16.4.21.

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