Добірка наукової літератури з теми "530.410 72"

Az Ipar 4.0 körébe tartozó megoldások alapjaiban alakították át a gazdálkodó szervezetek értékteremtő folyamatait. Azzal, hogy lehetségessé vált az informatikai folyamatok, és ezáltal az automatizált nagypontosságú adatgyűjtés, valamit a központosított és/vagy autonóm vezérlés úgynevezett cyber-fizikai rendszerek jöttek létre, ahol a reálgazdasági és informatikai (részben virtuális) folyamatok integrált és egymástól el nem választható egységet alkotnak. A kvalitatív (elméleti) kutatásomban áttekintem az a közelmúlt gazdaságilag releváns informatikai fejlődésének főbb és Porter-féle értékláncra alapozva megvizsgálom, hogy ezen eredmények a gazdálkodó szervezetek életében milyen változásokat indukáltak. A kvalitatív kutatásom eredménye a Porter-féle értékláncmodellnek egy olyan módosított változata, amelynek keretében egységesen értékelhetőek az IPAR 3.0 és az IPAR 4.0 körébe tartozó technológiákat rendszeresítő gazdálkodó szervezetek működése, és várhatóan alkalmazható lesz az IPAR 5.0 korszakában is.

The main provisions, proposed tools and practical recommendations for managing the intersectoral potential for industrial development under Industry 5.0 are outlined in the article. The research methodology includes a systematic approach to the formation and management of the cyber-physical-social system with an emphasis on the cross-industry nature, the interdisciplinarity of the foundation and the transdisciplinarity of Industry 5.0; value, cyber-socio-techno-cognitive, human-centric and socio-centric approaches; platform interest. Choice evolution of industries and their objects (physical systems of Industry 1.0 - 3.0, cyber-physical system of Industry 4.0, cyber-physical-social system of Industry 5.0). The article provides a description of various factors, further analysis of which allows us to state that Industry 4.0 is not the basis for achieving higher development goals expected by 2030. The capabilities of the main characteristics, goals and opportunities of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 are compared. It is concluded that Industry 5.0 does not equally represent the next industrial revolution, how many attendants join Industry 4.0 technologies strengthening cooperation between humans and robots. Technologies, possible tools and practical applications of Industry 5.0 are systematized. Priority measures aimed at preparing for Industry 5.0 implementation in a natural ecosystem, scientific and technological development based on proactive import substitution are proposed.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of five chemical fungicides, viz., Capvit 50 WP, Cynil 72 WP, Kochi 80 WDG, Sinozim 50 WP and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG along with five plant extracts, specifically Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Adhatoda vasica Nees., Psidium guajava L., Cassia alata L. and Citrus limon on the radial mycelial growth of two pathogenic fungi, Curvularia lunata and Drechslera oryzae associated with newly released BRRI rice varieties at varying concentrations. Capvit 50 WP exhibited complete inhibition of C. lunata at 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations as well as D. oryzae at 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations leading the selected fungicides, followed by Cynil 72 WP and Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG. Out of the five plant extracts, P. guajava demonstrated maximum radial growth inhibition (72.2%) against C. lunata at 20% concentration followed by A. indica. (56%), A. vasica. (52.3%), C. alata (24%) and C. limon (18.1%). Capvit 50 WP and Cynil 72 WP, among the fungicides, are potential in vivo controls for the tested pathogens associated with rice varieties. Additionally, out of the five plant extracts, Psidium guajava L. can be effective against C. lunata, while Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is a promising botanical fungicide against D. oryzae. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1393-1397, 2024 (January)

Telah dilakukan pembuatan zeolit Y dengan kajian konsentrasi dan jenis surfaktan yaitu cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dan Polyethylen Glycol-400 (PEG-400). Adapun bahan baku utama untuk membuat zeolit Y adalah sol silika dan alumunium hidroksida. Sintesis zeolit Y menggunakan metode hidrotermal dengan waktu kristalisasi 24 jam dan 72 jam pada suhu 100°C. Proses kalsinasi produk pada suhu 500°C selama 5 jam. Analisis produk zeolit menggunakan Fourrier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) dan X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa zeolit yang disintesis dengan waktu hidrotermal 24 jam menghasilkan zeolit A sedangkan yang 72 jam menghasilkan Zeolit Y. Variasi konsentrasi dan jenis surfaktan tidak signifikan mempengaruhi kristalinitas dan ukuran bulir kristal zeolit yang dihasilkan. Namun penggunaan surfaktan meningkatkan ukuran bulir kristal zeolit. Ukuran bulir kristal terbesar didapatkan pada zeolit 24 jam yang menggunakan surfaktan PEG-400 dengan konsentrasi 6,25x10-5 M menghasilkan ukuran bulir kristal 46,82 nm.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do início da irrigação, associado a doses dos herbicidas penoxsulam e clomazone, no controle de plantas daninhas e rendimento de grãos da cultura do arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados e parcelas subsubdivididas, com entradas de água (19, 24 e 29 dias após emergência) e os herbicidas penoxsulam (18, 36, 54 e 72 g ha-1) e clomazone (300, 400, 500 e 600 g ha-1) aplicados em préemergência da cultura e das plantas daninhas. Os herbicidas penoxsulam, entre 18 e 72 g ha¹, e clomazone, entre 400 e 600 g ha-1, aplicados em pré-emergência na cultura do arroz irrigado, permitiram o início da irrigação até os 29 dias após emergência sem prejuízos no controle de plantas daninhas ou no rendimento de grãos da cultura.

The objective: to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of preventive treatment with fixed-dose combination of anti-tuberculosis drugs (FDCs) in children from groups at high risk of developing tuberculosis.Subjects and Methods. Effectiveness of preventive treatment was analyzed in 318 children from groups at high risk of developing tuberculosis. Also, we studied the possibility of successful completion of the full course of treatment using FDCs and preventive treatment regimens containing at least two single drugs. Inclusion criteria were as follows: the child at high risk of developing tuberculosis; no clinical and radiological signs of active tuberculosis; lack of information about the resistance to first-line drugs at the suspected source of infection; and negative HIV status. A group of children (172 people) underwent preventive treatment using FDCs, of them 126 patients received FDCs containing isoniazid 150 mg + pyrazinamide 500 mg + pyridoxine hydrochloride 15 mg, and 46 patients received FDCs containing isoniazid 150 mg + ethambutol 400 mg + pyridoxine hydrochloride 15 mg. The comparison group (CG) included 146 children who received preventive treatment with single drugs: 111 children received isoniazid and pyrazinamide, and 35 children received isoniazid and ethambutol.Results. When assessing the safety and effectiveness, no statistically significant differences were found when using FDCs and single-drug regimens. 91.9% of children receiving FDCs and 86.3% of children receiving single-drug regimens successfully completed the full course of treatment. When taking FDCs, there was a tendency to lower incidence of adverse events. With the FDC (isoniazid 150 mg + pyrazinamide 500 mg + pyridoxine hydrochloride 15 mg), the proportion of adverse events did not exceed 4.0%. There were no adverse events with the FDC (isoniazid 150 mg + ethambutol 400 mg + pyridoxine hydrochloride 15 mg).Conclusion. Preventive treatment of children with tuberculosis infection with FDC is a modern and effective technology.

Extract from cell culture of medicinal plant like Nigella sativa have been assessed for its cytotoxic properties. Thymol is likely responsible for the theraputic effects of Nigella sativa leaf callus extract. In this short study the inhibitory effect of Nigella sativa leaf callus extract (Thymol) has been studied on Human Lorgnx Epidrmoid Carcinoma (Hep-2) cell line during different exposure period of time (24, 48 and 72 hrs.) using different concentration of the extract (1000, 500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 µg/ml). The optical density of the Hep-2 cells has been readed on 492 nm wave length. Thymol –induced cytotoxicity was (500 µg/ml) which inhibit cell growing compared to the control and this ratio increased at the 48 hrs of exopsure and stopped at 72 hrs. Key wards: Nigella sativa, callus extract, cell line, ELISA assay.

Aim.To determine gender differences in immediate outcomes of patients with acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Methods.CABG was indicated to patients with persistent myocardial ischemia (postinfarction angina) who did not meet criteria for percutaneous coronary intervention. Hybrid procedures and CABG aimed at repairing mechanical complications of AMI were not considered. Men (n = 66, 65.3%) were assigned to Group 1, whereas women (n = 35, 34.7%) were assigned to Group 2. Women were older and obese (grades 2-3), had higher GRACE scores, levels of cardiospecific troponin and higher rate of type 2 diabetes (p<0.05). Men and women commonly had three-vessel CAD (3.0; 4.0). The mean SYNTAX score for men and women was 29.0 (24.0; 33.0) and 27.0 (24.0; 28.0), p>0.05.Results.The median preoperative period was 4.0 days (3.8; 5.0) in male patients and 5.0 (4.0; 6.0) days in female patients (p>0.05). The groups did not have any significant differences in technical aspects of CABG (p>0.05). Mortality was 3.0% in men and 2.9% in women (p>0.05). No deaths were recorded from the onset of AMI till the first 72 hours after CABG. Three patients who under CABG died after 72 hours from the onset of MI (p>0.05). The total number of complications was 13 (19.7%) in men and 5 (14.3%) in women (p>0.05). There were no cases of conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass.Conclusion.The immediate outcomes of delayed of-pump CABG in both, men and women with acute non-ST-segment myocardial infarction, were comparable in mortality and complications (p>0.05). The immediate outcomes of CABG performed within 72 hours in both, men and women, were comparable in mortality as compared to surgeries performed after 72 hours from the MI onset. Obtained data demonstrated safety of early open-heart surgeries for acute non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Introduction. Today we observed of tendency to reduction of honey bee population in the world what according to honey gathering. For example, in Ukraine, according to statistical data for 7 inhabitants of Poltava region accounts for 1 bee familie, compared with that of 300 years ago, it reached within 3 bee families per citizen. Science and practice open many secrets according biology of bees, allowing bee efficient manage vital functions for humans. But despite the opening of beekeeping is the only farm animal that over 100 years has not been the intervention of human hands to create a new breeds of honeybees. Genetic intensify the search in the field of beekeeping conditions in Ukraine needs to initiate breeding program as planned waste zoning and aspects of reproduction of bees. The aime of research: determining the characteristics of four intrapedigrees types in the Carpathian bee breed using the methods of population and molecular genetics. Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed from top five lines: Sinevir, Rakhiv, Vuchkivskyy and Hoverla bee colonies were taken 10 bee worker. For molecular genetic analysis used 20 insects of each Carpathian bees breed type with observance of the principle of representativeness. DNA extraction performed from homogenate tissues using the standard commercial kit «DNA Sorb B», «Amplisense», this some modifications [1] during sample preparation. Reaction mix purification from bees wax leading this octane. The structure of the primers used for genotyping of bees and their code designations are: OPA-1(3’- CAG GCC CTT C -5’); OPA-4 (3’- AAT CGG GCT G -5’); B15 (3’- GGA GGG TGT T -5’); S1 (3’-AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC AGC C-5’). The program amplification of RAPD - primers: 1 cycle: 940 - 3min .; 2-35 cycle: 940 - 1 min., 360 - 30s., 720 - 1hv.36 cycle (final elongation): 720 - 10 min. The program amplification with primers S1: 1 cycle of 94 ° C - 4min 2 - 31 cycle: 57 ° C - 2 minutes; 72 ° C - 4min; 94 ° C - 1 minute, 32 cycle: 57 ° C - 3 minutes; 72 ° C - 7 minutes. Electrophoretic separation of amplified sections performed in 2% agarose gel in Tris borate buffer conditions. Size of amplification products control was carried out using molecular weight marker 1 kb - Ledder plus ( «Fermentas», Vilnius, Latvia). Processing of the profiles was performed in a standard computer program GELSTAT [4]. Genetic distances were calculated in terms of genetic similarity indices obtained GELSTAT program as follows: Dxy = - lnI Building a kladohramm performed according to the values of genetic distances TREE program and MEGA 4 [5; 6]. Statistical analysis of amplicon frequencies, heterozygosity, linage similarity, etc., performed by Fisher's algorithm [7]. Results and discussion. Molecular genetic studies on four primers made it possible to analyze 95 DNA fragments of different lengths, matching the same number of anonymous genetic loci of the genome of bees. Apply primer in RAPD - 15 made it possible to identify 18 amplification products in a range of molecular sizes from 410 to 1000 b. p. It noted that the DNA fragment size 410 b.p. 100% met all the members of Carpathian bees breed and described one genetic monomorfic locus. DNA size band 445 b. p. elektrophoregramme was found in only 20% of bees Vuchkivskiy type in the absence of individuals in other populations. Statistical comparisons (Fisher's criterion) frequency distribution of DNA fragments obtained with primer in -15 revealed a significant number of types of identification markers intrapedigrees of Carpathian bees. The largest number of DNA - fragments set for Vuchkivsksy type whose size is reached within the following limits: 1000, 630, 580 and 485b.p. DNA fragment of 1000 b.p. general was absent in bees Rakhiv type and Synevir, and its frequency in the population of Representatives Hoverla was 0.600 (p <0.001). As individuals, the members of such Synevir, observed no amplicon size 630 b. p. A fragment of a molecular weight of 710 b. p. observed with a frequency of 0.600 to 0.400 bees and type Rahiv, Goverla and 0,100 individuals in such Vuchkivskyy (p <0,05; p <0,01), respectively. Bees type Rahiv, Goverla and can be identified among other types of Carpathian breed presence significantly higher frequency amplification product whose size is 655, 515 b. p., 830 b. p, 530 b. p., respectively. Statistical analysis of the frequency distribution of the products of amplification bees four types derived from molecular genetic analysis of four primers in PCR was performed to identify the most characteristic identification of DNA fragments bees each of type [8]. Based on these characteristics were constructed genetic formula intrapedigrys types of Carpathian breed. According genetic formulas the highest number of specific DNA - fragments characterized by bees for types of Sinevir and Vuchkivskyy, that the overwhelming number of such markers has been found Sinevir system ISSR-S1 (four amplicons) and for the type of system was Vuchkivskyy informative method of RAPD B-15 primer (six DNA fragments). Type Rahiv different from the others by the presence of six DNA markers, such as bees of Hoverla characterized only four specific genetic loci. For the main parameters of population parameters highest level of genetic diversity characterized types Goverla and Rahiv because in terms of total heterozygosity significantly different from the type of bees from Sinevir and Vuchkivskyy values ​​of 0.362 and 0.354, respectively (p <0,01; p <0,001). Moreover, the type of bees Hoverla observed the largest number of polymorphic loci - 54.9%, with a minimum of meaning in a population of individuals Sinevir type, and the lowest value of intrapedigrys similarity (number of DNA fragments in the same study group) were observed for a sample of bees type Rakhiv (0.665, p <0.001). Determining the genetic distances between breeds in genealogical structure can be used as a methodical approach predicting the effectiveness of a combination of lines and types for heterosis effect on purebred descendants basis.The maximum value of genetic distance algorithm M. Ney was established between the types Synevir and Rakhiv (0.435), slightly less than this value typical of the combination VUChK - Synevir (0.426) and VUChK - Rakhiv (0.423). The smallest genetic distance calculated between individuals and types Hoverla ‒ Vuchkivskyy, which indicates their high genetic relationship and the undesirability of crossing the representatives of these types together. Application of unweighted pair-group clustering based on the calculated distances made it possible to analyze the nature of the genetic relationships between intrapedigrys types of Carpathian breed in graphic terms. According dendrogram representatives Synevir types and Rahiv presented by individual branches, indicating their genetic identity. The Goverla and Vuchkivskyy type of bees and united in a common underklaster, due not only to the minimum calculated measure of genetic distance between data types, but confirmed the historical part of the establishment pedigree group Hoverla, based line mares are exactly the type Vuchkivskyy and lost insect genealogical group of Kolochavskiy type. Conclusion Determining genetic specificity linage types of Carpathian breed bees allowed to obtain the following results: 1) chosen for the study of molecular genetic markers is sufficiently informative for determining the unique, specific features of each breed group and the identification of any sample Carpathian bees with the opportunity to consider linage certain type; 2) received genetic formula of Carpathian bees linage types are proof of the impact of breeding activities and can form the basis the protection of intellectual property of their authors; 3) used molecular genetic markers may serve as a forecasting tool optimal compatibility of linage types to obtain heterosis effect in their offspring. The prospect of the research of this area is to select as a methodological tool for measuring genetic polymorphism Carpathian breed more accurate, reproducible and standardized markers, locus-specific micro satellite analysis, STR, research of structural genes single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP analysis, accumulation and formation the databases to assess the state of development, management and preservation unique of Carpathian bees gene pool.

Background: The objective of the study was to study the pattern of prophylactic antibiotics usage in caesarean sections in Indian settings.Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was done on women undergoing elective and emergency caesarean sections in the Department of obstetrics and gynecology who were given antibiotics according to the existing trends in the hospital.Results: Almost 72% women received prophylactic antibiotics within 30-60 minutes of skin incision while rest 28% received it before 60 minutes. In post-operative period around 80% of the women received injectable antibiotics for 48 hours, 12% for 72 hours and rest 8% received antibiotics for more than 72 hours. 90% of the patients received injections ceftriaxone 1 gm IV BD, gentamycin 80 mg IV BD metronidazole 400 mg iv TDS while 10% received injection Ampicillin 500 mg QID along with Injection Metronidazole 400 mg iv TDS and injection gentamycin 80 mg IV BD. Two percent of the cases developed wound sepsis and required change to higher antibiotics.Conclusions: In spite of recommendations by International Guidelines for single dose of prophylactic antibiotics, multiple doses are being given. There are no Indian guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean sections and as a result, various combinations of antibiotics are being given for variable duration leading to antibiotic resistance and increased cost of treatment.

Der Bamberger Dom, das bedeutendste Bauwerk der Stadt, besteht seit gut 1000 Jahren. Prof. Dr. Walter Sage, nachmalig erster Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Archäologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (AMANZ) an der Universität Bamberg, führte dort von 1969-72 großangelegte Ausgrabungen durch. Er ließ nahezu das gesamte Hauptschiff öffnen, dazu große Bereiche der Seitenschiffe. Man traf Fundamente aller Bauphasen an, dazu viele Bestattungen und eine große Zahl von Kleinfunden. Diese Funde stammen zum Teil von der Innenausstattung des ersten Doms, dessen grundsätzliche Boden- und Wandgestaltung somit gut rekonstruierbar ist. Die wissenschaftliche Aufarbeitung der Funde – 50 Jahre nach ihrer Bergung – war Anlass und Inhalt einer Sonderausstellung im Historischen Museum, bewerkstelligt vom Lehrstuhl AMANZ in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Historischen Verein und dem Historischen Museum Bamberg, den Eigentümern der Funde und unterstützt vom Erzbistum Bamberg. Mit dieser Ausstellung und dem Begleitheft, beides hauptsächlich von Studierenden erarbeitet, feiert der Lehrstuhl AMANZ zudem sein 40-jähriges Bestehen. Bamberg Cathedral, the most important building in the city, was built more than 1000 years ago. Prof. Dr. Walter Sage, who later became the first professor of medieval and postmedieval archaeology at the University of Bamberg, carried out large-scale excavations from 1969-72. He researched almost the entire nave as well as large areas of the aisles. Foundations of all construction phases were found, as well as many burials and a large number of small finds. Many finds were part of the interior of the first cathedral, allowing a reconstruction of the floor and the wall design. 50 years after the excavations the analysis of these finds is part of a new scientific project. Together with the 40th anniversary of the chair of medieval and postmedieval archaeology this is the occasion for a special exhibition in the Historical Museum Bamberg. The exhibition and this booklet were realized in cooperation with the Bamberg Historical Association, who owns the finds today, and with the support of the Archdiocese of Bamberg. Conception, exhibition texts as well as most of the article were prepared by students of the chair of medieval and postmedieval archaeology.

AbstractBackground: Nowadays, mammography and DCE-MRI are the gold standard for breast cancer screening. Scientific experience demonstrate an increasing application of Echo elastosonography in breast cancer diagnosis, for this reason, within the Synergy-Net project the objective is to create a system based on machine learning algorithms, a CAD developed with CNNs, capable of representing a decision support in the analysis of echo-elastic sonographic images. Results: 315 female patients at the “Vanvitelli” Breast Unit were subjected to digital 3D mammography tomosynthesis and advanced ultrasound (quantitative Echo elastosonography) and comparative analysis of the two methods. We collected 70 breast cancer, 200 benign pathologies (dropout of 11.1%) and we compared two different homogeneous by composition subgroups (35 with cancer and 100 with benign pathology 20.5%), relating to the diagnostic predictive capabilities of 3D digital mammography and quantitative elastosonography: Group A age 40–50 years, Group B age 50–60 years. Results demonstrate fair predictive performances of echoelastosonography versus traditional mammography, especially in the first group (40–50 years), p < 0.05 in favor of elastosonography regarding sensitivity and accuracy; performances that appear substantially comparable in the second group (50–60 years). We also tested the diagnostic predictive capabilities of the CAD Synergy-Breast-Net achieving encouraging results: Sensitivity 80%, Specificity 72%, Accuracy 74%, Negative Predictive Value 84.7% and Positive Predictive Value 83.3%. Conclusion: From this perspective, the screening of patients aged < 40 years and integrate the main screening activities in patients aged between 40 and 50 years integrated with increasingly high-performance machine learning systems, could represent a valid alternative in the future.

Abstract Two notable features of fertility behaviour in Western Europe and elsewhere in industrialized countries since the end of the Second World War have been a steady decline in completed fertility (the total number of children born to a woman) and fluctuations in the tempo of fertility (the distribution of those births over the mother’s fecund period). In Italy, for example, completed fertility has fallen from 2.11 for the cohort of women born in 1939-40, to 2.06 for the one born in 1944-5, to only l.89 for that of 1949-50. The proportion of that fertility realized before the mother reached age 30 has, however, risen from 68 per cent in the 1939-40 cohort to 74 per cent in the 1944-5 cohort, only to fall lo 72 per cent in that of 1949-50. A similar picture emerges for the rest of Western Europe.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar o resíduo da batata inglesa como substrato da fermentação em estado sólido (FES) pelo fungo Aspergillus niger para a produção das enzimas alfa amilase e amiloglusidase. As fermentações foram conduzidas a 30°C em estufa bacteriológica nas umidades de 35%, 60% e 75%, nos tempos de 48, 72 e 96 horas. Foram realizadas fermentações com e sem a presença do indutor (1g de amido de milho). Na produção da alfa amilase a melhor atividade foi de 152U/g no tempo de 48 horas com umidade 75%. Já na presença do indutor a melhor atividade foi de 192,8U/g no tempo de 96 horas com umidade 60%. Já na produção de amiloglucosidade o melhor tempo foi de 72 horas, com uma atividade de 430,41U/g a uma umidade de 75% com a presença do indutor e de 282,12U/g a uma umidade de 60% sem a presença do indutor. Outras variáveis como a temperatura ótima e o pH ótimo foram analisadas. As temperaturas usadas foram as de 30, 40, 50, 60 e 70°C e os pH foram 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 e 9. A maior atividade da alfa amilase foi na temperatura de 30°C produzindo 192,8U/g, já na presença do indutor a temperatura com melhor atividade foi de 70°C produzindo 258,8U/g. Já na amiloglosidase apresentou preferência por temperatura mais baixos, de 30°C sem o indutor e 40°C com a presença de indutor, tendo uma atividade de 230,41U/g e 313,81U/g respectivamente.

Urinary bladder tumors are the second most common malignancy of the urinary system. In 2012, the global age-standardized incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) was reported as 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women. Usually, bladder cancers are seen in middle and old-aged people. In the United States, the average age for getting a diagnosis was 72 years. It was reported that 90% of newly diagnosed patients were above 60 years and rarely below 35 years. Bladder tumors relapse approximately 50–75% within 5 years after diagnosis, and progressions occur in 10–20% of them. While the five-year survival rate of organ-confined disease is 94%, the survival rates of locally invasive and metastatic tumors varied between 6 and 49%. Most of the bladder urothelial carcinomas diagnosed in patients under 40 years of age are low-grade and stage I, and the 5-year survival rate is around 97%.

A thermo-alkalophilic bacterium isolated from textile mill effluent samples and identified as a Bacillus sp., on the basis of biochemical tests. The selected bacterium showed high decolorization activity in static condition as compared to shaking condition and the maximum 1000 mg l-1 Direct Blue-14 dye decolorization was takes place in 72 h. The optimum physical parameters such as temperature 40-50 °C, pH 8.0 with 2.5% (w/v) of nitrogen source and 4% (w/v) glucose were required for the decolorization of Direct Blue-14 from this bacterium. UV–Visible analyses and colorless bacterial cells suggested that Bacillus sp. exhibited decolorizing activity through biodegradation, rather than inactive surface adsorption. The degraded dye metabolites are analyzed by TLC and diazotization, carbylamines, Ames test for individual metabolite indicates biotransformation of Direct Blue-14 into aromatic amine and non-toxic aromatic metabolites. These results suggest that the isolated organism Bacillus sp. as a useful tool to treat waste water containing azo dyes at static condition.

Abstract While surveys have been used by social scientists for more than 50 years in studies of medical education, these early efforts primarily followed the investigators’ disciplinary interests in the process of socialization and professionalization among medical students. They were aimed at gathering extensive amounts of data on student demographics, background, characteristics, expectations, experiences, opinions, and career plans, as well as their values, attitudes, behavior, and self-image during exposure to the intense environmental influence of medical education. A classic example of this type of survey questionnaire can be found in Appendix D of Merton et al.’s The Student-Physician (1957). It was nearly 40 pages in length and consisted of 72 separate and exhaustive questions, each seeking numerous subsets of information. This survey was administered to suc-cessive classes of medical students at Cornell, Case Western Reserve, and the University of Pennsylvania during the 1950s, and the findings constitute a classic study of medical education.

O câncer de mama triplo-negativo (CMTN) é uma neoplasia incidente de maior agressividade, apresentando rápida disseminação com padrão inicial metastático e pior prognóstico quando comparado ao carcinoma mamário não triplo negativo. Esta neoplasia é mais frequente em mulheres jovens com menos de 40 anos e a quimioterapia adjuvante convencional é a única opção para o tratamento sistêmico desse câncer até o momento. Considerando essas informações, a própolis vermelha brasileira, uma substância resinosa natural sintetizada pelas abelhas para proteção da colmeia, apresenta dentre suas várias atividades biológicas a ação citotóxica contra células tumorais. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antiproliferativo e de indução de morte celular do extrato padronizado de própolis vermelha (EPPV), na linhagem celular de adenocarcinoma de mama com fenótipo quimiorresistente MDA-MB-231. Para tanto, foi realizado o ensaio colorimétrico XTT e observou-se uma redução significativa da viabilidade celular em todas as concentrações testadas (0,1; 1; 10 e 100 µg/mL) após 24 horas de tratamento, enquanto que para a os tratamentos de 48 e 72 horas essa redução ocorreu apenas na maior concentração de 100 µg/mL. A partir deste, foi determinado os valores da concentração inibitória de 50% (CI50) pela qual obtivemos concentrações citotóxicas de 5,22; 18,33 e 20,56 µg/mL após 24, 48 e 72 horas de tratamento, respectivamente. Notou-se um aumento da concentração inibitória na medida em que aumentava o tempo de tratamento. No ensaio de sobrevivência clonogênica o EPPV diminuiu significativamente a fração de sobrevivência celular (**p<0,001) nas concentrações de 1, 10, 50 e 100 µg/mL em todos os tempos de tratamentos testados, e para a concentração de 0,1 µg/mL (* p<0,01) essa redução foi observada apenas no tempo de 24 horas. Pela avaliação do índice mitótico o EPPV provocou efeito citostático mantendo as células tumorais de mama por um período maior na divisão celular apresentando assim maior número de células com núcleos interfásicos. No ensaio do cometa, a análise visual do dano genômico demonstrou que o EPPV sobre a MDA-MB-231 foi genotóxico nas concentrações de 10 e 50 µg/mL atingindo nelas 100% da frequência de danos e com score apresentando significância para a concentração de 10 e 50 µg/mL quando comparados ao controle veículo (** p<0,01; ***p<0,001.) respectivamente. Pode- se concluir, portanto, que o EPPV possui atividade promissora sobre o tumor de mama triplo-negativo quimiorresistente por apresentar lentidão na progressão do ciclo celular com consequente diminuição da viabilidade e proliferação celular através de efeitos citotóxicos e genotóxicos tempo-dose dependentes.

The use of hospitals for medical care became more varied after 1950. More patients were admitted for a wide variety of conditions and more different types of treatments were provided. Many new technologies were adopted that have raised costs considerably. Hospitals employed more residents, foreign medical graduates, and nurses. Between 1946 and 1983, hospitals grew both in size and importance in the health care system. The number of short-term nonfederal hospitals increased by only one-third, but the number of beds and the average daily census doubled and the number of admissions increased 2.6 times, while the U.S. population grew by only two-thirds. Much of the additional use was for nonsurgical care. During the 1928–1943 period, 74 percent of all hospital admissions were surgical. This declined to 60 percent between 1956 and 1968 and to 50 percent between 1975 and 1981. Outpatient care grew even more rapidly than inpatient care, with the number of hospital outpatients doubling between 1965 and 1983. The hospital system has become dominated by large hospitals, practically all of which have affiliated with medical schools. In 1983, the 18 percent of nonfederal short-term hospitals that had 300 or more beds admitted 50 percent of the patients, carried out 59 percent of the surgery, and had 55 percent of the outpatient visits and 61 percent of the births. They employed 72 percent of all physicians and dentists employed in hospitals and 90 percent of all medical and dental residents. At least 60 percent of them had nurseries for premature infants, hemodialysis units, radiation therapy or isotype facilities, computerized tomograhy (CT) scanners, and cardiac catheterization facilities, and almost one-half had open-heart surgery facilities. Most also offered types of care not traditionally associated with hospitals. Practically all of them provided social work services and physical therapy, at least 75 percent provided occupational and speech therapy, and 40 percent provided outpatient psychiatric care. On the other hand, fewer than one-third provided family planning, home care, or hospice services, or partial hospitalization for psychiatric patients. The expanding services of nonfederal short-term general hospitals has led to the employment of larger numbers of workers.

Abstract Skarn deposits are one of the most common deposit types in China. The 386 skarns summarized in this review contain ~8.9 million tonnes (Mt) Sn (87% of China’s Sn resources), 6.6 Mt W (71%), 42 Mt Cu (32%), 81 Mt Zn-Pb (25%), 5.4 Mt Mo (17%), 1,871 tonnes (t) Au (11%), 42,212 t Ag (10%), and ~8,500 Mt Fe ore (~9%; major source of high-grade Fe ore). Some of the largest Sn, W, Mo, and Zn-Pb skarns are world-class. The abundance of skarns in China is related to a unique tectonic evolution that resulted in extensive hydrous magmas and widespread belts of carbonate country rocks. The landmass of China is composed of multiple blocks, some with Archean basements, and oceanic terranes that have amalgamated and rifted apart several times. Subduction and collisional events generated abundant hydrous fertile magmas. The events include subduction along the Rodinian margins, closures of the Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Asian, Paleo-Tethys, and Neo-Tethys Oceans, and subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate. Extensive carbonate platforms developed on the passive margins of the cratonic blocks during multiple periods from Neoarchean to Holocene also facilitated skarn formation. There are 231 Ca skarns replacing limestone, 15 Ca skarns replacing igneous rocks, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, or metamorphic silicate rocks, 113 Ca-Mg skarns replacing dolomitic limestone or interlayered dolomite and limestone, and 28 Mg skarns replacing dolomite in China. The Ca and Ca-Mg skarns host all types of metals, as do Mg skarns, except for major Cu and W mineralization. Boron mineralization only occurs in Mg skarns. The skarns typically include a high-temperature prograde stage, iron oxide-rich higher-temperature retrograde stage, sulfide-rich lower-temperature retrograde stage, and a latest barren carbonate stage. The zoning of garnet/pyroxene ratios depends on the redox state of both the causative magma and the wall rocks. In an oxidized magma-reduced wall-rock skarn system, such as is typical of Cu skarns in China, the garnet/pyroxene ratio decreases, and garnet color becomes lighter away from the intrusion. In a reduced intrusion-reduced wall-rock skarn system, such as a cassiterite- and sulfide-rich Sn skarn, the skarn is dominated by pyroxene with minor to no garnet. Manganese-rich skarn minerals may be abundant in distal skarns. Metal associations and endowment are largely controlled by the magma redox state and degree of fractionation and, in general, can be grouped into four categories. Within each category there is spatial zonation. The first category of deposits is associated with reduced and highly fractionated magma. They comprise (1) greisen with Sn ± W in intrusions, grading outward to (2) Sn ± Cu ± Fe at the contact zone, and farther out to (3) Sn (distal) and Zn-Pb (more distal) in veins, mantos, and chimneys. The second category is associated with oxidized and poorly to moderately fractionated magma. Ores include minor porphyry-style Mo and/or porphyry-style Cu mineralization ± Cu skarns replacing xenoliths or roof pendants inside intrusions, zoned outward to major zones of Cu and/or Fe ± Au ± Mo mineralization at the contact with and in adjacent country rocks, and farther out to local Cu (distal) + Zn-Pb (more distal) in veins, mantos, and chimneys. Oxidized and highly fractionated magma is associated with porphyry Mo or greisen W inside an intrusion, outward to Mo and/or W ± Fe ± Cu skarns at the contact zone, and farther to Mo or W ± Cu in distal veins, mantos, and chimneys. The final category is associated with reduced and poorly to moderately fractionated magma. No major skarns of this type have been recognized in China, but outside China there are many examples of such intrusions related to Au-only skarns at the contact zone. Reduced Zn-Au skarns in China are inferred to be distal parts of such systems. Tungsten and Sn do not occur together as commonly as was previously thought. The distal part of a skarn ore system may transition to carbonate replacement deposits. Distal stratabound mantos and crosscutting veins/chimneys may contain not only Zn-Pb but also major Sn, W, Cu, Mo, and Au mineralization. The Zn-Pb mineralization may be part of either an oxidized system (e.g., Cu, Mo, Fe) or a reduced system (e.g., Sn). In China, distal Zn-Pb is more commonly related to reduced magmas. Gold and W may also be related to both oxidized and reduced magmas, although in China they are more typically related to oxidized magma. There are numerous examples of distal mantos/chimneys that continuously transition to proximal skarns at intrusion-wall-rock contact zones, and this relationship strongly supports the magmatic affiliation of such deposits and suggests that distal skarns/carbonate replacement deposits systems should be explored to find more proximal mineralization. Carbonate xenoliths or roof pendants may host the majority of mineralization in some deposits. In contact zones, skarns are better developed where the intrusion shape is complicated. The above two skarn positions imply that there may be multiple skarn bodies below drill interceptions of intrusive rocks. Many of the largest skarns for all commodities in China are related to small or subsurface intrusions (except for Sn skarns), have multiple mineralization centers, are young (&lt;~160 Ma), and have the full system from causative intrusion(s) to distal skarns or carbonate replacement extensions discovered. Chinese skarn deposits fall in several age groups: ~830, ~480 to 420, ~383 to 371, ~324 to 314, ~263 to 210, ~200 to 83, ~80 to 72, and ~65 to 15 Ma. They are typically associated with convergent plate boundaries, mostly in subduction settings but also in collisional settings. Seven major skarn metallogenic belts are recognized based on skarn geographic location and geodynamic background. In subduction settings, skarns may form in a belt up to 4,000 km long and 1,000 km inland, with skarns continuously forming for up to 120 m.y., e.g., the eastern China belt. In most other belts, skarns form in 5- to 20-m.y. episodes similar to the situation in South America. In collisional settings, skarns may form up to 50 m.y. after an ocean closure, and the distance to the collisional/accretionary boundary may extend to ~150 km inland. The size of collision-related skarns may be as large as the largest skarns related to oceanic crust subduction. Older suture zones may be favorable sites for younger mineralization, for example, the Triassic Paleo-Tethys suture between the North and South China blocks for the younger and largest skarn cluster of the Middle-Lower Yangtze belt in the eastern China belt, and the Triassic sutures in southwestern China for Cretaceous to Tertiary mineralization.

Abstract Cold spray Aluminium 6061 coating samples were produced with variations of cold spray gas temperatures from 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C and 700°C, with all other spray parameters constant. The tensile adhesive strengths of the coatings were found to be decreasing with increasing spray temperature, with a marked 70% drop from 400°C to 500°C. A 72% increase in the average coating adhesive strength was observed after T6-heat treatment of non-grit blasted coating samples although the average coating adhesive strength decreased by 9% after stress-relief heat treatment. A 64% increase in the average coating adhesive strength was observed after T6-heat treatment of grit blasted coating samples although the average coating adhesive strength decreased by 20% after stress-relief heat treatment. Coatings were also sprayed at 40° and 60° and subjected to stress-relief and T6 heat treatment. However there were no significant variations in the coating adhesive strengths after heat treatment.

Abstract High gas volume fractions (GVFs) decrease the pressure boosting capacity of electric submersible pumps (ESPs). To prevent this, advanced gas handlers, helico-axial-pumps, etc., may be installed upstream of the pump, but these equipment can be expensive. This study presents results of testing different impeller combinations up to 90% intake GVF. The findings present a potential economical option for managing high GVF flows in ESP operation, beneficial to boosting and maximizing production from a field asset. The pump used was a two-stage, radial-type centrifugal pump with 3.78-inch impeller diameter operating at 3400 RPM. Three impeller pairs were used: P0 (no hole in any impeller blades), P1 (holes only in second stage impeller blades), and P2 (holes in first and second stage impeller blades). Water flow rates were fixed from 75 to 550 barrels per day (BPD), and air flow rates varied to give intake GVFs between 10% to 92% for average fluid temperatures about 25°C. The corresponding differential pressures across the pump were measured and compared to one another. The results showed that for all impellers, the differential pressure across the pumps decreased with increasing GVF. At 75 BPD, pump P0 attained zero differential pressure at about 72% GVF. The impellers in P1 and P2 were able to extend its operation to reach zero differential pressure at 90% and 90% GVF, respectively. When the liquid flow rate was increased to 275 BPD, the differential pressures in P0, P1 and P2 reached zero at about 36%, 38% and 41%, respectively. Increasing the liquid flow rate even further to 410 BPD, results in zero differential pressure at about 26%, 30% and 29% GVF for P0, P1, and P2, respectively. The general trend is that the GVF at which the differential pressure reaches zero decreases with increasing liquid volume flow rate. At lower liquid volume flow rates, holes drilled in the impeller blades significantly extend the pump's GVF handling capability by homogenizing the flow at the inlet of the centrifugal pump. Since the gas-handling performance of a radial-type pump was enhanced, it may be concluded that the performance will be even more favorable for a mixed-flow or axial-flow pump, especially at higher rotational speeds and intake pressures than in these tests. This study highlights the importance of pursuing economical alternatives to extend the performance envelope of a centrifugal pump operating in high GVF flows. The findings from this work imply that with appropriate modifications to ESP impellers, their operating envelopes may be increased using cost-effective methods. This opens opportunities for stakeholders to maximize production from field assets with very high-gas content, and increase the economic bottomline for the operator.

Collisions between aircraft and wildlife (wildlife strikes) are common occurrences across the developed world. Wildlife strikes are not only numerous, but also costly. Estimates suggest that wildlife strikes cost the civil aviation industry in the U.S. up to $625 million annually, and nearly 500 people have been killed in wildlife strikes worldwide. Most wildlife strikes occur in the airport environment: 72 percent of all strikes occur when the aircraft is ≤500 ft (152 m) above ground level, and 41 percent of strikes occur when the aircraft is on the ground during landing or takeoff. Thus, management efforts to reduce wildlife hazards are focused at the airport. There are many techniques used to reduce wildlife hazards at airports, and these usually work best when used in an integrative fashion. Here, we discuss the available data on wildlife strikes with aircraft, summarize legal considerations, explain why wildlife are attracted to airports and how to identify important wildlife attractants, describe commonly-used tools and techniques for reducing wildlife hazards at airports, and explain how airports can enlist the help of professional wildlife biologists to manage wildlife hazards.

We investigate seismic attenuation characteristics of the Charlevoix Seismic Zone. This zone is located ~100 km downstream from Quebec City and is the most seismically active region of eastern Canada. We used earthquake recordings from 8 seismograph stations of the Canadian National Seismic Network (CNSN) across the region. Our dataset is comprised of 584 earthquakes recorded between 1992 and 2022 with magnitudes ranging from 2.0 to 5.4, depths from 0 to 30 km and epicentral distances of 5 to 100 km. This gives a total of 1490 high signal-to-noise (S/N) traces (S/N?5.0) useful for QC calculation (with a maximum ellipse parameter, a2, of 100) across the region. Coda windows were selected to start at tc = 2tS (two times the travel time of the direct S wave), and were filtered at center frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 Hz. Our study reveals a consistent pattern. We find that the highest Q0 (Q at 1 Hz) values are at station A11 (e.g., Q0 of 109), that is the farthest station from the 1663, M~7 earthquake (D=40 km), excluding the new station of CACQ. The lowest Q0 values that we find are at the station A16 (e.g., Q0 of 72) that is the second closest station to the epicenter of the 1663 earthquake (D=16 km) after station A61 (D=10 km). Also, we find the lowest overall average Q0 values at station A16 (e.g., Q0 of 72). In general, Q0 is lower in the vicinity of large earthquakes (Jin &amp; Aki, 1988). Therefore, the low Q0 values at station A16 may suggest that the 1663 earthquake is located slightly southeast of the catalog epicenter, considering high uncertainty associated with historic events. An average for all the data results in a Q relationship of QC = 81f1.06 for the frequency band of 2 to 16 Hz for the entire region.

The Mississippi National River and Recreation area (MISS), situated along a 116 km stretch of the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis and St. Paul urban corridor, encompasses ~21,800 ha of public and private land. In 2022, the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network (GLKN) resampled permanent forest monitoring sites in the park, marking the second assessment of these sites, which were established and initially sampled in 2011. The goal of this long-term monitoring project is to provides managers with routine updates on which to base management decisions; these data can also be used to tease apart impacts and elucidate causal agents when novel problems or situations arise. We initiated a comprehensive forest monitoring program at MISS in 2011, establishing 33 sites at that time. High water levels during our sampling window that year precluded sampling on many of our planned sites while on others, water levels had only recently subsided. Here, the full complement of herbs had not yet emerged. In 2022, we resampled existing sites and established additional locations, bringing the total to 50. Sampled and derived metrics included trees (density and basal area of live trees, seedlings, and snags (i.e., standing dead trees)), understory (herb and shrub frequency), browse (bite marks on woody species and presence and height of herbaceous species), and taxa richness. We classified sites into four broad forest types using the newer (2022) dataset, resulting in two upland types (upland rich, upland disturbed) and two floodplain types (box elder-dominated and silver maple-dominated). Because of sampling difficulties in 2011, we are only comparing tree, sapling, and snag data between years. At upland rich sites, overall tree (? 2.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) density declined 22%, while that for just the small sapling component (? 2.5 cm, < 5 cm DBH) fell 41%. Species experiencing notable losses include basswood (Tilia americana L.), elm (Ulmus L.), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). All three resampled sites are located in Spring Lake Park Reserve and subjected to high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) browse pressure. We sampled seven sites in upland disturbed forests, where overall tree density fell 17% from 778 ? 215 trees/ha to 648 ? 72 trees/ha, largely due to declines in elm, ash (Fraxinus sp. L.), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). While changes in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) mirrored this pattern in diameter classes above 5 cm, density of saplings increased 12-fold, largely due to a swamping effect from one site, possibly in response to buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) removal. In the nine box elder-dominated sites, overall tree density declined from 635 ? 47 in 2011 to 500 ? 58 trees/ha in 2022, mainly reflecting changes in box elder (Acer negundo L.), elm, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). In these sites, density of large (? 30 cm DBH) snags increased from 2.5 ? 1.6 to 11.1 ? 4.4 snags/ha. In silver maple-dominated floodplain forests, tree density in the 12 sites fell from 421 ? 63 to 291 ? 23 trees/ha, with declines observed in all five dominant species. Sapling density was low in these sites, falling from 62.6 ? 36 in 2011 to 23.6 ? 11 saplings/ha in 2022. Our observations likely reflect both deer browse and alteration of the flow regime by river impoundment. At upland sites, deer browse is impeding regeneration of all major upland species: red oak, bitternut hickory, basswood, and elm. While browse is also occurring in floodplain sites, prolonged inundation may play a larger role in regeneration failure here. Saplings of silver maple, box elder, cottonwood, elm, and hackberry all have some degree of susceptibility to inundation, ranging from moderate tolerance to completely intolerant. The Mississippi River experienced flooding in 2014, 2017, and again in 2019 when flood stage was exceeded for a record number of days in St. Paul. Sapling decline at floodplain sites is likely a direct result of this. Forest management within the park should focus both on invasive species control and floodplain reforestation. Several sites with heavy invasive weed species are in areas where leveraging local volunteers for removal projects may be possible. Floodplain reforestation requires a dual approach of research and active management. Research is needed to determine preferred propagule types and planting stock, as well as the most effective ways to control invasives, especially reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Active floodplain reforestation can alleviate many of the issues we found here, although this is expensive, limited in scope, and carries with it a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, projects undertaken at a small scale can provide lessons to managers, based on which aspects were successful and which were not. Many of the park forests at MISS are nearing an inflection point and are at risk of becoming irreversibly altered if countermeasures are not undertaken in the near future. At this point, steps taken to promote ecosystem integrity are likely to be less costly and more effective than those which may be needed after further ecosystem decline. The river system through the Twin Cities metro area provides numerous services, both ecological and otherwise. As the need to act is becoming a pressing issue, it is incumbent on land managers to recognize this, and address it.

For decades, the population of the European eel has been in severe decline. In 2007, the European Union decided on a Regulation establishing measures for the recovery of the stock, which obliged Member States to implement a national Eel Management Plan by 2009. Sweden submitted its plan in 2008. According to the Regulation, Member States shall report regularly to the EU-Commission, on the implementation of their Eel Management Plans and the progress achieved in protection and restoration. The current report provides an assessment of the eel stock in Sweden as of spring 2024, intending to feed into the national reporting to the EU in August this year. This report updates and extends previous evaluation reports by Dekker (2012, 2015) and Dekker et al. (2018, 2021). In this report, the impacts on the stock - of fishing, restocking and mortality related to hydropower generation - are assessed. Other anthropogenic impacts (climate change, pollution, increased impacts of predators, spread of parasites, disruption of migration due to disorientation after transport, and so forth) probably have an impact on the stock too, but these factors are hardly quantifiable, and no management targets have been set. For that reason, and because most factors were not included in the EU Eel Regulation, these other factors are not included in this report. Our focus is on the quantification of silver eel biomass escaping from continental waters towards the ocean (current, current potential and pristine) and mortality risks endured by those eels during their whole lifetime. The assessment is broken down on a geographical basis, with different impacts dominating in different areas (west coast, inland waters, Baltic coast). In the last decade, a break in the downward trend in glass eel recruitment has been observed, with recruitment no longer declining consistently. Whether that relates to recent protective actions, or is due to other factors, is yet unclear. Nevertheless, recruitment levels remain at historically low levels. This report contributes to the required international assessment, but does not discuss the causing factors behind the recent recruitment trend and the overall status of the stock across Europe. For the different assessment areas, results summarise as follows: On the west coast, a commercial fyke net fishery on yellow eel was exploiting the stock, until this fishery was completely closed in spring 2012. A fishery-based assessment no longer being achievable, we present trends from research surveys (fyke nets). Insufficient information is currently available to assess the recovery of the stock in absolute terms. Obviously, current fishing mortality is zero (disregarding the currently unquantifiable effect of illegal fishing), but none of the other requested stock indicators (current, current potential and pristine biomass) can be presented. The formerly exploited size-classes of the stock show a recovery in abundance after the closure of the commercial fishery, and the smaller size classes show a break in their decline in line with the recent global trend of glass eel recruitment. In order to support the recovery of the stock, or to compensate for anthropogenic mortality in inland waters, young eel has been restocked on the Swedish west coast since 2010. Noting the quantity of restocking involved, the expected effect (ca. 50 t silver eel) is relatively small, and hard to verify – in comparison to the potential natural stock on the west coast (an order of 1000 t). However, for the currently depleted stock, the contribution will likely constitute a larger share of silver eel escapement. For inland waters, this report updates the 2021 assessment, with substantial changes in methodology being the use of a new natural recruitment model, and the full separation of Trap & Transport catches from the fisheries statistics. The assessment for the inland waters relies on a reconstruction of the stock from information on the youngest eels in our waters (natural recruits, assisted migration, restocking). Based on 78 years of data on natural recruitment into 22 rivers, a statistical model is applied which relates the number of immigrating young eel caught in traps to the location and size of each river, the distance from the trap to the river mouth, and the year in which those eels recruited to continental waters as a glass eel (year class). The further into the Baltic, the larger and less numerous recruits generally are. Distance upstream comes with less numerous recruits. Using the results from the above recruitment analysis, in combination with historical data on assisted migration (young eels transported upstream within a drainage area, across barriers) and restocking (young eels imported into a river system), we have a complete overview of how many young eels recruited to Swedish inland waters. From this, the production of fully grown silver eel is estimated for every lake and year separately, based on best estimates of growth and natural mortality rates. Subtracting the catch made by the fishery (as recorded) and down-sizing for the mortality incurred when passing hydropower stations (percentwise, as recorded or using a default percentage), an estimate of the biomass of silver eel escaping from each river towards the sea is derived. Results indicate, that since 1960, the production of silver eel in inland waters has declined from over 700 to below 300 tonnes per year (t/yr). The production of naturally recruited eels is still falling; following the increase in restocking since 2010, an increase in restocking-based production is expected to be starting right around now. Gradually, restocking has replaced natural recruitment (assisted and fully natural), now making up over 90 % of the inland stock. Fisheries have taken 20-30 % of the silver eel (since the mid-1980s), while the impact of hydropower has ranged from 25 % to 60 %, depending on the year. Escapement is estimated to have varied from 72 t in the late 1990s, to 175 t in the early 2000s. The biomass of current escapement (including eels of restocked origin) is approximately 15 % of the pristine level (incl. restocked), or almost 30 % of the current potential biomass (incl. restocked). This is below the 40 % biomass limit of the Eel Regulation, and anthropogenic mortality (70 % over the entire life span in continental waters) exceeds the limit implied in the Eel Regulation (60 % mortality, the complement of 40 % survival). Mortality being that high, Swedish inland waters currently do not contribute to the recovery of the stock. The temporal variation (in production, impacts and escapement) is partly the consequence of a differential spatial distribution of the restocking of eel over the years. The original natural (not assisted) recruits were far less impacted by hydropower, since they could not climb the hydropower dams when immigrating. Since 2010, inland restocking is increasingly concentrated to drainage areas falling to the Kattegat-Skagerrak, also including obstructed lakes (primarily Lake Vänern, and many smaller ones). Even though Trap & Transport of silver eel - from above barriers towards the sea - has contributed to reducing the hydropower impact, hydropower mortality remains the largest estimated contributor to silver eel mortality in inland waters. Without restocking, the biomass affected by fishery and/or hydropower would be only 5-10 % of the currently impacted biomass, but the stock abundance would reduce from 15 % to less than 3 % of the pristine biomass. In summary: the inland eel stock biomass is below the minimum target, anthropogenic impacts exceed the minimum limit that would allow recovery, and those impacts have been increasing. It is therefore recommended to reconsider the current action plans on inland waters, taking into account the results of the current, comprehensive assessment. For the Baltic coast, the 2021 assessment has been updated without major changes in methodology. Results indicate that the impact of the fishery continues to decline over the decades. The current impact of the Swedish silver eel fishery on the escapement of silver eel along the Baltic Sea coast is estimated at 0.3 %. However, this fishery is just one of the anthropogenic impacts (in other areas/countries) affecting the eel stock in the Baltic, including all types of impacts, on all life stages and all habitats anywhere in the Baltic. Integration with the assessments in other countries has not been achieved. Current estimates of the abundance of silver eel (biomass) indicates an order of several thousand tonnes, but those estimates are extremely uncertain, due to the low impact of the fishery (near-zero statistics). Moreover, these do not take into account the origin of those silver eels, from other countries. An integrated assessment for the whole Baltic will be required to ground-truth these estimates. This would also bring the eel assessments in line with the policy to regionalise stock assessments for other (commercial) fish species (see https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/fisheries/rules/multiannual-plans_en). It is recommended to develop an integrated assessment for the entire Baltic Sea eel stock, and to coordinate protective measures with other range states.