Добірка наукової літератури з теми "[51.7+330.44]"

Present research paper is an attempt to examine the dynamics of snow cover by using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) in Gori Ganga watershed, Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand (India). For the study of snow cover of Landsat satellite imageries of three different time periods like Landsat TM of 1990, Landsat TM of 1999 and Landsat TM 2016 were used. Geographical distribution of snow cover reveals that in 1990 about 30.97% (678.87 km2), in 1999 about 25.77% (564.92 km2) area of the Gori Ganga watershed was under snow cover while in 2016 the snow cover was found only 15.08% (330.44 km2). These data suggest that due to global warming about 348.43 km2 snow cover of Gori Ganga watershed has been converted into non-snow cover area at an average rate 13.40 km2/year during the last 26 years.

Актуальність теми полягає в заощадженні традиційних паливно-енергетичних ресурсів, покращення екологічного стану навколишнього середовища та зменшенні залежності країни від імпортних енергоносіїв. Наукові дослідження за темою дисертації відповідають стратегічним положенням Енергетичної стратегії України на період до 2035 року. Метою роботи є вдосконалення математичних моделей прогнозування розвитку електроенергетичної системи з використанням сучасних відновлюваних технологій виробництва теплової та електричної енергії і розробка відповідних програмно-інформаційних засобів їх реалізації з урахуванням капіталізації ринку в межах обраного часового горизонту прогнозування. Для досягнення поставленої мети використано оптимізаційну двопродуктову економіко-математичну модель розширення існуючого виробництва галузі з розподілом інвестованого капіталу, спрямованих на розвиток технологій виробництва теплової та електричної енергії: з біомаси та біогазу, з використанням теплоти геотермальних вод, малих ГЕС, енергії вітру та сонячного випромінювання. Обчислення максимально досяжних обсягів виробництва здійснено за умови обмежень на раціональне використання паливних і енергетичних ресурсів з урахуванням фондомісткості кожної технології. Об'єкт дослідження – електроенергетична система у процесі її невпинного вдосконалення в умовах конкурентного ринку, що здійснюється через прискорене впровадження перспективних альтернативних та відновлюваних технологій виробництва і споживання електричної і теплової енергії. Предметом дослідження інформаційне забезпечення економіко-математичної моделі розвитку електроенергетичної системи за умови розширеного використання відновлюваних технологій тепло- та електрогенерування. Методи дослідження. Наукові результати дисертаційної роботи були отримані на основі методології системного аналізу та з використанням математичних методів: техніко-економічного аналізу, лінійного програмування (класична оптимізаційна задача лінійного програмування із пошуком розв’язків шляхом модельних озрахунків на ЦВМ). Новизна і практична значимість. Пристосовано відомі методи розв’язання оптимізаційних техніко-економічних задач для отримання прогнозних обсягових оцінок вироблення електричної та теплової енергії за вірогідними сценаріями у розвитку паливно-енергетичного комплексу з використанням нових та відновлюваних технологій. Розроблено інформаційне забезпечення оптимізаційної моделі розвитку сектору генерування паливно-енергетичного комплексу України з визначенням нових конкурентних технологій відновлюваної енергетики (ТВЕ) – через показники фондомісткості, що відповідають сучасним досягненням науково-технічного прогресу в енергетиці. Отримано розрахункові оцінки максимізованих прогнозних обсягів вироблення енергії кінцевого споживання конкурентними ТВЕ у варіантах – за базовим та оптимістичним сценаріями розвитку енергосистеми України в межах обраного часового горизонту прогнозування.
The aim of the work is to improve the mathematical models of forecasting the development of the electric power system with the use of modern renewable technologies for the production of thermal and electric energy and the development of appropriate software and information tools for their implementation, taking into account market capitalization within the chosen time forecasting horizon. To achieve this goal, an optimization two-product economic and mathematical model of the expansion of the existing production of the industry with the distribution of invested capital aimed at the development of technologies for the production of thermal and electric energy: from biomass and biogas, using heat of geothermal waters, small hydropower plants, wind power and solar radiation. The calculation of the maximum achievable production volume was made subject to restrictions on the rational use of fuel and energy resources, taking into account the stock of each technology. The object of research is the electric power system in the process of its unceasing improvement in a competitive market, which is carried out through the accelerated introduction of promising alternative and renewable technologies of production and consumption of electric and thermal energy. The subject of research is data design of the economic-mathematical model of the development of the power system, provided that the use of renewable technologies of heat and power generation is expanded. The scientific and practical value of the work were obtained on the basis of the methodology of system analysis and using mathematical methods: technical and economic analysis, linear programming (classical optimization problem of linear programming with the search of solutions by model calculations on the central computer). Novelty and practical significance. Improvement of well-known methods and means of forecasting the development of electric and heat supply systems in the existing scientific and technological progress in the power industry. Study and development of information support for existing models of development of the fuel and energy complex generation sector on the basis of renewable energy technologies. Obtaining the forecasted results for the development of Ukraine's grid system taking into account market capitalization within the chosen time forecasting horizon.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

<em>Abstract</em>.—Commercial landings of yellowfin tuna <em> Thunnus albacares </em>for the period 1975–1998 showed an overall increasing trend while blackfin tuna <em> T. atlanticus </em>landings did not. The landings of yellowfin tuna from 1992 to 1998 were significantly higher (mean = 51.7 mt) than in the previous five year period when there was apparently less directed effort. Maximum landings (67.3 mt) were recorded in 1996. Blackfin tuna landings over this same time period were generally less than 10 mt with a peak of 16 mt in 1986. The seasonality of commercial landings by quarter is presented for a 12 year period (1987–1998). For yellowfin tuna, the second and third quarters consistently had the highest landings while the first quarter was lowest. The second and third quarters combined accounted for greater than 70% of annual landings in every year. The seasonality in landings of blackfin tuna was more pronounced with the third quarter predominating in every year but one. Third quarter landings comprised 42–72% of the annual values while the first quarter was typically less than 5%. An analysis of catch per unit effort for both species over the same period (1987–1998) was conducted using an index developed from the detailed catch records of ten commercial fishers who target pelagic species. Mean values for yellowfin tuna increased significantly from 1992 onward and have oscillated in a small range (2.0–3.0 Kg per hour fishing) through 1998. The values for blackfin tuna were uniformly low and showed little variation. A long term recreational tagging program has resulted in high recapture rates for both species (yellowfin tuna 17.3%, blackfin tuna 10.8%) which may be associated with stable migratory routes or resident populations. An analysis of days at liberty for tag-recaptured fish indicated that 52.6% of all recaptured yellowfin tuna (<EM> N </EM>= 78) were taken within 30 days of release. The corresponding figure for all recaptured blackfin tuna (<EM> N </EM>= 46) was 13%. There is a significantly higher proportion of long term recaptures (up to four years) in blackfin tuna. An examination of the size-frequency distribution for yellowfin tuna indicates that a broad size range is caught in Bermuda waters, however, the catch is dominated by relatively small size classes (modal size = 79 cm FL).

Recently, much attention has been directed towards the applications of nanofluids for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Here, amphiphilic molybdenum disulfide (KH550-MoS2) nanosheets were synthesized using a hydrothermal approach. The physicochemical properties and potential EOR of ultra-low concentration KH550-MoS2 nanofluids were systematically investigated under reservoir conditions at Changqing Oilfield (China) (temperature~55℃ and salinity~7.8×104 mg/L). Interfacial tension (IFT), wettability change, and emulsion stability were measured to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the KH550-MoS2 nanofluids. The results showed that ultra-low concentration of KH550-MoS2 nanofluid (50 mg/L) could decrease IFT to 2.6 mN/m, change the contact angle (CTA) from 131.2° to 51.7° and significantly enhance emulsion stability. Core flooding experiments were conducted to determine the dynamic adsorption loss law and the oil displacement efficiency of KH550-MoS2 nanofluid. The results indicated that the ratio of cumulative produced KH550-MoS2 nanosheets to the total injected KH550-MoS2 nanosheets (CNR) reached 91.5% during flooding in low permeability reservoirs. Moreover, ultra-low concentration KH550-MoS2 nanofluid can increase the oil displacement efficiency by 14% after water driven. This study shows the physicochemical properties of the KH550-MoS2 amphiphilic nanofluid and offers a novel high- efficiency amphiphilic nanofluid for EOR

The present work investigates experimentally the two-phase flow instability of convective boiling heat transfer in a system of two parallel microchannels at a given low mass flux and several different heating surface temperatures. The test section employed in this work is fabricated by silicon bulk micro machining and anodic bounding processes. Both channels are triangular with the channel-width of the topside of 100 i`m and hydraulic diameter of 51.7 i`m. The topside width of the central island between two channels is 20 i`m. The forced flow of de-ionized water is provided by a syringe pump. The two-phase flow visualization under boiling conditions is made possible by a high-speed digital video camera. The temperatures of inlet and outlet reservoirs, the inlet pressure as well as the pressure drop during the experiments are recorded and analyzed with flow visualization. The results of the study demonstrate clearly that two-phase flow instabilities with significant oscillations in two-phase flow properties can be developed in the system of double microchannels at high heating surface temperatures due to channel-to-channel interactions. Flow visualization confirms the presence of flow reversal during large amplitude oscillations. Such two-phase flow instabilities involving flow reversal should be of great concern for the design of a micro evaporator.

Introduction: Headache is a frequent neurological complaint among adolescents, reducing quality of life in this age group. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of headache, its characteristics and association with sleep disorders in adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Methods: Data from the perinatal and 15-year-old follow-up of the 2004 Birth Cohort were used to define the occurrence of headache and its characteristics (intensity, location and type). Sleep disorders were used as exposure and referred to frequency in the month prior to the interview, including: long sleep latency, insomnia and nightmares. Statistical analysis was performed calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios to assess the relationship between sleep disorders and headache. Results: The occurrence of headache was reported by 51.7% of the adolescents. More than a third of them reported severe or disabling pain. More than two thirds of adolescents with long sleep latency or insomnia classified their sleep as bad or very bad, and 64.6% of these reported headache. Adolescents with long sleep latency or insomnia ≥3 times/ week were 42% more likely to have headache than those who didn’t report difficulty falling asleep. Among adolescents who rated their sleep as bad and very bad, the probability of headache was 33% higher compared to those who rated sleep as very good. Conclusion: The prevalence of headache is high in adolescents and it’s associated with sleep disorders. Thus, sleep hygiene measures and clinical evaluation are essential to identify and treat these comorbidities, ensuring improvement of headache.

In hemophiliacs gross hematuria is often observed. The aim of this study is to evaluate renal functionand morphology in young hemophiliacs with at least one previous gross hematuria. Forty patients with hemophilia A or B were studied (age 8-49 yrs, mean 21.3). Neither renal nor urinary tract disease was referred. The following tests were performed: urinalysis, plasma creatinine and urea, glomerular filtration rate (GFR),effective renal plasma flow (ERPF),renal scans, isotopic renography and renal ecography. Urinalysis was normal in all but 6 pts. Plasma creatinine and urea were normal in all pts. GFR was reduced (< 90 ml/min) in 16 pts (mean 76.1±9.5),while it was normal (>90 ml/min) in the remaining 24 pts (mean 119.6±17.1). ERPF was < 350 ml/min in 11 pts (mean 290.3±51.7)and it was >350 ml/min in the remaining 24 pts (mean470.0±107.8). In 17 of these pts GFR has been measured a second time after 1-3 yrs. The second GFR decreased of more than 20% in 8 pts (mean decrease 35.3%)and increased of more than 20% in 3 pts (mean increase 52.9%). It was unchanged in the remaining 6 pts. In pts with lower GFR renal scans were abnormal in 5/12 cases, while in subjects with normal GFR renal scans resulted abnormal in only 4/22 cases. Isotopic renography demonstrated pathological findings in 5/9 pts with lower GFR,while in subjects with normal GFRthe abnormal renograms were 2/18. Renal ecography showed kidney abnormalities in 2/7 pts with low GFR while it was normal in 4/4 pts with normal GFR.The above results indicate that a relevant number ofyoung hemophiliacs with previous gross hematuria have a clinically significant impairment of renal function, and some abnormalities of renal morphology.

Objective: To assess the levels of CD80 and CD86-expressing B lymphocytes in the blood of women with locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods: This is a prospective and exploratory cohort study involving 30 women with TNBC and 30 healthy controls, conducted in 2018–2019. Peripheral blood collection was performed prior to chemotherapy. Immunophenotyping of B lymphocytes and CD80 and CD86 molecules was performed by flow cytometry. Women were evaluated for the degree of pathological response to chemotherapy and divided into groups with full (RC) or partial (RP) pathological response. Nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used for comparison between two groups. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using Graphpad v7.0 software. Results: We analyzed 30 patients with locally advanced TNBC. The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 59 years, and median age was 44.5 years (35.5–51.7). Regarding menopausal status, 62.1% were premenopausal and 37.9% postmenopausal. Regarding the nuclear grade, 63% of the tumors were grade 3, followed by 27% grade 2. In relation to the clinical stage, 30% were in stage IIIA, 63.4% stage IIIB, and 6.6% stage IIIC. In the evaluation of response to neoadjuvant treatment, 56.7% of patients had complete pathological response, and 43.3% had partial response. TNBC patients had high levels of CD86 + B lymphocytes when compared with controls (p <0.0001). Regarding total B and CD80 + B levels—no significant differences were observed between the groups. In the analysis of CD86 and CD80 expression and total B cell levels, no significant differences were observed between the RC and RP groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the immune system of patients with TNBC can regulate costimulatory molecules in circulating B cells, probably in response to the disease.

Objective: To analyse clinical-pathological findings in women undergoing surgery for early stage carcinoma cervix and to determine the need for adjuvant radiotherapy. Methods: The study was a retrospective one done to analyse data of women who had been operated for carcinoma cervix in the last 10 years at a tertiary hospital in Delhi. Type II/III radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy was done depending on stage. Histopathological findings and need for adjuvant therapy based on presence of clinical and pathological criteria were studied. Results: A total of 93 eligible patient records were included in the study. Mean age and parity was 48.09 ± 22.36 years and 4.29 ± 3.9 respectively. 47.31% (44) of the women had stage 1B1 carcinoma cervix; 31.18% (29) had stage 1B2 and 19.35% (18) had stage 2A disease. Average size of the tumour growth was 3.25 ± 2.46 cm with the largest being 7 cm. Keratinising squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 48.38% (45) of patients whereas the non-keratinising one was seen in 33.33% (31). Large cell variant was seen in 6.45% (6) whereas micro invasive cancer was seen in 4 women. Adenocarcinoma constituted only 3.2% (3) of the study group. Vaginal cuff involvement was present in 9.67% (9) of patients and an equal number had occult parametrial invasion. A significant number of these had stage 2A disease (16.66% and 22.22% respectively). Between 1B1 and 1B2 there was no significant difference in the incidence of vaginal cuff involvement and occult parametrial invasion (P equals to 0.206 and 1 respectively). Lymph nodes were positive in 24.73% with the obturator lymph node being the commonest involved (17). In stage 1b1 25% (11) had positive lymph nodes; in stage 1B2 34.48% (10) and in 2A only one woman had positive pelvic lymph nodes. This difference was also not significant (P = 0.434). About 50% (47) of patients were referred for adjuvant radiotherapy on the basis of the pathological findings. 61% (11) of patients with stage 2A disease, 51.7% (15) of patients with stage 1b2 and 45.45% (20) with stage 1B1 disease required adjuvant radiotherapy. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the pathological findings in patients of 1B1 and 1B2. Also the need for radiotherapy in both the groups was similar. Hence similar surgical approach to women with both 1B1 and 1B2 disease appears appropriate.

Introduction: Breast Cancer was the second most common malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide in 2018; it can be classified according to the immunohistochemical pattern in four main tumor subtypes, with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) being the most aggressive subtype with the worst prognosis, representing a public health problem. With the advancement of knowledge about the biology of tumors, the importance of understanding the interactions between the tumor, the tumor microenvironment and immune system cells has come to light, especially the role of CD80 and CD86 co-stimulator molecules in the activation of TCD4+ lymphocytes, cytokine production and proliferation of these cells against tumor antigens. Objectives: To assess the levels of CD80 and CD86-expressing B lymphocytes in the blood of women with locally advanced triple negative breast cancer. Methods: This is a prospective and exploratory cohort study of 30 women with triple negative breast cancer and 30 healthy controls, conducted in 2018– 2019. Peripheral blood collection was performed prior to chemotherapy. Immunophenotyping of B lymphocytes and CD80 and CD86 molecules was performed by flow cytometry. Women were evaluated for the degree of pathological response to chemotherapy, and were divided into groups with full (RC) or partial (RP) pathological response. Nonparametric MannWhitney tests were used for comparison between the two groups. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant. Analyzes were performed using Graphpad v7.0 software. Results: We analyzed 30 patients with locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer. The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 59 years, median age was 44.5 years (35.5–51.7), most patients were in the age group ≤50 years (43.3%). Regarding menopausal status, 62.1% were premenopausal and 37.9% postmenopausal. Regarding the nuclear grade, 63% of the tumors were grade 3, followed by 27% grade 2. In relation to clinical stage, 30% were in stage IIIA, 63.4% stage IIIB and 6.6% stage IIIC. In the evaluation of response to neoadjuvant treatment, 56.7% of patients had complete pathological response, and 43.3% partial response. TNBC patients had high levels of CD86 + B lymphocytes when compared to controls (p <0.0001). Regarding total B and CD80 + B levels - no significant differences were observed between the groups. In the analysis of CD86 and CD80 expression and total B cell levels, no significant differences were observed between the RC and RP groups. Conclusions: This study showed that the immune system of patients with triple negative breast cancer is able to regulate costimulatory molecules in circulating B.

Introduction: Tumor hypoxia is one of the major causes of high incidence of treatment failures to chemoradiation which is the standard of care in locally advanced cervical cancer. The necessity of newer treatment options that can circumvent hypoxia is highly relevant in this group. Use of low dose radiation to enhance the efficacy of cell cycle specific chemotherapy by mechanism of chemopotentiation is one of the elegant approaches reported in the literature. We have already published the feasibility, efficacy and tolerance of low dose radiation and chemotherapy in neoadjuvant setting in cervical cancer. In this report we evaluated the role of this novel treatment regimen in reducing the hypoxic tumor cell population in cervical cancer. Methods: Total 24 patients with stage IIB-IIIB squamous cell carcinoma cervix were treated with initial 2 cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin and concurrent low dose radiotherapy prior to standard chemoradiation. Response was assessed clinically, radiologically (by MRI) and pathologically (four quadrant representative punch biopsy from the cervix) after 3 weeks of neoadjuvant treatment prior to chemoradiation. Immunohistochemistry of HIF-1a was done in the biopsy samples to determine the proportion, intensity and scoring of hypoxic cells. Results: The proportion of positivity of base line HIF-1α was 42% (10 out of 24 patients). Low, moderate and high expressions were seen in 8%, 17% and 17% respectively. We observed nuclear positivity in 20%, and fine granular perinuclear cytoplasmic positivity in 80% cases. We failed to observe any association between expressions of HIF 1α in relation to the distance from blood vessels in tumor cord. The average age of patients in hypoxia positive and negative groups were 51.7 vs 48.36 yrs (p > 0.05). There was no difference of mean hemoglobin level (11.3 to 11.1, p > 0.05.) or MRI based tumor volume at baseline (57.1 vs. 52.4, p > 0.05) in HIF 1α positive and negative groups respectively. Low dose radiation and chemotherapy significantly reduced the tumor volume in bulky hypoxic tumors. The tumor volume reduction rate (TVRR) was significantly higher in hypoxic group (TVRR HIF_neg vs. TVRR HIF_pos 68.9 vs. 86.3, p = 0.02, t-test). There was significant improvement of diffusion MRI derived apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in hypoxic tumors with low dose radiation and chemotherapy (0.75 vs. 1.27, p = 0.12, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Median score of percentage of hypoxic cells after neoadjuvant treatment were significantly higher in patients who developed subsequent local recurrence than the rest of the group (77% vs. 5% p = 0.009, Mann Whitney U test). Conclusion: Overall all HIF 1 positivity was 42% in the present study. A predominantly perinuclear pattern of HIF 1 staining was found in cervix cancer. Low dose radiation and chemotherapy significantly reduced the hypoxic tumor bulk in cervical cancer.

Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.