Дисертації: "4QS"

1

Демидов, Олександр Вікторович. "Перспективи застосування тягових синхронних двигунів зі збудженням від постійних магнітів у приміському залізничному сполученні". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/5293.

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2

Aspden, Julie. "The 'biochemical mechanics' of 40S ribosome scanning." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596194.

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The overall aim of this work was to gain further insight into the biochemistry of the mechanism of mammalian 40S ribosomal scanning during initiation of mRNA translation. One project was designed to measure the speed of scanning over different lengths of 5’-untranslated region (5’-UTR). To this end, two related mRNAs were co-translated at room temperature (26°C) in vitro; they differed only in that one had a small deletion in the coding region, and one had a longer 5’-UTR than the other. The time-lags between addition of the mRNA to the assay and the first initiation events on the two mRNAs were measured, and the difference in the two time-lags was taken as the time required to scan the additional 5’-UTR length. By this method scanning speeds of 4.7 nt/second and 7.7 nt/second were observed in two different batches of lysates for a 5’-UTR based on that of influenza virus (A strain) NS1 mRNA. With a range of different lengths obtained by serial repetition of the tobacco mosaic virus 5’-UTR, the measured scanning speeds ranged from 1.8 to 8.0 nt/second. Surprisingly, the apparent speed increased with increasing 5’-UTR length, suggesting that the 40S subunits may gather speed during scanning, or, alternatively, may have an increasing tendency to by-pass segments of the 5’-UTR as its length is increased. The nature of the interactions between the 40S ribosomal subunit and the mRNA during scanning was investigated by substituting modified nucleotides (mainly modified U residues). The four mRNAs examined all had the same coding region containing numerous U residues; two had an AUG start codon and two an ACG, while two had a 5’-UTR lacking any U residues. These mRNAs were tested in translation assays, and also in 80S initiation complex formation assays. Substitution with 5-bromoU, 5-aminoallyIU or pseudoU had negative effects both on elongation (seen when the modification was present only in the coding region), and on initiation. However, substitution by other modified U residues affected either elongation or initiation, but not both. Ribothymidine (5-methylU) substitution had a negligible effect on elongation, but, most surprisingly, its presence in the 5’-UTR reduced initiation by over 50, irrespective of the nature of the start codon, suggesting that it is inhibitory to 40S subunit loading or scanning.

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3

Svensson, Johannes, and Sina Mostafavi. "IAS 40s fördelar respektive nackdelar : enligt branschens aktörer." Thesis, Stockholm University, School of Business, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6292.

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Syfte: Vi vill undersöka om de noterade fastighetsbolagen har redovisat till verkligt värde alternativt till anskaffningsvärde minus komponentavskrivningar. Syftet med uppsatsen är vidare att undersöka vilka fördelar respektive nackdelar olika aktörer i branschen ser med införandet av IAS 40. Utförandet av fastighetsbeståndens värdering, internt alternativt externt, samt fördelarna respektive nackdelarna med de båda blir uppsatsens forskningsobjekt. Metod: Genom en fallstudie i två fastighetsbolag skall vi med hjälp av två intervjuer med revisorer samt två intervjuer med fastighetsvärderare och en intervju med en aktieanalytiker kartlägga fördelarna respektive nackdelarna med IAS 40. Vi arbetar utifrån insamlandet av primär data. Teori: Vi har redovisat för IAS 40 samt de två värderingsmetoder, verkligt värde och anskaffningsvärde minus komponentavskrivningar, som fastighetsbolagen har att välja på. Vi har även förklarat vilka regler som var gällande innan IFRS regelverket kom att gälla i Sverige. Empiri: Under den empiriska datainsamlingen redogör vi för våra resultat vid analyserandet av samtliga noterade fastighetsbolags årsbokslut. Vidare presenterar vi svaren vi insamlat från intervjuerna. Slutsatser: Frånvaron av en regel gällande värderingsmetod är problematisk, framförallt under en kommande nedgång, då nedskrivningarna av fastighetsbeståndens värde kan komma att släpa efter. Därför är det viktigt att branschen kommer fram till ett standardiserad sätt vad gäller andelen som skall externvärderas. Vi skulle även vilja se en resultaträkning som var uppställd lika mellan bolagen med avseende på värdeförändringar.

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4

Wang, Zexu. "Trajectory Planning for Four WheelSteering Autonomous Vehicle." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-243287.

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This thesis work presents a model predictive control (MPC) based trajectory planner forhigh speed lane change and low speed parking scenarios of autonomous four wheel steering(4WS) vehicle. A four wheel steering vehicle has better low speed maneuverabilityand high speed stability compared with normal front wheel steering(FWS) vehicles. TheMPC optimal trajectory planner is formulated in a curvilinear coordinate frame (Frenetframe) minimizing the lateral deviation, heading error and velocity error in a kinematicdouble track model of a four wheel steering vehicle. Using the proposed trajectory planner,simulations show that a four wheel steering vehicle is able to track different type ofpath with lower lateral deviations, less heading error and shorter longitudinal distance.
I detta avhandlingsarbete presenteras en modellbaserad prediktiv kontroll (MPC) -baseradbanplaneringsplan f¨or h¨oghastighetsbanan och l°aghastighetsparametrar f¨or autonomtfyrhjulsdrift (4WS). Ett fyrhjulsdrivna fordon har b¨attre man¨ovrerbarhet med l°ag hastighetoch h¨oghastighetsstabilitet j¨amf¨ort med vanliga fr¨amre hjulstyrningar (FWS). MPC-optimalbanplanerare ¨ar formulerad i en kr¨okt koordinatram (Frenet-ram) som minimerar sidof¨orl¨angningen,kursfel och hastighetsfel i en kinematisk dubbelsp°armodell av ett fyrhjulsstyrda fordon.Med hj¨alp av den f¨oreslagna banaplaneraren visar simuleringar att ett fyrhjulsstyrfordonkan sp°ara olika typer av banor med l¨agre sidof¨orl¨angningar, mindre kursfel ochkortare l¨angsg°aende avst°and.

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5

Jones, Justin. "Parts-based detection of AK-47s for forensic video analysis." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5200.

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Law enforcement, military personnel, and forensic analysts are increasingly reliant on imaging ystems to perform in a hostile environment and require a robust method to efficiently locate bjects of interest in videos and still images. Current approaches require a full-time operator to monitor a surveillance video or to sift a hard drive for suspicious content. In this thesis, we demonstrate the effectiveness of automated analysis tools to detect AK-47s in images. By training on a large corpus of labeled data, we created Viola-Jones classifiers for detection of whole AK-47s and parts of an AK-47. Parts-based detections were then compared against learned models using support vector machines and multi-layer perceptrons. The results of this research show that parts-based classifiers combined with the above techniques leverage the high recall capability of part detectors and significantly reduce false positives in comparison to both the part and whole object classifiers. Techniques utilized in this thesis facilitate the creation of an automated capability for detecting AK-47s in support of the law enforcement and intelligence communities.

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6

Johnson, Daniel P. "Censorship and publishing in Ireland in the 1930s and 40s." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268594.

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7

Leyda, Julia. "Room to move in the American 30s, 40s, and 50s /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9332.

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8

Force, Carole. "Etude de la structure du 44S par sa décroissance isomérique." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2044.

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L’étude du noyau de l’atome a pour but d’approfondir notre connaissance de l’interaction nucléaire responsable de la cohésion du noyau. Les noyaux stables (Z≈N) furent les premiers étudiés, permettant une modélisation de l’interaction nucléaire. A cette époque, l’un des buts était de reproduire les propriétés singulières des noyaux « magiques ». Avec le développement des accélérateurs, des noyaux riches ou déficients en neutrons ont été créés en laboratoire, donnant accès à l’évolution de l’interaction nucléaire avec l’isospin. Les études effectuées depuis les années 90 sur les noyaux exotiques ayant un nombre de neutrons N=28 ont montré que le caractère magique ne persistait pas loin de la stabilité. En particulier, le 44S (Z=16, N=28) est trouvé déformé dans son état fondamental. Du côté théorique, les calculs prédisent une coexistence de formes sphérique-déformé pour le modèle en couches et déformé-déformé pour le champ moyen. La mesure en 2005 d’un deuxième état 0+ à faible énergie d’excitation est venue confirmer cette hypothèse sans pouvoir apporter de réponse sur les déformations mises en jeu. L’expérience présentée ici a eu pour but de caractériser cette coexistence de formes à partir des mesures de la probabilité de transition réduite B(E2: 0+2"2+1) et de la force de transition monopolaire ρ2(E0 : 0+2"0+1). De la faible valeur B(E2: 0+2"2+1) obtenue, une interprétation sur le mélange des états 0+1 et 0+2 a été proposée ainsi qu’une comparaison aux résultats de calculs modèle en couches. La faible valeur ρ2 mesurée a été comparée aux systématiques puis deux interprétations ont été proposées dans le cadre du modèle en couches et du modèle collectif géométrique
The study of atomic nucleus aims at improving our knowledge about the nuclear interaction that is responsible for the cohesion in the nucleus. At first, stable nuclei (Z≈N) were studied and an expression of the nuclear interaction was derived. At this era, one of the goals was to reproduce unusual properties of the “magic” nuclei. With the development of accelerators, neutrons rich or deficient nuclei were produced giving the opportunity to study the evolution of nuclear interaction as a function of isospin value. Since the nineties, studies about exotic nuclei with N=28 neutrons have shown that the “magic” behavior of N=28 vanish far from stability. In particular, 44S (Z=16, N=28) is found to be deformed in its ground state. Theoretically, shell model calculations predict a spherical-deformed shape coexistence whereas a deformed-deformed shape coexistence is predicted from mean field theories. In 2005, a second 0+ state was discovered at low excitation energy confirming the shape coexistence without giving answers about the type of deformations. The goal of the experiment presented here was to characterize this shape coexistence by measuring the reduced transition probability B(E2: 0+2"2+1) and the monopolar transition strength ρ2(E0 : 0+2"0+1). An interpretation about 0+ states mixing is suggested from the measured low B(E2: 0+2"2+1) value as well as a comparison with shell model calculations. A low ρ2 value was also measured and compared to systematics. Interpretations in both shell model and geometrical collective model are suggested

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9

Sousa, dos Santos Aretuza. "Distribuição cromossômica dos sítios de DNAr5S e 45S em espécies vegetais com cromossomos holocinéticos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/452.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:02:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2078_1.pdf: 1720044 bytes, checksum: 0cda967a9dc521cab9736052defe6434 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
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A família Cyperaceae é o principal grupo de plantas que apresentam cromossomos holocinéticos sendo composta por aproximadamente 5.400 espécies distribuídas em 103 gêneros. Uma grande variação de número cromossômico tem sido registrada na família, estando associadas principalmente a eventos de agmatoploidia e simploidia, e tornam o grupo muito interessante para estudos citogenéticos. A maioria dos estudos citogenéticos para essas espécies estão restritos a análises convencionais e os poucos trabalhos com técnicas de citogenética molecular abrangem apenas dois gêneros: Rhynchospora e Eleocharis, principalmente em relação à distribuição dos sítios de DNAr 45S. No presente trabalho, onze espécies, pertencentes a cinco gêneros da família Cyperaceae, com distintos números cromossômicos foram selecionadas para o estudo da distribuição dos sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S localizados por FISH. Todas as espécies apresentaram sítios de DNAr 45S distribuídos terminalmente nos cromossomos enquanto os sítios de DNAr 5S mostraram uma distribuição mais variável. Em apenas duas espécies analisadas, os sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S estavam ligados entre si. Esses dados sugerem que a variação em número e posição dos sítios de DNAr em espécies com cromossomos holocinéticos é semelhante à encontrada em espécies com cromossomos monocêntricos. Portanto, a localização preferencialmente terminal dos sítios de DNAr 45S observada em cromossomos monocêntricos não parece ser influenciada pela polarização centrômero-telômero, como sugerida pela hipótese do campo cromossômico

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10

Roa, Ovalle Fernando. "Análise da distribuição dos sítios de DNA ribossomal 5S e 45S em cariótipos de espécies vegetais." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/747.

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Os genes de RNA ribossomal apresentam várias peculiaridades, destacando-se o fato de serem bem conservados entre as espécies e ocorrerem em arranjos em tandem com centenas a milhares de cópias. Essas características permitiram que esses genes fossem localizados por meio da FISH nos cromossomos metafásicos de um grande número de espécies. Alguns estudos prévios sugeriram que esses sítios teriam localização preferencial no cromossomo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a distribuição desses genes nos cromossomos de uma ampla amostra de cariótipos, verificar se existe alguma tendência à distribuição não - casual, e avaliar se determinadas características cromossômicas ou cariotípicas poderiam influenciar esses padrões. Para isso, foi construída uma base de dados a partir da literatura, contendo informações de 1002 cariótipos de 53 famílias de angiospermas e quatro de gimnospermas. Entre as características analisadas estão a posição e o número de sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S, e diversas características do cariótipo, tais como morfologia e tamanho cromossômico. Nos cariótipos de angiospermas o número mais frequente de sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S foi um por complemento haploide, sendo que o número médio foi maior para o DNAr 45S. A análise da posição desses sítios revelou uma frequência de sítios no braço curto maior que a esperada. Além disso, os sítios de DNAr 45S foram observados preferencialmente em regiões cromossômicas terminais. Curiosamente, os sítios de DNAr 45S que ocorreram nos cromossomos acrocêntricos geralmente ocuparam todo o braço curto, sugerindo que seu surgimento poderia estar relacionado ao menos em parte, a rearranjos cromossômicos que geram acrocêntricos. A posição terminal dos sítios de DNAr 45S pode ser vantajosa por evitar rearranjos deletérios causados por recombinação entre sítios de diferentes cromossomos ou relacionada à organização cromossômica em intérfase. Por outro lado, o DNAr 5S ocupa geralmente a posição proximal, especialmente em cariótipos com sítios únicos, e ocorrem tanto na região proximal como na terminal para cariótipos com sítios múltiplos. Essa distribuição é similar à de DNA satélites organizados em tandem que ocorrem preferencialmente na região proximal e subtelomérica. A análise da variação intra-específica entre diplóides revelou que a posição dos sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S varia menos que o número de sítios e uma análise entre diplóides e poliplóides mostrou que há uma tendência à conservação do número de sítios de DNAr 5S e 45S por complemento monoploide. Entretanto, comparando-se cariótipos do mesmo gênero, observa-se nos poliplóides uma tendência a apresentarem um número menor que o esperado de sítios de DNAr 45S com base nos diploides. Essa redução pode estar relacionada ao processo de diploidização comum em poliploides. Por último, embora em muitos gêneros sejam encontradas espécies que apresentam os dois sítios (5S, 45S) no mesmo cromossomo, foi observado que a frequência desse arranjo não difere do esperado. Portanto, o presente trabalho revela que os padrões de distribuição dessas duas sequências repetidas em tandem são diferentes, tendo o DNAr 45S maiores restrições em relação a sua posição e maior facilidade de dispersão

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11

Sheikhaei, Samad. "A 43mW single-channel 4GS/s 4-bit flash ADC IN 0.18um CMOS." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2746.

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The continued speed improvement of serial links and appearance of new communication technologies, such as ultra wideband (UWB), have introduced increasing demands on the speed and power specifications of high speed low to medium resolution analog to digital converters (ADCs). While multi channel ADCs can achieve high speeds, they often require extensive and costly post fabrication calibration. A single channel 4 bit flash ADC, suitable for abovementioned or similar applications, implemented entirely using current mode logic (CML) blocks, is presented. CML implementation allows for high sampling rates, while typically providing low power consumption at high speeds. To improve the conversion rate, both the analog (comparator array) and the digital (encoder) parts of the ADC are fully pipelined. Furthermore, the logic functions in the encoder are reformulated to reduce wire crossings and delay and to equalize the wires lengths in the layout. To keep the design simple, inductors are avoided. As a result, a compact design with small wire parasitics is achieved. Moreover, some geometric layout techniques, including a common centroid layout for the resistor ladder, are introduced to reduce the effect of mismatches to eliminate the use of digital calibration. The ADC is designed and fabricated in 0.18um CMOS and operates at 4GS/s. It achieves an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 3.71 (3.14, 2.75) for a 10MHz (0.501GHz, 1.491GHz) signal sampled at 4GS/s (3GS/s, 3GS/s). Differential/integral nonlinearity (DNL/INL) errors are between +/-0.35LSB and +/-0.26LSB, respectively. The ADC consumes 43mW from a 1.8V supply and occupies 0.06mm2 active area. Due to the use of CML circuits, the ADC achieves the highest speed reported for a single channel 4 bit ADC in a 0.18um CMOS technology. It also reports the best power performance among the 4-bit ADCs with similar or higher speeds. The active area is also among the smallest reported. In addition, in this thesis, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of an ADC is formulated in terms of its INL performance. The related formulas in the literature are not accurate for low resolution ADCs, and yet they do not take the input waveform into account. Two standard waveforms, ramp and sinusoid, are considered here. The SNR formulas are derived and confirmed by simulation results.

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12

Rey, Jean-Sébastien. "4Q Instruction : sagesse et eschatologie." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR20072.

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La présente recherche propose une édition, une traduction et un commentaire d’un texte sapientiel de Qumrân publié en 1999. Ce document a probablement été rédigé autour du IIe siècle av. J. -C. Au moins sept copies ont été retrouvées dans les grottes de Qumrân entre 1949 et 1952. Ces manuscrits en hébreu datent entre 50 av. J. -C. Et 25 apr. J. -C. Dans un premier chapitre, nous donnerons les caractéristiques linguistiques du rouleau. Nous présenterons ensuite les fragments sapientiaux. Ils se regroupent en trois thématiques : les relations entre l’homme et la femme, l’honneur envers les parents et la pauvreté. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous examinerons les fragments eschatologiques. L’auteur décrit avec précision le jugement final entre deux catégories antagonistes : les justes qui vivront éternellement et les injustes qui seront anéantis. Cette recherche vise à améliorer l’édition et la compréhension de ce texte ancien. Ce dernier est particulièrement important pour appréhender l'histoire et l’élaboration de la pensée qumrânienne. L’analyse permet de mieux connaître le courant sapientiel au tournant de notre ère et de percevoir l’évolution d'une sagesse humaine qui s'oriente vers l'eschatologie, entre le livre du Siracide et le Nouveau Testament
This study consists in an edition, translation and commentary of a Wisdom text from Qumran, published in 1999. It was probably written around the 2nd century B. C. At least seven copies were found in the caves of Qumran between 1949 and 1952. These Hebrew manuscripts date from between 50 BC and 25 AD. The first chapter deals with the linguistic characteristics of the scroll. Then, we tackle the Wisdom fragments, which treat three major themes: the relationship between men and women, the honour due to one’s parents and poverty. Finally, we examine the eschatological fragments. The author describes the last judgement and the opposition of two categories in great detail: the just who will live for ever and the wicked who will be destroyed. This study seeks to improve the edition and understanding of this ancient text. The latter is particularly important to the understanding of the history and development of thinking at Qumran. This study enables a better understanding of the Wisdom movement in the early intertestamental period and a perception of how human wisdom evolves towards eschatology, between the book of Siracide and the New Testament

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13

Silva, Natalia de Sousa Teixeira e. "Dinâmica nucleolar e a herança epigenética dos genes ribossomais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-11082014-174129/.

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O nucléolo é uma organela subnuclear formada pela atividade transcricional dos genes ribossomais 18S-5.8S-26S (rDNA 45S) e consequente biogênese dos ribossomos. A atividade destes genes resulta na região organizadora do nucléolo (NOR), na forma de uma constrição secundária em cromossomos metafásicos. As constrições secundárias se condensam progressivamente durante a mitose e se descondensam ao final da telófase quando a reestruturação do nucléolo se inicia. Genomas que apresentam mais de um locus de rDNA 45S deve apresentar, obrigatoriamente, pelo menos um par de NORs, enquanto os demais loci poderão ou não serem expressos. O controle da expressão dos genes ribossomais e a formação da cromatina nucleolar são modulados por eventos epigenéticos. Embora alguns pontos sobre o funcionamento dos genes ribossomais e a formação do nucléolo estejam bem estabelecidos, questões como o padrão de condensação da cromatina nucleolar durante a mitose, o padrão de funcionamento de sítios adicionais de genes ribossomais, o papel das modificações epigenéticas na dinâmica da cromatina nucleolar e na expressão do rDNA 45S e o mecanismo de herança dos genes ativos, permanecem abertas. A espécie Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae), com 2n=2x=16 cromossomos, que possui um locus de rDNA 45S no braço curto do cromossomo 1, que sempre forma constrição secundária, e um sítio adicional com atividade facultativa no braço curto do cromossomo 4, é um excelente modelo para o estudo destas questões. No contexto apresentado, foram estudadas a dinâmica de condensação das NORs durante o ciclo celular e sua correlação com a atividade dos genes ribossomais, incluindo o locus adicional, e ainda o papel da metilação da citosina do DNA durante estes processos. Os resultados demonstram que a cromatina da região organizadora do nucléolo segrega em um estado descondensado durante a mitose, na forma de constrição secundária, ou seja, tal estrutura não se condensa durante a metáfase e não volta a se distender no início da telófase. Aparentemente, o que causa correlações equivocadas entre a atividade nucleolar e a observação morfológica da constrição secundária na metáfase é a contração forçada da cromatina da NOR causada por agentes antimitogênicos. Este modelo de segregação em um estado aberto pode ser explicado pela descrição de diversas proteínas que permanecem diretamente ligadas ou indiretamente associadas à região da NOR durante a mitose, funcionando como uma barreira física para a compactação. Ambos os sítios, principais e adicionais, do rDNA 45S presentes em Crotalaria juncea apresentam atividade transcricional, embora o locus do cromossomo 4 mostre atividade facultativa. Ao contrário do que foi anteriormente proposto, uma vez ativo, o locus adicional permanece descondensado durante todo o ciclo mitótico, seguindo o mesmo comportamento dos sítios principais. As constrições secundárias e a cromatina nucleolar são hipermetiladas em nível citológico, independentemente de sua atividade. A aparente hipometilação observada no rDNA 45S em cromossomos mitóticos e núcleos interfásicos se deve ao menor grau de compactação da região organizadora do nucléolo e, consequentemente, à baixa densidade de cromatina.
The nucleolus is a subnuclear organelle formed as a result of transcriptional activity of ribosomal RNA genes 18S-5.8S-26S (45S rDNA) and subsequent ribosome biogenesis. This activity forms the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) as a secondary constriction in metaphase chromosomes. The secondary constrictions progressively condense during mitosis and decondense at the end of telophase, when nucleoli start to reassemble. Genomes presenting more than one 45S rDNA locus must have at least one pair of NOR bearing chromosomes, while other loci may be expressed or not. Ribosomal gene expression and nucleolar chromatin assembly are modulated by specific epigenetic events. Although some topics related to rDNA gene activity and nucleolus formation are well understood, questions such as the behavior of nucleolar chromatin condensation during mitosis, standard functions associated with rDNA additional sites, role of epigenetic modifications in nucleolar chromatin and 45S rDNA expression processes, and inheritance mechanism of active genes, remain to be solved. Crotalaria juncea (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) has 2n=2x=16 chromosomes and carries a 45S rDNA locus at the short arm of chromosome 1, always presenting a secondary constriction, and an additional site with facultative activity at the short arm of chromosome 4, being an excellent model to resolve these questions. Thus, this study aimed to study NOR condensation dynamics during the cell cycle and its correlation with ribosomal gene activity, including the additional locus, while analyzing the role of rDNA cytosine methylation during this process. The results show that NOR chromatin segregate in a decondensed way throughout mitosis, as a secondary constriction. In other words, this structure does not condense during metaphase and the NOR is not reassembled at the beginning of telophase. Misinterpretations relating nucleolar activity with morphological observations of secondary constrictions, appear to be induced by the artificial contraction of NOR chromatin caused by antimitotic drugs. This segregation model in an open state may be supported by strong diversity of proteins that are maintained attached to NORs during mitosis, serving as a physic barrier for condensation. Both principal and additional 45S rDNA sites of C. juncea are transcriptionally active, although the additional locus in chromosome 4 presented facultative activity depending upon ribosomal request. Unlike what was previously proposed, once the additional site is activated, it remains in an open configuration throughout the cell cycle, similarly to principal site behavior. Secondary constrictions and nucleolar chromatin are hypermethylated at cytological level, regardless of their activity. The seeming hipomethylated state of 45S rDNA in interphase nucleus and mitotic chromosomes is due to a lower compaction level of nucleolar organizing regions and subsequent low chromatin density.

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14

Krelling, Ana Paula Morais. "The Potiguar Eddy: a subsurface anticyclone associated with the North Brazil Undercurrent at 4ºS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21135/tde-29042015-090550/.

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In this dissertation we describe a newly discovered subsurface frontal meander of the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC), centered at about 4ºS, 36.5ºW, hereafter Potiguar Eddy (PE). The Potiguar Eddy is an elliptically-shaped eddy, with major and minor axes of approximately 330 and 130 km, with a subsurface signature. It extends vertically from 100 m to 400 m, with maximum velocities of 0.6 m.s-1 and recirculates about 2 Sv of waters from the NBUC. Despite the presence of the PE in subtermocline waters, the surface flow is northwestward throughout the year. The analysis of variability of mooring velocity data in the Potiguar Bight revealed two most important statistical modes of variability (EOFs); one with high amplitudes over most of the portion of the water column which corresponds to the PE, and another one, explaining a lower percentage of the variance, associated with upper-layer processes. The first EOF mode is found to be associated with baroclinic oscillations with periods of about 25-35 days. This signal is also seen in altimetric fields in the Atlantic Ocean. We characterize these signals as Rossby waves, and speculate that the trigger for their generation would be barotropic instability generated by the current shear in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. Aditionally, with the intent of analyzing the generation process of the PE, we developed Feature Models of the NBUC and Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC), to be used as basis for developing the initial field for numerical model simulations in a dynamical process-study approach. The Feature Models, developed from observed velocity data, with temperature calculated through the thermal wind equation, and salinity from WOA (2013) climatology, successfully capture the main attributes of the features of interest, and thus are suitable for the investigation of the main characteristics of the flow in the Potiguar Bight. Two numerical experiments were set up; (i) a NBUC-only experiment, with maximum depth of 1500 m, and (ii) a NBUC-DWBC experiment, with a maximum depth of 5500 m. The Potiguar Eddy was formed in both experiments, with maximum velocity, core depth and size consistent with synoptic observations. As a result, the PE can be generated by a velocity field containing only the NBUC; and the DWBC - induced vertical shear seems to play a part on the eddy\'s characteristics (vertical extent, maximum velocities, etc), since the PE had different formation processes in the two experiments.
Nesta tese descrevemos o Vórtice Potiguar (VP): um meandro frontal da Subcorrente Norte do Brasil (SNB) recentemente identificado na costa nordeste brasileira, com núcleo em aproximadamente 4ºS e 36,5ºW. O VP tem formato elíptico com maior e menor eixos medindo 330 e 130 km, aproximadamente, intensificado em subsuperfície. O vórtice se estende verticalmente de 100 a 400 metros, com velocidades máximas de 0,6 m/s-1, recirculando cerca de 2 Sv das águas da SNB. Apesar da presença do vórtice na termoclina, o fluxo em superfície é para noroeste durante todo o ano. A análise da variabilidade da velocidade coletada em fundeio na Bacia Potiguar revela dois principais modos estatísticos de variabilidade; um com maiores amplitudes na porção da coluna de água correspondente ao VP, e um outro modo, que explica menor porcentagem da variância da série de dados original, associado a processos ligados à camada de superfície. O primeiro EOF é associado a oscilações baroclínicas com períodos de 25 a 35 dias. Este sinal também é identificado em altimetria no Atlântico. Nós caracterizamos esses sinais como expressão de ondas de Rossby, e especulamos que o gatilho para a geração das mesmas seria a instabilidade barotrópica gerada pelo cisalhamento de correntes no Atlântico Tropical. Adicionalmente, com o intuito de analisar os processos de geração do VP, nós desenvolvemos modelos de feição da SNB e Corrente Profunda de Contorno Oeste (CCP), para serem usados como base para o desenvolvimento do campo inicial para simulações de modelagem numérica em uma abordagem de estudo de processo dinâmico. Os Modelos de Feição, desenvolvidos a partir de dados de velocidade, com densidade e temperatura calculados a partir da relação do vento térmico e salinidade da climatologia WOA (2013), capturam os principais atributos das feições de interesse com sucesso, sendo adequados para a investigação das principais características do campo de correntes na Bacia Potiguar. Dois experimentos numéricos foram realizados: (i) Somente SNB, com profundidade máxima de 1500 m, e (ii) SNB + CCP, com profundidade máxima de 5500 m. O VP foi gerado em ambos os experimentos, com velocidade máxima, profundidade do núcleo e tamanho consistentes com observações sinóticas. Assim, temos que o VP pode ser gerado em um campo de velocidades contendo somente a SNB, e que o cisalhamento vertical induzido pela presença da CCP parece ter um papel importante nas características do mesmo (extensão vertical, velocidades máximas, etc), uma vez que o VP teve um processo de formação diferente em cada experimento.

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15

FEITOZA, Lidiane de Lima. "Alismatales sensu stricto : análise citogenética com técnica convencional, bandeamento e sítios de DNAr 45S." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4850.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The order Alismatales corresponds to one of the basal monocotiledones clads and is found predominantly in habitats aquatic or semiaquatic. The present work aimed to understand the internal taxonomic relations and the karyotype evolution in a monofiletic group of Alismatales of exclusively neotropical occurrence. Five species of Alismataceae and four of Limnocharitaceae were investigated using 2% Giemsa, silver nitrate staining, C-banding, CMA/DAPI fluorochromes staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes of ribossomal 45S DNA. One species of Hydrocharitaceae was also staining with Giemsa 2%. In Alismataceae, the Echinodorus species showed 2n=22 and CMA/DAPI and C/CMA/DAPI bands located in the short arm and satellite of two of the smallest acrocentric chromosomes pairs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with 45S rDNA probe co-localized in general, with the blocks revealed after fluorochromes staining, with exception of E. andrieuxii, for which only three 45S rDNA sites were detected. E. lanceolatus was the only species with DAPI+ bands, which were located in the telomeric regions of seven acrocentric pairs. In Limnocharitaceae, Hydrocleys (2n=16) and Limnocharis (2n=20), the CMA+ regions had corresponded to the RONs and the 45S rDNA sites in Hydrocleys nymphoides and Limnocharis flava. L. laforestiidiffered in relation to the number of 45S rDNA because two sites were observed in the later. In Hydrocleys nymphoides and H. martii the GC-rich in the heterochromatin was associated with the satellite located in the smallest acrocentric pair, and in a metacentric pair of intermediate size in the later. The only representative of Hydrocharitaceae, Limnobium laevigatum showed 2n=28 and an asymmetric bimodal karyotype as well as the other investigated species. In the group examined the refined techniques cytogenetic provided information such as detection of structural chromosome changes important for the karyotype evolution in Alismatales.
A ordem Alismatales corresponde a um dos clados basais de monocotiledôneas e se apresenta predominantemente em hábitats aquático ou semi-aquático. Nesse trabalho, objetivou-se compreender as relações taxonômicas internas e a evolução cariotípica em um grupo de Alismatales de ocorrência exclusivamente neotropical. Para isso, foram realizados estudos citogenéticos em cinco espécies de Alismataceae e quatro de Limnocharitaceae baseados na coloração convencional com uso de Giemsa 2%, marcação das RONs com nitrato de prata, bandeamento cromossômico C, dupla coloração com os fluorocromos CMA/DAPI e hibridização in situ fluorescence (FISH) com sondas de DNA ribossomal 45S. Em Hydrocharitaceae, foi usada apenas a coloração convencional com Giemsa 2%. Na família Alismataceae, as espécies de Echinodorus apresentaram 2n=22 e padrão de bandas CMA/DAPI e C/CMA/DAPI localizadas na região do braço curto e satélite de dois dos menores pares acrocêntricos A hibridização in situ com sondas de DNAr 45S coincidiu em geral, com os blocos observados com uso dos fluorocromos, com exceção de E. andrieuxii que obteve apenas três sítios. E. lanceolatus foi a única espécie que apresentou bandas DAPI+, localizadas nas regiões teloméricas de sete pares acrocêntricos. Em Limnocharitaceae,as regiões marcadas pelos fluorocromos CMA/DAPI e bandeamento C/CMA+ corresponderam às RONs e aos dois sítios de DNAr 45S em Hydrocleys nymphoides (2n=16) e aos quatro em Limnocharis flava (2n=20). Entretanto, L. laforestii diferiu em relação aos sítios de DNAr 45S, que foram apenas dois. As espécies Hydrocleys nymphoides e H. martii tiveram a posição da heterocromatina rica em GC associada ao satélite localizada em um par acrocêntrico pequeno na primeira, e em um par metacêntrico de tamanho intermediário, na segunda. O único representante de Hydrocharitaceae, Limnobium laevigatum, obteve 2n=28 e cariótipo assimétrico do tipo bimodal, assim como as demais espécies. Nesse grupo analisado, técnicas citogenéticas mais refinadas detectaram alterações cromossômicas estruturais importantes para a evolução cariotípica em Alismatales.

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16

Benamar, Rajae. "Etude fréquentielle de l'admittance d'une hétérojonction Ga0, 6Al0, 4As(P)/Ga0,2Al0,8As(N) sous polarisation directe." Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT2281.

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Ce memoire concerne la caracterisation electrique par l'etude frequentielle de l'admittance d'une diode electroluminescente ga#0#,#6al#0#,#4as(p)/ga#0#,#2al#0#,#8as(n) emettant dans le rouge. Les mesures sont effectuees sous polarisation directe, a la temperature ambiante pour des frequences variant entre 1 mhz et 40 mhz. Cette etude a pour but de mettre en evidence la contribution des defauts lies a un accord de maille imparfait dans ces structures. L'extension du modele de shockley aux heterojonctions a permis de calculer l'admittance liee aux phenomenes de diffusion. Cependant les resultats theoriques obtenus sont en desaccord avec les resultats experimentaux qui revelent des pics de susceptance n'existant pas dans le modele de diffusion. Le calcul de l'admittance avec prise en compte d'un niveau discret de pieges a l'interface conduit a l'existence d'un maximum local pour la susceptance. Par contre, l'hypothese de plusieurs niveaux d'energie etendus a la zone de charge d'espace presente une croissance monotone de la susceptance. La concordance du comportement theorique et experimental conduit donc a supposer la presence des niveaux discrets de pieges d'interface qui s'ajoutent aux phenomenes de diffusion. Ces niveaux sont a l'origine des phenomenes de degradation et limitent les performances de ces composants

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17

Adams, Meredith Elaine. "Beyond the Glass: Examining Wine Tasting Room Profitability Using the 4Ps of the Marketing Mix." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71351.

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Recent exponential increases in attendance at wine tasting rooms resulted in growing research in this subject area as producers seek to learn more about wine tasting room customers and identify ways to capitalize on additional revenue-generating opportunities. Direct wine sales are big business with $3.4 billion in sales in the United States in 2010. Research has shown that small and medium-sized wineries have become financially dependent on direct sales linked to wine tasting rooms with an average of 70 percent of winery sales coming from the tasting room. With limited sources outlining best practices within wine marketing, there is a clear need to identify and classify the literature on this topic. This research applies a marketing theoretical approach using the 4Ps (product, place, price, and promotion) of the marketing mix in conjunction with a comprehensive citation-based global literature review, with the goal of assessing those factors, if any, which may impact wine tasting room profitability. Our findings highlight key differences in individual wine tasting room marketing mix strategies which emphasize the need to understand consumer tastes and preferences for the wine tasting experience. Research shows that investing in the product and promotion of the wine tasting room has a positive impact on profitability. Key profit drivers include investing in branding, tasting room staff, and aggressively pursuing word-of-mouth recommendations to enhance wine tasting room profitability.
Master of Science

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18

Michal, Mikuláš. "Rozvinutí elektroniky a softwaru na robotickém vozidle Car4." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444973.

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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá revizí elektroniky robotického vozidla car4 se zaměřením na měření rychlosti otáčení kol, výkonovou a řídicí elektroniku. Car4 posloužilo jako základ pro již přes 20 diplomových prací od roku 2010. To znamenalo, že některé základní aspekty car4 byly zastaralé. Bylo vytvořeno schéma elektroniky vozidla, které bylo dále využito pro vývoj a výrobu nového hardwaru. Komponenty byly poté otestovány a implementovány na vozidlo. Dále byl vytvořen kinematický model 4WS vozidla za použití Ackermanovy geometrie, který byl implenetován a otestován na car4. Dále by měl sloužit jako základ řídicího algoritmu pro budoucí vývoj car4.

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19

Uhlíř, Petr. "Web-marketing mix 4S v malé organizaci." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124719.

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The goal of this thesis is to evaluate whether application of the model of marketing promotion in the Internet based on the concept of web-marketing mix 4S in a small organization, sales-oriented professional machines and equipment for carpentry, plumbing and metal fabrication shop can achieve synergy and formulated key performance indicators. To achieve this goal is necessary to identify and describe technologies, tools, procedures and processes based on literature and publications that are typical for internet marketing in a small and medium-sized companies, as the concept of internet promotion. The important part is to analyze the web-marketing mix 4S, which is a one of the possible variants of marketing mix. The 4S will serve as a base process model website promotion.

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20

Leach, Richard Charles. "Characterisation of a 4BS.4BL-5RL wheat rye translocation to improve copper efficiency of bread wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37937.

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Copper deficiency causes significant annual losses in grain yield due to poor grain set. Cereals such as wheat and barley are particularly susceptible to low copper soils whereas,crops such as rye and triticale are better able to grow and yield under such conditions of nutrient stress. The ability of rye and triticale, which carries a complete set of rye chromosomes, to tolerate low copper conditions has been attributed to a gene on rye chromosome 5R. Wheat-rye translocation lines have previously been produced carrying segments of the long arm of chromosome 5 of rye (5RL). Although these lines have expressed copper efficiency in University of Adelaide trials, until now they have been considered agronomically inferior and so have not been used as commercial cultivars. The physical size of rye segment of the 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation in a Chinese Spring background derived from the Cornell Wheat Selection 82a1-2-4-7 was measured using GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) and found to be 16% of the long arm. The size of this translocation was similar to GISH measurements of another 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation in Viking wheat background, although both these lines arose spontaneously and at different times. Molecular maps of both 4BS.4BL-5RL translocations in the two different wheat backgrounds were developed and used to screen for rare recombinants between wheat and rye in a background homozygous for the Sears' ph1b mutant. The maps revealed the approximate genetic location of the translocation breakpoint involved in these two 4BS.4BL-5RL translocations to be similar even though they are known to have arisen at different times and in different experimental populations. The similarity of these translocations suggests a unique property of the region at or near the translocation breakpoint that could be responsible for their similarity and spontaneous formation. After screening 703 critical seedlings for evidence of recombination between the 5RL segment and wheat homoeologues, no confirmed recombinants were identified. Lines containing the 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation were shown to yield equally as well as their recurrent parent under normal field conditions. In addition the presence of the 4BS.4BL-5RL had no adverse effects on a range of grain quality characteristics measured in these lines. A pot trial using lines derived from a cross between the CSHN translocation and the wheat cultivar Warigal (five backcrosses) revealed that they provided copper-efficiency even under the severest of deficiency conditions. While the results of this pot trial did not show the outstanding copper efficiency previously observed in these lines, the translocation did consistently out yield the recurrent parent under severe copper deficiency conditions. Finally, a reliable PCR marker was developed for the rapid identification of lines containing the distal portion of the 5RL chromosome.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture and Wine, 2004.

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21

Cederäng, Jesper, and Markus Norberg. "Brand Building of Born Globals." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9475.

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Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of two early internationalizing firms (Born Globals) brand building efforts. By performing case studies on these companies we wished to discover similarities and differences in their marketing efforts. The companies that we studied were CTEK Sweden AB, a battery charger manufacturer and POC Sweden AB, who designs advanced protective gear for the alpine ski market.

The theoretical framework was divided according to the four 4Ps (Product, Price, Promotion and Place) as previous studies had shown all four factors were important in the efforts of building a strong brand. Classical marketing mix theories have been augmented with theories on brand-building as well as international marketing to give further depth to the theory section.

Interviews were conducted with key people in each company, who we believed would have good insight into the strategies that these had pursued. After analyzing our empirical data, we drew the conclusion that the companies had many similar traits when it came to their brand-building efforts. The foundation for rapid brand building was laid by having an innovative product. A standardized promotion strategy was used by both companies in all target markets. The ability to disregard lucrative short-term gains in order to secure long-term benefits for the brands was also a common trait in the building of their brands.

Keywords: Brand-building, Branding Strategies, Born Globals, 4Ps

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22

Eichler, Uta. "Between despair and hope, the work of the Jewish Immigrant Aid Society in the 1930s and 40s." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0007/MQ36028.pdf.

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23

Schäferhoff, Christian [Verfasser], and Hans Gert [Akademischer Betreuer] Struck. "Langzeitergebnisse nach bimanueller Phakoemulsifikation und Implantation der Linse Acri.Smart 48S-5 / Christian Schäferhoff. Betreuer: Hans Gert Struck." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1024873552/34.

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24

Kammer, Sven. "Resonanzen bei photoneninduzierter schwellennaher Ar+-4s-Satelliten-Produktion." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972758127.

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25

Hsieh, Yihhuang. "Reexamination of a putative (1s,4s) sigmatropic rearrangement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24160.pdf.

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26

SILVA, Ebenézer Bernardes Correia e. "Citogenética evolutiva na família Asteraceae usando fluorocromos CMA/DAPI e FISH com sondas de DNAr 45S e 5S." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2010. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6124.

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A família Asteraceae contém a maior biodiversidade entre as angiospermas, sendo relativamente bem estudada citogeneticamente quanto ao número cromossômico; no entanto, pouco se conhece a respeito das características específicas da cromatina da maioria de seus representantes. Neste contexto, o número diploide, o tamanho cromossômico, o padrão de bandeamento CMA/DAPI e a distribuição de genes ribossomais por FISH foram utilizados em uma análise comparativa de 23 acessos pertencentes a 13 espécies, 11 gêneros, nove tribos e três subfamílias, no intuito de analisar suas relações evolutivas. As alterações cromossômicas encontradas evidenciaram alguns rearranjos cariotípicos. Os sítios de DNAr 45S e 5S variaram em número e localização. Oito padrões de bandeamento CMA/DAPI foram descritos para a heterocromatina: 1) CMA++/DAPI-, colocalizada com sítio de DNAr 45S; 2) CMA+/DAPI-, colocalizada com sítio de DNAr 5S; 3) bandas CMA+/DAPI- terminais; 4) bandas CMA-/DAPI+ terminais; 5) bandas CMA-/DAPI++ terminais; 6) bandas CMA-/DAPI+ pericentroméricas; 7) bandas CMA-/DAPI++ pericentroméricas, e 8) bandas dependentes do padrão de condensação. O gênero Cichorium destacou-se por apresentar variação interespecífica relacionada à diferença no número de sítios de DNAr entre C. endivia e C. intybus. Além disso, um dos acessos de C. intybus mostrou uma variação intraespecífica, com dois pares portadores de DNAr envolvidos em uma provável translocação recíproca. A ampla variabilidade de dados citogenéticos foi informativa, auxiliando no entendimento da evolução, compreendendo caracteres promissores para a classificação sistemática desta família

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ARROYO, MARTINEZ HUGO ABELARDO 616509, and MARTINEZ HUGO ABELARDO ARROYO. "Determinación del cariotipo y mapeo físico de los genes 5s y 45s rDNA en Tigridia pavonia variedad Dulce." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/65264.

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Tigridia pavonia (Lf) DC es una especie cuyas características morfológicas le confieren un gran potencial ornamental. Debido a la heterogeneidad morfológica de los individuos de esta especie, en el 2001 se describieron nueve variedades botánicas. Entre ellas Dulce presenta la menor formación de semillas lo cual podría significar la presencia de cambios cromosómicos. El establecimiento de las características citogenéticas de una especie es de gran interés para estudios taxonómicos y en programas de mejoramiento genético ya que facilita la selección de especies parentales más cercanas. Aunado a esto con el desarrollo de la técnica de FISH, se ha podido identificar genes de interés y establecer una mejor diferenciación de los cromosomas homólogos. A pesar de ello, no hay reportes sobre las características citogenéticas de todas las variedades. Por lo anterior en el presente estudio se determinó su cariotipo, y se realizó el mapeo físico de los genes 5s y 45s rDNA por medio de FISH. Los resultados mostraron que Tigridia pavonia variedad Dulce conserva su cariotipo bimodal exhibiendo un número cromosómico de 2n = 2x = 28+3B, observando por primera vez la presencia de cromosomas B en la especie, lo que dista de reportes anteriores. De igual forma se logró la amplificación de los genes 5s y 45s rDNA por medio de la técnica de FISH, donde el gen 5s rDNA amplificó en ocho regiones diferentes, mientras que el gen 45s rDNA se observó en 10 de ellas, de las cuales, cuatro correspondían a constricciones secundarias. Esta información puede servir de base para futuros análisis evolutivos, y/o de mejoramiento genético en la especie.
El género Tigridia incluye al menos 43 especies y seis subespecies, de las cuales, 41 son endémicas de México (Munguía-Lino et al. 2015). Entre ellas, Tigridia pavonia (Lf) DC se destaca por la gran variabilidad en el color y belleza de su flor como atractivo recurso florícola. Hoy en día es ampliamente cultivada en Europa, Asia y Australia, donde se comercializa como planta para jardinería. Para esta especie se conocen nueve variedades registradas en el Catálogo Nacional de Variedades Vegetales (SNICS 2008). Entre ellas T. pavonia variedad Dulce es de gran interés debido a que es la variedad que muestra un menor porcentaje de fertilidad lo cual podría denotar cambios cromosómicos en la especie. Si bien es sabido que las características cromosómicas se mantienen de una generación a otra, aun entre variedades, a menudo ocurren variaciones estructurales y/o numéricas que pueden cambiar el número, tamaño y posición centromérica de los cromosomas, lo cual puede generar variabilidad genética (Levitus et al., 2010). Es por ello que el análisis de estas características puede servir para establecer relaciones filogenéticas más certeras, así mismo, en programas de mejoramiento genético el conocimiento de las características citogenéticas suele jugar un papel importante a la hora del establecimiento de las cruzas ya que como menciona Lakshmanan et al. (2015), el éxito del cruzamiento interespecifico o intergenerico usando métodos de mejoramiento tradicionales, depende principalmente de que tan citogenéticamente cercanos sean los progenitores. Por otro lado con el desarrollo de la técnica de Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) se ha facilitado la obtención de patrones de sondas específicos para la discriminación de cromosomas similares, así como el mapeo físico y la identificación de genes de interés 1 (Navrátilová et al. ,2003), por lo que la adición de esta información a las características normales del cariotipo permite realizar estudios más detallados y precisos. A pesar de ello se conoce muy poco sobre las características citogenéticas de cada una de las variedades, existiendo únicamente reportes referentes a su número cromosómico y bimodalidad del complejo cromosómico, además de que ciertos aspectos como la posición de las constricciones secundarias varían de un autor a otro. Por lo anterior la determinación del cariotipo y el mapeo físico de los genes 5s y 45s rDNA en Tigridia pavonia variedad Dulce, podrá servir para tener un mayor conocimiento de los cambios cromosómicos en la especie, así como su uso en programas de mejoramiento genético.
CONACyT

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Kubínek, Martin. "Návrh mlýnského okruhu kotle PK 4S v Teplárně Košice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232164.

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The aim of this thesis is the proposal of a coal mill system and a combustion chamber for the boiler PK 4S situated in Košice CHP station with regard to transition to the new fuel. This proposal is focused on the elimination of NOx emissions. The calculation is based on required parameters of the boiler and declared characteristic of the new fuel. The proposal of the coal mill system includes three roller mills working in closed circuit with direct blowing. One of the mills serves as a reserve in case of failure. Dimensions of the dry bottom combustion chamber are proposed considering the applied primary measures to reduce NOx emissions so that the temperature at the end of the furnace would not be higher than maximal allowed temperature 1200 °C.

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Ameur, Melissa. "Les mécanismes d’initiation de la traduction de la polyprotéine Gag du Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine (VIH-1)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB125/document.

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L'ARN génomique du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine-1 (VIH-1) est multifonctionnel. Il constitue le génome encapsidé dans les virions et sert d'ARN messager pour la traduction des protéines virales Gag et Gag-Pol. La traduction de ces protéines dépend exclusivement de la machinerie traductionnelle cellulaire et est initiée par deux mécanismes différents : l'initiation canonique dépendante de la coiffe et l'initiation par entrée interne des ribosomes (IRES). Le VIH-1 présente deux IRES, l'un dans la région 5' non traduite (5'-UTR) qui est stimulé en phase G2/M du cycle cellulaire et l'autre dans la région codante de Gag. Ce dernier permet l'initiation de la traduction sur deux AUG en phase et conduit à la production de la protéine Gag pleine longueur mais également à la production d'une isoforme alternative de Gag, tronquée en région N-terminale. Le rôle de cette isoforme reste mal connu. Toutefois la mutation du second AUG chez VIH-1 et donc la suppression de la seconde isoforme de Gag provoque une diminution importante du taux de la réplication virale. La conservation structurelle et fonctionnelle de l'IRES Gag parmi les lentivirus suggère un rôle important de cette isoforme et de l'IRES gag dans le cycle viral. Nos travaux visent à comprendre à un niveau moléculaire les relations hôtes-pathogènes lors de la traduction des messagers viraux. Je me suis particulièrement intéressée aux rôles de la sous unité ribosomale 40S et de l'hélicase cellulaire DDX3 dans l'initiation de la traduction de la polyprotéine Gag du VIH-1. La première partie de ma thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'interaction entre la sous unité ribosomale 40S et l'IRES gag du VIH-1. Par l'utilisation d'approches complémentaires, nous avons pu démontrer la présence de deux sites distincts de liaison au ribosome qui sont présents à proximité des deux codons d'initiation. Nous avons ensuite évalué à la fois in vitro et in cellulo (en collaboration avec l'équipe de T. Ohlmann, CIRI-ENS-Lyon) l'effet de la délétion de chacun des sites de liaison au 40S sur l'efficacité de traduction de la polyprotéine Gag. Nos résultats valident l'importance fonctionnelle des sites de liaison au ribosome pour une production optimale des deux isoformes de la polyprotéine Gag. La seconde partie de mon travail a consisté à définir le rôle de DDX3 dans l'initiation « coiffe-dépendante » de la traduction de la polyprotéine Gag. DDX3 est une hélicase à ARN à boîte DEAD impliquée dans de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que la régulation du cycle cellulaire et la réponse immunitaire innée mais également dans tous les aspects du métabolisme de l'ARN comme la transcription, l'épissage, l'export nucléaire ou encore la traduction. Plus récemment, il a été montré que DDX3 est nécessaire à la traduction de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1, cependant son rôle exact n'a pas encore été défini. Nous avons purifié une forme recombinante de la protéine en fusion avec la MBP (Maltose Binding Protein) et effectué des cinétiques enzymatiques afin de caractériser ses propriétés biochimiques. Contrairement à ce qui a été précédemment décrit, nos résultats montrent que DDX3 possède une activité ATPase strictement ARN-dépendante avec des constantes cinétiques similaires à celles de son homologue chez la levure, Ded1p. Nous avons également évalué l'activité hélicase de la protéine en présence de substrats de longueur et de nature variables (duplex ARN/ARN ou des hétéroduplex ADN/ARN). D'un point de vue fonctionnel, nous avons réalisé une première série d'expériences qui confirme la stimulation exercée par DDX3 sur la traduction de Gag in vitro. Ces résultats permettent d'envisager la caractérisation biochimique fine des interactions DDX3-ARN viral ainsi que de disséquer le rôle de DDX3 dans l'expression du génome viral
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) genomic RNA is multifunctional. It acts both as a genome that is packaged within virions and as messenger RNA translated to yield the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins. The translation of these proteins relies exclusively on the cellular translation machinery and is initiated through two mechanisms: the canonical cap-dependent initiation pathway and the use of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes). HIV-1 has two IRESes, one located within the 5' UTR (5' UnTranslated Region) that is stimulated during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and the other embedded within the Gag polyprotein coding region. The later drives translation initiation from two AUG in frame and results in the production of the full-length Gag protein but also of an additional N-terminally truncated Gag isoform. Few things are known about this isoform, but the mutation of the second AUG causes a significant decrease in the rate of viral replication. The structural and functional conservation of Gag IRES among lentiviruses suggests an important role of this isoform and thus of the IRES in the viral cycle. Our work aims to understand at a molecular level the host-pathogen relationships in the translation of the viral messenger RNA. My work focused on the roles of the 40S ribosomal subunit and of the cellular helicase DDX3 in the translation initiation of Gag. During the first part of my Phd, I studied the interaction between the 40S ribosomal subunit and HIV-1Gag IRES. Following complementary approaches, we evidenced two distinct ribosome binding sites present close to the two the initiation sites of Gag. Then, we evaluated the effect of each 40S binding site deletion on Gag translation efficiency, both in vitro and in cellulo (in collaboration with the team of T. Ohlmann, CIRI-ENS-Lyon). Taken together, our results confirm the functional relevance of the two ribosomal binding sites to ensure optimal production of the two Gag isoforms. The second part of my Phd project aims to define the role of DDX3 in the translation initiation of Gag. DDX3 is a RNA DEAD-box helicase involved in many cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and the innate immune response but also in all aspects of RNA metabolism such as transcription, splicing, mRNA nuclear export and translation. Recently DDX3 has been shown to favor HIV-1 Gag translation. To define its role, we first purified a recombinant form of the protein and performed kinetic experiments to analyze its biochemical properties. Contrary to what has been previously described, MBP-DDX3 displays a strictly RNA-dependent ATPase activity with kinetic constants similar to those displayed by its yeast counterpart Ded1p. We next evaluated MBP-DDX3 helicase activity towards RNA duplexes or RNA/DNA hybrids, with different length and single strand overhangs. Our preliminary results indicate that DDX3 alone is sufficient to enhance Gag translation in our in vitro system which paves the way to fine biochemistry experiments such as reconstruction of functional initiation complexes assembled onto Gag RNA and evaluation of its role on Gag RNA structure

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Qureshi, Muhammad Farhan Wahid. "Role of Social Marketing in Social Enterprises : The Case of Gavle." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19036.

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Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate how social enterprises can use social marketing for image building, and changing behaviors in the society. Methodology: A qualitative method was used, based on 10 interviews from two social enterprises in Gavle. The data was collected through face-to-face, and email interviews Results and Conclusions: The study explored that social enterprises are focused on relationship marketing and more people oriented. Major social marketing components they are using are word of mouth, networking, online presence, and awareness campaigns. Suggestions for Future Work: A quantitative study can be conducted in order to have in depth analysis from targeted audience point of view. Furthermore, research can also be conducted by asking target audience the importance of relations in social causes, and by including networks such as cooperation with other companies of social enterprises, or donors. Contribution of Thesis: This study contributes on three levels, theoretical, managerial and societal. Theoretically this study adds to the ongoing research in social marketing and social enterprises as it combines the both. Additionally this study also indicates that social marketing is focused on relational aspects of marketing. On the societal level this study shows how social marketing affects people by changing their behaviors. Managerial contribution refers to the fact that social marketing is an important tool, since many social enterprises are on the rise, so social marketing can be used in order to get more fruitful results in the social cause oriented businesses.

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Maerker, Claudia. "Die zwei metabolischen Funktionen der Aconitase AcoA aus Aspergillus nidulans Aconitase-Aktivität im (4Fe-4S)2+ und Methylisocitrat-Dehydratase-Aktivität im (3Fe-4S)+-Zustand /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98410786X.

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Marschner, Sylvia. "Ursprung, Zusammensetzung und Transkriptionsaktivität der B-Chromosomen von Brachycome dichromosomatica." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15648.

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Zusammenfassung Die Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica ist eine besonders geeignete Spezies, um B-Chromosomen zu analysieren. Die auf den B-Chromosomen-lokalisierte 45S rDNA wurde auf Ursprung und Funktion untersucht. Die Mikrodissektion von B-Chromosomen und PCR-Amplifikation ermöglichte es, B-Chromosomen-spezifische ITS2-Sequenzen der 45S rDNA zu erhalten. Auffallend bei dieser Analyse waren zwei beständige Differenzen zwischen den Sequenzen von A- und B-Chromosomen. Phylogenetische Untersuchungen identifizierten keine Spezies, die eine ITS2-Sequenz hatte, die ähnlicher zu der B-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz war als die A-Chromosomen-ITS2-Sequenz von B. dichromosomatica. Es wurde ein Ursprung der B-Chromosomen in der Zeit vor der Ausbildung der vier Cytodeme von B. dichromosomatica postuliert. Die Analyse der Assoziationen von Mikro-B-Chromosomen mit dem Nukleolus ergab, dass 70% der Mikro-B-Chromosomen nicht mit dem Nukleolus assoziierten. Die hohe Frequenz von nichtassoziierten Mikro-B-Chromosomen weist auf eine Inaktivität der Mikro-B-Chromosomen-lokalisierten 45S rDNA hin. Die Immunfluoreszenzmarkierung zeigte, dass sich das Chromatin der A- und B-Chromosomen deutlich in der euchromatischen Histon-H3-Methylierung unterscheidet. Während die A-Chromosomen deutliche Immunfluoreszenzsignale aufwiesen, zeigten die Mikro-B- und Standard-B-Chromosomen nur eine schwache Markierung mit Antikörpern gegen Histon H3K4me1,2,3, H3K9me3 und H3K27me2,3. Die heteropygnotischen, mit Tandem-Repeats angereicherten Mikro-B-Chromosomen waren dabei noch weniger mit diesen euchromatischen Markierungen gekennzeichnet als die Standard-B-Chromosomen. Keine Unterschiede zwischen den A- und B-Chromosomen wurden für die heterochromatischen Markierungen Histon H3K9me1,2 und H3K27me1 gefunden, was darauf hinweist, dass die B-Chromosomen nicht spezifisch durch zusätzliche heterochromatische Histonmarkierungen gekennzeichnet sind.
Summary The Asteraceae Brachycome dichromosomatica is a suitable species for the analysis of B chromosomes (Bs). The origin and activity of micro B-located 45S rDNA of was analysed. Microisolation of Bs and PCR with internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)-specific primers succeeded in the isolation of B-specific ITS2-sequences. ITS2 was sequenced for micro B, large B and A chromosomes, and conserved differences were identified between sequences originating from A and both types of Bs. Phylogenetic analysis did not identify a species that contained an ITS2 sequence that was more similar to either of the B’s sequences than that of the B. dichromosomatica A chromosomes (As). Thus, an origin of the Bs from As at a time prior to the divergence of the four cytodemes of B. dichromosomatica is suggested. Because 70% of micro Bs did not co-localize with the nucleolus I conclude that micro B-located 45S rDNA is not constitutively transcribed. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that the chromatin in A and both types of Bs differs markedly in euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks. While A chromosomes are labelled brightly, the micro B and large Bs are faintly labelled with antibodies against H3K4me2/3, H3K9me3 and H3K27me2/3. The heteropycnotic, tandem-repeat enriched micro Bs were even less labelled with euchromatic histone H3 methylation marks than large Bs. No differences between A and Bs were found as to the heterochromatic marks H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me1, indicating that Bs are not additionally labelled by heterochromatin typical histone H3 modifications. 1

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Davasse, Valérie. "Ingénierie de la ferredoxine 2[4Fe-4S] de Clostridium pasteurianum." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10135.

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La ferredoxine 24fe-4s de la bacterie anaerobie clostridium pasteurianum est une proteine de 55 acides amines au caractere acide. Ses deux centres 4fe-4s sont lies a la chaine polypeptidique par l'intermediaire de 8 residus cysteine. Elle tient un role central de transporteur d'electrons dans le metabolisme de clostridium pasteurianum. Un gene codant pour cette ferredoxine a ete entierement synthetise a partir de 18 oligonucleotides. L'expression de ce gene chez escherichia coli produit une proteine recombinante totalement identique a la ferredoxine native. Le remplacement modulaire de segments de ce gene synthetique a permis d'obtenir des genes codant pour des formes modifiees de la ferredoxine au niveau de 5 acides carboxyliques en positions 6, 17, 33, 35 et 39, des prolines 19 et 48, de l'isoleucine 23 et de la cysteine 18. Le role des residus charges parait assez limite dans la reconnaissance de la ferredoxine avec deux de ses partenaires physiologiques lors du transfert d'electrons. Par contre, lorsque les changements touchent des residus proches, et donc l'environnement, des centres 4fe-4s, l'activite biologique est affectee. Le remplacement de la cysteine 18, ligand d'un des clusters, par une histidine ou une tyrosine conduit a des proteines pouvant remplacer la ferredoxine comme transporteur d'electrons entre deux de ses partenaires mais avec une cinetique tres particuliere

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Роман, В. І. "Електронне збудження стану (4p5 4d5s)4S[3/2] атому рубідію". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39631.

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В даній роботі, методом електронної спектроскопії нами вперше виявлений електронний розпад цього стану, а також досліджено динаміку його збудження в діапазоні енергій зіткнень від порогу до 20 еВ. Похибка увизначенні ефективного перерізу збудження не перевищувала 40%.

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Desai, Bijoy. "Novel Allosteric Inhibitors of Thrombin." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1914.

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Thrombin is a critical enzyme involved in blood coagulation and haemostasis. For this reason the study of its interactions with substrates, inhibitors and modulator is essential. It is also a unique enzyme in the serine protease family because unlike enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin its activity is modulated by various endogenous and exogenous ligands. This is due to the presence of “exosites” on the thrombin surface. Exosite II, unlike exosite-I, has not been characterized for its allosteric effect. In order to understand the structural basis of interaction and inhibition of inhibitor 4AS, which possibly interacts with exosite-II, native bovine thrombin crystals and human thrombin crystals grown in presence of 4-AS were prepared. X-ray diffraction data was collected on 4AS soaks of native bovine thrombin as well as human thrombin crystals. The data were phased by molecular replacement using appropriate search models. The structures were refined to R factors of 0.24 and 0.27 for native bovine thrombin-4AS soaks and human thrombin-4AS co-crystals respectively. Examination of a 2Fo-Fc electron density map revealed no density for 4-AS. Low affinity of the inhibitor may be the reason for its absence in the solved structures. In the process of solving these structures, unliganded native bovine thrombin in a new crystal form, previously unreported in literature, was solved. The structure shows an overall topology similar to that found in previously published thrombin molecules. Examination of the crystal packing shows that the exosite-II is solvent exposed. This crystal form can be used in the future to study interaction of exosite-II ligands. To characterize the interaction of sucrose octasulfate with thrombin, which may interact with thrombin exosite-II, fluorimetric equilibrium binding titrations were performed using the active site fluorescent probe para-amino benzamidine. At physiological salt concentrations, the KD was found to be ~22 μM, which is lower than heparin fragment of corresponding length. The higher affinity was attributed to the high charge density of the ligand. Measurement of KD at different salt concentrations showed a significant amount of contribution to the binding energy from ionic interactions. Based on the salt dependence experiments, the number of charged interactions per sucrose octasulfate molecule interacting with thrombin was found to be 3.5. Competitive experiments of sucrose octasulfate with FDs (a sulfated dehydro-polymer being investigated in the lab for its anticoagulant properties) for inhibition of thrombin activity showed competitive effects that did not appear to follow Dixon-Webb competitive phenomenon. It was found that sucrose octasulfate itself is a weak inhibitor of thrombin. To investigate the mode of interaction, co-crystals of sucrose-ocasulfate complexed with thrombin were prepared. High resolution data (2.2 Å) was collected. The structure solved using this data showed weak density for two sucrose octasulfate molecules. Sucrose octasulfate was modeled into this density and refined. The refined structure shows that two sucrose octasulfate molecules bind to two thrombin monomers of the asymmetric unit at exosite-II. One of the sucrose octasulfate molecules interacts with both monomers, and could be present as an artifact of crystal packing. The second molecule interacts with exosite-II of only one of the thrombin monomers. The key residues involved in the interaction are Lys236, His91, Arg93 and Arg101. The thrombin-sucrose octasulfate structure does not show any major deviation from unliganded structure. It is possible that the conformational change may have been masked due to crystal packing. Characterization of this novel interaction mode of sucrose octasulfate interaction with thrombin adds one more candidate to the list of compounds that interact with exosite-II in a manner very similar to heparin, but unlike heparin can inhibit thrombin activity.

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Danielsson, Simon, and Jakob Flygare. "Vad utgör en framgångsrik film? : En analys av Hollywoods filmindustri." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188994.

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Анотація:

I detta arbete undersöktes vilka de främsta framgångsfaktorerna var med avseende på biointäkter för en amerikansk film i produktions- och distributionsfasen. Analysen av produktionsfasen baserades på filmer mellan åren 2010-2014 och bestod dels av en övergripande regressionsanalys över alla filmer och dels en genrespecifik regressionsanalys. Undersökningen av distributionsfasen grundade sig i 4p modellen för att visa på filmbolagens strategiska möjligheter. Resultaten visade att det fanns signifikanta faktorer som påverkar biointäkterna både positivt och negativt. Däribland var uppföljare och budget de två faktorerna som hade störst positiv påverkan på biointäkterna för majoriteten av regressionsmodellerna. Den genrespecifka analysen visade även på skillnader för vilka faktorer som bidrar till att öka biointäkterna för de olika genrerna.
This work examined the main drivers behind box office success for American movies in the production- and distribution phase. The data sample consisted of movies released between 2010 and 2014. An overall regression analysis of all movies as well as a genre specific regression analysis were made. The 4ps model of marketing was used to investigate a film studio’s strategic possibilities during the distribution of a film. The results showed that it was possible to determine significant drivers behind a movie’s revenue. Budget and sequel were the two factors that had the largest positive˛ effect on revenue for the majority of the regression models. The genre specific analysis showed that the impact of each factor varied between genres.

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Guzzi, Igor de Souza. "O que dizem os professores das 4as séries do ensino fundamental sobre o ensino de ciências neste nível de escolaridade." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2445.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1797.pdf: 758205 bytes, checksum: a394f491811c4b5e60f8a527d6884f98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-06
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
More and more, the society has required citizens to act in a world which scientific and technology knowledge is extremely worth. The evolution of these knowledges works as a modern world´s mirror, which, indeed, reflects all the progress that conduced to the development of the actual society, consisted by the amazing velocity the information is spread, and by the incredible science dynamism. In this way, make people get closer from informations about science takes an important and challengeable role. Important since it leads you to a world comprehension and its information; challengeable because of the complexity that involves the teaching and learning task. The science studies has to act as a contributor to the reality comprehension, mainly in understanding the natural events, stimulating questions about the differents ways the interventions can modify them. In that case, the investigation of the questions that covers the learning process of teaching modality since basic grades becomes indispensable, as we think about the developments coming from critical people who are acting directly on the society. The main purpose of the present work was to obtain elements that could bring possibilities of proofs, reflections and discussions around the science teaching in basic grades, especially on the fourth grade, which is the focus of this research. For that, it was necessary an approximation to science teaching history and to the different sources teachers acquire to be able to get the knowledges which state their praticals, involving questions about the science curriculum, materials used within the classes and others aspects that leaded to a bigger approximation to the process of teaching and learning. The investigation started from a theoretical reference based on teacher s knowledges. Therefore, a better comprehension of how teachers relate with the knowledges that are used within their science classes and how those knowledges are acquired were better understood.
Cada vez mais, a sociedade tem exigido cidadãos críticos para atuarem em um mundo cujo conhecimento científico e tecnológico é extremamente valorizado. A evolução desses conhecimentos funciona como um espelho do mundo moderno que, de fato, reflete todos os avanços que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da sociedade atual, caracterizada pela espantosa velocidade com a qual se propaga a informação e pelo incrível dinamismo da ciência. Nesse sentido, aproximar as pessoas dos saberes que dizem respeito à ciência, mostra-se uma tarefa importante, na medida que possibilita um modo de compreender o mundo e suas transformações, e desafiadora pela complexidade que envolve o ato de ensinar e aprender. O estudo de ciências deve agir como um colaborador para a compreensão da realidade, sobretudo, para o entendimento dos fenômenos da natureza, estimulando o questionamento dos diferentes modos de nela intervir. Assim sendo, a investigação das questões que envolvem o processo de aprendizagem dessa modalidade de ensino desde as séries fundamentais, torna-se indispensável ao se pensar no desenvolvimento de indivíduos críticos que sejam parte atuante da sociedade. O presente trabalho teve como principal intuito obter elementos que possibilitassem constatações, reflexões e discussões em torno do ensino de ciências no nível escolar fundamental, especialmente na 4a série, foco desta pesquisa. Para tanto, foi necessária uma aproximação da história do ensino de ciências e das diversas fontes com as quais as professoras adquirem os saberes que alicerçam suas práticas, que envolvem questões a respeito do currículo de ciências, materiais utilizados nas aulas e outros aspectos que permitiram maior aproximação desse processo de ensino e aprendizagem. A investigação se deu a partir de um referencial teórico que diz respeito aos saberes docentes, com o qual foi possível uma maior compreensão de como as professoras relacionam-se com os conhecimentos que se utilizam nas suas aulas de ciências e de como se dá a aquisição desses saberes.

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38

Picart, Picolo Ariadna. "L'importance du nucléole et des gènes d'ARN ribosomique 45S dans l'organisation 3D et la stabilité du génome chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0025/document.

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Le nucléole est le site de biogenèse des ribosomes, qui commence par la transcription des gènes d’ARN ribosomique (ARNr). Cependant, le nucléole est également impliqué dans d'autres processus cellulaires, comme l’organisation 3D du génome. Ainsi, des régions génomiques appelées NADs pour Nucleolus-Associated chromatin Domains, ont été identifiées dans des cellules animales et végétales. Ces régions sont surtout hétérochromatiques et les gènes associés ont tendance a être peu ou pas transcrits. Un des objectifs de ma thèse a été d’étudier l’implication du nucléole dans l’organisation de la chromatine au sein du noyau et la régulation transcriptionnelle de gènes transcrits par l’ARN Polymérase II chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Par ailleurs, parmi les centaines de copies de gènes d’ARNr, uniquement une fraction participe au processus de biogenèse des ribosomes. Dans un second temps, j’ai donc étudié le rôle de ces copies inactives. On a pu démontrer que l’absence des gènes d’ARNr inactifs n’engendre pas de changements majeurs dans la fonction nucléolaire. Par contre, ces copies participent à la stabilité du génome. En effet, en leur absence, des duplications génomiques allant jusqu’à plusieurs centaines de kilobases s’accumulent, entraînant des duplications de gènes et des différences du niveau d’expression de ces derniers. Finalement, les effets de ces changements structuraux sur la biologie de la plante sont discutés
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis, which begins with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. However, the nucleolus is also involved in other cellular processes, such as the 3D genome organization. Thus, genomic regions called NADs for Nucleolus-Associated chromatin Domains, have been identified in animal and plant cells. These regions are mostly heterochromatic and the associated genes tend to be poorly transcribed. One of the objectives of my thesis was to study the involvement of the nucleolus in the 3D genome organization and the transcriptional regulation of genes transcribed by RNA Polymerase II in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, only a fraction of rRNA gene copies participates in the process of ribosome biogenesis. In a second time, I studied the role of the inactive rRNA gene copies. We show that in their absence, there is no major changes in the nucleolus function. However, these copies contribute to genome stability. Indeed, in their absence, up to several hundred of kilobases long duplication events accumulate, resulting in the duplication and the differential expression of hundreds of genes. Finally, the impact of these structural changes on the plant biology are discussed

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39

Herbert, Edward D. "Reconstructing biblical Dead Sea Scrolls : a new method applied to the reconstruction of 4QSama /." Leiden ; New York ; Köln : Brill, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369950731.

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40

Soudet, Julien. "Étude de la maturation cytoplasmique de la petite sous-unité ribosomique chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2286/.

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Les ribosomes constituent un des acteurs majeurs du mécanisme de traduction dans toute cellule vivante. La synthèse des ribosomes est un processus complexe commençant par la transcription d'un pré-ARN ribosomique (ARNr) contenant les futurs ARNr matures ainsi que des séquences qui vont être coupées tout au long de la biogenèse des sous-unités ribosomiques. Chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ce ne sont pas moins de 200 facteurs qui interviennent tout au long de ce processus. Nous nous sommes intéressés plus précisément à l'étape cytoplasmique de maturation de la petite sous-unité ribosomique, consistant en une coupure endonucléolytique permettant de passer d'un pré-ARNr 20S contenu dans une particule pré-40S à un ARNr 18S mature contenu dans une sous-unité 40S. Cette sous-unité mature peut ensuite initier la traduction. Le modèle initial proposait que la maturation de la petite sous-unité fût un prérequis à l'initiation de la traduction. Nos expériences ont permis d'observer qu'une fraction du pré-ARNr 20S cosédimente avec les complexes de 80S et polysomes. Cette fraction de pré-ARNr 20S est augmentée dans certains mutants où l'on bloque la maturation de la petite-sous unité dans le cytoplasme. Nous avons confirmé l'existence de ribosomes contenant des particules pré-40S et interagissant avec des ARNm par des approches biochimiques. Ainsi, nos données suggèrent que des sous-unités ribosomiques non matures peuvent initier la traduction. Ces ribosomes aberrants sont alors dégradés via le No Go decay, un mécanisme de contrôle-qualité des ARNs cytoplasmiques. Ainsi, le No Go Decay fonctionnerait comme le mécanisme ultime de contrôle-qualité des sous-unités ribosomiques 40S
Ribosomes constitute one of the major actors of the mechanism of translation in any living cell. The synthesis of ribosomes is a complex process beginning with the transcription of a pre-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) containing future mature rRNAs as well as sequences that are eliminated during ribosome biogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no less than 200 factors are implicated in this process. We were more precisely interested in the cytoplasmic step of the small ribosomal subunit maturation consisting of an endonucleolytic cleavage of the 20S pre-rRNA contained in a pre-40S particle and leading to the mature 18S rRNA contained in the 40S ribosomal subunit. The initial model was that 40S ribosomal subunit maturation might be a pre-requisite for translation initiation. Our experiments have led to the observation that a fraction of 20S pre-rRNA co-sediments with 80S complexes and polysomes. This 20S pre-rRNA fraction can be increased in mutants impaired in the cytoplasmic step of 40S ribosomal subunit maturation. By biochemical approaches, we confirmed the occurrence of ribosomes containing pre-40S particles and mRNAs. Thus, our data suggest that pre-40S particles can initiate translation. These aberrant ribosomes are then degraded via the No Go decay pathway involved in the quality control of some cytoplasmic RNAs. No-Go Decay would function as an ultimate quality control mechanism of the 40S ribosomal subunit

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41

Weber, Moriah. "The Importance of Collaboration Within Project-Based Learning in a Kindergarten Teacher Classroom." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1594307963319049.

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42

HUBERT, JEAN-GASPARD. "Rmn de proteines 4fe-4s : proprietes structurales et transfert electronique intramoleculaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10175.

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Les proprietes de deplacement chimique et de relaxation des spins nucleaires, surtout quand elles sont influencees par le paramagnetisme de centres polymetalliques, apportent de nouvelles informations sur la structure atomique, electronique et magnetiques des proteines 4fe-4s et sur la vitesse d'echange electronique entre clusters

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43

Ozimba, Peter A. "A study of small angle differential and integral cross sections for k 4s-4p transition." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3056.

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Measured and calculated differential cross sections(DCS) are contrasted through the generalized ocsillator strength for impact energies of 16, 20, 40, 54.4, 60, 75, 100 and 200 eV. The recently constructed universal formula by Msezane and Sakmar is used to compare these results. Most of the results require renormalization and also show inaccuracy at small scattering angles. By also using the cubic spline function and the constructed formula from the universal formula, for the integral cross section by Chen and Msezane, total cross sections are calculated. These integral cross sections which serve as a good check to the measured and calculated DCS indicated the importance and need for the integral cross section formula for small scattering angles as contribution from this region ranges from to of the total contribution. The need for the universal extrapolation formula is thus found to be crucially important for accurate extrapolation.

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44

Chevrier, Raphaël. "Moment quadripolaire de l’état isomère 7/2-1 du 43S : Etude modèle en couches des isotopes de soufre autour de N=28." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2014.

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Le but de ce travail consiste à apporter une preuve supplémentaire des coexistences de formes attendues dans les noyaux riches en neutrons autour de la fermeture de couche N=28. Pour le 43S, de récentes données expérimentales et leur interprétation dans le cadre du modèle en couches ont permis de prédire la coexistence entre un état fondamental Jπ=3/2-1 déformé prolate et un état isomère 7/2-1 plutôt sphérique. Nous présentons la mesure du moment quadripolaire spectroscopique Qs de l’état isomère Jπ=7/2-1 [E*=320. 5(5) keV, T1/2=415(3) ns] du 43S. La méthode TDPAD a été appliquée sur des noyaux de 43S produits par la fragmentation d’un faisceau de 48Ca de 345 A. MeV, puis sélectionnés en vol par le spectromètre BigRIPS à RIKEN (Japon). La valeur mesurée, |Qs|=23(3) efm2, est en remarquable accord avec celle calculée dans le cadre du modèle en couches mais significativement supérieure à celle attendue dans le cas d’un état à particule individuelle. Afin de comprendre la nature des corrélations responsables de l’éloignement de l’état isomère du cas purement sphérique, nous reportons les résultats d’une étude de modèle en couches utilisant l’interaction moderne SDPF-U des isotopes de soufre voisins 42,44,46S. Ces calculs ont permis d’identifier un léger degré de liberté triaxial dans la structure de ces noyaux, bien que ce dernier soit largement atténué à N=28 dans le 44S. Des calculs de facteurs spectroscopiques montrent que ce léger degré de liberté triaxial impacte également la structure à basse énergie du 43S. Il permet de mieux comprendre la déviation de la valeur de moment quadripolaire spectroscopique de l’état isomère du cas limite d’un état purement sphérique
The goal of this work consists in providing new insights in the shape coexistence expected in neutron-rich nuclei around the N=28 shell closure. In 43S, recent experimental data as well as their interpretation in the shell model framework were used to predict the coexistence between a Jπ=3/2-1 prolate deformed ground state and a 7/2-1 rather spherical isomer state. We report on the quadrupole moment measurement Qs of the 7/2-1 isomer state [E*=320. 5(5) keV, T1/2=415(3) ns] in 43S. The TDPAD method was applied on 43S nuclei produced by the fragmentation of a 48Ca primary beam at 345 A. MeV, and selected in-flight through the BigRIPS spectrometer at RIKEN (Japan). The measured value, |Qs|=23(3) efm2, is in remarkable agreement with that calculated in the shell model framework, although it is significantly larger than that expected for a single-particle state. In order to understand the nature of the correlations responsible for the departure of the isomer state from a pure spherical shape, we report on the results of a shell model study using the modern SDPF-U interaction of the neighbors sulfur isotopes 42,44,46S. Those calculations allowed to identify a slight triaxial degree of freedom in the structure of these nuclei, although the latter happens to be highly hindered at N=28 in 44S. Spectroscopic factor calculations show that this slight triaxial degree of freedom also impacts the low-lying structure in 43S. It allows to better understand the deviation of the spectroscopic quadrupole moment value of the isomer state from the limit case of a pure spherical state

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45

Morales, Andressa Gois. "Evolução cromossômica de espécies de Crotalaria (L.) da seção Hedriocarpae, subseção Macrostachyae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-15072008-125224/.

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O gênero Crotalaria possui aproximadamente 600 espécies descritas, localizadas principalmente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Estas espécies estão classificadas em oito seções e nove subseções botânicas definidas principalmente com base em caracteres florais. Estas seções botânicas podem ser subdivididas em dois grupos principais: um de espécies com flores especializadas e outro de espécies sem especialização das flores. Estudos citogenéticos anteriores mostraram que as características cromossômicas são conservadas dentro de uma mesma seção ou subseção botânica e foi proposto que as espécies com especialização das flores teriam uma organização cromossômica diferente das espécies sem especialização das flores. Dentro deste contexto, foram descritos os cariótipos e a organização do genoma de três espécies e duas sinonímias, da seção Hedriocarpae, subseção Macrostachyae, com a utilização de coloração convencional dos cromossomos pelo método de Feulgen, de coloração com fluorocromos específicos às regiões cromossômicas ricas em GC ou AT e mapeamento físico por hibridação molecular in situ fluorescente (FISH) dos locos de DNA ribossômicos 45S e 5S. A obtenção de marcadores cromossômicos característicos para esta subseção e a construção de mapas citogenéticos possibilitaram a identificação de uma inversão pericêntrica, de eventos de transposição e da diferenciação na natureza das seqüências de DNA da heterocromatina pericentromérica, previamente descrita em espécies com flores especializadas como ricas em GC. Estes resultados revelaram alguns dos eventos citogenéticos ocorridos durante a diversificação do gênero, sendo que a subseção Macrostachyae é caracterizada por uma inversão no cromossomo 1 que pode ter uma origem antiga no gênero e que espécies sem especialização das flores, de fato possuem uma organização cromossômica distinta das espécies com flores especializadas, principalmente quanto à natureza das seqüências de DNA da heterocromatina pericentromérica.
Approximately 600 species of the Genus Crotalaria have been described, the majority is located in tropical and subtropical regions. These species are classified into eight botanical sections and nine subsections according to floral characteristics. The botanical sections can be divided into two major groups: one with species presenting flower specialization and the other without flower specialization. Previous cytogenetic studies showed that chromosomal features are conserved within the same botanical section or subsection, and it has been suggested that species with flower specialization have a different chromosomal organization from those species without flower specialization. In this context, the karyotypes and genome organization of five species (being three synonymy from the Hedriocarpae section, Macrostachyae subsection) were described by conventional chromosome staining using Feulgen, specific fluorochrome staining to GC or AT chromosomal rich regions and physical mapping by fluorescent in situ molecular hybridization of 45S and 5S ribosomal genes. The mapping of specific chromosome markers and construction of cytogenetic maps of this section have allowed us to identify a pericentric inversion, transposition events and a differentiation in the nature of DNA sequences of the pericentromeric heterochromatin, previously described as GC-rich in species with flower specialization. The results reveal diverse cytogenetic events that occurred during the genus diversification: the Macrostachyae subsection showed a pericentric inversion in the chromosome pair 1 (presumably of ancient origin) while species without flower specialization are characterized by a distinct chromosomal organization, mainly concerning the nature of DNA sequences of pericentromeric heterochromatin.

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46

Borek, Dušan. "Simulace dynamiky vozidla využitím software V-REP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254431.

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This theasis deals with modeling dynamics and visualization of experimental vehicle CAR4 in software V-REP. The first part shows introduction with V-REP and its possibilities for usage in simulations. The second part presents modelling of CAR4 vehicle and its control by using software V-REP and Matlab. In last part are models of vehicle tested in simulation

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47

Galián, Megías José Antonio. "Estudio de la evolución del espaciador ribosomal intergénico 45S (IGS45S) y otras familias de ADN repetido en plantas, mediantes técnicas moleculares y citogenéticas." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146174.

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Tesis por compendio de publicaciones
El objetivo fundamental de esta tesis fue ahondar en los procesos de evolución molecular de algunas de las distintas familias de ADN repetido que se usan de forma rutinaria en los trabajos de taxonomía, filogeografía y filogenética de plantas, para con herramientas de biología molecular (PCR, clonación, secuenciación…) y citogenética molecular (FISH) poner a prueba las teorías generalmente aceptadas sobre los procesos de variación y homogeneización de tales secuencias repetidas. En el primer trabajo de esta tesis como compendio de artículos, utilizando la secuencia de ADN satélite E180 previamente descrita para el género Medicago, diseñamos primers específicos para (1) evaluar la robustez y sensibilidad tanto de la PCR como del FISH para detectar familias de ADN repetido, (2) obtener nuevos datos sobre la evolución genómica (cariotípica) del género Medicago usando ADNsat como marcador, y (3) evaluar el rastro filogenético dejado por una familia de ADNsat en un género tan particular como Medicago, donde se tiene la evidencia de que complejos patrones de hibridación han jugado un papel fundamental en su historia evolutiva. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la detección tanto por técnicas moleculares como citogenéticas de la familia repetida E180 es altamente reproducible a través del género, y que los patrones cromosómicos sirvieron para diferenciar complejos de especies estrechamente relacionados (son taxón-específicos). El segundo trabajo de esta tesis vino motivado por las continuas referencias bibliográficas que usaban las secuencias de la familia de ADN ribosomal nuclear 5S como marcador genético en la práctica de concatenar partes diferentes de dos genes seguidos para usarlas como pertenecientes a un mismo gen, en la creencia de que la homogeneización de secuencia dentro de la familia era completa. En consecuencia comparamos la integridad de la secuencia (longitud, motivos universales conservados y estructura secundaria) y el comportamiento filogenético de zonas 5S codificantes completas en comparación con las quiméricas (concatenadas) de un grupo de genes de ADNrn 5S obtenido de varias especies estrechamente relacionadas. Los resultados que se desprenden sugieren que la homogeneización de secuencias no está operando, ni siquiera dentro de un mismo tándem, en la región codificante del ADNrn 5S, la cual había sido tradicionalmente considerada como un ejemplo de secuencia altamente conservada. De esta manera, la generalizada práctica de concatenar secuencias de genes 5S puede incrementar la diversidad haplotípica, distorsionando los patrones de evolución génica y conduciendo a relaciones haplotípicas incorrectas en algunas reconstrucciones evolutivas. En el tercer y último trabajo de la tesis, estudiamos la secuencia del espaciador intergénico (IGS) del ADNr 45S de Ginkgo biloba y Medicago arborea respectivamente. En el caso de G. biloba, y basándonos en trabajos previos, intentamos discernir si las familias de ADNrn 45S y 5S estaban o no combinadas en el mismo locus. Usando técnicas de citogenética molecular y secuenciación de ADN mostramos que la única organización existente en esta especie es la asociada (primera vez que se demuestra en gimnospermas), donde el gen 5S aparece insertado dentro del IGS 45S.

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48

Nettleton, Ian. "The last train out of here ; : and, The landscape of the great wrong place : the English metaphysical thriller in the 30s and 40s." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268489.

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49

Goff, Matthew J. "The worldly and heavenly wisdom of 4QInstruction /." Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390884903.

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50

Tarre, Kenneth, and Joakim Sundberg. "Apple sätter agendan : En studie av Iphone 4S genomslag i den svenska storstadspressen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16797.

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Анотація:

I denna studie undersöks i vilken utsträckning som teknikföretaget Apple syns i storstadspressen. För att göra detta har produkten Iphone 4S och konkurrenten Samsungs produkt Samsung Galaxy S II valts ut, eftersom båda lanserats samma år och riktar sig till samma målgrupp, i egenskap av att båda är så kallade “smartphones” med fingerstyrning och i övrigt likvärdiga funktioner.De storstadstidningar som undersökts är DN, SvD, Expressen, Aftonbladet, Göteborgs-Posten, Metro och Dagens Industri, eftersom de är de största tidningarna inom den svenska storstadspressen. Med hjälp av en kvantitativ undersökning har mängden artiklar som publicerades för vardera produkten under fyra veckor i samband med deras respektive lanseringar på den svenska marknaden undersökts. Resultatet visar att Iphone 4S förekom i betydligt större utsträckning än Galaxy S II.Vidare undersöks hur texterna i storstadspressen förhåller sig till Pressens samarbetsnämnds spelregler, det vill säga kriterier för vad som kan anses vara textreklam. Resultaten visar att flera av texterna bryter mot kriterierna i spelreglerna och passerar gränsen för vad som kan anses vara opartisk journalistik. I undersökningens slutsats ställs resultaten mot tre teorier: dagordningsteorin, innovationsteorin samt Gartners hypekurva.När resultaten granskats utifrån genre på artiklarna så kan det noteras att merparten av de fällda artiklarna var antingen notiser eller krönikor. Vanliga nyhetsartiklar förhöll sig oftast till spelreglerna.

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Дисертації з теми "4QS"

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