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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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1

Slim, K., M. Selvy, and J. Veziant. "Conceptual innovation: 4P Medicine and 4P surgery." Journal of Visceral Surgery 158, no. 3 (June 2021): S12—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2021.01.003.

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2

Moța, Maria. "Prevention of Diabetes and 4P Medicine." Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjdnmd-2017-0001.

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3

Grosu, Oxana. "Predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine (4P): narrative review." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences 74, no. 3 (February 2023): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52692/1857-0011.2022.3-74.03.

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4 P medicine is a concept used in healthcare and biomedical research that is based on the principles of prediction, personalization, prevention, and participation. It is increasingly used which has enabled the rapid development of medicine: several forms/types of pathologies have been discovered, for which specific treatments and appropriate prevention strategies have been developed, it has become possible to predict the evolution of health and disease, all these would be useless without the participation of the patient, family, and decision makers.The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the 4 P medicine and its preventive, predictive, personalized, and participatory principles through the lens of clinical practice.Materials and Methods: The database was searched for the keywords “4P medicine”, “personalized medicine”, “participatory medicine”, “systems medicine”. For the term “systems medicine” we obtained 5,257,904 results, in the last 10 years - there were 2,396,921 publications, journal articles - 2.4 million citations, book chapters - 11 thousand, related to medicine - 1.6 million of the references. For the term “precision medicine” 158,239 references appeared, for “personalized medicine” - 91,883 citations and for “participatory medicine” - 17,579 references. Most references were published in English. For the search for “personalized medicine oncology” - 18,209 references appeared, for “personalized medicine neurology” 4,751 references were discovered, in the last 10 years 4,336 of them were published, being journal articles4,300 and 16 book chapters. Most publications talk about the use of the principles of personalized medicine (4P) in demyelinating pathologies, epilepsy, dementia, neuro-oncology, stroke, migraine, neuroimaging, and neurorehabilitation. Results and discussions: 4P medicine is at the intersection of three major trends: the growing ability of systems biology and medicine to decipher the biological complexity of pathologies, the digital revolution that has increased theability to collect, integrate, store, analyze and communicate data and information, and consumer access to information.Conclusion: 4P medicine is a concept used in biomedical research and human health care that was taken from systems biology and systems medicine. It is a form of approach that uses the principles of prevention, prediction, personalization, and participation to transform healthcare from a reactive to a proactive one. The use of the principles of 4P medicine in clinical practice allows the deciphering of forms of the disease, the stratification according to pathophysiological mechanisms, the application of personalized treatment to the patient, respectively more efficiently and with fewer adverse reactions.
4

Гутикова, Л. В., and Е. П. Ганчар. "4P-Medicine in Obstetrics: Perspectives and Opportunities." Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.12.4.007.

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Цель исследования. Обобщение и актуализация существующих данных о генетических и метаболомических исследованиях в акушерстве.Материалы и методы. В обзор включены данные приоритетных публикаций об исследовании генома и метаболома при акушерских осложнениях.Результаты и обсуждение. Изучение молекулярно-генетических механизмов развития акушерских осложнений максимально приблизит нас к 4П-медицине, построенной на принципах персонализированного подхода к здоровью человека и интегрирующей понятия персонализации (индивидуальный подход к каждому пациенту), предикции (создание вероятностного прогноза акушерской патологии), превентивности (профилактика акушерских осложнений), партисипативности (мотивированное участие пациента). Purpose of the study. Generalization and updating of existing data on genetic and metabolomic research in obstetrics.Materials and methods. The review includes data from priority publications on the study of the genome and metabolome in obstetric complications.Results and discussion. The study of the molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of obstetric complications will bring us as close as possible to 4Р-medicine, built on the principles of a personalized approach to human health and integrating the concepts of personalization (an individual approach to each patient), prediction (creation of a probabilistic forecast of obstetric pathology), prevention (prevention of obstetric complications), participation (motivated patient participation).
5

El-Yunusi, Muhammad Yusron Maulana, Salsabila Sajidah, and Husni Mubarok. "KONSEP FILSAFAT PADA PENGEMBANGAN KARAKTER REMAJA MUSLIM DI ERA DUNIA DENGAN GENRE “4P”." Jurnal Visionary : Penelitian dan Pengembangan dibidang Administrasi Pendidikan 11, no. 2 (October 10, 2023): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/vis.v11i2.7783.

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Abstrak: Dijelaskan bagaimana islam membenahi pendidikan, karakter, akhlak,moral dan tentunya cara berpikir para pemuda pemudi calon penerus generasi bangsa, bagaimana jalan tengah yang paling efektif untuk mereka tentunya agar dapat membenahi sikap dan sifat pada era global ini serta bagaimana pengaruh kajian islam pada fungsi 4P (Pembenah, Pembenar. Pelindung, Pelopor), bahwa genre 4P ini sangat penting adanya dijamin oleh kitab suci kalamullah, tanpa itu manusia akan selamanya terbengkalai dengan kelalaiannya, stay dengan kerusakkannya dan menghalalkan segala cara tuk mensukseskan hasratnya. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah Membahas perihal pengembangan dan pendidikan karakter dalam islam, tentunya pokok utama adalah niat, mindset dan kesabaran tinggi. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini kami menggunakan beberapa metode, diantaranya kualitatif, metode ini kami kumpulkan dalam bentuk kata kata, bukan berupa angka bukan pula berupa gambar, kami juga menggunakan beberapa referensi dari website, jurnal, dan artikel. Hasil yang dicapai yaitu diantara metode pembenahan diri yang ada adalah dengan 4P dalam islam, 4P tersebut yakni Pembenahan, Pembenaran, Pelindung, dan Pelopor. 4P tersebut pastinya harus didasari dengan kebajikan dan keikhlasan.Kata Kunci: Karakter Remaja Muslim, Era Genre “4P”
6

Khakimova, Aida, Xuejie Yang, Oleg Zolotarev, Maria Berberova, and Michael Charnine. "Tracking Knowledge Evolution Based on the Terminology Dynamics in 4P-Medicine." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 7444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207444.

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The accelerating evolution of scientific terms connected with 4P-medicine terminology and a need to track this process has led to the development of new methods of analysis and visualization of unstructured information. We built a collection of terms especially extracted from the PubMed database. Statistical analysis showed the temporal dynamics of the formation of derivatives and significant collocations of medical terms. We proposed special linguistic constructs such as megatokens for combining cross-lingual terms into a common semantic field. To build a cyberspace of terms, we used modern visualization technologies. The proposed approaches can help solve the problem of structuring multilingual heterogeneous information. The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the development of terminology in 4P-medicine.
7

Bikbavova, G. R., M. A. Livzan, D. G. Novikov, and E. A. Bambulskaya. "Precision medicine and inflammatory bowel diseases: concept, strategies, future." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 1, no. 6 (August 31, 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-190-6-121-129.

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With the advent of modern cellular and genomic technologies, we have become participants in the integration of such areas as personalized, predictive, preventive, and precision medicine (referred to as 4P-medicine), into practical healthcare. In replace of the classic methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases comes medicine, which makes it possible to predict (anticipate) the disease, and a personalized approach to each patient, taking into account their genetic, biochemical and physiological uniqueness. Precision medicine aims to improve the quality of medical care by opening up an individual approach to the patient and covers a wide range of areas, including drug therapy, genetics, and cause-and-effect relationships in order to make the right decisions based on evidence. 4P-medicine combines knowledge in the field of proteomics, metabolomics, genomics, bioinformatics with classical approaches of anatomy, therapy, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics as well as public health. The purpose of this review is to analyze and summarize the information available to date and to present examples of the application of modern approaches of medicine into clinical practice by diving into the example of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The search for literature containing scientific information about relevant studies was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar systems with the use of the following keywords: precision medicine, 4P medicine, inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite significant progress in medicine in general, there is still a long way to go before implementing the principles of precision medicine in the field of IBD, since many clinicians continue to treat patients with IBD symptomatically. However, the use of specific biomarkers and new treatment strategies as described in the review, can significantly accelerate this path and contribute to the improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
8

Kuznetsov, P. P., K. E. Sobolev, E. P. Kakorina, V. I. Khizgiyaev, M. M. Deminov, I. B. Maksimov, V. I. Sinopalnikov, and A. V. Melerzanov. "Digital transformation of occupational medicine." National Health Care (Russia) 2, no. 3 (August 17, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/2713-069x.2021.2.3.41-46.

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An overview of the architecture, regulatory documents and Internet sources on the digital transformation of occupational medicine, state IT platforms, the architecture of interdepartmental, interdisciplinary information interaction of IT systems, the formation of large user data, the use of risk management in functional personalized 4P medicine is presented. The principles of the formation of a unified information and analytical system “Occupational Medicine” are described.
9

El-Awaad, Ehab, Robin Birus, Christelle Marminon, Zouhair Bouaziz, Laurens Ballentin, Dagmar Aichele, Marc Le Borgne, and Joachim Jose. "Broad-Spectrum Anticancer Activity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of a Prenyloxy-Substituted Indeno[1,2-b]indole Derivative, Discovered as CK2 Inhibitor." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060542.

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Protein kinase CK2 is involved in regulating cellular processes, such as cell cycle, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, making it an attractive anticancer target. We previously described a prenyloxy-substituted indeno[1,2-b]indole (5-isopropyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-b]indole-9,10-dione (4p)) as a very potent inhibitor of CK2 holoenzyme (IC50 = 25 nM). Here, we report the broad-spectrum anticancer activity of 4p and provide substantial progress on its pharmacokinetic properties. Using a cell-based CK2 activity assay and live-cell imaging of cultured A431, A549, and LNCaP cancer cell lines, cellular CK2 target engagement was shown as well as strong antiproliferative, anti-migratory and apoptosis-inducing effects of 4p. Furthermore, evidence was found for the ability of 4p to disrupt A549 spheroid cohesion. A series of LC-MS/MS experiments revealed high and rapid cellular uptake (intracellular concentration is approximately 5 µM after 1 h incubation) and low metabolic stability of 4p. These results point to the value of 4p as a potent CK2 inhibitor with promising anticancer activities and should trigger future medicinal chemistry efforts to improve the drug-like properties of this compound.
10

Borzykh, O. B., M. M. Petrova, N. A. Shnayder, and R. F. Nasyrova. "Problems of implementation of personalized medicine in medical cosmetology in Russia." Siberian Medical Review, no. 2 (2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/25000136-2021-2-12-22.

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At the present time, the 4P concept (predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory) is a prospective trend in development of clinical medicine. The concept is being actively introduced into diff erent medical specialities. However, the development of personalised approach in medical cosmetology as a speciality at the intersection of medical sciences (dermatology, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, restorative medicine, general practice, psychiatry, clinical pharmacology, etc.) is at the stage of discussion. The concept of 4P medicine suggests, among other things, analysis of genetic risks and development of preventive procedures based thereon that would decrease the risk of cosmetological complications development. The review includes analysis of literature dated 2010-2020. The following databases in Russian and foreign languages were searched using the keywords and advanced search builders: E-Library, PubMed, Springer, Clinicalkeys, Google Scholar. In this paper, we introduce a novel compilation of the known gene polymorphisms that may be used for determination of the genetic risks in cosmetological patients.
11

Noor, Hania. "A Short Review on 4P Domain in Oncology (Personalized, Predictive, Preventive and Participative)." South Asian Research Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 02 (March 21, 2023): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjms.2023.v05i02.004.

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Since the 1970s, our society has been undergoing rapid digitalization. This has been paralleled by rapid advancements in biology, in particular with the sequencing of the human genome and the development of proteomics and metabolomics. This digital world presents an unmatched opportunity to revolutionize health. Today, genetic medicines deal with patients who have inherited diseases. Tomorrow, we will be able to deal with a much larger scope, including the multigenic susceptibility to disease. This is the promise of precision medicine. Cancer is a major focus of precision medicine. Initiative and developments in precise and effective treatment could benefit many other chronic diseases. Precision oncology focuses on matching the most accurate and effective treatment to this individual cancer patient based on the genetic profile of cancer and the individual,(Precision Medicine the Foundation of Future Cancer Therapeutics - Google Search, n.d.). Because every single cancer patient exhibits a different genetic profile. It can help make more accurate diagnosis and improve treatment that can help people to make decisions regarding their own health and they can deal with areas of uncertainty that might have lowered their risk of cancer.
12

Prosyannikov, M. Yu, O. V. Konstantinova, D. A. Voitko, N. V. Anokhin, O. I. Apolikhin, A. V. Sivkov, and V. M. Kuraeva. "«Medicine 4P» on the example of managing patients with urolithiasis." Experimental and Сlinical Urology 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29188/2222-8543-2019-11-4-19-24.

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13

Ulyanov, Yu A., E. M. Zaripova, and E. N. Mingazova. "From patient-centered medicine to 4p-medicine: the semantic aspect of the trend." Manager Zdravoochranenia, no. 9 (2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37690/1811-0185-2020-9-26-29.

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The step-by-step guidelines for the formation, development and implementation of the direction defined as “patient-oriented medicine” in the scientific and practical segments of healthcare are presented. It reflects not only the historical aspect of this semantic plot, but also gives a characteristic of the diverse models of interaction between subjects – a doctor and a patient. The analysis of definitions of “patient-oriented medicine” in the framework of foreign and domestic scientific schools, as well as the analysis of the relationship of the pattern with the new concept of health care development – 4P-medicine is given. The structure of the 4R-medicine concept is characterized, the ideological implications of the prospects for its development are given. The legislative and organizational initiatives for the development of patient-oriented medicine are outlined.
14

Сафоничева and O. Safonicheva. "Possibilities of complementary medicine methods in the personalized prevention and rehabilitation of non-infectious diseases." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7228.

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This article is devoted to the current priority task of the public health system, namely to development of the methods for early diagnosis, prevention and improvement the quality of medical rehabilitation of non-communicable diseases. The analysis of the conception of modern medicine - preventive, predictive, perso-nalized, and participatory - 4P medicine has been done. The features of the methods of complementary medi-cine - traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, and manual medicine were described. Complementary medicine is combination of cultural traditions with long-term experience in the practical application of traditional health-care systems and practices. The possibilities of the use of complementary medicine methods have persons having higher or secondary medical degree after special postgraduate formation. The author indicated that the methods and practices of the Oriental schools are aimed for improvement of the overall culture and the culture of health, education, prevention the diseases and the promotion of healthy lifestyles. The methods take into account the peculiarities of Oriental Medicine constitution long before the decoding of the human genome, which allowed to develop personalized programs for patients. The features of complementary medicine techniques based on the impact on the mechanisms of sanoge-nesis due to the recovery of the vertical axis, correct postural congestion and ensure smooth circulation of the vascular and extra-vascular body fluids, can be recommended for wider integration into the programs of personalized prevention and rehabilitation of socially significant diseases. These methods relate to the modern concept 4P-medicine.
15

Shiao, M., Y. J. Wu, and Y. L. Chen. "4P-1199 New herbal medicine to inhibit the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91455-3.

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16

Zhao, H., Q. Chen, A. Z. Hao, P. Tong, J. Chan, and B. Tomlinson. "4P-1196 Prescription of Chinese herbal medicines in essential hypertension." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91452-8.

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17

Kuznetsov, P., P. Kakorina, and A. Almazov. "Medical decision support systems on the basis of artificial intelligence — strategy for the development of personalized medicine of the next stage." Terapevt (General Physician), no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-12-2001-06.

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Анотація:
Prospects of creating decision support systems (DSS) in health care are substantiated in the article, the feasibility of mass implementation of DSS and the principle of their work on the basis of a medical and digital system for managing human capital are analyzed, examples of clinical DSS in Russia and abroad on the basis of 4P medicine are provided.
18

Juillerat, Marcel A., Robert Baechler, Raphael Berrocal, Serge Chanton, Jean-Claude Scherz, and Rolf Jost. "Tryptic phosphopeptides from whole casein. I. Preparation and analysis by fast protein liquid chromatography." Journal of Dairy Research 56, no. 4 (August 1989): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900029125.

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SummaryTryptic phosphopeptides were obtained from whole bovine casein by chromatography on the anion exchange resin QAE-Sephadex A 25. Salt gradient elution of the column allowed separation of non-phosphorylated peptides from phosphorylated species. The preparations obtained contained at least seven distinct phosphopeptides of which the following casein fragments were identified: αs1(43–58):2P, αs1(59–79): 5P, αs2(46–70): 4P, β(1–28): 4P, β(2–28): 4P, and β(33–48): 1P. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q HR 5/5 resin showed that the phosphopeptides were eluted in the same order as from the QAE-Sephadex resin. However, on the analytical column HR 5/5 the fragments αs1(59–79): 5P and β(2–28): 4P, having the same net charge under the conditions of chromatography, co-eluted, whereas they were at least partly separated on the preparative column HR 16/10. Following enzymic dephosphorylation, the peptides eluted at lower salt strength in the gradient. FPLC on Mono Q resin thus permitted dephosphorylation to be monitored and intermediates between the parent species and the fully dephosphorylated peptide to be identified.
19

Jeong, Hae-in, Na-yeon Ha та Jin-sung Kim. "Spleen Daoyin Method (脾腸導引法) for Functional Dyspepsia Patients: A Case Report". Journal of Internal Korean Medicine 42, № 6 (30 грудня 2021): 1331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22246/jikm.2021.42.6.1331.

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A 42-year-old patient with functional dyspepsia had suffered from early satiation and postprandial fullness for 1 year despite Western medicine treatment. We treated her with the Spleen Daoyin method, along with acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine and scored her symptoms using a 4-point Functional Dyspepsia-related Quality of Life (4p-FD-QoL) questionnaire, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and a visual analogue scale (VAS). A 7-day Spleen Daoyin treatment decreased her 4p-FD-QoL score from 61 to 51, with a marked decrease in the emotional part (18 to 10). Her GSRS score did not change, but her bloating score decreased from 3 to 1. Her VAS score decreased from 6.6 to 4.3 for upper abdomen discomfort, but lower abdomen discomfort was unchanged. The patient showed high compliance and satisfaction with exercise therapy and reported no adverse events. Spleen Dayoin may be a useful therapy for functional dyspepsia, especially when accompanied by psychological problems.
20

Martyushev-Poklad, Andrey, Dmitry Yankevich, Nataliya Savitskaya, and Andrey Grechko. "A NEW TOOL FOR 4P MEDICINE: FUNCTIONALITY OF A SHORT FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT QUESTIONNAIRE FIQ-15." Social Aspects of Population Health 69, no. 6 (2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2071-5021-2023-69-6-5.

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Background: 4P medicine is the most promising approach towards age-related diseases, since it can overcome the limitations of the prevalent diagnosis-centered healthcare model. To implement 4P medicine in Russia on a large scale, new instruments are needed to identify early signs of ill-being. A short functional impairment questionnaire FIQ-15 is proposed as such a tool. The purpose of the study was to evaluate strengths and limitations of FIQ-15 in identifying signs of age-related functional disorders in working-age individuals with different health status. Material and methods. Responses to FIQ-15 were compared with the results of an extended (45-60 minutes) medical consultation on healthy lifestyle. Results: The study involved 147 individuals aged 19-64, including 102 women. Major reasons for consultation included: "overweight" (37.4%), sleep problems (19.7%), low energy levels (18.4%), digestive problems (17.7%). In all cases, FIQ-15 has accurately identified or clarified the leading symptoms of the biological, psychological and social ill-being and their context. The most common pronounced subjective symptoms of ill-being included: low energy level (40.1%); restlessness/anxiety (37.4%); back/neck pain (37.4%); sleep problems (28.6%); depressed mood (27.9%); mood swings (21.8%). Distribution of the participants by "subjective risk zone" of health deterioration was as follows: high risk – 70.1%, average risk – 24.5%, relatively low risk – 5.4%. In 95.2% of the participants, the identified symptoms fit into one or more patterns of age-related functional disorders: chronic distress – 83%, chronic systemic inflammation – 52,4%, insulin resistance – 42,9%. Age-related evolution of the patterns and interrelations between them have been identified. Conclusion: FIQ-15 is informative in identifying early signs of biopsychosocial ill-being in working age people. It makes it possible to identify symptom patterns characteristic of age-related diseases. FIQ-15 implements the principles of predictivity and participation, and can be considered as a promising tool for a large-scale implementation of the 4P medicine and prevention of age-related diseases.
21

Flomer, Walter A., Samuel C. O'neal, William T. Pennington, David Jeter, A. Wallace Cordes, and Joseph W. Kolis. "Synthese und Struktur der löslichen Selenido- und Telluridochromate [(C6H5)4P]3[Cr3Se24] bzw. [(C6H5)4P]3[Cr3Te24]." Angewandte Chemie 100, no. 12 (December 1988): 1768–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19881001215.

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22

Kr Iak, R., D. Liszewska-Pfejfer, D. Korczak, A. Lipi ska, and K. Jankowski. "4P-0975 Lipoprotein(a) in IDDM patients." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91233-5.

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23

csey, L. L., B. Borb, I. M. nes, B. Szlanka, M. Kisg ti, and A. D n. "4P-1185 Nutritional assessment in haemodialysed patients." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91441-3.

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24

Kitts, David D., and Soichiro Nakamura. "Calcium-enriched casein phosphopeptide stimulates release of IL-6 cytokine in human epithelial intestinal cell line." Journal of Dairy Research 73, no. 1 (September 22, 2005): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001330.

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Phosphopeptides derived from digests of milk casein possess bioactive properties with gastrointestinal, immunological, vasoregulatory and nutritional activities (Clare & Swaisgood, 2000; Kitts & Weiler, 2003). Products of tryptic digestion of casein, yielding caseinphosphopeptides (CPP), bind to divalent minerals such as iron and calcium by ionic interactions that involve phosphoseryl residues (Kitts & Yuan, 1992; Aìt-Oukhartar, 2000). Distribution of phosphoserine moieties varies with the individual native caseinates, and the extent of phosphorylation directly influences CPP mineral binding affinity (e.g. αs2>, αs1>β-caseins). The anionic pentapeptide (SerP-SerP-SerP-Glu-Glu) is the distinctive feature for the major fractions of casein phosphopeptides (CPP) characterized both in vitro and in vivo. Common CPP derived from tryptic digests of whole bovine casein in vitro include, β-casein-4P (1–25), αs1-casein-5P (59–79), αs2-casein-4P (1–21) and αs2-casein-4P (46–70) (Kitts & Kwong, 2004).
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Bagi, Hamid Reza Morteza, Amir Gaffarzad, and Golshan Farahi. "Emotional Intelligence in Emergency Medicine Residents." Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.6n.4p.7.

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Background and aims: Education of life skills and control of emotions during stressful periods are one of the essential needs of human being, Social intelligence in emergency medicine assistants in first-line is important to communicate properly with clients to provide health services and proper stress control. Material and Methods: In this study, 35 emergency medicine assistants completed the “Aung Tun Thet” questionnaire in two steps before and after communication skills education workshops, and the results were compared before and after the test. Results: There was statistically significant difference between before and after the workshop on social intelligence assistants. There wasn’t significant difference between the emotional intelligence of female and male. The social intelligence of emergency medicine assistants increased with age, which shows the positive correlation of age with social intelligence. Also, married had higher social intelligence than single people before and after the workshop. Conclusion: The overall result of the study showed that, after holding workshop, the social intelligence and communication skills of emergency medicine assistants increased significantly.
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Harauma, A., K. Ikeyama, K. Kamei, H. Arai, H. Sano, T. Murayama, R. Takano, S. Hara, T. Kita, and M. Yokode. "4P-0993 Suppression of atherosclerosis by Mulberry leaf." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91251-7.

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27

Asztalos, B., E. Schaefer, A. Inazu, and H. Mabuchi. "4P-1036 HDL subpopulation profile in CETP deficiency." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91293-1.

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28

Frostegard, J., A. G. Pockley, A. Georgiades, T. Thulin, R. Wu, and U. De Faire. "4P-1098 Novel immunological risk factors for atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91354-7.

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29

Iwai, S., Y. Kamiya, K. Nara, and K. Oguchi. "4P-1122 Catechin inhibits directly matrix metalloproteinases activity." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91378-x.

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30

Nielsen, L., S. Bro, F. Moller, C. B. Andersen, and K. Olgaard. "4P-1190 A mouse model of uremic atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91446-2.

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31

Wardiman, Ivan Godang. "PENGARUH MARKETING MIX (4P) TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN KONSUMEN." Value : Jurnal Manajemen dan Akuntansi 17, no. 2 (August 16, 2022): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32534/jv.v17i2.2787.

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The rapid development of the retail industry has led to increasingly high competition. Marketing strategy is something that must be done by every industry to maintain and increase revenue and protect consumers. This study aims to analyze and test the product, price, location or distribution, and promotion variables on consumer purchasing decisions at Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. This research includes quantitative research and uses a questionnaire method to obtain data. Data analysis used multiple regression analysis and T test and F test. The results based on the T test found that the promotion variable had a significant effect on consumer purchasing decisions, while the product, price, and distribution variables had no effect on purchasing decisions at Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. The F test found that the four variables simultaneously affect consumer purchasing decisions at Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. Keywords: Alfamart, marketing mix, purchasing decisions Abstrak Berkembangnya industri retail secara pesat menyebabkan persaingan yang semakin tinggi. Strategi pemasaran merupakan hal yang wajib dilakukan oleh setiap industri untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pendapatan serta menjaga konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan menguji variabel produk, harga, lokasi atau distribusi, dan promosi terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen di Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuantitatif serta menggunakan metode kuesioner untuk memperoleh data. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi berganda dan uji T dan uji F. Hasil berdasarkan uji T diketahui bahwa variabel promosi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen, sedangkan variabel produk, harga, dan distribusi tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian di Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. Uji F menemukan bahwa keempat variabel secara simultan mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian konsumen di Alfamart Teluk Kuantan. Kata kunci: Alfamart, bauran pemasaran, keputusan pembelian,
32

Khakimatusodiqoh, Khakimatusodiqoh, Muhyidin Muhyidin, Muna Fauziah, and Agus Salim Chamidi. "Strategi Marketing Mix 4p dalam Mewujudkan Sekolah Unggulan." An-Nidzam : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Studi Islam 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33507/an-nidzam.v9i1.537.

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This research is motivated by the phenomenon of increasingly stringent competition in educational institutions at all levels, especially at the Early Childhood level. In this regard, this study aims to find out the application of the 4P marketing mix strategy in creating excellent schools in RA Queen Al Khadijah District. The method used by researchers in researching this case is to use a qualitative approach, because a qualitative approach is used to describe, describe systematically, factually and accurately about the facts and the nature of the relationship between the phenomena being investigated. The sources of data obtained are by using observation, interviews, and documentation. The strategy used by RA Queen Al Khadijah is to implement a marketing mix strategy or better known as 4P (Product, Price, Place, Promotion). Product strategy, price, place and promotion All are carried out by RA Queen AL Khadijah in providing satisfaction to consumers, increasing the number of students, the quality of students so that the label as a superior school will be given by consumers.
33

Thomson, K. D. "Estimation of loads and stresses in abdominal muscles during slow lifts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 211, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095441199721100301.

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Calculations are made of abdominal muscle loads and stresses associated with the development of intra-abdominal pressure during slow, symmetrical lifts. The muscles considered are the rectus, transversus and the external and internal obliques. Muscle loads and stresses have been calculated in an abdominal cross-section at about the level of the third lumbar vertebra. For four cases examined, maximum stress levels for men in the 25–35 years age range appear to be 3p-4p for the rectus muscles, 15p-25p for the transversus and 4p-6p for the obliques, where p is the intra-abdominal pressure. Corresponding figures for a man aged 66 years are about 8p, 21p and 8p respectively.
34

Yurttaş, Leyla, Bahar Demir, and Gülşen A. Çiftçi. "Some Thiazole Derivatives Combined with Different Heterocycles: Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Apoptosis Inducing Studies." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 18, no. 8 (December 28, 2018): 1115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180328115314.

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Background: Thiazole ring is an outstanding structure found in many biologically active compounds and clinically available drugs. Because of synthesis simplicity of its derivatives and having a wide range of biological aspects along with high effectiveness, new thiazole derivatives have been studied by medicinal chemists since many years. Objective: Some thiazole compounds combined with different heterocyclic rings were acquired in this study. Novel 5-(4-substituted benzylidene)-2-[(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)amino]thiazol-4(5H)-one derivatives (4a-g) and 2-(heteroaryl-2/3/5-yl)thio-N-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)acetamide (4h-p) derivatives were synthesized starting from 2-amino-4,5-dimethylthiazole. The obtained compounds were evaluated to determine their antiproliferative activity. Method: Final compounds (4a-g) were obtained with a ring closure reaction; other final compounds (4h-p) were acquired via the reaction of mercapto heterocycles with Hantzsch thiazole synthesis intermediate. To evaluate antiproliferative activity of them, the compounds were tested on A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells line, C6 rat glioma cell line and NIH/3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell line according to the conventional MTT method. Besides, the selected compounds were studied to find out which pathway cell deaths caused via Annexin V/PI staining. Results: Compounds 4f, 4j and 4p exhibited the highest cytotoxicity on A549 with a non-toxic profile. Also, 4f, 4h, 4j and 4p were determined as the most antiproliferative compounds on C6 cell line. Furthermore, compound 4p induced apoptosis of A549 cell with a level of 23.5% and compound 4h induced C6 cell with a level of 37.5%. Conclusion: Considering the structure of the compounds, although thiazolidine containing compounds 4a-g exhibited higher activity in general, compounds 4p containing 5-chlorobenzothiazole moiety showed the highest cytotoxicity. It could be expressed with the conspicuous antitumor efficiency of benzothiazole ring.
35

Venegas-Vega, Carlos A., Fernando Fernández-Ramírez, Luis M. Zepeda, Karem Nieto-Martínez, Laura Gómez-Laguna, Luz M. Garduño-Zarazúa, Jaime Berumen, Susana Kofman, and Alicia Cervantes. "Diagnosis of Familial Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome due to a Paternal Cryptic Chromosomal Rearrangement by Conventional and Molecular Cytogenetic Techniques." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/209204.

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The use of conventional cytogenetic techniques in combination with fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays is necessary for the identification of cryptic rearrangements in the diagnosis of chromosomal syndromes. We report two siblings, a boy of 9 years and 9 months of age and his 7-years- and 5-month-old sister, with the classic Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) phenotype. Using high-resolution GTG- and NOR-banding karyotypes, as well as FISH analysis, we characterized a pure 4p deletion in both sibs and a balanced rearrangement in their father, consisting in an insertion of 4p material within a nucleolar organizing region of chromosome 15. Copy number variant (CNV) analysis using SNP arrays showed that both siblings have a similar size of 4p deletion (~6.5 Mb). Our results strongly support the need for conventional cytogenetic and FISH analysis, as well as high-density microarray mapping for the optimal characterization of the genetic imbalance in patients with WHS; parents must always be studied for recognizing cryptic balanced chromosomal rearrangements for an adequate genetic counseling.
36

Chevalier, Dair, and James F. Mayhew. "Anesthesia in a child with 4p trisomy." Pediatric Anesthesia 18, no. 11 (November 2008): 1140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02671.x.

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37

Bazin, Jean-Étienne. "Les 4P, un concept applicable à l’anesthésie-réanimation." Oxymag 33, no. 170 (January 2020): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oxy.2020.01.003.

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38

Benussi, Daniela Gambel, Paola Costa, Marcella Zollino, Marina Murdolo, Vincenzo Petix, Marco Carrozzi, and Vanna Pecile. "Trisomy 12p and Monosomy 4p: Phenotype–Genotype Correlation." Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 13, no. 2 (April 2009): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2008.0109.

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39

Mori, M., H. Itabe, M. Saijo, T. Asano, Y. Fujimoto, M. Yoshizumi, and T. Takano. "4P-0959 PC-choleserol complex correlates from cell rupture." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91217-7.

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40

Shiotani, M., S. Suzuki, Y. Nakatani, F. Itoh, T. Kurosawa, Y. Hiraiwa, N. Ohkura, M. Funato, T. Hamakubo, and T. Kodama. "4P-1016 NA2003: as a novel VLDL-secretion inhibitor." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91273-6.

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41

Arockia, J., T. Hayashi, and A. Iguchi. "4P-1049 Is testosterone an antioxidant? Implication for atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91306-7.

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42

Jonasson, L., and J. Ernerudh. "4P-1084 Natural killer cells in coronary artery disease." Atherosclerosis Supplements 4, no. 2 (January 2003): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(03)91340-7.

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43

Ганчар, Е. П., and Л. В. Гутикова. "Metabolomics in Prediction and Diagnostics of Gestational Complications." Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.2.010.

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Введение.Тенденции развития современной медицины связаны с достижениями активно разрабатываемого направления – 4П-медицины. Основная идея данного направления – предоставить все имеющиеся возможности фундаментальной науки конкретному пациенту. 4П-медицина базируется на научно-технологических и методологических достижениях, в том числе в области метаболомики. Метаболомические исследования проводятся и в акушерстве. Цель исследования. Провести анализ литературных данных о метаболомических исследованиях в акушерстве.Результаты. В литературе имеются данные об особенностях метаболомического профиля при спонтанных абортах, неразвивающейся беременности, преэклампсии, синдроме задержки роста плода.Заключение. Биологические предикторы в акушерстве необходимы для ранней диагностики заболеваний, стратификации пациентов, мониторинга проводимого лечения. Все это даст возможность разработать персонифицированный подход к пациенту и повысить эффективность лечения. Relevance. The development trends of modern medicine are associated with the achievements of the actively developed area – 4P medicine. The main idea of this direction is to provide all the available possibilities of fundamental science to a specific patient. 4P medicine is based on scientific, technological and methodological achievements, including in the field of metabolomics. Metabolomic studies are also conducted in obstetrics.The purpose of the study. To analyze the literature data on metabolic studies in obstetrics. Results. The literature contains data on the characteristics of the metabolic profile in spontaneous abortions, undeveloped pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth retardation syndrome.Conclusion. Biological predictors in obstetrics are necessary for early diagnosis of diseases, stratification of patients, monitoring of treatment. All this will make it possible to develop a personalized approach to the patient and increase the effectiveness of treatment
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Jatmika, Rahmat Taufik Dwi, and Syarifudin Hidayat. "PENGARUH BAURAN PEMASARAN DAN KINERJA PETUGAS LAPANGAN TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN BENIH SAYURAN ( Studi Kasus Di 7 Kecamatan Kabupaten Cianjur)." AGRITA (AGri) 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/agri.v1i1.807.

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Bauran Pemasaran (4P) merupakan sekumpulan variabel-variabel pemasaran yang bisa dikendalikan oleh perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan melalui pemanfaatan variabel-variabel seperti produk,harga, promosi serta tempat. Kinerja petugas lapangan berfungsi untuk menciptakan permintaan akan produk yang dimiliki oleh suatu perusahaan dan untuk mempengaruhi dalam melakukan keputusan pembelian atau tindakan dari konsumen untuk mau membeli atau tidak, terhadap suatu produk yang ditawarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh bauran pemasaran dan kinerja petugas lapangan terhadap keputusan pembelian benih sayuran Cap Panah Merah di Kabupaten Cianjur. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 7 Kecamatan Kabupaten Cianjur yaitu : Bojong Picung, Ciranjang, Karangtengah, Mande, Sukaresmi, Cugenang dan Campaka sejak bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan Juni 2019. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini menunjukan adanya pengaruh yang signifikan antara bauran pemasaran (4P) dan kinerja petugas lapangan baik secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap keputusan pembelian benih sayuran Cap Panah Merah di Kabupaten Cianjur.
45

Seman, Zainina, Narazah Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Fauzi Mohd. Yusoff, Abdul Rahman Azhari, and Emmanuel Jairaj Moses. "Wolf-hirschhorn Syndrome in Malaysia." LAB MEDICINE AND RESEARCH IN PATHOLOGY 19, s16 (December 16, 2023): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.19.s16.8.

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Introduction: Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is rare but a well-known clinical condition due to partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p). It is distinguished by a distinctive facial appearance known as the “Greek warrior helmet”, impaired growth and development, intellectual incapacity and seizures. The features of WHS vary between individuals based on the size and location of the missing piece of chromosome 4. Methods: Six cases of unsuspected WHS were diagnosed from 2011 to 2020 using conventional cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a WHS probe. Result: Four of them had a visible cytogenetic deletion on chromosome 4p whereas the remaining two were evaluated with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using a WHS probe. Conclusion: Conventional cytogenetic testing may yield normal findings and it does not rule out the syndrome. Targeted FISH with a WHS probe is a better option.
46

Xiaofang, Wang, Guo Tao, and Hou Junliang. "Design of 4P-BL Teaching Mode with Four Integration." SHS Web of Conferences 171 (2023): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317102015.

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In view of the Ministry of Education “one degree for both sexes” and the new engineering construction objectives, cultivating applied undergraduate talent initiative, initiative and solve practical engineering problems become the focus. Taking the Introduction to Big Data Technology course of Geely University as an example, this paper studies the innovative design of 4P-BL teaching mode based on four-integration and the five-step teaching method.
47

Doolen, Suzanne, Diana N. Krause, and Sue P. Duckles. "Estradiol modulates vascular response to melatonin in rat caudal artery." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): H1281—H1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.4.h1281.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether estrogen modulates the function of vascular melatonin receptors. We used the rat caudal artery and found that the contractile effects of melatonin were influenced by the estrous cycle, ovariectomy, and estrogen replacement. In arterial ring segments isolated from female rats, melatonin potentiated, in a concentration-dependent manner, contractions produced either by adrenergic nerve stimulation or by phenylephrine. Constrictor responses to melatonin were smaller in arteries from female rats in proestrus compared with other stages of the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. Administration of 17β-estradiol to ovariectomized female rats also resulted in decreased constriction of isolated arteries to melatonin; however, in vitro addition of 17β-estradiol (10−7 M) had no effect. In the caudal artery, melatonin appears to act on two receptor subtypes that mediate contraction and relaxation, respectively. The selective melatonin MT2-receptor antagonist 4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline (4P-PDOT) enhanced constrictor responses to melatonin in arterial segments from intact female rats, consistent with the inhibition of MT2 receptor-mediated relaxation. In contrast, 4P-PDOT had no significant effect in arteries from ovariectomized female rats. However, when estradiol was replaced in vivo, the effect of 4P-PDOT on melatonin responses was restored. Thus circulating estradiol appears to enhance MT2 melatonin-receptor function in the thermoregulatory caudal artery of the female rat resulting in increased vasodilatation in response to melatonin.
48

Park, Sung Hye, and Je G. Chi. "Oligomeganephronia Associated with 4p Deletion Type Chromosomal Anomaly." Pediatric Pathology 13, no. 6 (January 1993): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15513819309048260.

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49

Sofiah, Murni, Sri Ramadhani, and Nur Ahmadi Bi Rahmani. "Analisis pengaruh bauran pemasaran 4p (product, price, promotion, and place) terhadap keputusan pembelian pada usaha mikro kecil menengah (umkm)." Jurnal Riset Ekonomi dan Bisnis 16, no. 2 (August 2, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/jreb.v16i2.7288.

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<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bauran pemasaran 4P seperti <em>Product, Price, Promotion, Place</em> terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada UMKM. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan analisis statistik deskriptif. Populasi penelitian ini adalah konsumen yang pernah membeli UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa di Setia Budi Kota Medan. Peneliti menggunakan teknik <em>non-probability sampling</em> dengan metode <em>accidental sampling</em>, menggunakan rumus Cochran dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 99 responden. Lokasi penelitian di UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa Setia Budi Medan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa (1) Bauran pemasaran 4P berpengaruh signifikan secara simultan terhadap keputusan pembelian. (2) Produk berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusan pembelian pada UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa, Setia Budi. (3) Harga tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian pada UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa Setia Budi. (4) Promosi tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian pada UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa Setia Budi. (5) Tempat tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian pada UMKM Donat Kentang Syifa Setia Budi. Hal tersebut disebabkan konsumen mengabaikan Harga, Promosi, Tempat dari produk yang dikonsumsinya.</p><p><em>This study aims to determine the influence of the 4P marketing mix on Purchasing Decisions at MSMEs, such as Product, Price, Promotion, and Place. This research method uses quantitative research with descriptive statistical analysis. The population of this study was consumers who had purchased the Syifa Potato Donut UMKM in Setia Budi, Medan City. Researchers used a non-probability sampling technique with the Accidental Sampling method, using the Cochran formula with a total sample of 99 respondents. The research location is at the Syifa Setia Budi Potato Donuts MSME, Medan. This study found that (1) 4P Marketing mix has a significant effect simultaneously on purchasing decisions. (2) Product positively affects purchasing decisions at MSME Donut Potatoes Syifa, Setia Budi. (3) Price does not affect purchasing decisions at MSME Donut Potatoes Syifa, Setia Budi. (4) Promotion does not affect purchasing decisions at MSME Donut Potatoes Syifa, Setia Budi. (5) Place does not affect purchasing decisions at MSME Donut Potatoes Syifa, Setia Budi. Consumers OF Donut Potatoes Syifa ignore prices, promotions, and places of the products they consume.</em><em></em></p>
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Paddenberg, Eva, Anne Forneck, Matthias Widbiller, Martyna Smeda, Jonathan Jantsch, Peter Proff, Christian Kirschneck, and Agnes Schröder. "Impact of Melatonin on RAW264.7 Macrophages during Mechanical Strain." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 13397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113397.

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The concentration of melatonin is elevated during the night when patients mainly wear removable orthodontic appliances. Next to periodontal ligament fibroblasts and osteoblasts, macrophages react to mechanical strain with an increased expression of inflammatory mediators. Here, we investigated the impact of melatonin on RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to tensile or compressive strain occurring during orthodontic tooth movement in the periodontal ligament. Before exposure to mechanical strain for 4 h, macrophages were pre-incubated with different melatonin concentrations for 24 h, to determine the dependence of melatonin concentration. Afterwards, we performed experiments with and without mechanical strain, the most effective melatonin concentration (25 µM), and the melatonin receptor 2 (MT2) specific antagonist 4P-PDOT. The expression of inflammatory genes and proteins was investigated by RT-qPCR, ELISAs, and immunoblot. Both tensile and compressive strain increased the expression of the investigated inflammatory factors interleukin-1-beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2. This effect was inhibited by the addition of melatonin. Incubation with 4P-PDOT blocked this anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin. Melatonin had an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages exposed to mechanical strain, independent of the type of mechanical strain. As inhibition was possible with 4P-PDOT, the MT2 receptor might be involved in the regulation of the observed effects.

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