Статті в журналах: "4G standard"

1

Donelli, Massimo. "Reconfigurable Antenna Systems for the Next Generation Devices Based on 4G/5G Standard." International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies 7, no. 2 (July 2017): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicst.2017070103.

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This article is devoted to showing the applications of innovative reconfigurable antenna systems suitable for the next generation 4G/5G devices. Microwave antenna technology can be very useful for next generation devices based on 4G/5G standards. Next generation tablets and smartphones based on 4G/5G standards will require high bandwidth and high velocity channels with respect to conventional devices. This work tries to present a complete overview of possible applications of advanced antenna technologies for 4G/5G devices and systems. Methodologies, such as phased and fully adaptive arrays, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antennas based on compact Rotman lenses or butler matrices, development of innovate reconfigurable antennas based on reconfigurable parasitic structures or new materials such as graphene, and unconventional modulation techniques have been investigated in this work. The work ends with some conclusions and considerations related to ideas for future works.

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2

Shen, Qi, and Ying Rui Zhao. "Research on the Development of Future Wireless Network." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.578.

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Wireless networks today can be divided into several phases, the first voice communication is based, that is 1g, the second phase, where we are in stage-based data traffic. In the third phase, will be mainly dominated by video, the need for new ways to optimize the network in order to prevent saturation. The future is 4G era. Now, based on 3G mobile communication technology has been successful in the global implementation of standardized and up. 4G standards battle has been engaged in fierce. For now it seems 3G technology in the WiMAX and LTE will be strong competitors in the future 4G standards. In this paper, we will talk about the 4G technology standard, WiMAX and LTE the basic characteristics of the key aspects of technology and application prospects of WiMAX and compare LTE and the development of future wireless networks.

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3

Rathore, Vishal Singh, and Alka Chauhan. "A Reviewed Approach to the 5G Mobile Technology." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 1, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v1i2.262.

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5G or the 5th generation of mobile technology, is a name used in many research papers and projects to denote the next phase after the upcoming 4G standards. Currently the term 5G is not official. In this generation researches are being made on WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB (WWWW), DYNAMIC ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS (DAWN) and REAL WIRELESS WORLD. New standard technology releases are in development beyond 4G but are not considered as new mobile technologies, because 4G implementation and complaint handling regarding the 4G system are still under development. This paper is focused on network Architecture of 5G Technology and evolution from 1G to 5G. The fifth generation will provide very high speed and affordable broadband wireless connectivity and services like documentation, supporting e-transactions etc.

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4

Rathore, Vishal Singh, and Alka Chauhan. "A Reviewed Approach to the 5G Mobile Technology." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v1i1.264.

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5G or the 5th generation of mobile technology, is a name used in many research papers and projects to denote the next phase after the upcoming 4G standards. Currently the term 5G is not official. In this generation researches are being made on WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB (WWWW), DYNAMIC ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS (DAWN) and REAL WIRELESS WORLD. New standard technology releases are in development beyond 4G but are not considered as new mobile technologies, because 4G implementation and complaint handling regarding the 4G system are still under development. This paper is focused on network Architecture of 5G Technology and evolution from 1G to 5G. The fifth generation will provide very high speed and affordable broadband wireless connectivity and services like documentation, supporting e-transactions etc.

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5

Trpovski, Sonja, and Srđan Šobot. "4G LTE STANDARD MOBILNE TELEFONIJE I NJEGOVA OPENAIR INTERFACE (OAI) REALIZACIJA." Zbornik radova Fakulteta tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu 34, no. 03 (February 28, 2019): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/02be11sobot.

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U ovom radu opisan je 4G standard mobilne telefonije, kao i OpenAir Interface - platforma otvorenog koda koja pruža potpunu implementaciju 3GPP standarda, kroz celokupnu realizaciju svih slojeva protokola.

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6

Fan, Xin Xin, Teng Wu, and Guang Gong. "An Efficient Stream Cipher WG-16 and its Application for Securing 4G-LTE Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1436–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1436.

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The fourth generation of mobile telecommunications system (marketed as 4G-LTE) is being commercially and widely deployed. Security mechanisms are crucial to protect communications of mobile users from potential malicious attacks as well as to ensure revenue for 4G-LTE network operators. The randomness properties of the keystream generated by the current cipher suites in 4G-LTE standard are difficult to analyze and some vulnerabilities with regard to the integrity algorithms have been recently discovered. To address those issues, we present a detailed specification and security analysis of a bit-oriented stream cipher WG-16 as well as the corresponding confidentiality and integrity algorithms in this paper. Our experimental results on smartphones and comparisons with the cipher suites in 4G-LTE standard demonstrate that WG-16 is a competitive candidate for securing the emerging 4G-LTE networks.

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7

de Haas, E. C., N. Zwart, C. Meijer, H. M. Boezen, A. J. Suurmeijer, J. van der Meer, H. J. Hoekstra, F. E. van Leeuwen, D. T. Sleijffer, and J. A. Gietema. "Association of plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G gene polymorphism with survival and chemotherapy-related vascular toxicity in non-seminomatous testicular cancer (TC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 5083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5083.

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5083 Background: High PAI-1 expression by tumor has been associated with poor prognosis in different cancer types, while high systemic PAI-1 levels may increase the risk of vascular thrombosis. We investigated whether the 4G/5G del/ins polymorphism in the PAI-1 promoter (rs1799889; 4G might lead to higher transcription), is associated with differences in survival and prevalence of cardiovascular events in TC. Methods: Data were collected on survival and cardiovascular events (venous thromboembolism [VTE] and coronary heart disease [CHD]) of TC patients treated with standard platinum based chemotherapy from 1977–2004. PAI-1 genotype was determined from non-tumor genomic DNA by a Taqman SNP assay. Genotypes were compared for survival (Kaplan-Meier curves + log-rank and Cox-regression analysis), disease outcome (logistic regression) and prevalence of VTE and CHD (χ2-test). Results: Data are available for 324 patients with median follow-up of 10 yrs (range 0–28). The 3 genotypes 4G/4G (n = 84), 4G/5G (n = 164), and 5G/5G (n = 76) do not differ in age and initial chemotherapy regime. However, the 4G/4G variant shows a higher prevalence of International Germ Cell Cancer Classification (IGCCC) poor prognosis compared to 4G/5G + 5G/5G (24% vs 10%; p = 0.003), as well as a decreased TC related survival compared to 4G/5G + 5G/5G (83% vs 94%; p = 0.001) with a hazard ratio of 2.68 for TC related death (95%CI 1.26–5.72; adjusted for IGCCC p = 0.011). In addition, the 4G/4G variant shows an odds ratio of 3.35 for refractory TC and early relapses (<2 yrs) (95% CI 1.48–7.58; p = 0.004). The 3 genotypes do not differ significantly in prevalence of VTE (4G/4G 11.9%, 4G/5G 8.5%, 5G/5G 7.9%; p = 0.616) and CHD during/after chemotherapy (4G/4G 6.0%; 4G/5G 4.9%; 5G/5G 2.6%; p = 0.594). Conclusions: The 4G/4G variant of the PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism is associated with IGCCC poor prognosis, reduced survival and higher prevalence of refractory disease and early relapses. No effect on vascular toxicity was found. The 4G/4G variant of the PAI-1 gene may be an unfavorable prognostic factor as well as an unfavorable predictive factor for response to chemotherapy in patients with TC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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8

Belozertsev, I. "From the Fourth Generation to the Fifth: Virtualization, Software-Defined Networks and Mobile Edge Computing." Proceedings of Telecommunication Universities 8, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31854/1813-324x-2022-8-1-66-72.

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With the increasing demands for mobility and guaranteed quality, new technologies with new capabilities, such as 4G and 5G networks, have appeared to meet the needs of users. Indeed, 4G networks are constantly striving to improve the services offered and guarantee a certain level of quality of service (QoS). The 5G standard promises ultrafast speeds and an end to congestion in mobile networks. This technology is expected to revolutionize mobile networks and create new economic opportunities. In this context, the purpose of this article is a detailed comparison of 4G and 5G technologies. Thus, we outline the various characteristics of 4G systems, that is, their contribution and their behavior in terms of maintaining QoS. We will also evaluate the efficiency of virtualization and mobile edge computing in modern networks.

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9

Stegnar, Mojca, Pavel Uhrin, Polona Peternel, Alenka Mavri, Barbara Salobir-Pajnič, Janez Stare, and Bernd R. Binder. "The 4G/5G Sequence Polymorphism in the Promoter of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Gene: Relationship to Plasma PAI-1 Level in Venous Thromboembolism." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 79, no. 05 (1998): 975–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615105.

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SummaryImpaired fibrinolysis due to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is observed in up to 40% of patients with venous thromboembolism and might be causally related to the disease. There is evidence that genetic variations in the promoter of the PAI-1 gene and metabolic factors contribute to increased plasma PAI-1 levels.A single nucleotide insertion/deletion (4G/5G) polymorphism in the promoter region of the PAI-1 gene and metabolic factors were studied in 158 unrelated patients below the age of 61 years (43 ± 11 years, mean ± standard deviation) with history of objectively confirmed venous thromboembolism and in 145 apparently healthy controls.Patients had on average two times higher PAI activity (11.9 vs. 6.1 IU/ml) and by 40% higher PAI-1 antigen (14.8 vs. 10.7 ng/ml) than healthy controls, and also higher body mass index, lipid levels, fasting glucose and insulin. Patients differed significantly from healthy controls neither in the frequency of the 4G and 5G alleles (0.57/0.43 in patients and 0.52/0.48 in controls) nor in the distribution of the 4G/5G genotypes. Possession of the 4G/4G or the 4G/5G genotype did not increase relative risk for venous thromboembolic disease and the distribution of the 4G/5G genotypes was neither associated with recurrent nor with spontaneous disease. In patients association between the 4G/5G genotypes and PAI activity (adjusted for body mass index, triglyceride and glucose level) was observed, with the highest PAI activity values in the 4G/4G genotype (14.6 IU/ml), intermediate in the 4G/5G genotype (13.3 IU/ml) and the lowest in the 5G/5G genotype (5.2 IU/ml, all values means). Association between PAI activity and triglyceride level was the strongest in the 4G/4G genotype (correlation coefficient r = 0.47, p <0.01) and the weakest in the 5G/5G genotype (r = -0.04, not significant).In conclusion, the present case-control study shows an association between the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter of the PAI-1 gene and plasma PAI-1 levels in patients with venous thromboembolism. Similar distribution of the 4G/5G genotypes in patients and healthy controls suggests that this genetic variation by itself is not a major risk factor for venous thromboembolism.

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10

Jung, Jihak, and Jaehoon Choi. "A concurrent multiband CMOS low-noise amplifier for 4G standard receivers." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 4 (February 27, 2014): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28226.

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11

Kale, Hema. "Performance Evaluation of Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMA for 4G Standard." International Journal of VLSI Design & Communication Systems 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/vlsic.2012.3604.

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12

Ahmed, Naglaa M., Mahmoud M. Youns, Moustafa K. Soltan, and Ahmed M. Said. "Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Indolyl-Pyrimidine Derivatives with EGFR Inhibitory Activity." Molecules 26, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071838.

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Scaffolds hybridization is a well-known drug design strategy for antitumor agents. Herein, series of novel indolyl-pyrimidine hybrids were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their antitumor activity. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of all compounds was obtained against MCF-7, HepG2, and HCT-116 cancer cell lines, as well as against WI38 normal cells using the resazurin assay. Compounds 1–4 showed broad spectrum cytotoxic activity against all these cancer cell lines compared to normal cells. Compound 4g showed potent antiproliferative activity against these cell lines (IC50 = 5.1, 5.02, and 6.6 μM, respectively) comparable to the standard treatment (5-FU and erlotinib). In addition, the most promising group of compounds was further evaluated for their in vivo antitumor efficacy against EAC tumor bearing mice. Notably, compound 4g showed the most potent in vivo antitumor activity. The most active compounds were evaluated for their EGFR inhibitory (range 53–79%) activity. Compound 4g was found to be the most active compound against EGFR (IC50 = 0.25 µM) showing equipotency as the reference treatment (erlotinib). Molecular modeling study was performed on compound 4g revealed a proper binding of this compound inside the EGFR active site comparable to erlotinib. The data suggest that compound 4g could be used as a potential anticancer agent.

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13

QingXia, Dong, Ding Gang, and Chang HaiYan. "Research on Key Technology of TD-LTE Standard 4G Mobile Communications Network." Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal 9, no. 1 (September 17, 2015): 1436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874110x01509011436.

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14

Bagheri, Roya, Seyed ali Rahmani, Leila Khoramifar, and Solmaz Ilkhichoui. "Study of common chromosomal abnormalities and Plasminogen activator Inhibitor(PAI-1) gene Polymorphism (5G/4G) and Prothrombin (F2)gene mutation(G20210A) in women with recurrent abortions in the North West of Iran." Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 43, no. 5 (November 3, 2021): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2021.066.

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Background. Parental chromosomal abnormalities as well as changes in genes encoding thrombophilic factors are common causes of recurrent abortions. One of the causes of thrombophilia is Factor II (F2) gene mutation (G20210A) and plasminogen activator inhibitor gene (PAI-1) polymorphism (4G/5G). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and the association of thrombophilic gene polymorphisms in patients with abortion in northwestern Iran. Methods. In the present case-control study, cytogenetic analysis of 60 couples with a history of recurrent abortions was performed by the standard 72-hour culture of lymphocytes and G-banding. The polymorphism (5G/4G) of PAI-1 gene and the mutation (G20210A) of F2 genes were evaluated using RFLP-PCR and ARMS-PCR molecular methods, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical software. Results. No significant abnormalities affecting abortion were observed in cytogenetic studies; in the molecular study, the frequency of the 4G allele in patients and control groups were 54.2% and 33.3%, respectively; the frequency of 5G allele in the patients and control groups were 45.8% and 66.8%, respectively. The frequency of 5G/5G and 4G/5G genotypes is 25.0% and 41.6% in the patient group, and 55.0% and 23.3% in the control group, respectively. Also, the frequency of 4G/4G genotype in patients and controls were 33.3% and 21.6%, respectively. Conclusion. The results of this study show that there is a significant relationship between the frequency of the 4G allele of the PAI-1 gene with susceptibility to recurrent abortions in northwestern women, while no was relationship between F2 gene mutation and recurrent abortions was observed.

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15

Shalini, Ms, and Anoop Tiwari. "Overview of Beyond 4G-LTE Wireless Transmission Technologies." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 7, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v7i6.5334.

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Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising applicant innovation for 5G cell systems. By and by MIMO-OFDM remote innovations are utilizing in 4G LTE development remote correspondence. This paper examine about the job of MIMO-OFDM and NOMA as principal contributing execution factors in past 4G LTE Remote Transmission Innovation from a specialized point of view. Long Term Evolution (LTE) utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) along with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) reception apparatus innovation standard to accomplish high radio spectral efficiency and multicarrier approach for multiple accesses.

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16

Battula, Kumaraswamy, Sirassu Narsimha, Vasudevareddy Nagavelli, Priyanka Bollepelli, and Rao Srinivasa. "Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel thiomorpholine derived 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, no. 3 (2016): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc150818088b.

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A convenient synthesis of novel1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles (4a-j & 5a-j) is reported via copper (I) - catalyzed one pot [3+2] cycloaddition of various alkyl halides, sodium azide with (prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiomorpholine and 4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide. All the synthesized compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4c, 4g, 5a and 5j against S.epidermidis, 4a, 5a and 5d against P. aeroginosa, 4a, 4b and 4g against K.pneumoniae, 4b, 5a and 5d against S.aureus and 5b, 5e and 5j against B.Subtilis have shown excellent antibacterial activity compared to the standard drugs Penicillin and Streptomycin. Compounds 4c, 4e, 4f, 4j, 5c, 5d, 5g and 5j have registered moderate antifungal activity as compared with standard drug Ampothericin-B.

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17

Suroyya, Nidya. "Analysis of 4G Network Performance in Malang Region." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 9, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v9i2.180.

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The implementation of LTE in Indonesia has experienced problems, especially in maintaining the performance of radio networks due to the increasing number of users and less than optimal coverage quality. This research will conduct an analysis of the performance of the 4G LTE network with a case study in the area around Jalan Jend. Basuki Rachmat and Malang City Station. The Key Performance Indicator (KPI) parameters used to measure the performance of the 4G LTE network in this study include RRC setup success rate, ERAB setup success rate, and Call setup success rate Accessibility, call drop rate (VoiP), service drop rate (all). Retainability, handover, Throughput and Radio Frequency (RF), data obtained from drive tests and statistical data.From the standard KPI data for the Drive test area, Jend.basuki Rachmat has a value above -100 dBm, the percentage of power transmitted is 100% with a download value of 98.83% throughput of more than 265 Mbps and an upload value of 100% throughputI of more than 265 Mbps. As well as the Malang City Station area has a value above -100 dBm, the percentage of transmitted power is 92.39% with a download value of 96.12% throughput of more than 265 Mbps and an upload value of 100% throughputI of more than 265 Mbps. The parameters of Accessibility, Retainability, Mobility, integrity and Radio Frequency (RF) must comply with KPI standards in order to get maximum performance according to user needs.

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18

Majid, Saad Ijaz, Syed Waqar Shah, and Safdar Nawaz Khan Marwat. "Applications of Extreme Gradient Boosting for Intelligent Handovers from 4G To 5G (mm Waves) Technology with Partial Radio Contact." Electronics 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040545.

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In a network topology, where 5G (mm Waves) have better coverage footprint compared to 4G (LTE or LTE-A) technology, mobile devices would generally be handed over from 4G to 5G. In this work, a supervised intelligent prediction technique for improved handover success rate (HSR) from 4G to 5G technology is proposed. The technique is applicable for base stations enabled with sub-6-GHz and mm-wave bands. This technique is novel since it can predict HSR even before switching to 5G radio circuitry or initiating its measurement gap for acquisition of mm-wave reference signal received power (RSRP) unlike conventional algorithms. Thus, preempting all handovers which are likely to fail will provide improvements in latency, delay, and handover success rate, as well as decrease call drops. Therefore, this research work answers previous research shortcomings and can unleash applications of supervised intelligent algorithms for predicting the HSR from 4G to 5G. The proposed algorithm is validated by showing improvements obtained through simulation results performed using Python-based framework. The proposed algorithm is tested for reliability with increasing parameters such as the intensity number of UEs and simulation time. Improvements in standard handover algorithm are also proposed.

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19

Mathi, Senthil Kumar, Pavittra Kalyaan, Kanimozhi S., and Bhuvaneshwari S. "Integrating Non-linear and Linear Diffusion Techniques to Prevent Fault Attacks in Advanced Encryption Standard to Enhance Security of 4G-LTE Networks." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 3 (April 25, 2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.10118.

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Long term evolution based fourth generation (4G) mobile technology has provided a platform for fast and efficient wireless communication. The advanced encryption standard (AES) is one of the three cryptographic algorithms used in 4G networks for encryption of sensitive data. In spite of offering high immunity, AES is still vulnerable to few attacks. This weakness in AES algorithm makes 4G susceptible to several security issues. This paper specifically focuses on fault attacks performed on AES. A fault induced in any one of the rounds of AES helps the attacker to derive information about the secret key. In this manner, these fault attacks pose a serious threat to wireless mobile communication as he or she may gain access to any network that is encrypted with AES. In earlier works, various countermeasures have been suggested to prevent them. However, each of these preventive measures has their own limitations and vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an enhanced method of preventing fault attacks in AES by incorporating a combination of non-linear and linear diffusion techniques. This method identifies if a fault has been injected and diffuses the fault well into the matrix, providing no information about the secret key to the attacker. The performance evaluation proves that the proposed prevention method outperforms the others in terms of time, cost and efficiency.

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20

PURNAMA, AFATAH, EKA SETIA NUGRAHA, and MUNTAQO ALFIN AMANAF. "Penerapan Metode ACP untuk Optimasi Physical Tuning Antena Sektoral pada Jaringan 4G LTE di Kota Purwokerto." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v8i1.138.

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ABSTRAK Kualitas jaringan 4G (LTE) yang masih tidak stabil sehingga menyebabkan bad coverage. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas jarigan 4G (LTE) dapat dilakukan dengan optimasi physical tuning antena sektoral. Physical tuning antena sektoral meliputi perubahan tinggi antena, azimuth dan tilting antena. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan optimasi physical tuning antena sektoral menggunakan metode Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan coverage di daerah Purwokerto Barat dan Purwokerto Utara. Perolehan persentase coverage site existing belum memenuhi standar KPI Operator untuk RSRP sebesar 78,491% ≥ (100) dBm dan CINR sebesar 65,698% ≥ (0) dB. Hasil optimasi physical tuninng antena sektoral menggunakan metode ACP sudah memenuhi standar KPI Operator untuk RSRP sebesar 90,037% ≥ (100) dBm dan CINR sebesar 94,868% ≥ (0) dB. Kata kunci: LTE, optimasi, physical tuning, Automatic Cell Planning, Atoll ABSTRACT The quality of the 4G (LTE) network is still unstable, causing bad coverage. To improve the quality of 4G network (LTE) can be done by sectoral antenna tuning optimization. Physical tuning of sectoral antennas includes changes in antenna height, azimuth and tilting antenna. In this study a sectoral antenna tuning physical optimization was carried out using the Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) method to meet coverage needs in West Purwokerto and North Purwokerto areas. The percentage of existing coverage sites has not met the KPI Operator standard for RSRP of 78.491% 100 (100) dBm and CINR of 65.669% ≥ (0) dB. The results of sectoral antenna tuning optimization using the ACP method have met the KPI Operator standard for RSRP of 90.037% ≥ (100) dBm and CINR of 94.868% ≥ (0) dB. Keywords: LTE, optimization, physical tuning, Automatic Cell Planning, Atoll

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21

Hussain, Shaik Mazhar, and Afaq Ahmad. "Handover Latency and Interoperability in Future Generation Wireless Mobile Heterogeneous Environment." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 13, no. 0203 (January 30, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst13.0203.02.

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Continuous striving in the development of wireless mobile networks maximizes the possibility of user services and provides experience context rich and personalized services. In this way, for the development towards fully integrated 4G‐all IP network architecture, the interoperability between future generation wireless networks and seamless vertical handover (VHO) has become a crucially important issue. The proposed work is mainly focusing on exploring interoperability issues in heterogeneous networks considering development towards 4G and emphasizing on emerging IEEE 802.21 standard. Further, Simulation results were presented to showcase vertical handover (VHO) performance using IEEE 802.21. Simulation Analysis is done using Network Simulator (NS-2) with seamless mobility package extension.

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22

Singh, Ravi Bhushan, Nirupam Das, and Md Kamaruz Zaman. "Facile Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening of a New Series of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted-s-triazine Based Compounds." International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2015 (January 31, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/571836.

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A series of new 2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-triazine was synthesized, assessed for antimicrobial activity, and characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and elemental analysis. The tested compounds, 4d, 4g, 4h, 4k, and 4n, have shown considerable in vitro antibacterial efficacy with reference to the standard drug ciprofloxacin (MIC 3.125 μgmL−1 against B. subtilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae). It was observed that compounds 4d and 4h displayed equipotent antibacterial efficacy against B. subtilis (MIC 3.125 μgmL−1) and S. aureus (MIC 6.25 μgmL−1). The studies demonstrated that the para-fluorophenylpiperazine substituted s-triazine (4n) was potent and exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa with MIC of 6.25 μgmL−1 and for E. coli, it showed an MIC of 3.125 μgmL−1 equipotent with reference to the standard drug. Among all the compounds under investigation, compound 4g also demonstrated significant antifungal activity (3.125 μgmL−1) against C. albicans.

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Bhabal, Sonal, Sarfaraz Shaikh, Ishita Yellapurkar, Ganesh Pavale, and Mucheli Ramana. "Synthesis of novel fluorinated 1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives and their biological evaluation as anticancer and antibacterial agent." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210428041b.

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A series of novel fluorinated 1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activity. The in vitro anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds 4(a-h) was evaluated against four human cancer cell lines namely lung (A549), breast (MCF-7), liver (HEPG2) and prostate (PC-3) cancer. Compounds 4c, 4d, 4g and 4h exhibited good activity with GI50 <10 ?g ml-1 against all four human cancer cell lines which was comparable to standard drug Adriamycin. Additionally, antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds was estimated using resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) and compared with standard drug Ampicillin. Among the synthesized compounds, 4c, 4d, 4g and 4h showed in good antibacterial activity and all the synthesized compounds were found to be more active towards gram negative than gram positive. These promising results obtained from in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activity, inferred that the synthesized compounds are capable of being anticancer as well as antibacterial agent.

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24

Prajapati, Devang R., Kalpesh V. Vilapara, and Yogesh T. Naliapara. "An Efficient Solid Phase One Port Synthesis of Novel Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine Derivatives from 4-(4-Aminophenyl)Morpholin-3-One and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 33 (May 2014): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.33.12.

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A series of novel triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives was synthesized from 5-amino-1,2,4-triazole and biologically active morpholinone amine in excellent yield as promising class of antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial activities were investigated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus pyogen, Candida albicans, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillusclavatus and compared with standard drugs Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin and Griseofulvin. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C and mass spectroscopy. The result of antimicrobial activity data revealed that compound 4f,4g and 4i were found more active against bacterial species and compound 4c, 4d, 4g, 4i and 4jwere found more active against fungal strain, while other compounds shows moderate to law activity against microbes.

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25

Uma, Rani Janapatla, Babu H. Ramesh, and M. Prashanthi. "One-pot synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-(5-((aryl) methyl) isoxazol-3-yl)-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives as potent antibacterial and anticancer agents." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2511rjce8085.

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In search of better antibacterial and anticancer agents, a series of novel 3-(5-((aryl) methyl) isoxazol-3-yl)-4Hchromen- 4-one derivatives was synthesized (4a-4l) by using 4-oxo-4H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde and alkyne via in situ generated nitrile oxide and evaluated for their antibacterial and anticancer activity in vitro. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against three G+ bacterial strains and anticancer activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa). Among all the tested compounds, 4j and 4g exhibited potent antibacterial activity against tested grampositive bacterial strains. 4g, 4i and 4j exhibited potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 with IC50 values nearer to the standard drug doxorubicin.

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26

Bettini, Luca, Thomas Christen, Thomas Burger, and Qiuting Huang. "A Reconfigurable DT $\Delta \Sigma $ Modulator for Multi-Standard 2G/3G/4G Wireless Receivers." IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 5, no. 4 (December 2015): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jetcas.2015.2502162.

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27

Dey, Tathagata, and Indira Viswambaran Asharani. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of m-PEG Attached Acridinedione Derivatives as Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 7 (2021): 1603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23241.

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Among heterocycles, a wide variety of nitrogen heterocycles have been exploited to develop pharmaceutically important molecules. Particularly, acridines are clinically used potential drug candidates showing various pharmacological activities. Some of the novel m-PEG attached acridinediones 4(a-j) were synthesized with the readily available starting materials such as dimedone, glycine and aldehydes. Structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral techniques. The synthesized compounds (4a-j) were evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Compounds 4d, 4e and 4g were found to produce potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms while 4c active against only Gram-positive organisms when compared with the standard, ciprofloxacin. On the other side, 4d and 4i produced potent antioxidant activity and 4a, 4d and 4g exhibited comparable anticancer properties.

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28

Mardian, Raden Deiny, Muhammad Suryanegara, and Kalamullah Ramli. "User Experience of 5G Video Services in Indonesia: Predictions Based on a Structural Equation Model." Information 13, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13030155.

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Анотація:

The advent of 5G has created an expectation for the provision of a much better user experience (UX) for utilising video streaming services. However, apart from quality, there are many other factors believed to influence users’ experiences of video streaming services in the era of 5G. The question then arises: what will determine the UX of streaming video services in the 5G era? This study aimed to discover what factors would influence 5G UX by using a conceptual framework involving measures of users’ predictive judgements of 5G combined with users’ measurements of current 4G UX, considering that there is no specific standard for measuring UX. Our case study is Indonesia, the world’s fourth-largest market, so the predictions may later become a reference for the priorities of implementing 5G technology. Our conceptual framework utilised the structural equation model (SEM) approach, based on the primary data of a 254-respondent sample of the Indonesian market. The questionnaire assessed 10 factors of user experience, ranging from service attractiveness to economic-related aspects. The results imply that the current user’s experience of 4G has an effect with a significance value of 0.42 to their later experience when accessing 5G video services. It means that many users will continue to use 4G for video streaming and still need tangible evidence of 5G. Among the 10 factors, a satisfaction value of 0.72 in 4G technology and perspicuity of 0.81 in 5G are the highest correlations. These factors are the most influential for video service experience.

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29

Campos, Rafael Saraiva. "Evolution of Positioning Techniques in Cellular Networks, from 2G to 4G." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2315036.

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This review paper presents within a common framework the mobile station positioning methods applied in 2G, 3G, and 4G cellular networks, as well as the structure of the related 3GPP technical specifications. The evolution path through the generations is explored in three steps at each level: first, the new network elements supporting localization features are introduced; then, the standard localization methods are described; finally, the protocols providing specific support to mobile station positioning are studied. To allow a better understanding, this paper also brings a brief review of the cellular networks evolution paths.

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30

Sum, Chin-Sean, Ming-Tuo Zhou, Fumihide Kojima, and Hiroshi Harada. "Experimental Performance Evaluation of Multihop IEEE 802.15.4/4g/4e Smart Utility Networks in Outdoor Environment." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7137406.

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This paper presents the experimental performance evaluation results of the IEEE 802.15.4/4g/4e Smart Utility Networks (SUN) in applications suited for outdoor environment. SUN is an advanced wireless communications network designed for reliable, low data rate, and low energy consumption networks for command-and-control applications like utility service, sensor network, and so on. IEEE 802.15.4g/4e is the international standard for SUN supported by multiple utility providers and product vendors. In this paper, a comprehensive field test was conducted by employing the implementation we have developed to evaluate the performance of the SUN devices based on IEEE 802.15.4/4g/4e standard. The output power of the implementation is 250 mW for extended range, reducible to 20 mW for short-range scalability and battery preservation. Results showed that in an outdoor line-of-sight environment, the achievable one-hop range of a 50 kbps SUN device was 450 m. Next, in a non-line-of-sight environment involving typical residential concrete building, the communications could be established penetrating obstructions to reach above the 11th storey, reaching the performance degradation limits at the 20th storey. Next, the network of the SUN system was proven to be capable of supporting a typical multihop tree network in a dense populated building, meeting the required performance by the standard.

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31

Suresh, T., and K. L. Shunmuganathan. "Efficient Resource Sharing Architecture for Multistandard Communication System." VLSI Design 2011 (May 24, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/328640.

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The Fourth Generation (4G) network is expected to serve mobile subscribers under dynamic network conditions and offer any type service: anytime, anywhere, and anyhow. Two such technologies that can respond to the above said services are Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The main contribution of this paper is to propose a dedicated hardware module which can reconfigure itself either to the OFDM Wireless LAN or WCDMA standard. In this paper, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is implemented for OFDM standard, and rake receiver is implemented for WCDMA standard. Initially efficient implementations of these two algorithms are tested separately and identified the resources utilized by them. Then the new hardware architecture, which configures to any one of these two standards on demand, is proposed. This architecture efficiently shares the resources needed for these two standards. The proposed architecture is simulated using ModelSimSE v6.5 and mapped onto a virtex 5 FPGA device (xc5v1x30ff324) using the tool Xilinx ISE 9.2i, and the results are compared with the standard approach. These results show that the proposed hardware architecture utilizes less number of resources compared to the conventional Reconfigurable Receiver Architecture System.

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32

Pu, S., L. Xie, M. Ji, Y. Zhao, W. Liu, L. Wang, Y. Zhao, F. Yang, and D. Qiu. "REAL-TIME POWERLINE CORRIDOR INSPECTION BY EDGE COMPUTING OF UAV LIDAR DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 4, 2019): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-547-2019.

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Abstract. This paper presents an innovative power line corridor inspection approach using UAV LiDAR edge computing and 4G real real-time transmission. First, sample point clouds of power towers are manually classified and decomposed into components according to five mainstream tower types: T type, V type, n type, I type and owl head type. A deep learning AI agent, named “Tovos Age Agent” internally, is trained by supervised deep learning the sample data sets under a 3D CNN framework. Second, laser points of power line corridors are simultaneously classified into Ground, Vegetation, Tower, Cable, and Building types using semantic feature constraints during the UAV-borne LiDAR acquisition process, and then tower types are further recognized by Tovos Agent for strain span separation. Spatial and topological relations between Cable points and other types are analyzed according to industry standards to identify potential risks at the same time. Finally, all potential risks are organized as industry standard reports and transmitted onto central server via 4G data link, so that maintenance personal can be notified the risks as soon as possible. Tests on LiDAR data of 1000&thinsp;KV power line show the promising results of the proposed method.

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33

Maksimova, MYu, YuI Dubovitskaya, MV Krotenkova, and AA Shabalina. "Prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and folate metabolism genes In patients with aseptic cerebral venous thrombosis." IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2019.065.

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) becomes the cause of stroke in less than 1% of patients. In 20-30% of patients, the cause of thrombosis remains unclear, and thrombosis is considered idiopathic. Inherited hypercoagulable conditions significantly increase the risk of CVT. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and methionine-homocysteine metabolism genes alleles and genotypes in patients with aseptic CVT. Fifty one patients aged 18–75 with aseptic CVT were examined. The control group included 36 healthy volunteers. Neuroimaging methods included brain MRI in standard modes (T1, T2, T2 d-f (FLAIR), DWI) and MR venosinusography. All patients were surveyed to identify carriers of prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and folate metabolism genes alleles and genotypes. Prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic genes were detected in 94% of patients, and the variants of the methionine-homocysteine metabolism genes were observed in 86% of patients. The differences between distributions of alleles and genotypes 5G6754G of the PAI-1 gene, G103T of the FXIIIA1 gene, A66G of the MTRR gene, A2756G of the MTR gene in the group of patients with CVT and in the control group were significant. Allele 4G, genotypes 4G/4G and 5G/4G of 5G6754G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene; allele T of G103Т polymorphism of the FXIIIA1 gene; allele G and genotype A/G of A66G polymorphism of the MTRR gene; allele G and genotype A/G of A2756G polymorphism of the MTR gene correlated with aseptic CVT. It was concluded that the gene polymorphisms 5G6754G (PAI-1), G103T (FXIIIA1), A66G (MTRR) and A2756G (MTR) carriage increased the risk of aseptic CVT and did not affect the thrombosis clinical manifestations.

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Dixit, Saurabh, Himanshu Katiyar, and Arun Kumar Singh. "MIMO Modes in LTE." International Journal of e-Collaboration 15, no. 2 (April 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2019040101.

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The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is a key technology for fourth generation (4G) and beyond wireless communications. The MIMO exploits the space diversity to improve performance as well as augment its capacity. Long term evolution (LTE), the dominant 4G standard, operates in diverse MIMO modes, including spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity, and beamforming techniques to combine the advantages of spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing. This article discusses the various modes in LTE and analyses the performance of the single input single output (SISO) and the single input multiple output (SIMO) modes with selection combining (SC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver end. multiplexing (OFDM) is the multiple. The analysis was done on different values of power decay factor and the different number of channel taps. The performance of MIMO configurations for varying power delay profiles and resolvable paths has been analyzed. It is inferred that the higher number of resolvable paths and a low scattering propagating environment augments the performance.

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Ahmad, Ikhlas, Wasi Ur Rehman Khan, Haris Dildar, Sadiq Ullah, Shakir Ullah, Naveed Mufti, Babar Kamal, Toufeeq Ahmad, Adnan Ghaffar, and Mousa I. Hussien. "A Pentaband Compound Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multi-Standard Sub-6GHz Wireless Applications." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202526.

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This work proposes a low-profile, printed antenna that offers pattern and frequency reconfiguration functionalities printed on FR-4 substrate with a size of 46 × 32 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna can operate in five different frequency bands, each one identified as a Mode, wherein there are possibilities of pattern reconfiguration. The frequency and pattern reconfigurability are made possible through 12 p-i-n diode switches (S1 to S12). The former is enabled through the switches S1 to S4 within the radiating patch, hence effectively controlling the resonant bands of the antenna; the latter is made possible through main lobe beam steering, enabled by the rest of the eight switches (S5 to S12), loaded in split parasitic elements designed on both sides of the radiator. The proposed antenna operates in the 5 GHz (4.52–5.39 GHz) band when all switches are OFF. When S1 is ON, the operating band shifts to 3.5 GHz (2.96–4.17 GHz); it changes to a 2.6 GHz (2.36–2.95 GHz) band when S1 and S2 are ON. When S3 is also turned ON, the antenna shifts to the 2.1 GHz Band (1.95–2.30 GHz). When S1–S4 are ON, the operating band shifts to a 1.8GHz (1.67–1.90 GHz) band. In all these bands, the return loss remains less than −10 dB while maintaining good impedance matching. At each operating band, the ON/OFF states of the eight p-i-n diode switches (S5 through S12) enable beam steering. The proposed antenna can direct the main beam in five distinct directions at 3.5GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 2.1 GHz bands, and three different directions at 5 GHz and 1.8 GHz bands. Different 5G bands (2.1, 2.6, 3.5, and 5) GHz, which fall in the sub 6GHz range, are supported by the proposed antenna. In addition, GSM (1.8 GHz), UMTS (2.1 GHz), 4G-LTE (2.1 GHz and 2.6 GHz), WiMAX (2.6 GHz and 3.5 GHz) and WLAN (5 GHz) applications are also supported by the proposed antenna, which is a candidate for handheld 5G/4G/3G devices.

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MOKDAD, LYNDA, and JALEL BEN-OTHMAN. "STOCHASTIC AUTOMATA NETWORKS FOR MODELLING SCHEDULING SCHEME IN WiMAX NETWORKS." Journal of Interconnection Networks 10, no. 04 (December 2009): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265909002674.

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WiMAX (Worldwide Interpretability for Microwave Access) is one of the leader standards of broadband Wireless Access (BWA). This standard becomes a competitor of 4G or LTE (Long Terme Evolution) with the introduction of different class of service flow (UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE). Each service class has its own QoS requirements. Even if the standard specify the transmission policy of each service class, it recommends the implementation of an admission control (AC) without any specification. This task is let to the operator. In this paper, we propose an implementation of an AC algorithm mechanism for IEEE 802.16. The performance evaluation of these networks by analytical models is not easy due to the state space explosion, thus we use the Stochastic Automata Networks (SAN) formalism to model our proposed AC mechanism. With the SAN we calculate the rewards of the proposed AC and we show that the proposed solution is efficient.

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37

Shah, Agam. "5G Unleashes the Future." Mechanical Engineering 141, no. 02 (February 1, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-feb2.

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The new data sharing network that defines so many technical applications would be almost impossible without 5G. Because it transmits data more efficiently, 5G has the potential to be 40 times faster and suffer shorter lag times than the current 4G standard. That speed is critical for autonomous cars, where timely decisions need to be made to avoid crashes. In this article, learn how 5G will impact automotive and a host of new technical applications.

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Lavanya, Pathuri, Penke Satyanarayana, and Afaq Ahmad. "Suitability of OFDM in 5G Waveform – A Review." Oriental journal of computer science and technology 12, Issue 3 (August 19, 2019): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojcst12.03.01.

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Systematic pursuits are being developed to set forth the framework for the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless standards. This paper emphases on the most extensively deployed technology - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that has outpaced other waveform aspirants for Fourth Generation (4G) communication standards. Irrespective of the beneficial features, it does possess a number of significant limitations that mark it as an incompatible candidate for the upcoming 5G standard. This paper highlights on its major drawback i.e high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Results state that PAPR does cause sudden upsurge to the output signal envelope causing further other damages. There exists a need for more flexible waveforms to replace the conventional OFDM in order to address the unprecedented challenges. The future research directions in the domain are presented.

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39

Sahoo, J., S. Sahoo, and S. K. Paidesetty. "BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NOVEL A-HETEROARYL/ARYLAZO 2-NAPHTHOL ANALOGS AND THE TRANSITIONAL METAL COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM 4-((2-HYDROXYNAPHTHALEN-1-YL) DIAZENYL)-1, 5-DIMETHYL-2-PHENYL-1H-PYRAZOL-3(2H)-ONE." INDIAN DRUGS 53, no. 07 (July 28, 2016): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.53.07.10645.

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Eight different aryl / heteroarylazo substituted 2-naphthol congeners and complexes of the composition [M (L) 2 (H2 O) 2 ]. x H2 O where L is deprotonated ligands such as 4g (ligH): 4-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1- yl) diazenyl)-1, 5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one and M= Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) have been synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed by different modern analytical techniques. The results of antimicrobial activities of the novel synthesized 2-naphthol congeners reveled that the 4-carboxyphenylazo substituted 2-naphthol analog 4h showed significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ser.typhi, Salmonella enterica typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Micrococcus luteus, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to standard. However the nickel complex of 4g showed significant antifungal activity against T. rubrum and C. glabrata. The novel synthesized azo molecules may be suggested for the establishment of new search for antimicrobial agents and to create an opportunity in new drug discovery and medicinal research.

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Chatterjee, Susmita, Bibek Ray Chaudhuri, and Debabrata Dutta. "Determinants of Adoption of New Technology in Telecom Sector: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." Global Business Review 20, no. 1 (October 25, 2018): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150918802534.

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In this article, we look at the determinants of the new technology adoption by consumers in the case of mobile telecommunications. The dynamic nature of the telecom industry is a result of the frequent technological change. Consumers witness different technology standards in mobile communications, starting from the first generation (1G) to second generation (2G) subsequently to third (3G) and now experiencing fourth (4G) in some countries such as Norway, Sweden, South Korea, and the USA including ours. The movement from one standard to the other has been predicted to be smooth as all of them are vertical substitutes for each other. Given the various dimensions such as price, requirements, utility and so on, these technology standards are not perfect substitutes. The article investigates the prospect of a new technology standard roll out in India. A survey of 400 mobile phone customers in metro telecom circles has been carried out for this purpose. The study applies structural equation modeling (SEM) and explores the adoption intention of this new technology among the respondents. Results show that the presence of low-cost alternatives that is the availability of a lower technology standard poses a significant hurdle to the adoption of new technology services.

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Папахин, Александр Алексеевич, Зинаида Михайловна Бородина, and Валентина Андреевна Гулакова. "Preparation of maltotetraose starch molasses using Maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G." Food processing industry, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52653/ppi.2021.12.12.013.

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Одним из направлений решения актуальной задачи по расширению ассортимента сахаристых крахмалопродуктов является разработка способов получения мальтоолигосахаридов с различным углеводным составом, имеющих большой потенциал для использования в качестве пищевых добавок и ингредиентов продуктов здорового питания. Целью работы было изучение возможности получения нового вида крахмальной патоки с высоким содержанием мальтотетраозы с применением препарата мальтотетраогидролазы Optimalt 4G. Объектами являлись кукурузный крахмал, препараты альфа-амилазы Liquazyme Supra 2.8X и пуллуланазы Promozyme D6 (Novozymes), мальтотетраогидролазы Optimalt 4G (Du Pont), а также продукты гидролиза крахмала. Использованы методы определения массовой доли редуцирующих веществ (РВ), сухого вещества (СВ), углеводного состава, динамической вязкости гидролизатов и другие стандартные методы анализа. При осахаривании частично гидролизованной суспензии крахмала с концентрацией СВ 33 % и содержании РВ 7,9 % мальтотетраогидролаза наиболее активно действует в первые 3 ч осахаривания с резким снижением вязкости гидролизата с 197,6 до 20,0 мПа·с. При этом исчезали практически все олигосахариды с DР5-DР10, массовая доля ВМС снизилась на 60 %, увеличилось количество низкомолекулярных сахаров, а массовая доля мальтотетраозы составила 44,81 % против 2,38 % в исходном субстрате. Максимальное содержание мальтотетраозы 49,8 % в данных условиях наблюдалось в гидролизате после 8 ч инкубации, далее оно медленно снижалась. Установлена возможность получения крахмальной патоки с высоким содержанием мальтотетраозы до 45-48 % с использованием в качестве катализаторов гидролиза крахмала вышеуказанных ферментных препаратов. Использование композиции мальтотетраогидролазы с пуллуланазой увеличивает содержание мальтотетраозы на 1,5-2 %, снижает вязкость гидролизатов и позволяет сократить продолжительность гидролиза. Полученные данные являются актуальной основой для оптимизации технологических параметров процесса осахаривания с применением мальтотетраогидролазы с целью разработки технологии получения нового вида крахмальной патоки. One of the directions of solving the current problem of expanding the range of sugar starch products is the development of methods for producing maltooligosaccharides with a different carbohydrate composition, which have great potential for use as food additives and ingredients of healthy foods. The aim of the work was to study the possibility of obtaining a new type of starch syrup with a high content of maltotetraose using the preparation Maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G. The objects were: corn starch, alpha-amylase preparations Liquazyme Supra 2.8X and pullulanase Promozyme D6 (Novozymes), maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G (Du Pont), as well as starch hydrolysis products. Methods were used to determine the weight fraction of reducing substances (RS), dry solid (DS), carbohydrate composition, dynamic viscosity of hydrolysates and other standard methods of analysis. When a partially hydrolyzed suspension of starch with a concentration of DS 33 % and RS 7.9 % is saccharified, maltotetraohydrolase is most active in the first 3 hours of saccharification with a sharp decrease in the viscosity of the hydrolysate from 197.6 to 20.0 mPa·s. At the same time, almost all oligosaccharides with DP5-DP10 disappeared, the weight fraction of WMS decreased by 60 %, the number of low-molecular sugars of DP1-3 increased, and the weight fraction of maltotetraose was 44.81 % versus 2.38 % in the original substrate. The maximum maltotetraose content of 49.8 % under these conditions was observed in the hydrolysate after 8 hours of incubation, then it slowly decreased. It has been found that in order to obtain hydrolysates with a low DP1-3 content and increased (more than 45 %) maltotetraose, the degree of preliminary hydrolysis must be maintained within the range of RS 8-15 % by DS at an enzyme dosage of 0.06-0.08 units WMC/g DS starch and duration of saccharification up to 20 h. Use of maltotetraohydrolase composition with pullulanase during saccharification increases degree of hydrolysis and content of maltotetraose by 1.5-2 %, reduces viscosity of hydrolysates and reduces duration of hydrolysis. It is possible to produce starch syrup with high content of maltotetraose (up to 45-48 %) using the above enzyme preparations. The obtained data are the current basis for optimization of technological parameters of saccharification process with application of maltotetraohydrolase in order to develop technology of production of new kind of starch syrup.

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Alhammadi, Abdulraqeb, Mardeni Roslee, Mohamad Yusoff Alias, Ibraheem Shayea, and Abdullah Alquhali. "Velocity-Aware Handover Self-Optimization Management for Next Generation Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041354.

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The fifth generation (5G) network is an upcoming standard for wireless communications that coexists with the current 4G network to increase the throughput. The deployment of ultra-dense small cells (UDSC) over a macro-cell layer yields multi-tier networks, which are known as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). HetNets play a key role in the cellular network to provide services to numerous users. However, the number of handovers (HOs) and radio link failure (RLF) greatly increase due to the increase in the UDSC in the network. Therefore, mobility management becomes a very important function in a self-organizing network to improve the system performance. In this paper, we propose a velocity-based self-optimization algorithm to adjust the HO control parameters in 4G/5G networks. The proposed algorithm utilizes the user’s received power and speed to adjust the HO margin and the time to trigger during the user’s mobility in the network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a remarkable reduction in the rate of ping-pong HOs and RLF compared with other existing algorithms, thereby outperforming such algorithms by an average of more than 70% for all HO performance metrics.

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Amanaf, Muntaqo Alfin, Alfin Hikmaturokhman, and Achmad Fadhlan Septian. "Calibrating the Standard Propagation Model (SPM) for Suburban Environments Using 4G LTE Field Measurement Study Case in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 982 (December 18, 2020): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/982/1/012029.

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44

Yusnita, Sri, Yoga Saputra, Dikky Chandra, and Popy Maria. "Peningkatan Kualitas Sinyal 4G Berdasarkan Nilai KPI Dengan Metode Drivetest Cluster Padang." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 11, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.11.2.103.

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The real signal quality measurement on the 4G network is a reference to improve signal quality. Measurements were made for two different operators on the Padang cluster. The measurement parameters taken are the RSRP value, SINR and throughput as the basic parameters of the KPI (Key Performance Indicator) standard. Measurement of these basic parameters is done by the drive test method using the Tems Pocket device while for data analysis using Tems discovery and Mapinfo Pro. Planning the data collection path is an important part to find out the bad spot areas of the two operators for planning signal quality improvement. The measurement results in the process of collecting data for bad categories and not being detected at all are used to determine the position of the new site by taking into account the three signal parameters, the number of users in the area, the minimum limit of the bad signal radius and the site positions that already exist for both operators. Using the cross method, three new site coordinate points are obtained, namely first at longitude 100.403428 ° and latitude -0.870309 °, second point at longitude 100.376331 ° and latitude -0.858726 °, and third point at longitude 100.404072 ° and latitude -0.966503 ° and 47 bad spot area.

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45

Zhang, Yan Yan, and Ming Ming Zhu. "Research on Structure Analysis of Asphalt Box Based on ANSYS." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.81.

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Asphalt need asphalt box to preservate heat in the production and use process,if stored appropriate, asphalt can repeated heating namely its performance won't be damaged badly under higer temperature keep a very long time,So, the asphalt box’s performance is very important. in this paper, the mechanical properties of the material was considered, the FEA model of asphalt box was be setted up,the stress and strain of unloading entrance was be analysed when in the 4g longitudinal accelerated speed and a standpoint was be determined that the structure performance of asphalt box is Meets the related standard requirements.

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46

Sucipto, Willy, I. Nyoman Pramaita, and NMAE Dewi Wirastuti. "The Analysis of the Effect and Reduction of Carrier Frequency Offset in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2020.v19i02.p14.

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Abstract— The development of cellular telecommunication provides users to experience fast and stable transmission. This standard of transmission is proportional to the needs of the devices and systems used. We are currently in the fourth generation (4G) of cellular technology. The key technologies used in 4G are Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) which uses the concept of orthogonality for bandwidth efficiency and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) which uses the concept of diversity to improve performance. But in implementation this system will have problems with the transmission channel. The problem that occurs is signal attenuation due to Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO). This CFO will cause the orthogonal character built from the OFDM system to experience a decline in performance. The decline in performance is due to the occurrence of Intercarrier Interference (ICI). To overcome this problem, the method used in this simulation are Improved Sinc Power Pulse (ISP) and Rectangular Pulse (REC). The results showed that ISP had a relatively better BER value than REC and without using the pulse shaping method. The minimum BER value obtained from the simulation is ISP with a value of 0.0001 while REC produces a value of 0.0006 and without pulse shaping produces a BER value of 0.0038.

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47

Ikram, M., M. S. Sharawi, A. Shamim, and A. Sebak. "A multiband dual-standard MIMO antenna system based on monopoles (4G) and connected slots (5G) for future smart phones." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, no. 6 (April 24, 2018): 1468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31180.

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48

Miclaus, Simona, Delia-Bianca Deaconescu, David Vatamanu, Andreea Maria Buda, Annamaria Sarbu, and Bogdan Pindaru. "Peculiarities of the radiated field in the vicinity of a mobile terminal connected to 4G versus 5G networks during various applications usage." AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 6, no. 2 (2022): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2022010.

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<abstract> Realistic human exposures to radiation emitted by a mobile terminal connected to either a 5G network (sub-6 GHz) or to a 4G network have been scarcely assessed till now. Present experimental work aimed at comparing the radiated field in air, in a single point situated at 10 cm from a mobile phone when running a set of 5 mobile applications in the two communication standards. The time-evolution of the electric field strength in air near the terminal during 25 s of use was recorded by an original method, together with the data rate of transmission. The emitted power density dynamics, its statistics, its slope of accumulation after the usage period and its average value per transmitted bit are analyzed and compared between all the situations. The peculiarities are emphasized and they are proved to depend on the communication standard and on the mobile application. </abstract>

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Shukla, U. K., Deepak Pandey, and Shri Kant. "Effect of feed supplementation through turmeric and Tulsi leaves on growth of broiler chicks in deep litter system." ASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/tajas/15.2/59-65.

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The experiment was conducted at the livestock production and management unit, faculty of agriculture. MGCGV Chitrakoot – Satna ( M.P.). To complete the research work following steps were followed. Day old 75 broiler chicks (DOC) of same hatch were produced and reared in of Deep litter system. The chicks were weighed, leg banded and distributed randomly into five groups of 15 chicks each as treatment. Chicks of each treatment were further divided into three sub groups of five chicks in each in Randomized Block Design (RBD). Chicks of each sub group were accommodated comfortably in deep letter system providing 1 sq. ft./ chick. Chicks were fed standard starter ration upto 3 weeks age (1 to 21 days) and then broiler finisher ration upto 3-4 weeks (22-28 days). An experiment was conducted with DOC to 75 broilers chicks divided into five groups T0, T1,T2 and T4 which were supplemented with turmeric and Tulsi leaves powder @ 1.0g, 2.0g, 3.0g and 4.0g/kg of broiler ration, respectively. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight, weekly gain in weight, weekly feed consumption and feed conversion of broiler for four weeks. Based on the results of the experiment, it may be concluded that feed supplementation with turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder influenced the body weight, gain in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency of broiler chicks. Based on the result of the experiment, it may be concluded that feed supplementation with turmeric + Tulsi leaves powder influenced body weight, gain in body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency of broiler chicks. Based on feed intake and feed efficiency, the best performance of broilers was obtained with feed supplementation of 3g turmeric + 3g Tulsi powder per kg of standard ration (T3), followed by 4g turmeric + 4g Tulsi leaf powder (T4). Treatment T3 was economically superior over all other treatments and control.

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Elsadek, Walaa Farouk, and Mikhail N. Mikhail. "SRMIP." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2016100103.

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Existing mobility protocols suffer from multimedia and data transfer disruption when crossing cities' boundaries by trains or cars. Session continuity in wide area motion is an officially raised goal by 5G-PPP vision. This research adopts 5G methodology by using software defined networking to propose a new mobile IP framework that facilitates seamless handover and ensures session continuity in standard and wide area coverage. The same uninterruptible experience is used to extend smart indoor services with effective offload mechanism to avoid core network congestion. Performance excels existing protocols in setup and handover delays as of eliminating 4G LTE bearer setup/release out-band signaling and isolating user's packets in OpenFlow virtual path that is recursively established in-line with IP address allocation. Handover cross cities in wide area motion becomes feasible with lower latency than LTE handover inside city. Throughput is instantly restored after handover while standard packets are wire speed forwarded as of tunnel headers' elimination and OpenFlow hardware abstraction.

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