Статті в журналах: "3D skin model"

1

Cadau, Sebastien, Sabrina Leoty-Okombi, Schinichi Nakajima, and Valerie Andre-Frei. "Endothelialized and innervated 3D skin glycated model." Journal of Dermatological Science 84, no. 1 (October 2016): e147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.439.

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Park, Gyeong-Mi, and Young-Bong Kim. "Integrated 3D Skin Color Model for Robust Skin Color Detection of Various Races." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 9, no. 5 (May 28, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2009.9.5.001.

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Kaluzhny, Yulia, Patrick Hayden, Victor Karetsky, Mitchell Klausner, and John Sheasgreen. "Skin specific micronucleus assay in the EpiDerm™ human 3D skin model." Toxicology Letters 172 (October 2007): S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.438.

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4

Kwak, Bong Shin, Wonho Choi, Joong-won Jeon, Jong-In Won, Gun Yong Sung, Bumsang Kim, and Jong Hwan Sung. "In vitro 3D skin model using gelatin methacrylate hydrogel." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 66 (October 2018): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.037.

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5

Barua, Nilakshi, Lin Huang, Carmen Li, Ying Yang, Mingjing Luo, Wan In Wei, Kam Tak Wong, Norman Wai Sing Lo, Kin On Kwok, and Margaret Ip. "Comparative Study of Two-Dimensional (2D) vs. Three-Dimensional (3D) Organotypic Kertatinocyte-Fibroblast Skin Models for Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010299.

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The invasion of skin tissue by Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by mechanisms that involve sequential breaching of the different stratified layers of the epidermis. Induction of cell death in keratinocytes is a measure of virulence and plays a crucial role in the infection progression. We established a 3D-organotypic keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture model to evaluate whether a 3D-skin model is more effective in elucidating the differences in the induction of cell death by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than in comparison to 2D-HaCaT monolayers. We investigated the difference in adhesion, internalization, and the apoptotic index in HaCaT monolayers and our 3D-skin model using six strains of MRSA representing different clonal types, namely, ST8, ST30, ST59, ST22, ST45 and ST239. All the six strains exhibited internalization in HaCaT cells. Due to cell detachment, the invasion study was limited up to two and a half hours. TUNEL assay showed no significant difference in the cell death induced by the six MRSA strains in the HaCaT cells. Our 3D-skin model provided a better insight into the interactions between the MRSA strains and the human skin during the infection establishment as we could study the infection of MRSA in our skin model up to 48 h. Immunohistochemical staining together with TUNEL assay in the 3D-skin model showed co-localization of the bacteria with the apoptotic cells demonstrating the induction of apoptosis by the bacteria and revealed the variation in bacterial transmigration among the MRSA strains. The strain representing ST59 showed maximum internalization in HaCaT cells and the maximum cell death as measured by Apoptotic index in the 3D-skin model. Our results show that 3D-skin model might be more likely to imitate the physiological response of skin to MRSA infection than 2D-HaCaT monolayer keratinocyte cultures and will enhance our understanding of the difference in pathogenesis among different MRSA strains.

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Wang, Jiahui, Hideo Saito, Shinji Ozawa, Tomohiro Kuwahara, Toyonobu Yamashita, and Motoji Takahashi. "Surface Extraction of Skin Inner Tissue Interface from 3D Volumetric Images of Human Skin via 3D Active Contour Model." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 125, no. 5 (2005): 756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.125.756.

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Dimitrov, Sabcho D., Lawrence K. Low, Grace Y. Patlewicz, Petra S. Kern, Gergana D. Dimitrova, Mike H. I. Comber, Richard D. Phillips, Jay Niemela, Paul T. Bailey, and Ovanes G. Mekenyan. "Skin Sensitization: Modeling Based on Skin Metabolism Simulation and Formation of Protein Conjugates." International Journal of Toxicology 24, no. 4 (July 2005): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810591000631.

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A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) system for estimating skin sensitization potency has been developed that incorporates skin metabolism and considers the potential of parent chemicals and/or their activated metabolites to react with skin proteins. A training set of diverse chemicals was compiled and their skin sensitization potency assigned to one of three classes. These three classes were, significant, weak, or nonsensitizing. Because skin sensitization potential depends upon the ability of chemicals to react with skin proteins either directly or after appropriate metabolism, a metabolic simulator was constructed to mimic the enzyme activation of chemicals in the skin. This simulator contains 203 hierarchically ordered spontaneous and enzyme controlled reactions. Phase I and phase II metabolism were simulated by using 102 and 9 principal transformations, respectively. The covalent interactions of chemicals and their metabolites with skin proteins were described by 83 reactions that fall within 39 alerting groups. The SAR/QSAR system developed was able to correctly classify about 80% of the chemicals with significant sensitizing effect and 72% of nonsensitizing chemicals. For some alerting groups, three-dimensional (3D)-QSARs were developed to describe the multiplicity of physicochemical, steric, and electronic parameters. These 3D-QSARs, so-called pattern recognition-type models, were applied each time a latent alerting group was identified in a parent chemical or its generated metabolite(s). The concept of the mutual influence amongst atoms in a molecule was used to define the structural domain of the skin sensitization model. The utility of the structural model domain and the predictability of the model were evaluated using sensitization potency data for 96 chemicals not used in the model building. The TIssue MEtabolism Simulator (TIMES) software was used to integrate a skin metabolism simulator and 3D-QSARs to evaluate the reactivity of chemicals thus predicting their likely skin sensitization potency.

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Choi, Jonghye, Hyejin Kim, Jinhee Choi, Seung Min Oh, Jeonggue Park, and Kwangsik Park. "Skin corrosion and irritation test of sunscreen nanoparticles using reconstructed 3D human skin model." Environmental Health and Toxicology 29 (July 21, 2014): e2014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5620/eht.2014.29.e2014004.

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Kovalovs, Andrejs, Evgeny Barkanov, and Sergejs Gluhihs. "ACTIVE TWIST OF MODEL ROTOR BLADES WITH D-SPAR DESIGN." TRANSPORT 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2007): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2007.9638094.

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The design methodology based on the planning of experiments and response surface technique has been developed for an optimum placement of Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators in the helicopter rotor blades. The baseline helicopter rotor blade consists of D‐spar made of UD GFRP, skin made of +450/‐450 GFRP, foam core, MFC actuators placement on the skin and balance weight. 3D finite element model of the rotor blade has been built by ANSYS, where the rotor blade skin and spar “moustaches” are modeled by the linear layered structural shell elements SHELL99, and the spar and foam ‐ by 3D 20‐node structural solid elements SOLID 186. The thermal analyses of 3D finite element model have been developed to investigate an active twist of the helicopter rotor blade. Strain analogy between piezoelectric strains and thermally induced strains is used to model piezoelectric effects. The optimisation results have been obtained for design solutions, connected with the application of active materials, and checked by the finite element calculations.

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Chau, David Y. S., Claire Johnson, Sheila MacNeil, John W. Haycock, and Amir M. Ghaemmaghami. "The development of a 3D immunocompetent model of human skin." Biofabrication 5, no. 3 (July 23, 2013): 035011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1758-5082/5/3/035011.

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11

Alsaidi, Bashir, Woong Yeol Joe, and Muhammad Akbar. "Computational Analysis of 3D Lattice Structures for Skin in Real-Scale Camber Morphing Aircraft." Aerospace 6, no. 7 (July 7, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6070079.

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Conventional or fixed wings require a certain thickness of skin material selection that guarantees structurally reliable strength under expected aerodynamic loadings. However, skin structures of morphing wings need to be flexible as well as stiff enough to deal with multi-axial structural stresses from changed geometry and the coupled aerodynamic loadings. Many works in the design of skin structures for morphing wings take the approach either of only geometric compliance or a simplified model that does not fully represent 3D real-scale wing models. Thus, the main theme of this study is (1) to numerically identify the multi-axial stress, strain, and deformation of skin in a camber morphing wing aircraft under both structure and aerodynamic loadings, and then (2) to show the effectiveness of a direct approach that uses 3D lattice structures for skin. Various lattice structures and their direct 3D wing models have been numerically analyzed for advanced skin design.

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12

Jang, Kwang-Sik, Soon-Jung Park, Jong-Jin Choi, Ha-Na Kim, Kyung-Mi Shim, Mi-Jeong Kim, Il-Ho Jang, et al. "Therapeutic Efficacy of Artificial Skin Produced by 3D Bioprinting." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 5177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185177.

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The skin protects the body from external barriers. Certain limitations exist in the development of technologies to rapidly prepare skin substitutes that are therapeutically effective in surgeries involving extensive burns and skin transplantation. Herein, we fabricated a structure similar to the skin layer by using skin-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) with bioink, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts using 3D-printing technology. The therapeutic effects of the produced skin were analyzed using a chimney model that mimicked the human wound-healing process. The 3D-printed skin substitutes exhibited rapid re-epithelialization and superior tissue regeneration effects compared to the control group. These results are expected to aid the development of technologies that can provide customized skin-replacement tissues produced easily and quickly via 3D-printing technology to patients.

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Xian, Dehai, Xia Xiong, Jixiang Xu, Li Xian, Qirong Lei, Jing Song, and Jianqiao Zhong. "Nrf2 Overexpression for the Protective Effect of Skin-Derived Precursors against UV-Induced Damage: Evidence from a Three-Dimensional Skin Model." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (October 14, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7021428.

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Background. Skin photodamage is associated with ultraviolet- (UV-) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inactivation. In our previous study, skin-derived precursors (SKPs) were shown to ameliorate a UV-induced damage in mice, probably through Nrf2 activation and ROS scavenging. Objective. To clarify the mechanism underlying the photoprotective effect of SKPs against UV-induced damage in a three-dimensional (3D) skin model. Methods. The Nrf2 gene in SKPs was modified using lentiviral infection, and 3D skin models were reconstructed with keratinocytes and fibroblasts on the basis of type I collagen. Subsequently, these models were divided into the following six groups: normal, model, overexpressed, control, silenced, and negative control groups. Prior to irradiation, respective SKPs were injected into the last four groups. Next, all groups except the normal group were exposed to UVA+UVB. Lastly, the pathological and molecular-biological techniques were employed to determine the parameters. Additionally, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, was used to investigate the roles of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) in SKP photoprotection. Results. Normal 3D skin models appeared as milky-white analogs with a clear, well-arranged histological structure. After the skin was exposed to irradiation, it exhibited cell swelling and a disorganized structure and developed nuclear condensation with numerous apoptotic cells. The expressions of cellular protective genes and Nrf2/HO-1/PI3K/Akt proteins remarkably decreased, which were accompanied by increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidants (P<0.05). However, these phenomena were reversed by nrf2-overexpressing SKPs. The 3D skin in the overexpressed group showed mild swelling, neatly arranged cells, and few apoptotic cells. Cellular protective genes and Nrf2/HO-1/PI3K/Akt proteins were highly expressed, and the oxidative biomarkers were remarkably ameliorated (P<0.05). Nevertheless, the expression of these proteins decreased after LY294002 pretreatment regardless of SKP treatment or not. Meanwhile, there were increases in both UV-induced apoptotic cells and ROS level accompanied with SOD and GPX decrease in the presence of LY294002. Conclusions. Evidence from the 3D skin model demonstrates that the protection of SKPs against UV-mediated damage is primarily via the PI3K/Akt-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, indicating that SKPs may be a promising candidate for the treatment of photodermatoses.

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Kang, Min, Kyohee Cho, Jae Lee, Lalita Subedi, Silvia Yumnam, and Sun Kim. "Effect of Resveratrol-Enriched Rice on Skin Inflammation and Pruritus in the NC/Nga Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061428.

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Resveratrol-enriched rice (RR) was developed using genetic engineering to combine the properties of resveratrol and rice. To evaluate the effect of RR on pruritic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions, we used dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced NC/Nga mice and an in vitro 3D skin model. Normal rice (NR), resveratrol, and RR were topically applied to mice dorsal skin, following which the dermatitis index and scratching frequency were calculated. Histological examination was performed by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining of IL-31 level. The level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IL-31 in the serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cytotoxicity of RR and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also determined in cultured human keratinocytes and a 3D skin model. RR significantly reduced scratching frequency, decreased the dermatitis severity and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and improved skin hydration in DNCB-induced NC/Nga mice. RR also significantly decreased serum IL-31 and IgE levels and suppressed the production of IL-6 in human keratinocytes and the 3D skin model. Our study indicates that the synergistic effect of rice and resveratrol manifested by the topical application of RR can serve as a potential alternative therapy for chronic skin inflammatory diseases such as AD.

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15

Pratt, Lisa F., Matthew J. Troese, Horst W. Fuchs, Oliver Engelking, and George L. DeGeorge. "The highly differentiated 3D epidermal skin model (epiCS®) to characterize skin sensitizers in mixtures." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.497.

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CHANDA, ARNAB, and VINU UNNIKRISHNAN. "A REALISTIC 3D COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE CLOSURE OF SKIN WOUND WITH INTERRUPTED SUTURES." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417500257.

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Wounds or cuts are the most common form of skin injuries. While a shallow wound may heal over time, deep wounds often require clinical interventions such as suturing to ensure the wound closure and timely healing. To date, suturing practices are based on a surgeon's experience and there is no benchmark to what is right or wrong. In the literature, there have been few attempts to characterize wound closure and suture mechanics using simple 2D computational models. In our current work, for the first time, a realistic three-dimensional (3D) computational model of the skin with the two layers, namely the epidermis and dermis, have been developed. A 3D diamond shaped wound with a varying cross-section has been modeled, and interrupted sutures have been placed numerically in multiple steps to close the wound. Nonlinear hyperelastic material properties have been adopted for the skin and a skin pre-stress was applied bi-axially. The force requirements for each suture were estimated numerically using a novel suture pulling technique. The suture forces were found to lie in the range of 0–5 N with a maximum value at the center. Also, the center suture was observed to require an approximately four times pull force compared to the first end suture. All these findings provide important guidelines for suturing. Additionally, the suture force can be approximated as a polynomial function of the displacement. Given a wound geometry, wound depth, skin material properties, skin pre-stress, suture wire material and cross-sectional area, using our computational model, such a relationship can be used to estimate and characterize the suture force requirements accurately. To our knowledge, such a 3D computational model of skin wound closure with interrupted sutures have not been developed till date, and would be indispensable for planning robotic surgeries and improving clinical suturing practices in the future.

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Zidarič, Tanja, Marko Milojević, Lidija Gradišnik, Karin Stana Kleinschek, Uroš Maver, and Tina Maver. "Polysaccharide-Based Bioink Formulation for 3D Bioprinting of an In Vitro Model of the Human Dermis." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040733.

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Limitations in wound management have prompted scientists to introduce bioprinting techniques for creating constructs that can address clinical problems. The bioprinting approach is renowned for its ability to spatially control the three-dimensional (3D) placement of cells, molecules, and biomaterials. These features provide new possibilities to enhance homology to native skin and improve functional outcomes. However, for the clinical value, the development of hydrogel bioink with refined printability and bioactive properties is needed. In this study, we combined the outstanding viscoelastic behavior of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) with the fast cross-linking ability of alginate (ALG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and encapsulated human-derived skin fibroblasts (hSF) to create a bioink for the 3D bioprinting of a dermis layer. The shear thinning behavior of hSF-laden bioink enables construction of 3D scaffolds with high cell density and homogeneous cell distribution. The obtained results demonstrated that hSF-laden bioink supports cellular activity of hSF (up to 29 days) while offering proper printability in a biologically relevant 3D environment, making it a promising tool for skin tissue engineering and drug testing applications.

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Wang, Jiahui, Hideo Saito, Shinji Ozawa, Tomohiro Kuwahara, Toyonobu Yamashita, and Motoji Takahashi. "Extraction of Dermo-Epidermal Surface from 3D Volumetric Images of Human Skin." International Journal of Image and Graphics 03, no. 04 (October 2003): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219467803001202.

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Analysis of the dermo-epidermal surface in three-dimensions has great value in evaluating cosmetics. One approach is based on the active contour model, which is used extensively in computer vision and image processing applications, particularly for local object boundaries with closed curve form. The dermo-epidermal surface, however, is a plane with open form. We have developed a method of automatically extracting the dermo-epidermal surface from volumetric confocal microscopic images, as well as constructing a 3D visual model of the surface by using the geometric information contained in the control points. Our method is a 3D extension of the active contour model, so we call it the active open surface model (AOSM). The initial surface for AOSM is an open curve plane, guided by a 3D internal force, a 3D external constraint force, and a 3D image force, which pull it towards the objective surface. The proposed tecnique has been applied to extract actual dermo-epidermal surface in the given volumetric confocal microscopic images.

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Pachera, E., G. Kania, A. Juengel, M. Calcagni, and O. Distler. "OP0248 DEVELOPMENT OF A 3D SKIN MICROTISSUE MODEL FOR FIBROTIC DISEASES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 151.2–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3306.

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Background:Traditional preclinical approaches, such as two-dimensional cell culture and animal models, are often inadequate to mimic the pathophysiological features of complex diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc). Human specific targets, such as the recently described pro-fibrotic long non coding RNA (lncRNA) H19X1, are becoming increasingly relevant in preclinical research, creating the need of new strategies and tools in translational medicine. The employment of novel three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, where multiple cell types are included, is filling an important gap left by the traditional preclinical methods.Objectives:To develop an easy to produce 3D fibrotic skin microtissues model for translational proof of concept studies.Methods:Two thousand five hundred dermal fibroblasts isolated from skin of SSc patients were seeded in ultra-low attachment 96-well plates. Fibroblast were let to aggregate into spheres for 48h. Two thousand five hundred primary normal human keratinocytes were added to the culture and let to layer onto the fibroblast spheres for 72h. H19X silencing experiments were used as proof of concept studies. H19X silencing with antisense oligonucleotides or transfections with a scrambled control were performed in fibroblasts prior to the sphere formation for 24h. TGFβ (10 ng/ml) was added to microtissue to exacerbate the fibrotic phenotype. Haematoxylin eosin staining as well as immunohistochemistry staining for vimentin and cytokeratin 10 was performed. Skin microtissues were processed for RNA and protein isolation. Pro-collagen Iα1 and fibronectin were quantified in the supernatants with ELISA.Results:The microtissues presented a core of SSc fibroblast as revealed by vimentin staining and an external layer of keratinocytes as revealed by cytokeratin 10 staining, mimicking the human skin architecture. Gene expression analysis following TGFβ stimulation displayed induced expression of extracellular matrix gene COL1A1 (p=0.044) and the myofibroblast marker ACTA2 (p=0.018), indicating that the microtissues were able to develop a fibrotic response. Microtissues, where H19X was silenced, displayed reduced gene expression of COL1A1 and ACTA2 after TGFβ stimulation (COL1A1 p=0.007, ACTA2 p=0.045). Additionally, H19X silencing led to lower levels of αSMA protein expression (p=0.009) and pro-collagen1α1 secretion (p=0.039) in the supernatant of the microtissue cultures as revealed by Western Blot and ELISA, respectively. FN1 expression and fibronectin protein levels were not significantly reduced in the microtissues after H19X silencing.Conclusion:We were able to produce a 3D microtissue resembling skin architecture that can respond to fibrotic stimuli. Knockdown experiments of pro-fibrotic lncRNA H19X confirmed the potential of the model as screening platform for novel pro-fibrotic effectors. A future aim will be to optimize the model for high-throughput automated screening platforms.References:[1]Pachera, E., et al. (2020). “Long noncoding RNA H19X is a key mediator of TGF-β–driven fibrosis.” The Journal of Clinical Investigation 130(9): 4888-4905.Disclosure of Interests:Elena Pachera: None declared, Gabriela Kania: None declared, Astrid Juengel: None declared, Maurizio Calcagni Speakers bureau: Arthrex, Consultant of: Medartis, Arthrex, SilkBiomaterials, Grant/research support from: Medartis, Oliver Distler Speakers bureau: Actelion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medscape, Novartis, Roche, Consultant of: Abbvie, Actelion, Acceleron Pharma, Amgen, AnaMar, Arxx Therapeutics, Bayer, Baecon Discovery, Blade Therapeutics, Boehringer, CSL Behring, ChemomAb, Corpuspharma, Curzion Pharmaceuticals, Ergonex, Galapagos NV, GSK, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Inventiva, Italfarmaco, iQvia, -Kymera, Medac, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MSD, Roche, Sanofi, UCB, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Actelion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kymera Therapeutics, Mitsubishi Tanabe

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De Oliveira Vilaca, Luis Miguel, Michel C. Milinkovitch, and Ricardo Ruiz-Baier. "Numerical approximation of a 3D mechanochemical interface model for skin patterning." Journal of Computational Physics 384 (May 2019): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2019.01.023.

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Chaib, Y., S. Larochelle, C. Mainzer, B. Closs, C. Gilbert, and V. Moulin. "902 A new 3D immunocompetent skin model reconstructed by tissue engineering." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139, no. 5 (May 2019): S156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.978.

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Bainier, Marie, Arel Su, and Roger L. Redondo. "3D printed rodent skin-skull-brain model: A novel animal-free approach for neurosurgical training." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 23, 2021): e0253477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253477.

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In neuroscience, stereotactic brain surgery is a standard yet challenging technique for which laboratory and veterinary personnel must be sufficiently and properly trained. There is currently no animal-free training option for neurosurgeries; stereotactic techniques are learned and practiced on dead animals. Here we have used three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to create rat and mouse skin-skull-brain models, specifically conceived for rodent stereotaxic surgery training. We used 3D models obtained from microCT pictures and printed them using materials that would provide the most accurate haptic feedback for each model—PC-ABS material for the rat and Durable resin for the mouse. We filled the skulls with Polyurethane expanding foam to mimic the brain. In order to simulate rodent skin, we added a rectangular 1mm thick clear silicone sheet on the skull. Ten qualified rodent neurosurgeons then performed a variety of stereotaxic surgeries on these rat and mouse 3D printed models. Participants evaluated models fidelity compared to cadaveric skulls and their appropriateness for educational use. The 3D printed rat and mouse skin-skull-brain models received an overwhelmingly positive response. They were perceived as very realistic, and considered an excellent alternative to cadaveric skulls for training purposes. They can be made rapidly and at low cost. Our real-size 3D printed replicas could enable cost- and time-efficient, animal-free neurosurgery training. They can be absolute replacements for stereotaxic surgery techniques practice including but not limited to craniotomies, screw placement, brain injections, implantations and cement applications. This project is a significant step forward in implementing the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) principles to animal experimentation. These 3D printed models could lead the way to the complete replacement of live animals for stereotaxic surgery training in laboratories and veterinary studies.

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Kozhina, K. V., E. N. Volkova, I. N. Saburina, Sergey G. Morozov, I. M. Zurina, N. V. Kosheleva, A. A. Gorkun, and A. A. Grigorieva. "The influence of peptide bioregulators on skin aging in 3D culture model." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 19, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9588-2016-19-1-58-63.

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He effect of mesotherapy injection (Meso-Wharton R199TM) on the dermal fibroblasts culture, simulating condition of (mature) aging skin cells are studied. Material and methods. The culture of 4th passage fibroblasts (P4), that corresponds to young skin fibroblasts (control) and the culture of 18th passage fibroblasts (P18), that has all the signs of aging dermal fibroblasts (predominance of large cells, slow cell division) were used. Bioactivity was assessed by cell morphology, epithelium-mesenchyme plasticity and expression of fibroblasts markers: cytokeratin 19, elastin, a-smooth muscle actin (aSMA), PCNA (proliferation marker), collagen types I, III, IV and fibronectin. The formation of spheroids occur when fibroblasts P18 are cultivating with the injection medication, on terms comparable to the formation of spheroids from P4 young fibroblasts. From culture of fibroblasts P18, that was cultured without medication, does not form the full spheroid, but aggregation of cells and their gradual destruction with necrotic masses within the unit are observed. The presence of the medication stimulates the “rejuvenation” of cells and subsequent recovery of the mesenchyme-epithelial plasticity of cultured fibroblasts due to the reduced ability to synthesize sufficient to establish the amount of intercellular contacts the extracellular matrix components (fibronectin and collagen), which affects the ability to form spheroids. Culturing spheroids formed with the medication stimulates expression of elastin, collagen type IV, fibronectin extracellular matrix protein that supports the skin elasticity and superficial cells actively express cytokeratin 19. The study results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of mesotherapeutic treatment for skin rejuvenation.

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Chung, Eunkyung, Hyeongwon Choi, Ji Eun Lim, and Youngsook Son. "Development of skin inflammation test model by co-culture of reconstituted 3D skin and RAW264.7 cells." Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 25, 2014): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13770-013-1113-x.

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Millás, Ana, Juliana Lago, Luciana Vasquez-Pinto, Pedro Massaguer, and Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler. "Approaches to the development of 3d bioprinted skin models: the case of natura cosmetics." International Journal of Advances in Medical Biotechnology - IJAMB 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 03. http://dx.doi.org/10.25061/2595-3931/ijamb/2019.v2i1.24.

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We are close to achieving the production of a biomimetic functional skin and this advance is mainly due to the demand that is not limited to the field of regenerative medicine, the need for transplantation of this organ due to the aging of the population, but for ethical reasons related to the tests of safety and efficacy of new formulas in animal models by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The limitations involved in traditional 2D cell culture approaches and manual techniques for biomimetic generation have driven the use of innovative technologies such as 3D bioprinting. One of the main advantages of the bioprinted skin is the authenticity, scalability and reproducibility of tissues compared to conventional constructs, via precise positioning of multiple cell types and the inclusion of appendages. The models of bioprinted skins will serve as a platform for the development of new formulations, molecule testing, disease simulation, as well as an alternative to chronic wound biocuratives and clinical transplants. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art approaches available for skin model bioprinting, discusses the context of the drug-cosmetic industry in the adoption of these models and presents the characteristics of the project under development at Natura Cosmetics.

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Brathwaite, Ana Clara N., Thuany Alencar-Silva, Larissa A. C. Carvalho, Maryana S. F. Branquinho, Ricardo Ferreira-Nunes, Marcilio Cunha-Filho, Guilherme M. Gelfuso, et al. "Pouteria macrophylla Fruit Extract Microemulsion for Cutaneous Depigmentation: Evaluation Using a 3D Pigmented Skin Model." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 14, 2022): 5982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185982.

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Here, we verify the depigmenting action of Pouteria macrophylla fruit extract (EXT), incorporate it into a safe topical microemulsion and assess its effectiveness in a 3D pigmented skin model. Melanocytes-B16F10- were used to assess the EXT effects on cell viability, melanin synthesis, and melanin synthesis-related gene transcription factor expression, which demonstrated a 32% and 50% reduction of intra and extracellular melanin content, respectively. The developed microemulsion was composed of Cremophor EL®/Span 80 4:1 (w/w), ethyl oleate, and pH 4.5 HEPES buffer and had an average droplet size of 40 nm (PdI 0.40 ± 0.07). Skin irritation test with reconstituted epidermis (Skin Ethic RHETM) showed that the formulation is non-irritating. Tyrosinase inhibition was maintained after skin permeation in vitro, in which microemulsion showed twice the inhibition of the conventional emulsion (20.7 ± 2.2% and 10.7 ± 2.4%, respectively). The depigmenting effect of the microemulsion was finally confirmed in a 3D culture model of pigmented skin, in which histological analysis showed a more pronounced effect than a commercial depigmenting formulation. In conclusion, the developed microemulsion is a promising safe formulation for the administration of cutite fruit extract, which showed remarkable depigmenting potential compared to a commercial formulation.

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Hwang, Jee-hyun, Seungmi Lee, Ho Geon Lee, Dalwoong Choi, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Evaluation of Skin Irritation of Acids Commonly Used in Cleaners in 3D-Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model, KeraSkinTM." Toxics 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100558.

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Cleaners such as dishwashing liquids contain various chemicals that cause skin damage. Alkaline agents used in cleaners alter the lipid composition of the skin and damage the skin barrier. However, little is known about the effects of acids used in cleaners on the skin. Here, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the skin and evaluated the skin irritation of acids commonly used in cleaners with a 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model, KeraSkinTM, according to OECD TG439. First, to examine the effects of acidic pH, we evaluated the skin irritation of citrate buffers (0.1 M, McIlvaine buffer) prepared in a wide pH range (pH 1.5–6.0). Surprisingly, cell viability was not significantly affected even at pH 1.5, reflecting that the acidity alone may not be sufficient to induce skin irritation. Even after longer exposure (180 min), the cell viability was not reduced below 50%, a cutoff to determine an irritant. To examine the effect of the anionic part, several organic acids used in cleaners (citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid) were examined. These organic acids also failed to reduce viability at 0.1 M. However, at 1 M, most of the acids tested, except lactic acid, were determined to be skin irritants. Histology further supported the skin irritancy of acids at 1 M. Similarly, inorganic acids (hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid) were determined to be irritants only at 1 M. In the case of alkaline agents, pH and concentrations were also important factors to determine the skin irritancy, although the epidermal structure and lipids were more damaged than acids. Collectively, we demonstrated that both the pH and concentration are important factors for the skin irritancy of acids, shedding an important insight into the mechanism of skin irritation.

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Barua, Nilakshi, Ying Yang, Lin Huang, and Margaret Ip. "VraSR Regulatory System Contributes to the Virulence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in a 3D-Skin Model and Skin Infection of Humanized Mouse Model." Biomedicines 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10010035.

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The vancomycin-resistance associated sensor/regulator, VraSR two-component regulatory-system (VraSR), regulates virulence and the response of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) to environmental stress. To investigate the role of VraSR in SA skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), we inactivated the VraSR of a clinical CA-MRSA ST30 strain by insertional mutation in vraR gene using the TargeTron-Gene Knockout System. We constructed an organotypic keratinocyte fibroblast co-culture (3D-skin model) and a humanized mouse as SSTI infection models. In the 3D-skin model, inactivation of VraSR in the strains ST30 and USA300 showed 1-log reduction in adhesion and internalization (p < 0.001) compared to the respective wildtype. The mutant strains of ST30 (p < 0.05) and USA300-LAC (p < 0.001) also exhibited reduced apoptosis. The wildtype ST30 infection in the humanized mouse model demonstrated increased skin lesion size and bacterial burden compared to BALB/c mice (p < 0.01). The response of the humanized mouse towards the MRSA infection exhibited human similarity indicating that the humanized mouse SSTI model is more suitable for evaluating the role of virulence determinants. Inactivation of VraSR in ST30 strain resulted in decreased skin lesion size in the humanized mouse SSTI model (p < 0.05) and reduction in apoptotic index (p < 0.01) when compared with the wildtype. Our results reveal that inactivating the VraSR system may be a potent anti-virulence approach to control MRSA infection.

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Zhang, Qian, Huijuan Liu, Tengfei Song, and Zhenyang Zhang. "A Novel, Improved Equivalent Circuit Model for Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141644.

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A novel, improved equivalent circuit model of double-sided linear induction motors (DLIMs) is proposed, which takes the skin effect and the nonzero leakage reactance of the secondary, longitudinal, and transverse end effects into consideration. Firstly, the traditional equivalent circuit with longitudinal and transverse end effects are briefly reviewed. Additionally, the correction coefficients for longitudinal and transverse end effects derived by one-dimensional analysis models are given. Secondly, correction factors for skin effect, which reflects the inhomogeneous air gap magnetic field vertically, and the secondary leakage reactance are derived by the quasi-two-dimensional analysis model. Then, the proposed equivalent circuit is presented, and the excitation reactance and secondary resistance are modified by the correction coefficients derived from the three analytical models. Finally, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is used to verify the proposed equivalent circuit model under varying air gap width and frequency, and the results are also compared with that of the traditional equivalent circuit models. The calculated thrust characteristics by the proposed equivalent circuit and 3D finite element model are experimentally validated under a constant voltage–frequency drive.

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Huang, Jianhua, Gan Li, Wei Wang, Keming Wu, and Tianming Le. "3D printing guiding stent graft fenestration: A novel technique for fenestration in endovascular aneurysm repair." Vascular 25, no. 4 (December 6, 2016): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538116682913.

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Objective To describe a novel approach, 3D printing guiding stent graft fenestration, for fenestration during endovascular aneurysm repair for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Methods A 69-year-old male with juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm underwent endovascular aneurysm repair with “off the label” fenestrated stent graft. To precisely locate the fenestration position, we reconstructed a 3D digital abdominal aortic aneurysm model and created a skin template covering this abdominal aortic aneurysm model. Then the skin template was physically printed and the position of the visceral vessel was hollowed out, thereby helping in locating the fenestration on stent graft. Results and conclusions With the help of this 3D printed skin template, we fenestrated the stent graft accurately and rebuilt the bilateral renal artery successfully. This is the first clinical case that used 3D printing guiding stent graft fenestration, which is a novel approach for precise fenestration on stent graft on the table during endovascular aneurysm repair.

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Gęgotek, Agnieszka, Sinemyiz Atalay, Pedro Domingues, and Elżbieta Skrzydlewska. "The Differences in the Proteome Profile of Cannabidiol-Treated Skin Fibroblasts following UVA or UVB Irradiation in 2D and 3D Cell Cultures." Cells 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2019): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8090995.

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Cannabidiol (CBD), as the only phytocannabinoid that has no psychoactive effect, has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus might be suggested as a cytoprotective compound against UV-induced metabolic changes in skin cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the level of protective CBD activity by evaluating the proteomic profile of 2D and 3D cultured skin fibroblasts models following exposure to UVA and UVB radiation. The CBD cytoprotective effect against UV-induced damage in 2D and 3D cultured fibroblasts were different. The main alterations focus on the range of cell reaction and involved different proteins associated with various molecular functions. In the 2D cultured cells, following UV radiation, the major changes were associated with proteins involved in antioxidant response and inflammation, while, in the 3D cultured fibroblasts, CBD action against UV induced changes were mainly associated with the activation of signalling pathways. Therefore, the knowledge of the CBD action in a multilayer skin cells model allowed for the prediction of changes in cell-cell interactions and skin cell metabolism. Knowledge about the lower protective effect of CBD in 3D cultured fibroblasts should be taken into account during the design of UV light protection.

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Haridas, Parvathi, Jacqui A. McGovern, Sean D. L. McElwain, and Matthew J. Simpson. "Quantitative comparison of the spreading and invasion of radial growth phase and metastatic melanoma cells in a three-dimensional human skin equivalent model." PeerJ 5 (September 5, 2017): e3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3754.

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Background Standard two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assays do not provide information about vertical invasion processes, which are critical for melanoma progression. We provide information about three-dimensional (3D) melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion in a 3D melanoma skin equivalent (MSE) model. In particular, we pay careful attention to compare the structure of the tissues in the MSE with similarly-prepared 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) models. The HSE model is identically prepared to the MSE model except that melanoma cells are omitted. Using the MSE model, we examine melanoma migration, proliferation and invasion from two different human melanoma cell lines. One cell line, WM35, is associated with the early phase of the disease where spreading is thought to be confined to the epidermis. The other cell line, SK-MEL-28, is associated with the later phase of the disease where spreading into the dermis is expected. Methods 3D MSE and HSE models are constructed using human de-epidermised dermis (DED) prepared from skin tissue. Primary fibroblasts and primary keratinocytes are used in the MSE and HSE models to ensure the formation of a stratified epidermis, with a well-defined basement membrane. Radial spreading of cells across the surface of the HSE and MSE models is observed. Vertical invasion of melanoma cells downward through the skin is observed and measured using immunohistochemistry. All measurements of invasion are made at day 0, 9, 15 and 20, providing detailed time course data. Results Both HSE and MSE models are similar to native skin in vivo, with a well-defined stratification of the epidermis that is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. In the HSE and MSE we find fibroblast cells confined to the dermis, and differentiated keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the MSE, melanoma cells form colonies in the epidermis during the early part of the experiment. In the later stage of the experiment, the melanoma cells in the MSE invade deeper into the tissues. Interestingly, both the WM35 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells lead to a breakdown of the basement membrane and eventually enter the dermis. However, these two cell lines invade at different rates, with the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells invading faster than the WM35 cells. Discussion The MSE and HSE models are a reliable platform for studying melanoma invasion in a 3D tissue that is similar to native human skin. Interestingly, we find that the WM35 cell line, that is thought to be associated with radial spreading only, is able to invade into the dermis. The vertical invasion of melanoma cells into the dermal region appears to be associated with a localised disruption of the basement membrane. Presenting our results in terms of time course data, along with images and quantitative measurements of the depth of invasion extends previous 3D work that has often been reported without these details.

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Pinheiro, Gleyse Karina Lopes de Oliveira, André Lima Batista, Ricardo Ney Cobucci, Amália Cinthia Meneses Rêgo, Irami Araújo-Filho, Fausto Pierdoná Guzen, and Francisco Irochima Pinheiro. "Magnetic device for closing skin wounds." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): e209119572. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9572.

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The attempt to repair skin wounds dates back many years. We have observed bone fragments for making needles, hair, fibers, and animal tissues as sutures and even applying sensors to accelerate the healing process throughout history. Despite all the developments, the need for a qualified professional and prior local anesthesia to perform the suture still represent obstacles. The present study aimed to create 3D printing pieces containing N42 neodymium magnets to be fixed to the skin with adhesive tape to promote skin wounds' closure without the need for anesthesia. A descriptive, experimental study was carried out, divided into the Patent search, Ideation and creation, 3D Modeling, 3D printing of structural parts, Assembly, and Testing on artificial skin. ABSplus® plastic parts were created through 3D printing that received N42 neodymium magnets and the application of a double-sided adhesive to attach to the skin. A perilesional arrangement was simulated with the pieces created using an artificial skin model (EasySuture® Standart) after making the incision. After applying the pieces containing N42 neodymium, there was a perfect coaptation of the lesion's edges without detecting interspersed spaces in the longitudinal axis of the incision. The research resulted in creating a prototype that needs improvements and industrial adaptations for viable use in surgical practice.

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Zhang, Yu, Manqi Zhang, Amin Yao, Yalin Xie, Jingxiong Lin, Farooqi Sharifullah, Yixin Hong, Hongbo Chen, Fang Cheng, and Wei Lai. "Circ_0011129 Encapsulated by the Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Stem Cells Ameliorate Skin Photoaging." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 15390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315390.

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Photoaging is not only the main cause of skin aging caused by exogenous factors, it is also related to a variety of skin diseases and even malignant tumors. Excessive and repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation, especially UVA induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, and collagen and elastin degeneration, ultimately leads to skin photoaging, manifested by skin redness, coarse wrinkles, and pigmentation even skin cancer. There has been a large demand of effective prevention and medications but approaches in the current management of photoaging are very limited. In the previous study, we found that a non-coding circular RNA circ_0011129 acts as a miR-6732-5p adsorption sponge to inhibit the reduction of type I collagen and the denaturation and accumulation of elastin in UVA-induced HDF cells photoaging model. However, in vivo instability and efficient delivery to the target cell of circRNA is a major challenge for its clinical application. Therefore, improving its stability and delivery efficiency are desired. In this study, we proposed a strategy of delivering circ_0011129 with small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) to intervene in the photoaging process. The results showed that sEVs from hADSCs in 3D bioreactor culture (3D-sEVs) can prevent photoaging. Consequently, by overexpressing circ_0011129 in hADSCs, we successfully loaded it into 3D-sEVs (3D-circ-sEVs) and its protective effect was better. Our studies provide a novel approach to preventing skin photoaging, which has important clinical significance and application value for the development of non-coding RNA drugs to treat skin photoaging. We first screened out hADSCs-derived sEVs with excellent anti-oxidant effects. We then compared the sEVs collected from traditional 2D culture with 3D bioreactor culture. By miRNA-seq and GEO data analysis, we found that miRNAs in 3D-sEVs were enriched in cell activities related to apoptosis, cellular senescence, and inflammation. Subsequently, we prepared circ_0011129-loaded 3D-sEVs (3D-circ-sEVs) by overexpressing it in hADSCs for the treatment of photoaging in vitro. We proved that 3D-circ-sEVs can interfere with the process of cell photoaging and protect cells from UVA radiation damage, as well as in a H2O2-induced oxidative stress model.

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Nagayama, Katsuya, Takahiro Uehara, Yasuko Amano, and Masanori Tanahashi. "3D Numerical Simulation of Epidermal Skin Turnover Process Using a Particle Model." Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 03, no. 03 (2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2015.33007.

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S.P, Maniraj, and P. Sardar Maran. "3D-WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED SKIN CANCER CLASSIFICATION OF VGG-16 NETWORK MODEL." Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering 12, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 1510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/indjcse/2021/v12i5/211205117.

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37

Ratovoson, Domoina, Vincent Huon, and Franck Jourdan. "A 3D finite element model for hyperthermia injury of blood-perfused skin." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 18, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2013.790963.

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38

Van Gele, Mireille, Barbara Geusens, Reinhart Speeckaert, Peter Dynoodt, Barbara Vanhoecke, Karolien Van Den Bossche, and Jo Lambert. "Development of a 3D pigmented skin model to evaluate RNAi-induced depigmentation." Experimental Dermatology 20, no. 9 (June 24, 2011): 773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01319.x.

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Hill, David S., Neil D. P. Robinson, Matthew P. Caley, Mei Chen, Edel A. O'Toole, Jane L. Armstrong, Stefan Przyborski, and Penny E. Lovat. "A Novel Fully Humanized 3D Skin Equivalent to Model Early Melanoma Invasion." Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 14, no. 11 (September 1, 2015): 2665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0394.

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40

Ozdogan, Candan Yilmaz, Halime Kenar, Kivanc Emre Davun, Deniz Yucel, Emek Doger, and Sahin Alagoz. "An in vitro 3D diabetic human skin model from diabetic primary cells." Biomedical Materials 16, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 015027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605x/abc1b1.

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41

Suarato, Giulia, Raffaele Spanò, Rosalia Bertorelli, Alberto Diaspro, Athanassia Athanassiou, and Salvatore Surdo. "3D-Printed, Pocket-Size Diffusion Cells for Skin Permeation Investigation." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 10, 2018): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2130945.

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Анотація:

Here we present a novel, compact 3D-printed diffusion cell as an in vitro tool for skin permeation investigation. As proof-of-concept, a diffusion cell for studying the permeation of a model molecule (FITC-dextran, 4 kDa) through explanted mice skin is fabricated and characterized. Good viability of the tissue up to 24 h incubation in the cell is demonstrated via MTT assays. The real-time diffusion of the molecule by means of fluorescence microscopy allowed the determination of its diffusivity through the skin (~2·10−10 m2/s). Our results open the door for the real-time, high-throughput and cost-effective investigation of skin in any labs.

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Lanovaz, Joel L., Siriporn Khumsap, and Hilary M. Clayton. "Quantification of three-dimensional skin displacement artefacts on the equine tibia and third metatarsus." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, no. 2 (May 2004): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecep200415.

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AbstractRoutine study of three-dimensional (3D) tarsal kinematics is hampered by errors due to the displacement of skin surface-tracking markers relative to the underlying bones. Reliable kinematics can be obtained with bone-fixed markers, but an accurate, non-invasive method would have more applications. Simultaneous kinematic data from skin-based and bone-fixed markers attached to the tibia and third metatarsus were collected from three trotting subjects. The motion of the skin-based markers was extracted relative to the underlying bone motion tracked using the bone-fixed markers. The 3D skin displacement patterns for the skin-based markers were parameterized using a truncated Fourier series model. These displacements were expressed in terms of the local coordinate system for each bone. Skin displacement artefacts were observed in all three axes of each bone segment, with the largest displacements occurring at the proximal tibia. The mean skin displacement amplitudes in the tibia were 6.7%, 3.2% and 10.5% of segment length, and for the third metatarsus were 2.6%, 1.4% and 3.8% of segment length, for the craniocaudal, mediolateral and longitudinal segment axes, respectively. Skin displacement patterns could be expressed concisely using the Fourier series model. Displacements were also consistent between subjects, which should allow them to be used as a basis for developing a correction procedure for 3D tarsal joint kinematics.

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Arab, Wafaa T., Hepi H. Susapto, Dana Alhattab, and Charlotte A. E. Hauser. "Peptide nanogels as a scaffold for fabricating dermal grafts and 3D vascularized skin models." Journal of Tissue Engineering 13 (January 2022): 204173142211118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314221111868.

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Millions of people worldwide suffer from skin injuries, which create significant problems in their lives and are costly to cure. Tissue engineering is a promising approach that aims to fabricate functional organs using biocompatible scaffolds. We designed ultrashort tetrameric peptides with promising properties required for skin tissue engineering. Our work aimed to test the efficacy of these scaffolds for the fabrication of dermal grafts and 3D vascularized skin tissue models. We found that the direct contact of keratinocytes and fibroblasts enhanced the proliferation of the keratinocytes. Moreover, the expression levels of TGF-β1, b-FGF, IL-6, and IL-1α is correlated with the growth of the fibroblasts and keratinocytes in the co-culture. Furthermore, we successfully produced a 3D vascularized skin co-culture model using these peptide scaffolds. We believe that the described results represent an advancement in the fabrication of skin tissue equivalent, thereby providing the opportunity to rebuild missing, failing, or damaged parts. Graphical abstract [Formula: see text]

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Zhang, Chengming, Hong Zhang, Jing Ge, Tingyan Mi, Xiao Cui, Fengjuan Tu, Xuelan Gu, Tao Zeng, and Luonan Chen. "Landscape dynamic network biomarker analysis reveals the tipping point of transcriptome reprogramming to prevent skin photodamage." Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 13, no. 11 (October 5, 2021): 822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjab060.

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Abstract Skin, as the outmost layer of human body, is frequently exposed to environmental stressors including pollutants and ultraviolet (UV), which could lead to skin disorders. Generally, skin response process to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation is a nonlinear dynamic process, with unknown underlying molecular mechanism of critical transition. Here, the landscape dynamic network biomarker (l-DNB) analysis of time series transcriptome data on 3D skin model was conducted to reveal the complicated process of skin response to UV irradiation at both molecular and network levels. The advanced l-DNB analysis approach showed that: (i) there was a tipping point before critical transition state during pigmentation process, validated by 3D skin model; (ii) 13 core DNB genes were identified to detect the tipping point as a network biomarker, supported by computational assessment; (iii) core DNB genes such as COL7A1 and CTNNB1 can effectively predict skin lightening, validated by independent human skin data. Overall, this study provides new insights for skin response to repetitive UVB irradiation, including dynamic pathway pattern, biphasic response, and DNBs for skin lightening change, and enables us to further understand the skin resilience process after external stress.

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Li, Xiao, Bo Kuai, Xikai Tu, Jiahao Tan, and Xuan Zhou. "Three-dimensional analysis model of electric heating fabrics considering the skin metabolism." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211047980.

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In low temperature environment, electric heating clothing can provide extra heat for human body through built-in heat source, so it has better thermal insulation effect. The thermal analysis is the initial step for electric heating clothing design. The current thermal analysis of electric heating textiles focuses on the fabric itself instead of the effect of skin tissue metabolism and heat production. In order to improve the accuracy of skin surface temperature prediction, the biological heat transfer need be modeled to analyze the internal temperature distribution of the heating suit system. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) thermal analysis model of electric heating clothing combined with human skin tissue is established. Firstly, the coupling analysis of Fourier heat conduction and Pennes biological heat transfer equation is carried out. Then the reliability of the 3D thermal analysis model is verified by finite element analysis (FEA). The results show that the fitting error between the three-dimensional model analysis data and FEA simulation data is 5°C, which proves that the model can accurately predict the system temperature. Finally, we make further research about the effects of ambient temperature, clothing layer thickness, and input power on the maximum skin surface temperature. This study provides theoretical foundation for the design of wearable thermal management fabric.

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Lemoine, Lisa, Ralf Dieckmann, Sascha Al Dahouk, Szilvia Vincze, Andreas Luch, and Tewes Tralau. "Microbially competent 3D skin: a test system that reveals insight into host–microbe interactions and their potential toxicological impact." Archives of Toxicology 94, no. 10 (July 17, 2020): 3487–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02841-z.

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Abstract The skin`s microbiome is predominantly commensalic, harbouring a metabolic potential far exceeding that of its host. While there is clear evidence that bacteria-dependent metabolism of pollutants modulates the toxicity for the host there is still a lack of models for investigating causality of microbiome-associated pathophysiology or toxicity. We now report on a biologically characterised microbial–skin tissue co-culture that allows studying microbe–host interactions for extended periods of time in situ. The system is based on a commercially available 3D skin model. In a proof-of-concept, this model was colonised with single and mixed cultures of two selected skin commensals. Two different methods were used to quantify the bacteria on the surface of the skin models. While Micrococcus luteus established a stable microbial–skin tissue co-culture, Pseudomonas oleovorans maintained slow continuous growth over the 8-day cultivation period. A detailed skin transcriptome analysis showed bacterial colonisation leading to up to 3318 significant changes. Additionally, FACS, ELISA and Western blot analyses were carried out to analyse secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Changes found in colonised skin varied depending on the bacterial species used and comprised immunomodulatory functions, such as secretion of IL-1α/β, Il-6, antimicrobial peptides and increased gene transcription of IL-10 and TLR2. The colonisation also influenced the secretion of growth factors such as VFGFA and FGF2. Notably, many of these changes have already previously been associated with the presence of skin commensals. Concomitantly, the model gained first insights on the microbiome’s influence on skin xenobiotic metabolism (i.e., CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2D6) and olfactory receptor expression. The system provides urgently needed experimental access for assessing the toxicological impact of microbiome-associated xenobiotic metabolism in situ.

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Fauzi, Mh Busra, Zahra Rashidbenam, Aminuddin Bin Saim, and Ruszymah Binti Hj Idrus. "Preliminary Study of In Vitro Three-Dimensional Skin Model Using an Ovine Collagen Type I Sponge Seeded with Co-Culture Skin Cells: Submerged versus Air-Liquid Interface Conditions." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122784.

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Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro skin models have been widely used for cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications aiming to reduce animal use in experiment. This study investigate capability of ovine tendon collagen type I (OTC-I) sponge suitable platform for a 3D in vitro skin model using co-cultured skin cells (CC) containing human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) under submerged (SM) and air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions. Briefly, the extracted OTC-I was freeze-dried and crosslinked with genipin (OTC-I_GNP) and carbodiimide (OTC-I_EDC). The gross appearance, physico-chemical characteristics, biocompatibility and growth profile of seeded skin cells were assessed. The light brown and white appearance for the OTC-I_GNP scaffold and other groups were observed, respectively. The OTC-I_GNP scaffold demonstrated the highest swelling ratio (~1885%) and water uptake (94.96 ± 0.14%). The Fourier transformation infrared demonstrated amide A, B and I, II and III which represent collagen type I. The microstructure of all fabricated sponges presented a similar surface roughness with the presence of visible collagen fibers and a heterogenous porous structure. The OTC-I_EDC scaffold was more toxic and showed the lowest cell attachment and proliferation as compared to other groups. The micrographic evaluation revealed that CC potentially formed the epidermal- and dermal-like layers in both SM and ALI that prominently observed with OTC-I_GNP compared to others. In conclusion, these results suggest that OTC_GNP could be used as a 3D in vitro skin model under ALI microenvironment.

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48

Bauer, Magdalena, Magdalena Metzger, Marvin Corea, Barbara Schädl, Johannes Grillari, and Peter Dungel. "Novel 3D-Printed Cell Culture Inserts for Air–Liquid Interface Cell Culture." Life 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12081216.

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In skin research, widely used in vitro 2D monolayer models do not sufficiently mimic physiological properties. To replace, reduce, and refine animal experimentation in the spirit of ‘3Rs’, new approaches such as 3D skin equivalents (SE) are needed to close the in vitro/in vivo gap. Cell culture inserts to culture SE are commercially available, however, these inserts are expensive and of limited versatility regarding experimental settings. This study aimed to design novel cell culture inserts fabricated on commercially available 3D printers for the generation of full-thickness SE. A computer-aided design model was realized by extrusion-based 3D printing of polylactic acid filaments (PLA). Improvements in the design of the inserts for easier and more efficient handling were confirmed in cell culture experiments. Cytotoxic effects of the final product were excluded by testing the inserts in accordance with ISO-norm procedures. The final versions of the inserts were tested to generate skin-like 3D scaffolds cultured at an air–liquid interface. Stratification of the epidermal component was demonstrated by histological analyses. In conclusion, here we demonstrate a fast and cost-effective method for 3D-printed inserts suitable for the generation of 3D cell cultures. The system can be set-up with common 3D printers and allows high flexibility for generating customer-tailored cell culture plastics.

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49

Szczypiński, Piotr M., and Katarzyna Sprawka. "Orthorectification of Skin Nevi Images by Means of 3D Model of the Human Body." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248367.

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Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, and develops from mutation of pigment-producing cells. As it becomes malignant, it usually grows in size, changes proportions, and develops an irregular border. We introduce a system for early detection of such changes, which enables whole-body screening, especially useful in patients with atypical mole syndrome. The paper proposes a procedure to build a 3D model of the patient, relate the high-resolution skin images with the model, and orthorectify these images to enable detection of size and shape changes in nevi. The novelty is in the application of image encoding indices and barycentric coordinates of the mesh triangles. The proposed procedure was validated with a set of markers of a specified geometry. The markers were attached to the body of a volunteer and analyzed by the system. The results of quantitative comparison of original and corrected images confirm that the orthorectification allows for more accurate estimation of size and proportions of skin nevi.

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Orun, Ahmet B., Eric Goodyer, and Geoff Smith. "3D non-invasive inspection of the skin lesions by close-range and low-cost photogrammetric techniques." Image Analysis & Stereology 37, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.1730.

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In dermatology, one of the most common causes of skin abnormality is an unusual change in skin lesion structure which may exhibit very subtle physical deformation of its 3D shape. However the geometrical sensitivity of current cost-effective inspection and measurement methods may not be sufficient to detect such small progressive changes in skin lesion structure at micro-scale. Our proposed method could provide a low-cost, non-invasive solution by a compact system solution to overcome these shortcomings by using close-range photogrammetric imaging techniques to build a 3D surface model for a continuous observation of subtle changes in skin lesions and other features.

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