Статті в журналах: "3D printing, photopolymer, DLP"

1

Kim, Seul Gi, Ji Eun Song, and Hye Rim Kim. "Development of fabrics by digital light processing three-dimensional printing technology and using a polyurethane acrylate photopolymer." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 7-8 (October 22, 2019): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519881821.

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This study aimed to produce fabrics by the digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology and using a polyurethane acrylate photopolymer as the printing material. The effect of the acrylate oligomer concentration on printing was evaluated. The DLP 3D printing conditions, such as the curing time and layer thickness, were controlled considering the physical properties, such as the tensile strength, elongation, and crease recovery of the 3D printed material. The optimal printing conditions were as follows: concentration of acrylate oligomer in the photopolymer: 10% (v/v); curing time per layer: 14 s; and layer thickness: 100 µm. These results are expected to guide further studies on the development of fabrics using DLP 3D printing technology.

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Mau, Robert, Thomas Reske, Thomas Eickner, Niels Grabow, and Hermann Seitz. "DLP 3D printing of Dexamethasoneincorporated PEGDA-based photopolymers: compressive properties and drug release." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2020-3105.

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AbstractPhotopolymerizing, high-resolution 3D printing methods such as Stereolithography (SLA) or Digital Light Processing (DLP) are very promising for the manufacturing of drug-incorporated, patient specific implants. However, a drug-load may be limited by adequately solubility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the photopolymer. Furthermore, a drug-load may affect the mechanical properties of the material negatively. Here, we investigate the DLP 3D printing of drugincorporated photopolymers. Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 700 g/mol) is used as matrix polymer and Dexamethasone (DEX) is used for drug-loading (10 g/L and 20 g/L). Compressive properties, drug release and drug stability of 3D printed test samples were analyzed. DEX was found to be sparingly soluble in the PEGDA-based photopolymer. Not all drug particles can be dissolved at a concentration of 20 g/L and a slurry-like suspension is formed. Drug-incorporated photopolymers of 10 g/L (solution) and 20 g/L (suspension) were processed successfully via DLP. The higher the drug-load, the lower the compressive strength. Mechanical properties can be improved via a post-curing in a UV light curing box. Drug-incorporated 3D printed test samples show burst-release of DEX. The post-curing process does not affect drug release. DEX degrades in 3D-printed test samples significantly (~ 30 %) over a several days time period.

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Ertugrul, Ishak. "The Fabrication of Micro Beam from Photopolymer by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing Technology." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050518.

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3D printing has lately received considerable critical attention for the fast fabrication of 3D structures to be utilized in various industrial applications. This study aimed to fabricate a micro beam with digital light processing (DLP) based 3D printing technology. Compound technology and essential coefficients of the 3D printing operation were applied. To observe the success of the DLP method, it was compared with another fabrication method, called projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL). Evaluation experiments showed that the 3D printer could print materials with smaller than 86.7 µm dimension properties. The micro beam that moves in one direction (y-axis) was designed using the determined criteria. Though the same design was used for the DLP and PμSL methods, the supporting structures were not manufactured with PμSL. The micro beam was fabricated by removing the supports from the original design in PμSL. Though 3 μm diameter supports could be produced with the DLP, it was not possible to fabricate them with PμSL. Besides, DLP was found to be better than PμSL for the fabrication of complex, non-symmetric support structures. The presented results in this study demonstrate the efficiency of 3D printing technology and the simplicity of manufacturing a micro beam using the DLP method with speed and high sensitivity.

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4

Tzeng, Jy-Jiunn, Tzu-Sen Yang, Wei-Fang Lee, Hsuan Chen, and Hung-Ming Chang. "Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility of Urethane Acrylate-Based 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin." Polymers 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050822.

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In this study, five urethane acrylates (UAs), namely aliphatic urethane hexa-acrylate (87A), aromatic urethane hexa-acrylate (88A), aliphatic UA (588), aliphatic urethane triacrylate diluted in 15% HDD (594), and high-functional aliphatic UA (5812), were selected to formulate five UA-based photopolymer resins for digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing. Each UA (40 wt%) was added and blended homogenously with ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (40 wt%), isobornyl acrylate (12 wt%), diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (3 wt%), and a pink acrylic (5 wt%). Each UA-based resin specimen was designed using CAD software and fabricated using a DLP 3D printer to specific dimensions. Characteristics, mechanical properties, and cytotoxicity levels of these designed UA-based resins were investigated and compared with a commercial 3D printing denture base acrylic resin (BB base) control group at different UV exposure times. Shore hardness-measurement data and MTT assays were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s post hoc test, whereas viscosity, maximum strength, and modulus were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (α = 0.05). UA-based photopolymer resins with tunable mechanical properties were successfully prepared by replacing the UA materials and the UV exposure times. After 15 min of UV exposure, the 5812 and 594 groups exhibited higher viscosities, whereas the 88A and 87A groups exhibited lower viscosities compared with the BB base group. Maximum flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Shore hardness values also revealed significant differences among materials (p < 0.001). Based on MTT assay results, the UA-based photopolymer resins were nontoxic. In the present study, mechanical properties of the designed photopolymer resins could be adjusted by changing the UA or UV exposure time, suggesting that aliphatic urethane acrylate has good potential for use in the design of printable resins for DLP-type 3D printing in dental applications.

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Bae, Sang-U., and Birm-June Kim. "Effects of Cellulose Nanocrystal and Inorganic Nanofillers on the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D-Printed Photopolymer Composites." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 6835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156835.

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Photopolymer composites filled with cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and/or inorganic nanofillers were fabricated by using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. To investigate the effects of different CNC lyophilization concentrations and behaviors of CNC particles in the photopolymer composites, morphological and mechanical properties were analyzed. CNC loading levels affected the morphological and mechanical properties of the filled composites. Better CNC dispersion was seen at a lower lyophilization concentration, and the highest mechanical strength was observed in the 0.25 wt% CNC-filled composite. Furthermore, nano-precipitated calcium carbonate (nano-PCC) and nanoclay were added to photocurable resins, and then the effect of inorganic nanofillers on the morphological and mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated. By analyzing the morphological properties, the stress transfer mechanism of nano-PCC and nanoclay in the photopolymer composites was identified and related models were presented. These supported the improved mechanical strength of the composites filled with CNC, nano-PCC, and nanoclay. This study suggested a new approach using wood-derived cellulose nanomaterials and inorganic nanofillers as effective fillers for DLP 3D printing.

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Wang, Chong, Chen Wang, and Zhiquan Li. "Thiol-ene-acrylate Ternary Photosensitive Resins for DLP 3D Printing." Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 33, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.33.285.

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7

Mamayeva, Aksaule A., Akerke T. Imbarova, and Marzhan T. Chukmanova. "Investigation of Temperature Deformations and Burning of Models from Polymers." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.40.

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The usage of 3D printing technology SLA and DLP is promising for obtaining casting models. The article presents the results of a study of temperature deformations, developing during the burning of models from polymers “Fun to Do Castable Blend”, “Oh-All! Red” and “Orange Fluor”. In the performance of the experiments, photopolymer models were exposed to an impact of isothermal at temperatures from 50 to 330 °C, and their linear dimensions measured; changes developing on their surface were noted. It is shown that, with an increase of the isothermal holding temperature, the models expand first and narrow later. It has been linked to temperature expansion and subsequent decomposition of the photopolymer. It is shown that the casting molds ,obtained with the usied thin-walled hollow casting models from these photopolymers, are destroyed at the stage of their burning.

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Verisqa, Fiona, Jae-Ryung Cha, Linh Nguyen, Hae-Won Kim, and Jonathan C. Knowles. "Digital Light Processing 3D Printing of Gyroid Scaffold with Isosorbide-Based Photopolymer for Bone Tissue Engineering." Biomolecules 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12111692.

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As one of the most transplanted tissues of the human body, bone has varying architectures, depending on its anatomical location. Therefore, bone defects ideally require bone substitutes with a similar structure and adequate strength comparable to native bones. Light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing methods allow the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds with high resolution and mechanical properties that exceed the result of commonly used extrusion-based printing. Digital light processing (DLP) is known for its faster and more accurate printing than other 3D printing approaches. However, the development of biocompatible resins for light-based 3D printing is not as rapid as that of bio-inks for extrusion-based printing. In this study, we developed CSMA-2, a photopolymer based on Isosorbide, a renewable sugar derivative monomer. The CSMA-2 showed suitable rheological properties for DLP printing. Gyroid scaffolds with high resolution were successfully printed. The 3D-printed scaffolds also had a compressive modulus within the range of a human cancellous bone modulus. Human adipose-derived stem cells remained viable for up to 21 days of incubation on the scaffolds. A calcium deposition from the cells was also found on the scaffolds. The stem cells expressed osteogenic markers such as RUNX2, OCN, and OPN. These results indicated that the scaffolds supported the osteogenic differentiation of the progenitor cells. In summary, CSMA-2 is a promising material for 3D printing techniques with high resolution that allow the fabrication of complex biomimetic scaffolds for bone regeneration.

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9

Mitkus, Rytis, Marlitt Scharnofske, and Michael Sinapius. "Characterization 0.1 wt.% Nanomaterial/Photopolymer Composites with Poor Nanomaterial Dispersion: Viscosity, Cure Depth and Dielectric Properties." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 3948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223948.

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Notably, 3D printing techniques such as digital light processing (DLP) have the potential for the cost-effective and flexible production of polymer-based piezoelectric composites. To improve their properties, conductive nanomaterials can be added to the photopolymer to increase their dielectric properties. In this study, the microstructure, viscosity, cure depth, and dielectric properties of ultraviolet (UV) light curable 0.1 wt.% nanomaterial/photopolymer composites are investigated. The composites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and carbon black (CB) are pre-dispersed in different solvents (acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and ethanol) before adding photopolymer and continuing dispersion. For all prepared suspensions, a reduction in viscosity is observed, which is favorable for 3D printing. In contrast, the addition of 0.1 wt.% nanomaterials, even with poor dispersion, leads to curing depth reduction up to 90% compared to pristine photopolymer, where the nanomaterial dispersion is identified as a contributing factor. The formulation of MWCNTs dispersed in ethanol is found to be the most promising for increasing the dielectric properties. The post-curing of all composites leads to charge immobility, resulting in decreased relative permittivity.

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Han, Hoseong, and Sunghun Cho. "Fabrication of Conducting Polyacrylate Resin Solution with Polyaniline Nanofiber and Graphene for Conductive 3D Printing Application." Polymers 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10091003.

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Three-dimensional printing based on the digital light processing (DLP) method offers solution processability, fast printing time, and high-quality printing through selective light curing of photopolymers. This research relates to a method of dispersing polyaniline nanofibers (PANI NFs) and graphene sheets in a polyacrylate resin solution for optimizing the conductive solution suitable for DLP-type 3D printing. Dispersion and morphology of the samples with different filler contents were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and optical microscope (OM) analyses. The polyacrylate composite solution employing the PANI NFs and graphene was printed well with various shapes and sizes through the 3D printing of DLP technology. In addition, the electrical properties of the printed sculptures have been investigated using a 4-point probe measurement system. The printed sculpture containing the PANI NFs and graphene sheets exhibited electrical conductivity (4.00 × 10−9 S/cm) up to 107 times higher than the pure polyacrylate (1.1 × 10−16 S/cm). This work suggests potential application of the PANI NF/graphene cofiller system for DLP-type 3D printing.

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Yadav, Pradeep Kumar, and Jitendra Bhaskar. "Surface Performance Analysis of in House Developed Digital Light Processing based 3D Printer." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 8, no. 4 (2020): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.842022.

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Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that is utilized to produce parts by means of the photopolymerization process in which resin is cured by UV light. Vat photo-polymerization is a type of AM. it's a liquid bath of a polymeric resin which is cured layer by layer through precise control with the assistance of stepper motor UV light. Printing time, layer thickness, and lumens of the light play a crucial role within the printing. A series of specimens was designed, printed, and tested. Total printing time, layer thickness, and layer exposure time were examined. We utilized a 365 nm frequency of photopolymer vat. This paper studied printing parameters like surface roughness, printing speed and role of layer size, etc. It has found that if the printing speed 250 mm/min then the surface quality will be better otherwise surface roughness will increase if it will be greater than 250 mm/min.

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12

Xu, Xiaoyan, Sahar Awwad, Luis Diaz-Gomez, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo, Steve Brocchini, Simon Gaisford, Alvaro Goyanes, and Abdul W. Basit. "3D Printed Punctal Plugs for Controlled Ocular Drug Delivery." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091421.

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Dry eye disease is a common ocular disorder that is characterised by tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation. Current treatment involves the use of eye drops; however, therapeutic efficacy is limited because of poor ocular bioavailability of topically applied formulations. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing was employed to develop dexamethasone-loaded punctal plugs. Punctal plugs with different drug loadings were fabricated using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) to create a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN). Drug-loaded punctal plugs were characterised in terms of physical characteristics (XRD and DSC), potential drug-photopolymer interactions (FTIR), drug release profile, and cytocompatibility. In vitro release kinetics of the punctal plugs were evaluated using an in-house flow rig model that mimics the subconjunctival space. The results showed sustained release of dexamethasone for up to 7 days from punctal plugs made with 20% w/w PEG 400 and 80% w/w PEGDA, while punctal plugs made with 100% PEGDA exhibited prolonged releases for more than 21 days. Herein, our study demonstrates that DLP 3D printing represents a potential manufacturing platform for fabricating personalised drug-loaded punctal plugs with extended release characteristics for ocular administration.

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13

Mau, Robert, Gábor Jüttner, Ziwen Gao, Farnaz Matin, Dorian Alcacer Labrador, Felix Repp, Samuel John, Verena Scheper, Thomas Lenarz, and Hermann Seitz. "Micro injection molding of individualised implants using 3D printed molds manufactured via digital light processing." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2021-2101.

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Abstract Here, we demonstrate a manufacturing process for individualised, small-sized implant prototypes. Our process is promising for the manufacturing of drug-releasing (micro)implants to be implanted in the round window niche (RWN-I, solid body, free-form-shaped design, 1.1 x 2.7 x 3.1 mm) and for frontal neo-ostium implants (FO-I, tube-like design, length ~ 7 mm, Ø ~ 2-6 mm) for frontal sinus drainage. Implant prototypes are manufactured using micro injection molding (μIM). We use digital light processing (DLP) as a 3D printing technique for rapid tooling of accurate molds for the μIM process. A common acrylate-based photopolymer for stiff and high-detailed modelling but with low head deflection temperature of HDT = 60.5 °C is used for DLP 3D printing of the molds. The molds were 3D printed with a layer height of 50 μm in about 20 min (RWN-I) and 60 min (FO-I). For μIM investigations, we use liquid silicone rubber (LSR) as a biocompatible and medically relevant material. Micro injection molding of LSR was investigated using mold temperatures between Tmold = 110 °C (long tcuring ~ 2 h) up to Tmold = 160 °C (short tcuring ~ 5 min). As a result, small-sized, complex-shaped implant prototypes of LSR can be successfully manufactured via μIM using high Tmold = 160 °C and short curing time. DLP 3D printing material with relative low HDT = 60.5 °C was suitable for μIM. There is no significant wear of the molds, when used for a low number of μIM cycles (n ~ 8). Design of metal mold housing has to be suitable (perfect fit of mold, no cavities facing the molds surface for prevention of thermal expansion of mold into cavities).

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Ларионов, Максим, Maksim Larionov, Михаил Куликов, Mikhail Kulikov, Денис Гусев, and Denis Gusev. "ANALYSIS OF REGULARITIES IN ACCURACY PARAMETERS FORMATION AT PROTOTYPING." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20252.

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The purpose of the work was the study of regularities in the cylindrical surface formation at prototyping. To achieve the task there were developed sketches of two parts of “cylinder” type. According to the sketches in the CAD medium there were formed two 3D computer parts. The next step to achieve the task was the conversion of the designed and created para-metric 3D part in STL format. The printing was carried out in two product lines: the cylinders of the first prod-uct line were printed at the maximum rate of the formation (Vform=12.7mm/h) and at the maximum layer thickness (Slayer=100 mkm), and cylinders of the second product line – at Vprint=5 mm/h; Slayer=50 mkm. The parts were printed according to the method of rapid protopyping (RP) – photopolymer light curing (Direct Light Projection –DLP) on Envision Ultra 3SP plant. Material – high-temperature photopolymer resin HTM 140. Heatresistance of this material makes 140°C. As a result of the research there was revealed a vivid saddle-shaped form in printed cylinders. The reason of a hidden defect lies in a high rate of printing and also in a layer thickness. It should be excluded that the reason of an error can be electronic mistakes during a 3D conversion of an object from CAD medium into STL format.

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Mau, Robert, Jamal Nazir, Samuel John, and Hermann Seitz. "Preliminary Study on 3D printing of PEGDA Hydrogels for Frontal Sinus Implants using Digital Light Processing (DLP)." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2019-0063.

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AbstractDigital Light Processing (DLP) enables high precision 3D-printing of photopolymers and holds promising potential for patient-specific implant solutions. On the material side, Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) has emerged as an interesting material for use in biomedical applications. For adequate photopolymerization, a photoinitiator and a light absorber are necessary, using welldefined concentrations. This study shows preliminary results of DLP 3D-printing of different PEGDA hydrogel compositions with varying water content (90; 70; 50; 30; 10; 0 % w/w) as well as varying concentrations of a photoinitiator and a light absorber. Printing performance and accuracy are investigated by printing rectangular test samples as well as an anatomically customised tubular frontal sinus implant prototype. For basic mechanical characterisation, the hardness of the printed hydrogels is investigated using a Shore A durometer. The results show a decrease in printing accuracy and hardness with an increasing water content of the composition. There is a need to use a light absorber to reach high printing accuracy. This leads to a need for increasing photoinitiator concentration and prolonged light exposure to achieve proper printing performance.

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Dikova, T. D., D. A. Dzhendov, D. Ivanov, and K. Bliznakova. "Dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of polymeric dental bridges produced by different 3D printing processes." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2, no. 94 (December 3, 2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8660.

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Purpose: To compare the dimensions accuracy and surface roughness of polymeric dental bridges produced by different 3D printers. Design/methodology/approach: Four-part dental bridges were manufactured by three printing systems working on the basis of digital light projection (DLP) stereolithography (SLA), laser-assisted SLA and fused deposition modeling (FDM). The materials used from SLA printers are liquid methacrylate photopolymer resins, while FDM printer use thin wire plastic polylactic acid. The accuracy of the external dimensions of dental bridges was evaluated and the surface roughness was measured. Findings: It was found that compared to the base model, the dimensions of the SLA printed bridges are bigger with 1.25%-6.21%, while the corresponding dimensions of the samples, made by FDM are smaller by 1.07%-4.71%, regardless the position of the object towards the substrate. The samples, produced by FDM, are characterized with the highest roughness. The average roughness deviation (Ra) values for DLP SLA and lase-assisted SLA are 2.40 μm and 2.97 μm, respectively. Research limitations/implications: For production of high quality polymeric dental constructions next research should be targeted to investigation of the polymerization degree, stresses and deformations. Practical implications: Our study shows that 3D printers, based on laser-assisted and DLP SLA, can be successfully used for manufacturing of polymeric dental bridges – temporary restorations or cast patterns, while FDM system is more suitable for training models. The results will help the dentists to make right choice of the most suitable 3D printer. Originality/value: One of the largest fixed partial dentures – four-part bridges, produced by three different commercial 3D printing systems, were investigated by comparative analysis. The paper will attract readers’ interest in the field of biomedical materials and application of new technologies in dentistry.

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Choi, Jae-Won, Jong-Ju Ahn, Keunbada Son, and Jung-Bo Huh. "Three-Dimensional Evaluation on Accuracy of Conventional and Milled Gypsum Models and 3D Printed Photopolymer Models." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 3499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213499.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of dental models fabricated by conventional, milling, and three-dimensional (3D) printing methods. A reference model with inlay, single crown, and three-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDP) preparations was prepared. Conventional gypsum models (CON) were manufactured from the conventional method. Digital impressions were obtained by intraoral scanner, which were converted into physical models such as milled gypsum models (MIL), stereolithography (SLA), and digital light processing (DLP) 3D printed photopolymer models (S3P and D3P). Models were extracted as standard triangulated language (STL) data by reference scanner. All STL data were superimposed by 3D analysis software and quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed using root mean square (RMS) values and color difference map. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni’s correction. For full arch, the RMS value of trueness and precision in CON was significantly smaller than in the other groups (p < 0.05/6 = 0.008), and there was no significant difference between S3P and D3P (p > 0.05/6 = 0.008). On the other hand, the RMS value of trueness in CON was significantly smaller than in the other groups for all prepared teeth (p < 0.05/6 = 0.008), and there was no significant difference between MIL and S3P (p > 0.05/6 = 0.008). In conclusion, conventional gypsum models showed better accuracy than digitally milled and 3D printed models.

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Mohan, Denesh, Mohd Shaiful Sajab, Saiful Bahari Bakarudin, Rasidi Bin Roslan, and Hatika Kaco. "3D Printed Polyurethane Reinforced Graphene Nanoplatelets." Materials Science Forum 1025 (March 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.47.

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3D printing allows industries to scale the development from rapid prototyping to mass production in an easier manner. However, a typical photopolymers resin for stereolithography 3D printing possesses lower mechanical properties which incapable to meet certain industrial requirements for high impact applications. Hence, 0.1 to 2.0 wt.% of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) were incorporated into photo-curable polyurethane (PU) based resin through digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing to evaluate its reinforcement effect. FTIR spectrum proves that significant characteristics of PU were still dominant upon the addition of GnP, indicating there was no chemical interaction between PU and GnP. The interfacial adhesion and the homogeneity of GnP in PU matrix were investigated through morphological analysis and the strength and stiffness of the 3D-printed composites. Results shows, tensile strength and Young’s Modulus of the PU/1%GnP composite had an increment of 21% and 24%, respectively when compared to neat PU resin. However, further increment of GnP reduced the mechanical properties because of interruption in UV curing during printing, hence leading to interfacial voids and defects on the printed specimens.

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Minetola, Paolo, Vinicius de Freitas Pacheco, Marcelo Massarani, Flaviana Calignano, and Giovanni Marchiandi. "Proposal of an Innovative Benchmark for the Evaluation of 3D Printing Accuracy for Photopolymers." Materials Science Forum 1048 (January 4, 2022): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1048.279.

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In recent years, the diffusion of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing (3DP) techniques for polymers have been boosted by the expiration of earlier patents from the last century and the development of low-cost machines. Since these technologies become more widespread, there is a need to assess the capability and accuracy of low-cost machines in terms of dimensional and geometric tolerance. To this aim, this work proposes an innovative reference part for benchmarking layerwise processes that involve the curing of photopolymers. The geometry of the part is conceived to include several classical shapes that are easily measurable for defining the part accuracy in terms of ISO IT grades and GD&T values. Two replicas of the reference part were fabricated by stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) using two machines and related proprietary materials by Sharebot Company. The replicas were printed with a layer thickness of 50 μm for the DLP process and 100 μm for the SLA one. The results of dimensional measurements of the replicas, that were carried out using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), show that the geometric accuracy of the time-consuming DLP process is slightly better than that of stereolithography.

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Mau, Robert, Jamal Nazir, Ziwen Gao, Dorian Alcacer Labrador, Felix Repp, Samuel John, Thomas Lenarz, Verena Scheper, Hermann Seitz, and Farnaz Matin-Mann. "Digital Light Processing of Round Window Niche Implant Prototypes for Implantation Studies." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 8, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2022-1041.

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Abstract A new approach that offers the potential for local drug delivery to the inner ear is a 3D printed, patient individualized, drug-loaded implant that precisely fits into the round window niche (RWN). Anatomically correct digital light processing (DLP) 3D printed implant prototypes are beneficial for preoperative planning and rehearsal of implantation techniques due to tactile feedback. The aim is to define desired mechanical material properties for future RWN implants. For this purpose, RWN implant prototypes (RWN-IPs) were DLP 3D printed using commercially available E-Shell 500 and E-Shell 600 materials (Envisiontec GmbH, Gladbeck, Germany) and a selfestablished PEGDA700 composition. These photopolymers are suitable for 3D printing RWN-IPs that feature different mechanical characteristics. The (1) mechanical properties (tensile test) were investigated, (2) the implantation feasibility and (3) fitting accuracy in human cadaver RWN were evaluated. As a result, E-Shell 500 has relatively high stretchability (ɛm ~ 60%) while E-Shell 600 and PEGDA700 are brittle and PEGDA700 has low strength. The E-Shell 500 material performs by far the best at handling and insertion. EShell 600 has adequate strength but is hard to handle because of rigid material behavior. PEGDA700 enables high 3D printing accuracy but lacks adequate mechanical behavior for adequate insertion of implant prototypes in RWN.

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Joseph, Jesly, Jyoti Kondhalkar, Pankaj Jagdale, Janardhan Rao Gadde, Ranjit Hawaldar, Ranjit Kashid, Vijaya Giramkar, and Shany Joseph. "Influence of Photo-initiator concentration on photoactivation of composites prepared with LTCC and silver powders for DLP based 3D printing and their characterization." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012095.

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Abstract DLP (Digital Light Processing) based 3D (three dimensional) printing had been a widely used additive manufacturing technique with its broad aspects in rapid prototyping, packaging, biomedical applications, PCB etc due to its high resolution and reliability. Since, drive for miniaturization in electronic industry had been increasing; the need of additive manufacturing becomes better and reliable solution for fabrication of electronic device. In this study, we attempt to adopt LTCC (Low Temperature co-fired ceramic) technology with DLP based additive manufacturing machine to reduce lead time, running cost and investment cost while increasing production volume to levels suited for SMEs. This work reports our 3D Printing trials with composites using LTCC/dielectric and silver powder. Initial trials using the commercially available resins showed residue after firing the package which indicates its unsuitability for electronic packaging applications. Hence, the new resin was formulated by varying the Photo-initiator 2,4,6 -trimethyl benzoyl diphenyl phosphine oxide (TPO) Concentration. Photoresist was prepared by mixing the Photo-initiator (1 to 3wt %), Surfactant (2.5wt %) and diacrylate based monomer (96.5 -94.5wt%) in planetary mixer and the composition was optimised. Curing parameters for the unloaded resin such as exposure time, Intensity etc were varied accordingly and optimised. The photoresist and the printed samples were analysed for their viscosity, optical inspection, NMR, FTIR. Printing trials were done by preparing composites with Dielectric (LTCC) and conducting material (Silver) using above prepared photopolymer in 50:50 ratio. Effect of variation in the exposure time and intensity on the loading of functional material for curing has also been studied. Printed patterns were then sintered at about 875°C with standard LTCC firing cycle. No residue was observed after the sintering cycle. Trials using composites with different material were also tried. Characterisation of these composites and printed packages are reported. For 50% loading of functional material shrinkage of about 29% was observed. Effect of solid loading on shrinkage of sintered sample were also studied and reported.

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Shaukat, Usman, Bernhard Sölle, Elisabeth Rossegger, Sravendra Rana, and Sandra Schlögl. "Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245377.

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As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.

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Budzik, Grzegorz, Joanna Woźniak, Andrzej Paszkiewicz, Łukasz Przeszłowski, Tomasz Dziubek, and Mariusz Dębski. "Methodology for the Quality Control Process of Additive Manufacturing Products Made of Polymer Materials." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092202.

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The objective of this publication is to present a quality control methodology for additive manufacturing products made of polymer materials, where the methodology varies depending on the intended use. The models presented in this paper are divided into those that are manufactured for the purpose of visual presentation and those that directly serve the needs of the manufacturing process. The authors also a propose a comprehensive control system for the additive manufacturing process to meet the needs of Industry 4.0. Depending on the intended use of the models, the quality control process is divided into three stages: data control, manufacturing control, and post-processing control. Research models were made from the following materials: RGD 720 photopolymer resin (PolyJet method), ABS M30 thermoplastic (FDM method), E-Partial photopolymer resin (DLP method), PLA thermoplastic (FFF method), and ABS thermoplastic (MEM method). The applied measuring tools had an accuracy of at least an order of magnitude higher than that of the manufacturing technologies used. The results show that the PolyJet method is the most accurate, and the MEM method is the least accurate. The findings also confirm that the selection of materials, 3D printing methods, and measurement methods should always account not only for the specificity and purpose of the model but also for economic aspects, as not all products require high accuracy and durability.

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Pfaffinger, Markus, Gerald Mitteramskogler, Robert Gmeiner, and Jürgen Stampfl. "Thermal Debinding of Ceramic-Filled Photopolymers." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.75.

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Within the large variety of different additive manufacturing technologies stereolithography excels in high precision and surface quality. Using the Digital Light Processing (DLP) Technology a stereolithography-based system was developed, which is specifically designed for the processing of highly filled photopolymers.The powder-filled suspension enables the 3D-fabrication of a so called ceramic green part. In order to get a dense ceramic structure, subsequent thermal processing steps after the 3D-printing process are necessary. First, the polymer-ceramic composites heated up to 400°C. During this processing step, called debinding, the organic components are burned out. The resulting part, consisting of powder particles stabilized by physical interactions, is further heated to sinter the particles together, and the final, fully dense ceramic part is obtained.The debinding step is the most critical process. The used components have different evaporation or decomposition temperatures and behaviors. Thereby a reduction in weight and also in dimension occurs, which depends on the portion and composition of the organic components and especially on the temperature cycle. Furthermore, the physical characteristics of the ceramic powder, such as the particle size and the size distribution influence the debinding behavior. To measure the changes in weight and dimension a thermo-gravimetric (TGA) and a thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA) can be used. To avoid too high internal gas pressures inside the green parts a preferably constant gas evolution rate is seeked. Also the ‘surface-to-volume ratio’ affects the debinding characteristics. Therefore, optimized debinding cycles for specific geometries allow the crack-free debinding of parts with a wall thickness up to 20 mm.

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WANG, He, HongBo LAN, Lei QIAN, JiaWei ZHAO, Quan XU, XiaoYang ZHU, GuangMing ZHANG, ZhongLiang LU, and DiChen LI. "Continuous DLP ceramic 3D printing." SCIENTIA SINICA Technologica 49, no. 6 (January 24, 2019): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n092018-00338.

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Tsolakis, Ioannis A., William Papaioannou, Erofili Papadopoulou, Maria Dalampira, and Apostolos I. Tsolakis. "Comparison in Terms of Accuracy between DLP and LCD Printing Technology for Dental Model Printing." Dentistry Journal 10, no. 10 (September 28, 2022): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10100181.

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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 3D printer compared to a Direct Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer for dental model printing. Methods: Two different printers in terms of 3D printing technology were used in this study. One was a DLP 3D printer and one an LCD 3D printer. The accuracy of the printers was evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Ten STL reference files were used for this study. For trueness, each STL file was printed once with each 3D printer. For precision, one randomly chosen STL file was printed 10 times with each 3D printer. Afterward, the models were scanned with a model scanner, and reverse engineering software was used for the STL comparisons. Results: In terms of trueness, the comparison between the LCD 3D printer and DLP 3D printer was statistically significant, with a p-value = 0.004. For precision, the comparison between the LCD 3D printer and the DLP 3D printer was statistically significant, with a p-value = 0.011. Conclusions: The DLP 3D printer is more accurate in terms of dental model printing than the LCD 3D printer. However, both DLP and LCD printers can accurately be used to print dental models for the fabrication of orthodontic appliances.

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Wu, Lifang, Lidong Zhao, Meng Jian, Yuxin Mao, Miao Yu, and Xiaohua Guo. "EHMP-DLP: multi-projector DLP with energy homogenization for large-size 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (November 12, 2018): 1500–1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2017-0060.

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Purpose In some three-dimensional (3D) printing application scenarios, e.g., model manufacture, it is necessary to print large-sized objects. However, it is impossible to implement large-size 3D printing using a single projector in digital light processing (DLP)-based mask projection 3D printing because of the limitations of the digital micromirror device chips. Design/methodology/approach A multi-projector DLP with energy homogenization (EHMP-DLP) scheme is proposed for large-size 3D printing. First, a large-area printing plane is established by tiling multiple projectors. Second, the projector set’s tiling pattern is obtained automatically, and the maximum printable plane is determined. Third, the energy is homogenized across the entire printable plane by adjusting gray levels of the images input into the projectors. Finally, slices are automatically segmented based on the tiling pattern of the projector set, and the gray levels of these slices are reassigned based on the images of the corresponding projectors. Findings Large-area high-intensity projection for mask projection 3D printing can be performed by tiling multiple DLP projectors. The tiled projector output energies can be homogenized by adjusting the images of the projectors. Uniform ultraviolet energy is important for high-quality printing. Practical implications A prototype device is constructed using two projectors. The printable area becomes 140 × 210 mm from the original 140 × 110 mm. Originality/value The proposed EHMP-DLP scheme enables 3D printing of large-size objects with linearly increasing printing times and high printing precision. A device was established using two projectors to practice the scheme and can easily be extended to larger sizes by using more projectors.

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Cao, Lingxin, Lihao Tian, Hao Peng, Yu Zhou, and Lin Lu. "Constrained stacking in DLP 3D printing." Computers & Graphics 95 (April 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2021.01.003.

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Klein, Matthias, Sönke Steenhusen, and Peer Löbmann. "Inorganic-organic hybrid polymers for printing of optical components: from digital light processing to inkjet 3D-printing." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 101, no. 3 (March 2022): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05748-6.

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AbstractSolvent-free inorganic-organic hybrid polymers were prepared for digital light processing (DLP) and ink-jet printing. The resins were characterized in terms of viscosity, surface tension, and refractive index. Optical bulk components were prepared with both printing techniques and compared regarding their surface roughness and optical scattering. The haze of DLP-samples can be avoided by inkjet 3D printing. Moreover, different quantum dots (QD) could be incorporated into resins; DLP resulted in complex 3D assemblies.

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Halevi, Oded, Jingwei Chen, Gurunathan Thangavel, Samuel Alexander Morris, Tal Ben Uliel, Yaakov Raphael Tischler, Pooi See Lee, and Shlomo Magdassi. "Synthesis through 3D printing: formation of 3D coordination polymers." RSC Advances 10, no. 25 (2020): 14812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra01887b.

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Metlerski, Marcin, Katarzyna Grocholewicz, Aleksandra Jaroń, Mariusz Lipski, Grzegorz Trybek, and Jacek Piskorowski. "Comparison of Presurgical Dental Models Manufactured with Two Different Three-Dimensional Printing Techniques." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (September 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8893338.

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Three-dimensional printing is a rapidly developing area of technology and manufacturing in the field of oral surgery. The aim of this study was comparison of presurgical models made by two different types of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Digital reference models were printed 10 times using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and digital light processing (DLP) techniques. All 3D printed models were scanned using a technical scanner. The trueness, linear measurements, and printing time were evaluated. The diagnostic models were compared with the reference models using linear and mean deviation for trueness measurements with computer software. Paired t-tests were performed to compare the two types of 3D printing technology. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For FDM printing, all average distances between the reference points were smaller than the corresponding distances measured on the reference model. For the DLP models, the average distances in the three measurements were smaller than the original. Only one average distance measurement was greater. The mean deviation for trueness was 0.1775 mm for the FDM group and 0.0861 mm for the DLP group. Mean printing time for a single model was 517.6 minutes in FDM technology and 285.3 minutes in DLP. This study confirms that presurgical models manufactured with FDM and DLP technologies are usable in oral surgery. Our findings will facilitate clinical decision-making regarding the best 3D printing technology to use when planning a surgical procedure.

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Sun, Ying, Cao Wang, and Zhe Zhao. "ZTA Ceramic Materials for DLP 3D Printing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 678 (November 27, 2019): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/678/1/012020.

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Deng, Weiping, Deqiao Xie, Fuxi Liu, Jianfeng Zhao, Lida Shen, and Zongjun Tian. "DLP-Based 3D Printing for Automated Precision Manufacturing." Mobile Information Systems 2022 (May 4, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2272699.

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As a new type of rapid prototyping technology, 3D printing technology effectively solves the problems of large errors and waste of resources in traditional manufacturing technology. Compared with other technologies, DLP technology has the following advantages: high reliability, high brightness, rich and gorgeous colors, and is very suitable for portable devices. This article aims to study the application of embedded microprocessor-based DLP3D printing in automated precision manufacturing. This article puts forward the idea of applying DLP3D technology to more automated precision manufacturing. This article introduces the embedded microprocessor, 3D printing technology, and related algorithms in detail. At the same time, this article also conducts experiments on DLP3D printing technology. Through the analysis of samples printed by DLP3D technology, the experimental results show that the material deviation value of DLP3D printing based on embedded microprocessor is generally small, compared with other technology printing the deviation value of the material is also reduced by 15.6%.

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Kuang, Xiao, Jiangtao Wu, Kaijuan Chen, Zeang Zhao, Zhen Ding, Fengjingyang Hu, Daining Fang, and H. Jerry Qi. "Grayscale digital light processing 3D printing for highly functionally graded materials." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaav5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5790.

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing, as a revolutionary technology for future advanced manufacturing, usually prints parts with poor control of complex gradients for functional applications. We present a single-vat grayscale digital light processing (g-DLP) 3D printing method using grayscale light patterns and a two-stage curing ink to obtain functionally graded materials with the mechanical gradient up to three orders of magnitude and high resolution. To demonstrate the g-DLP, we show the direct fabrication of complex 2D/3D lattices with controlled buckling and deformation sequence, negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterial, presurgical models with stiffness variations, composites for 4D printing, and anti-counterfeiting 3D printing.

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Moon, Wonjoon, Seihwan Kim, Bum-Soon Lim, Young-Seok Park, Ryan Jin-Young Kim, and Shin Hye Chung. "Dimensional Accuracy Evaluation of Temporary Dental Restorations with Different 3D Printing Systems." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061487.

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With the advent of 3D printing technologies in dentistry, the optimization of printing conditions has been of great interest, so this study analyzed the accuracy of 3D-printed temporary restorations of different sizes produced by digital light processing (DLP) and liquid crystal display (LCD) printers. Temporary restorations of 2-unit, 3-unit, 5-unit, 6-unit, and full-arch cases were designed and printed from a DLP printer using NextDent C&B or an LCD printer using Mazic D Temp (n = 10 each). The restorations were scanned, and each restoration standard tessellation language (STL) file was superimposed on the reference STL file, by the alignment functions, to evaluate the trueness through whole/point deviation. In the whole-deviation analysis, the root-mean-square (RMS) values were significantly higher in the 6-unit and full-arch cases for the DLP printer and in the 5-unit, 6-unit, and full-arch cases for the LCD printer. The significant difference between DLP and LCD printers was found in the 5-unit and full-arch cases, where the DLP printer exhibited lower RMS values. Color mapping demonstrated less shrinkage in the DLP printer. In the point deviation analysis, a significant difference in direction was exhibited in all the restorations from the DLP printer but only in some cases from the LCD printer. Within the limitations of this study, 3D printing was most accurate with less deviation and shrinkage when a DLP printer was used for short-unit restorations.

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Nguyen, Huy Bich, Tuyen Vo, Tan Ken Nguyen, and Duc Lien Hoang. "A Research of Design Controller of 3D Printer DLP Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 902 (September 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.902.71.

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Nowadays, 3D printing technology is the national theme in Vietnam. Most countries have national strategies in research and development and widely apply 3D design and printing to all industries, organizations and people. 3D printing technology has been applied in many industries such as automotive, aviation, health, construction, electronics ... Almost all Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing machine on domestic market are imported from Chinese, Korean manufacturers ... with medium quality but high cost. The paper presents a study of application of selected design methods and tools of engineering design process to design DLP 3D printer driver with lower cost but equivalent quality with the other machine in series on the market that are imported from China.

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Sultan, Md Tipu, Ok Joo Lee, Joong Seob Lee, and Chan Hum Park. "Three-Dimensional Digital Light-Processing Bioprinting Using Silk Fibroin-Based Bio-Ink: Recent Advancements in Biomedical Applications." Biomedicines 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123224.

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Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has been developed as a viable method for fabricating functional tissues and organs by precisely spatially arranging biomaterials, cells, and biochemical components in a layer-by-layer fashion. Among the various bioprinting strategies, digital light-processing (DLP) printing has gained enormous attention due to its applications in tissue engineering and biomedical fields. It allows for high spatial resolution and the rapid printing of complex structures. Although bio-ink is a critical aspect of 3D bioprinting, only a few bio-inks have been used for DLP bioprinting in contrast to the number of bio-inks employed for other bioprinters. Recently, silk fibroin (SF), as a natural bio-ink material used for DLP 3D bioprinting, has gained extensive attention with respect to biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. This review introduces DLP-based 3D bioprinting, its related technology, and the fabrication process of silk fibroin-based bio-ink. Then, we summarize the applications of DLP 3D bioprinting based on SF-based bio-ink in the tissue engineering and biomedical fields. We also discuss the current limitations and future perspectives of DLP 3D bioprinting using SF-based bio-ink.

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Melilli, Giuseppe, Irene Carmagnola, Chiara Tonda-Turo, Fabrizio Pirri, Gianluca Ciardelli, Marco Sangermano, Minna Hakkarainen, and Annalisa Chiappone. "DLP 3D Printing Meets Lignocellulosic Biopolymers: Carboxymethyl Cellulose Inks for 3D Biocompatible Hydrogels." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081655.

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The development of new bio-based inks is a stringent request for the expansion of additive manufacturing towards the development of 3D-printed biocompatible hydrogels. Herein, methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (M-CMC) is investigated as a bio-based photocurable ink for digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing. CMC is chemically modified using methacrylic anhydride. Successful methacrylation is confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. Aqueous formulations based on M-CMC/lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) photoinitiator and M-CMC/Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/LAP show high photoreactivity upon UV irradiation as confirmed by photorheology and FTIR. The same formulations can be easily 3D-printed through a DLP apparatus to produce 3D shaped hydrogels with excellent swelling ability and mechanical properties. Envisaging the application of the hydrogels in the biomedical field, cytotoxicity is also evaluated. The light-induced printing of cellulose-based hydrogels represents a significant step forward in the production of new DLP inks suitable for biomedical applications.

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Gao, Jianpeng, Ming Li, Junyao Cheng, Xiao Liu, Zhongyang Liu, Jianheng Liu, and Peifu Tang. "3D-Printed GelMA/PEGDA/F127DA Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14020096.

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Tissue-engineered scaffolds are an effective method for the treatment of bone defects, and their structure and function are essential for bone regeneration. Digital light processing (DLP) printing technology has been widely used in bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to its high printing resolution and gentle printing process. As commonly used bioinks, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) have satisfactory printability and mechanical properties but usually lack sufficient adhesion to cells and tissues. Here, a compound BTE scaffold based on PEGDA, F127DA, and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was successfully prepared using DLP printing technology. The scaffold not only facilitated the adhesion and proliferation of cells, but also effectively promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in an osteoinductive environment. Moreover, the bone tissue volume/total tissue volume (BV/TV) of the GelMA/PEGDA/F127DA (GPF) scaffold in vivo was 49.75 ± 8.50%, higher than the value of 37.10 ± 7.27% for the PEGDA/F127DA (PF) scaffold and 20.43 ± 2.08% for the blank group. Therefore, the GPF scaffold prepared using DLP printing technology provides a new approach to the treatment of bone defects.

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Jiang, Ting, Bo Yan, Minzheng Jiang, Buguang Xu, Yi Xu, Yueqiang Yu, Tingang Ma, and Hao Wang. "Enhanced Adhesion—Efficient Demolding Integration DLP 3D Printing Device." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 7373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157373.

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A novel forming method of enhanced adhesion-efficient demolding integration is proposed to solve the problems of weak adhesion between the initial forming layer and the printing platform as well as the excessive stripping force at the bottom of the liquid tank when the printing platform rises. Therefore, a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing forming device equipped with a porous replaceable printing platform and a swing mechanism for the liquid tank is manufactured and verified by experiments. The experimental results show that the porous printing platform can enhance the adhesion between the initial forming layer and the printing platform and improve the demolding efficiency of the forming device. In addition, the pull-out design of the printing platform plate reduces the maintenance cost of the forming device. Therefore, the device has a good application prospect.

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Yang, Yan, Yanjun Zhou, Xiao Lin, Qingliang Yang, and Gengshen Yang. "Printability of External and Internal Structures Based on Digital Light Processing 3D Printing Technique." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030207.

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The high printing efficiency and easy availability of desktop digital light processing (DLP) printers have made DLP 3D printing a promising technique with increasingly broad application prospects, particularly in personalized medicine. The objective of this study was to fabricate and evaluate medical samples with external and internal structures using the DLP technique. The influence of different additives and printing parameters on the printability and functionality of this technique was thoroughly evaluated. It was observed that the printability and mechanical properties of external structures were affected by the poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) concentration, plasticizers, layer height, and exposure time. The optimal printing solutions for 3D external and internal structures were 100% PEGDA and 75% PEGDA with 0.25 mg/mL tartrazine, respectively. And the optimal layer height for 3D external and internal structures were 0.02 mm and 0.05 mm, respectively. The optimal sample with external structures had an adequate drug-loading ability, acceptable sustained-release characteristics, and satisfactory biomechanical properties. In contrast, the printability of internal structures was affected by the photoabsorber, PEGDA concentration, layer height, and exposure time. The optimal samples with internal structures had good morphology, integrity and perfusion behavior. The present study showed that the DLP printing technique was capable of fabricating implants for drug delivery and physiological channels for in vivo evaluation.

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Sim, Jae-Ho, Bon-Keup Koo, Minhun Jung, and Dong-Soo Kim. "Study on Debinding and Sintering Processes for Ceramics Fabricated Using Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D Printing." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112467.

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Ceramics have excellent properties such as hardness and thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, researchers have studied the use of 3D printing to produce complex shapes in tools and structural applications. The debinding and sintering processes for ceramic composite materials manufactured using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology were studied. The slurry used for DLP 3D printing requires debinding and sintering, as it contains ceramics and binders. Therefore, the debinding and sintering processes were measured by TG-DSC curves, and the changes in material characteristics were evaluated by setting the debinding holding time (4, 5, and 6 h) and sintering temperature (1100, 1200, and 1300 °C) as parameters. After debinding for 6 h, the density of the ceramic sintered at 1300 °C was 1.36 g/cm2; the linear shrinkage was 22.1%/21.6%/28.5% along the x, y, and z axes, respectively; and the bending strength was 8.58 MPa. As a result of this study, we developed an optimized process for the debinding and sintering of ceramics manufactured through the DLP 3D printing process.

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Vasilescu, Mircea Dorin. "Technical considerations on the 3D printing components with DLP 3D printing process with ecological resin." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXIII, no. 1 (July 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-20-i1-005.

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The purpose of this work is to analyse the technological aspects of the realization of components by 3D printing for the production of plan parts for experimental devices or stands. The author of this work envisages the realization of flat elements to which it can be determined how the organic resin material behaves when printing 3D with additive DLP technology. The work is structured in 5 chapters. In the first chapter, an analysis of how to make the plan elements by the additive DLP technology specific to the experimental programme adopted in this paper. The analysis will be carried out both constructively and functionally taking into account possibilities for designing components and making them. Chapter two is allocated to ordering technological parameters for 3D printing generation of parts defining the main technical parameters for generating them with ecological resin. The next chapter is allocated to analysing how to carry out the printer command program and check the structure of the element. In the four chapter, the dimensional measurement and control programme with dimensional and optical is presented. The last chapter is allocated to conclusions and comparisons from a technological point of view compared to other specific technologies for generating the analysed elements.

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44

Lee, Gyeongyeong, Yeong-Hoon Noh, In-Gon Lee, Ic-Pyo Hong, Jong-Gwan Yook, Jong-Yeong Kim, and Jihoon Kim. "3D printing of metasurface-based dual-linear polarization converter." Flexible and Printed Electronics 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 045012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac3dff.

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Abstract Three-dimensional printing using digital light processing (DLP) technology has been studied in various fields because of its ability to create complex shapes through a simple process. In this study, DLP 3D printing was employed in the implementation of the metasurface-based dual-linear polarization converter (DLPC). The unit cell of the metasurface-based DLPC for linear polarization conversion was designed consisting of the upper and lower dipole-pair antennas connected through vias and a shielding layer that electrically shields the antennas from each other, and its fabrication was based on the characterization results of the dielectric properties of the photocurable substrate materials and electrical properties of the conductive materials used for synthesizing the metasurface. The printability evaluation of dipole pairs, vias, and a shielding layer was carried out to implement the detailed structures of the DLPC in 3D printing. The electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics of the 3D-printed 8 × 8 array DLPC demonstrated an orthogonal polarization conversion, as predicted by the simulation results. This study confirmed that the DLP-based 3D printing technology can go beyond the existing functions of manufacturing objects and can be applied to the implementation of various electronics based on different meta-structures.

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Anunmana, Chuchai, Chananchida Ueawitthayasuporn, Sirichai Kiattavorncharoen, and Prakan Thanasrisuebwong. "In Vitro Comparison of Surgical Implant Placement Accuracy Using Guides Fabricated by Three Different Additive Technologies." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217791.

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Various three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are commercially available on the market, but the influence of different technologies on the accuracy of implant-guided surgery is unclear. Thus, three printing technologies: Stereolithographic (SLA), Digital light processing (DLP), and Polyjet were evaluated in this study. An entire 30 polyurethane models replicated the clinical situation. Ten surgical guides were printed by SLA, DLP, and PolyJet. Then, implant-guided surgery was performed, and their accuracy outcomes were measured concerning angular deviation, 3D deviation at the entry point, and apex. On top of that, the total processing time was also compared. For the angular deviation, the mean deviation was not statistically significant among all technologies. For the 3D deviation, PolyJet was statistically more accurate than DLP (p = 0.002) and SLA (p = 0.017) at the entry point. PolyJet was also statistically more accurate than DLP (p = 0.007) in regards to 3D deviation at the apex. Within the limitation of this study, the deviations from the experiment showed that PolyJet had the best outcome regarding the 3D deviations at the entry point and at the apex, meanwhile, the DLP printer had the shortest processing time.

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Komissarenko, Dmitrii A., Petr S. Sokolov, Anastasiya D. Evstigneeva, Igor V. Slyusar, Alexander S. Nartov, Pavel A. Volkov, Nikolay V. Lyskov, Pavel V. Evdokimov, Valery I. Putlayev, and Alexey E. Dosovitsky. "DLP 3D printing of scandia-stabilized zirconia ceramics." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 41, no. 1 (January 2021): 684–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.09.010.

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47

Fiedor, Paweł, and Joanna Ortyl. "A New Approach to Micromachining: High-Precision and Innovative Additive Manufacturing Solutions Based on Photopolymerization Technology." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2020): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132951.

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The following article introduces technologies that build three dimensional (3D) objects by adding layer-upon-layer of material, also called additive manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, most important features supporting the conscious choice of 3D printing methods for applications in micro and nanomanufacturing are covered. The micromanufacturing method covers photopolymerization-based methods such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), the liquid crystal display–DLP coupled method, two-photon polymerization (TPP), and inkjet-based methods. Functional photocurable materials, with magnetic, conductive, or specific optical applications in the 3D printing processes are also reviewed.

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Guo, Yuxiong, Zhongying Ji, Yun Zhang, Xiaolong Wang, and Feng Zhou. "Solvent-free and photocurable polyimide inks for 3D printing." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 31 (2017): 16307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta01952a.

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Joo, Hyeonseo, and Sunghun Cho. "Comparative Studies on Polyurethane Composites Filled with Polyaniline and Graphene for DLP-Type 3D Printing." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010067.

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Digital light processing (DLP)-type 3D printing ensures several advantages, such as an easy solution process, a short printing time, high-quality printing, and selective light curing. Furthermore, polyurethane (PU) is among the promising candidates for 3D printing because of its wide range of applications. This work reports comparative studies on the fabrication and optimization of PU composites using a polyaniline (PANI) nanomaterial and a graphene sheet (GS) for DLP-type 3D printing. The morphologies and dispersion of the printed PU composites were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images. Bonding structures in the PU composites were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. As-prepared PU/PANI and PU/GS composites with different filler contents were successfully printed into sculptures with different sizes and shapes. The PU/PANI and PU/GS composites exhibit the improved sheet resistance, which is up to 8.57 × 104 times (1.19 × 106 ohm/sq) lower and 1.27 × 105 times (8.05 × 105 ohm/sq) lower, respectively, than the pristine PU (1.02 × 1011 ohm/sq). Moreover, the PU/PANI and PU/GS composites demonstrate 1.41 times (44.5 MPa) higher and 2.19 times (69.3 MPa) higher tensile strengths compared with the pristine PU (31.6 MPa). This work suggests the potential uses of highly conductive PU composites for DLP-type 3D printing.

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Park, Sang-Mo, Ji-Man Park, Seong-Kyun Kim, Seong-Joo Heo, and Jai-Young Koak. "Flexural Strength of 3D-Printing Resin Materials for Provisional Fixed Dental Prostheses." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 3970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13183970.

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The clinical application of 3D-printed provisional restorations is increasing due to expansion of intraoral scanners, easy dental computer-aided design (CAD) software, and improved 3D printing speed. This study compared flexural strength of 3D-printed three-unit fixed dental prostheses with that of conventionally fabricated and milled restorations. A metal jig of two abutments and pontic space and an indenter for flexural strength measurement were fabricated. A three-unit fixed dental prosthesis was designed and manufactured using three additive manufacturing technologies, with subtractive manufacturing and a conventional method as controls. Digital light processing (DLP) group specimens were prepared from a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based resin and printed with a DLP printer. Stereolithography (SLA) group specimens were prepared from PMMA-based resin and printed with an SLA printer, and fused deposition modeling (FDM) group specimens were from a polylactic acid-based resin and printed with an FDM printer. Flexural strength was investigated using a universal testing machine, and the results were statistically analyzed. DLP and SLA groups had significantly higher flexural strength than the conventional group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in flexural strength between DLP and SLA groups. The FDM group showed only dents but no fracture. The results of this study suggest that provisional restorations fabricated by DLP and SLA technologies provide adequate flexural strength for dental use.

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