Статті в журналах: "3D face analysi"

1

Venkatakrishnan Ragu, D., C. Hariram, N. Anantharaj, and A. Muthulakshmi. "3D Face Recognition with Occlusions Using Fisher Faces Projection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 573 (June 2014): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.573.442.

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In recent years, the 3-D face has become biometric modal, for security applications. Dealing with occlusions covering the facial surface is difficult to handle. Occlusion means blocking of face images by objects such as sun glasses, kerchiefs, hands, hair and so on. Occlusions are occurred by facial expressions, poses also. Basically consider two things: i) Occlusion handling for surface registration and ii). Missing data handling for classification. For registration to use an adaptively-selected-model based registration scheme is used. After registering occlusions are detected and removed. In order to handle the missing data we use a masking strategy call masked projection technique called Fisher faces Projection. Registration based on the adaptively selected model together with the masked analysis offer an occlusion robust face recognition system.

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Ramasubramanian, M., and M. A. Dorai Rangaswamy. "ANALYSIS OF 3D FACE RECONSTRUCTION." International Journal on Intelligent Electronic Systems 8, no. 1 (2014): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18000/ijies.30134.

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Ullah, Zabeeh, Imran Mumtaz, and Muhammad Sajid Khan. "Analysis of 3D Face Modeling." International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition 8, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsip.2015.8.11.02.

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4

Abbas, Hawraa H., Bilal Z. Ahmed, and Ahmed Kamil Abbas. "3D Face Factorisation for Face Recognition Using Pattern Recognition Algorithms." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2019-0013.

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Abstract The face is the preferable biometrics for person recognition or identification applications because person identifying by face is a human connate habit. In contrast to 2D face recognition, 3D face recognition is practically robust to illumination variance, facial cosmetics, and face pose changes. Traditional 3D face recognition methods describe shape variation across the whole face using holistic features. In spite of that, taking into account facial regions, which are unchanged within expressions, can acquire high performance 3D face recognition system. In this research, the recognition analysis is based on defining a set of coherent parts. Those parts can be considered as latent factors in the face shape space. Non-negative matrix Factorisation technique is used to segment the 3D faces to coherent regions. The best recognition performance is achieved when the vertices of 20 face regions are utilised as a feature vector for recognition task. The region-based 3D face recognition approach provides a 96.4% recognition rate in FRGCv2 dataset.

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Goto, Lyè, Wonsup Lee, Toon Huysmans, Johan F. M. Molenbroek, and Richard H. M. Goossens. "The Variation in 3D Face Shapes of Dutch Children for Mask Design." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 6843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156843.

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The use of 3D anthropometric data of children’s heads and faces has great potential in the development of protective gear and medical products that need to provide a close fit in order to function well. Given the lack of detailed data of this kind, the aim of this study is to map the size and shape variation of Dutch children’s heads and faces and investigate possible implications for the design of a ventilation mask. In this study, a dataset of heads and faces of 303 Dutch children aged six months to seven years consisting of traditional measurements and 3D scans were analysed. A principal component analysis (PCA) of facial measurements was performed to map the variation of the children’s face shapes. The first principal component describes the overall size, whilst the second principal component captures the more width related variation of the face. After establishing a homology between the 3D scanned face shapes, a second principal component analysis was done on the point coordinates, revealing the most prominent variations in 3D shape within the sample.

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Colombo, Alessandro, Claudio Cusano, and Raimondo Schettini. "3D face detection using curvature analysis." Pattern Recognition 39, no. 3 (March 2006): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2005.09.009.

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7

Sheng, Dao Qing, and Hua Cheng. "3D Face Recognition in the Conception of Sparse Representation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1275.

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In this paper, a novel 3D face recognition method is proposed from the sparse representation point of view. Under the framework of sparse representation, the recognition problem is transformed to solve the problem of minimization L0-norm. Three types of facial geometrical features are extracted to describe 3D faces. According to the extracted features, 3D face recognition is conducted by applying to the ranking strategy of Fisher linear discriminant analysis. The experiments employed BJUT-3D datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Zheng, Siming, Rahmita Wirza OK Rahmat, Fatimah Khalid, and Nurul Amelina Nasharuddin. "3D texture-based face recognition system using fine-tuned deep residual networks." PeerJ Computer Science 5 (December 2, 2019): e236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.236.

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As the technology for 3D photography has developed rapidly in recent years, an enormous amount of 3D images has been produced, one of the directions of research for which is face recognition. Improving the accuracy of a number of data is crucial in 3D face recognition problems. Traditional machine learning methods can be used to recognize 3D faces, but the face recognition rate has declined rapidly with the increasing number of 3D images. As a result, classifying large amounts of 3D image data is time-consuming, expensive, and inefficient. The deep learning methods have become the focus of attention in the 3D face recognition research. In our experiment, the end-to-end face recognition system based on 3D face texture is proposed, combining the geometric invariants, histogram of oriented gradients and the fine-tuned residual neural networks. The research shows that when the performance is evaluated by the FRGC-v2 dataset, as the fine-tuned ResNet deep neural network layers are increased, the best Top-1 accuracy is up to 98.26% and the Top-2 accuracy is 99.40%. The framework proposed costs less iterations than traditional methods. The analysis suggests that a large number of 3D face data by the proposed recognition framework could significantly improve recognition decisions in realistic 3D face scenarios.

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Liu, Jun, Qingsong Zhang, An Liu, and Guanghui Chen. "Stability Analysis of the Horseshoe Tunnel Face in Rock Masses." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 4306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124306.

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Accurately estimating the stability of horseshoe tunnel faces remains a challenge, especially when excavating in rock masses. This study aims to propose an analytical model to analyze the stability of the horseshoe tunnel face in rock masses. Based on discretization and “point-by-point” techniques, a rotational failure model for horseshoe tunnel faces is first proposed. Based on the proposed failure model, the upper-bound limit analysis method is then adopted to determine the limit support pressure of the tunnel face under the nonlinear Hoek–Brown failure criterion, and the calculated results are validated by comparisons with the numerical results. Finally, the effects of the rock properties on the limit support pressure and the 3D failure surface are discussed. The results show that (1) compared with the numerical simulation method, the proposed method is an efficient and accurate approach to evaluating the face stability of the horseshoe tunnel; (2) from the parametric analysis, it can be seen that the normalized limit support pressure of the tunnel face decreases with the increasing of geological strength index, GSI, Hoek–Brown coefficient, mi, and uniaxial compressive strength, σci, and with the decreasing of the disturbance coefficient of rock, Di; and (3) a larger 3D failure surface is associated with a high value of the normalized limit support pressure.

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10

Gallucci, Alessio, Dmitry Znamenskiy, Yuxuan Long, Nicola Pezzotti, and Milan Petkovic. "Generating High-Resolution 3D Faces and Bodies Using VQ-VAE-2 with PixelSNAIL Networks on 2D Representations." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031168.

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Modeling and representing 3D shapes of the human body and face is a prominent field due to its applications in the healthcare, clothes, and movie industry. In our work, we tackled the problem of 3D face and body synthesis by reducing 3D meshes to 2D image representations. We show that the face can naturally be modeled on a 2D grid. At the same time, for more challenging 3D body geometries, we proposed a novel non-bijective 3D–2D conversion method representing the 3D body mesh as a plurality of rendered projections on the 2D grid. Then, we trained a state-of-the-art vector-quantized variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE-2) to learn a latent representation of 2D images and fit a PixelSNAIL autoregressive model to sample novel synthetic meshes. We evaluated our method versus a classical one based on principal component analysis (PCA) by sampling from the empirical cumulative distribution of the PCA scores. We used the empirical distributions of two commonly used metrics, specificity and diversity, to quantitatively demonstrate that the synthetic faces generated with our method are statistically closer to real faces when compared with the PCA ones. Our experiment on the 3D body geometry requires further research to match the test set statistics but shows promising results.

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ROSLAN, NURUL ATIFAH, HAMIMAH UJIR, and IRWANDI HIPNI MOHAMAD HIPINY. "3D Face Recognition Analysis Using Random Forest." Trends in Undergraduate Research 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): c1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/tur.1981.2019.

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Face recognition is an emerging field due to the technological advances in camera hardware and for its application in various fields such as the commercial and security sector. Although the existing works in 3D face recognition perform well, a similar experiment setting across classifiers is hard to find, which includes the Random Forest classifier. The aggregations of the classification from each decision tree are the outcome of Random Forest. This paper presents 3D facial recognition using the Random Forest method using the BU-3DFE database, which consists of basic facial expressions. The work using other classifiers such as Neural Network (NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) using a similar experiment setting also presented. As for the results, the Random Forest approach has yield 94.71% of recognition rate, which is an encouraging result compared to NN and SVM. In addition, the experiment also yields that fear expression is unique to each human due to a high confidence rate (82%) of subjects with fear expression. Therefore, a lower chance to be mistakenly recognized someone with a fear expression.

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12

Xu, Li, Jianguo Jiang, Shu Zhan, and Ando S. "3D face feature analysis with expression change." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 27, no. 5 (February 28, 2014): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2013.00450.

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13

Marcolin, Federica, and Enrico Vezzetti. "Novel descriptors for geometrical 3D face analysis." Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, no. 12 (July 22, 2016): 13805–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3741-3.

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Zhang, Yu, and Edmond C. Prakash. "Face to Face: Anthropometry-Based Interactive Face Shape Modeling Using Model Priors." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2009 (2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/573924.

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This paper presents a new anthropometrics-based method for generating realistic, controllable face models. Our method establishes an intuitive and efficient interface to facilitate procedures for interactive 3D face modeling and editing. It takes 3D face scans as examples in order to exploit the variations presented in the real faces of individuals. The system automatically learns a model prior from the data-sets of example meshes of facial features using principal component analysis (PCA) and uses it to regulate the naturalness of synthesized faces. For each facial feature, we compute a set of anthropometric measurements to parameterize the example meshes into a measurement space. Using PCA coefficients as a compact shape representation, we formulate the face modeling problem in a scattered data interpolation framework which takes the user-specified anthropometric parameters as input. Solving the interpolation problem in a reduced subspace allows us to generate a natural face shape that satisfies the user-specified constraints. At runtime, the new face shape can be generated at an interactive rate. We demonstrate the utility of our method by presenting several applications, including analysis of facial features of subjects in different race groups, facial feature transfer, and adapting face models to a particular population group.

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15

Mai, Hang-Nga, and Du-Hyeong Lee. "Accuracy of Mobile Device–Compatible 3D Scanners for Facial Digitization: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 10 (October 23, 2020): e22228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22228.

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Background The accurate assessment and acquisition of facial anatomical information significantly contributes to enhancing the reliability of treatments in dental and medical fields, and has applications in fields such as craniomaxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics, orthopedics, and forensic medicine. Mobile device–compatible 3D facial scanners have been reported to be an effective tool for clinical use, but the accuracy of digital facial impressions obtained with the scanners has not been explored. Objective We aimed to review comparisons of the accuracy of mobile device–compatible face scanners for facial digitization with that of systems for professional 3D facial scanning. Methods Individual search strategies were employed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases to search for articles published up to May 27, 2020. Peer-reviewed journal articles evaluating the accuracy of 3D facial models generated by mobile device–compatible face scanners were included. Cohen d effect size estimates and confidence intervals of standardized mean difference (SMD) data sets were used for meta-analysis. Results By automatic database searching, 3942 articles were identified, of which 11 articles were considered eligible for narrative review, with 6 studies included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the accuracy of face models obtained using mobile device–compatible face scanners was significantly lower than that of face models obtained using professional 3D facial scanners (SMD 3.96 mm, 95% CI 2.81-5.10 mm; z=6.78; P<.001). The difference between face scanning when performed on inanimate facial models was significantly higher (SMD 10.53 mm, 95% CI 6.29-14.77 mm) than that when performed on living participants (SMD 2.58 mm, 95% CI 1.70-3.47 mm, P<.001, df=12.94). Conclusions Overall, mobile device–compatible face scanners did not perform as well as professional scanning systems in 3D facial acquisition, but the deviations were within the clinically acceptable range of <1.5 mm. Significant differences between results when 3D facial scans were performed on inanimate facial objects and when performed on the faces of living participants were found; thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting results from studies conducted on inanimate objects.

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CHOI, JAE-YOUNG, TAEG-KEUN WHANGBO, YOUNG-GYU YANG, MURLIKRISHNA VISWANATHAN, and NAK-BIN KIM. "POSE-EXPRESSION NORMALIZATION FOR FACE RECOGNITION USING CONNECTED COMPONENTS ANALYSIS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 20, no. 06 (September 2006): 869–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406005010.

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Accurate measurement of poses and expressions can increase the efficiency of recognition systems by avoiding the recognition of spurious faces. This paper presents a novel and robust pose-expression invariant face recognition method in order to improve the existing face recognition techniques. First, we apply the TSL color model for detecting facial region and estimate the vector X-Y-Z of face using connected components analysis. Second, the input face is mapped by a deformable 3D facial model. Third, the mapped face is transformed to the frontal face which appropriates for face recognition by the estimated pose vector and action unit of expression. Finally, the damaged regions which occur during the process of normalization are reconstructed using PCA. Several empirical tests are used to validate the application of face detection model and the method for estimating facial poses and expression. In addition, the tests suggest that recognition rate is greatly boosted through the normalization of the poses and expression.

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Alsoufi, Mohammad, and Abdulrhman Elsayed. "Quantitative analysis of 0% infill density surface profile of printed part fabricated by personal FDM 3D printer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8345.

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Fused deposition modeling or FDM technology is an additive manufacturing (AM) technology commonly used for prototyping applications which suffer seriously from low levels of fluctuated surface finish quality, demanding some hand ﬁnishing tool for even the necessary levels of 3D printed parts. This paper, therefore, aims at giving close attention to the variation in the surface roughness profile between the inner and the outer faces of FDM 3D printed parts based on advanced polylactic acid (PLA+) thermoplastic filament material. The surface roughness is quantitatively analyzed using a contact-type test-rig with a 90° angle measurement on each face along with each zone and sub-zone. The obtained results revealed that the surface finish of the inner faces is rougher than those of the outer faces as regards nozzle temperature, nozzle diameter, infill density and layer height is 220°C, 0.5 mm, 0% and 0.3 mm, respectively. The personal FDM 3D printer is thus confirmed to be an excellent platform, flexible, straightforward and cost-effective.

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Amirav, Israel, Anthony S. Luder, Asaf Halamish, Dan Raviv, Ron Kimmel, Dan Waisman, and Michael T. Newhouse. "Design of Aerosol Face Masks for Children Using Computerized 3D Face Analysis." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 27, no. 4 (August 2014): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2013.1069.

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Hong, Yu-Jin. "Facial Identity Verification Robust to Pose Variations and Low Image Resolution: Image Comparison Based on Anatomical Facial Landmarks." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071067.

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Face comparison/face mapping is one of the promising methods in face biometrics which needs relatively little effort compared with face identification. Various factors may be used to verify whether two faces are of the same person, among which facial landmarks are one of the most objective indicators due to the same anatomical definition for every face. This study identified major landmarks from 2D and 3D facial images of the same Korean individuals and calculated the distance between the reciprocal landmarks of two images to examine their acceptable range for identifying an individual to obtain standard values from diverse facial angles and image resolutions. Given that reference images obtained in the real-world could be from various angles and resolutions, this study created a 3D face model from multiple 2D images of different angles, and oriented the 3D model to the angle of the reference image to calculate the distance between reciprocal landmarks. In addition, we used the super-resolution method of artificial intelligence to address the inaccurate assessments that low-quality videos can yield. A portion of the process was automated for speed and convenience of face analysis. We conclude that the results of this study could provide a standard for future studies regarding face-to-face analysis to determine if different images are of the same person.

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Fanelli, Gabriele, Matthias Dantone, Juergen Gall, Andrea Fossati, and Luc Van Gool. "Random Forests for Real Time 3D Face Analysis." International Journal of Computer Vision 101, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11263-012-0549-0.

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Kahoul, I., S. Yahyaoui, Y. Mehidi, and Y. Khadri. "Shallow tunnel face stability analysis using finite elements." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 1 (2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2021-1/091.

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Purpose. This work aims to study the tunnel face stability (Algiers subway Tunnel) and evaluate common numerical procedures that are used for analyzing the tunnel face stability. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) modeling using PLAXIS programs. Methodology. Tunneling is executed by the NATM method; two types of calculations are used. The first one is done by reducing the applied face pressure until the face is collapsed. The second calculation method involves the Phi-c (the angle of internal friction and bonding) reduction method, which is based on calculating the safety factor of the shear strength of the soil. Both methods are applied for 2D and 3D FE-modelling. Findings. It is found that determining the applied face pressure is an important consideration to avoid face failure or excessive deformations with numerical methods resulting in more precise findings than analytical methods. Originality. The originality of this work is the use of both 2D and 3D modelling, combined with two approaches: structural analysis of plastic state and Phi-c reduction method based on calculating the safety factor of the shear strength of the soil. Practical value. This study illustrates that the reducing shear strength method is much better than the reducing applied face pressure method. Moreover, the result of 3D FE-modelling gives a better prediction comparing with the 2D FE-modelling results.

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Zeidan, Zaki M., Ashraf A. Beshr, and Ashraf G. Shehata. "Study the precision of creating 3D structure modeling form terrestrial laser scanner observations." Journal of Applied Geodesy 12, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2018-0009.

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Abstract Laser scanner has become widely used nowadays for several applications in civil engineering. An advantage of laser scanner as compared to other geodetic instruments is its capability of collecting hundreds or even thousands of point per second. Terrestrial laser scanner allows acquiring easy and fast complex geometric data from building, machines, objects, etc. Several experimental and field tests are required to investigate the quality and accuracy of scanner points cloud and the 3D geometric models derived from laser scanner. So this paper investigates the precision of creation three dimensional structural model resulted from terrestrial laser scanner observations. The paper also presented the ability to create 3D model by structural faces depending on the plane equation for each face resulted from coordinates of several observed points cover this face using reflector less total station observations. Precision comparison for the quality of 3D models created from laser scanner observations and structure faces is also presented.The results of the practical measurements, calculations and analysis of results are presented.

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Crouch, Daniel J. M., Bruce Winney, Willem P. Koppen, William J. Christmas, Katarzyna Hutnik, Tammy Day, Devendra Meena, et al. "Genetics of the human face: Identification of large-effect single gene variants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): E676—E685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708207114.

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To discover specific variants with relatively large effects on the human face, we have devised an approach to identifying facial features with high heritability. This is based on using twin data to estimate the additive genetic value of each point on a face, as provided by a 3D camera system. In addition, we have used the ethnic difference between East Asian and European faces as a further source of face genetic variation. We use principal components (PCs) analysis to provide a fine definition of the surface features of human faces around the eyes and of the profile, and chose upper and lower 10% extremes of the most heritable PCs for looking for genetic associations. Using this strategy for the analysis of 3D images of 1,832 unique volunteers from the well-characterized People of the British Isles study and 1,567 unique twin images from the TwinsUK cohort, together with genetic data for 500,000 SNPs, we have identified three specific genetic variants with notable effects on facial profiles and eyes.

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Sun, Da Wei, Kang Ping Wang, Guo Dong Zhang, and Hui Qin Yao. "3D Dynamic Analysis of a 270m Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 3131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.3131.

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3D finite element mesh for a 270m high CFRD was generated with advanced grid discretion technology. Adopting EI-Centro seismic wave with maximum horizontal acceleration 0.277g, dynamic response of this 270m high concrete faced rockfill dam was obtained by equivalent linearization method. Using residual strain model, the permanent deformation of the dam was obtained. Calculation results showed that the maximum acceleration and displacement of dam body, dynamic stress of face slab and deformation of joints are all within normal range. Therefore, the safety of dam would be guaranteed when it is subjected to 7 degree earthquake.

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Lemos, Raquel, Isabel Santana, Gina Caetano, Inês Bernardino, Ricardo Morais, Reza Farivar, and Miguel Castelo-Branco. "Three-Dimensional Face Recognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Psychophysical and Structural MR Study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 7 (July 13, 2016): 744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771600059x.

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AbstractObjectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been associated with a high risk of conversion to Alzheimer’s dementia. In addition to memory complaints, impairments in the visuospatial domain have been reported in this condition. We have previously shown that deficits in perceiving structure-from-motion (SFM) objects are reflected in functional reorganization of brain activity within the visual ventral stream. Here we aimed to identify structural correlates of psychophysical complex face and object recognition performance in amnestic MCI patients (n=30 vs. n=25 controls). This study was, therefore, motivated by evidence from recent studies showing that a combination of visual information across dorsal and ventral visual streams may be needed for the perception of three-dimensional (3D) SFM objects. Methods: In our experimental paradigm, participants had to discriminate 3D SFM shapes (faces and objects) from 3D SFM meaningless (scrambled) shapes. Results: Morphometric analysis established neuroanatomical evidence for impairment in MCI as demonstrated by smaller hippocampal volumes. We found association between cortical thickness and face recognition performance, comprising the occipital lobe and visual ventral stream fusiform regions (overlapping the known location of face fusiform area) in the right hemisphere, in MCI. Conclusions: We conclude that impairment of 3D visual integration exists at the MCI stage involving also the visual ventral stream and contributing to face recognition deficits. The specificity of such observed structure-function correlation for faces suggests a special role of this processing pathway in health and disease. (JINS, 2016, 22, 744–754)

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Novak, James I., and Jennifer Loy. "A quantitative analysis of 3D printed face shields and masks during COVID-19." Emerald Open Research 2 (June 30, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13815.1.

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In response to shortages in personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, makers, community groups and manufacturers around the world utilised 3D printing to fabricate items, including face shields and face masks for healthcare workers and the broader community. In reaction to both local and global needs, numerous designs emerged and were shared online. In this paper, 37 face shields and 31 face masks suitable for fused filament fabrication were analysed from a fabrication perspective, documenting factors such as filament use, time to print and geometric qualities. 3D print times for similar designs varied by several hours, meaning some designs could be produced in higher volumes. Overall, the results show that face shields were approximately twice as fast to 3D print compared to face masks and used approximately half as much filament. Additionally, a face shield typically required 1.5 parts to be 3D printed, whereas face masks required 5 3D printed parts. However, by quantifying the print times, filament use, 3D printing costs, part dimensions, number of parts and total volume of each design, the wide variations within each product category could be tracked and evaluated. This data and objective analysis will help makers, manufacturers, regulatory bodies and researchers consolidate the 3D printing response to COVID-19 and optimise the ongoing strategy to combat supply chain shortages now and in future healthcare crises.

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Lium, Ola, Yong Bin Kwon, Antonios Danelakis, and Theoharis Theoharis. "Robust 3D Face Reconstruction Using One/Two Facial Images." Journal of Imaging 7, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7090169.

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Being able to robustly reconstruct 3D faces from 2D images is a topic of pivotal importance for a variety of computer vision branches, such as face analysis and face recognition, whose applications are steadily growing. Unlike 2D facial images, 3D facial data are less affected by lighting conditions and pose. Recent advances in the computer vision field have enabled the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the production of 3D facial reconstructions from 2D facial images. This paper proposes a novel CNN-based method which targets 3D facial reconstruction from two facial images, one in front and one from the side, as are often available to law enforcement agencies (LEAs). The proposed CNN was trained on both synthetic and real facial data. We show that the proposed network was able to predict 3D faces in the MICC Florence dataset with greater accuracy than the current state-of-the-art. Moreover, a scheme for using the proposed network in cases where only one facial image is available is also presented. This is achieved by introducing an additional network whose task is to generate a rotated version of the original image, which in conjunction with the original facial image, make up the image pair used for reconstruction via the previous method.

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Amirav, I., A. Luder, A. Halamish, R. Kimmel, D. Raviv, and M. Newhouse. "Evidence based design of face masks for children through computerized 3D face analysis." Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 13 (June 2012): S72—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1526-0542(12)70123-9.

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29

Schmid, Kendra K., David B. Marx, and Ashok Samal. "Tridimensional Regression for Comparing and Mapping 3D Anatomical Structures." Anatomy Research International 2012 (October 4, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/604543.

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Shape analysis is useful for a wide variety of disciplines and has many applications. There are many approaches to shape analysis, one of which focuses on the analysis of shapes that are represented by the coordinates of predefined landmarks on the object. This paper discusses Tridimensional Regression, a technique that can be used for mapping images and shapes that are represented by sets of three-dimensional landmark coordinates, for comparing and mapping 3D anatomical structures. The degree of similarity between shapes can be quantified using the tridimensional coefficient of determination (). An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique to correctly match the image of a face with another image of the same face. These results were compared to the values obtained when only two dimensions are used and show that using three dimensions increases the ability to correctly match and discriminate between faces.

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30

Galantucci, L. M., Percoco G., and Di Gioia E. "New 3D Digitizer for Human Faces Based on Digital Close Range Photogrammetry: Application to Face Symmetry Analysis." International Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications 6, no. 20 (November 30, 2012): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jdcta.vol6.issue20.77.

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31

Ulrich, Luca, Enrico Vezzetti, Sandro Moos, and Federica Marcolin. "Analysis of RGB-D camera technologies for supporting different facial usage scenarios." Multimedia Tools and Applications 79, no. 39-40 (August 11, 2020): 29375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09479-0.

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Abstract Recently a wide variety of applications has been developed integrating 3D functionalities. Advantages given by the possibility of relying on depth information allows the developers to design new algorithms and to improve the existing ones. In particular, for what concerns face morphology, 3D has led to the possibility to obtain face depth maps highly close to reality and consequently an improvement of the starting point for further analysis such as Face Detection, Face Authentication, Face Identification and Face Expression Recognition. The development of the aforementioned applications would have been impossible without the progress of sensor technologies for obtaining 3D information. Several solutions have been adopted over time. In this paper, emphasis is put on passive stereoscopy, structured light, time-of-flight (ToF) and active stereoscopy, namely the most used technologies for the cameras design and fulfilment according to the literature. The aim of this article is to investigate facial applications and to examine 3D camera technologies to suggest some guidelines for addressing the correct choice of a 3D sensor according to the application that has to be developed.

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32

Zhang, Jianming, Chuanming Ju, Pihua Wen, Xiaomin Shu, Weicheng Lin, and Baotao Chi. "A dual interpolation boundary face method for 3D elasticity." Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 122 (January 2021): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2020.10.015.

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33

Zhang, Jian Wei, Sheng Zhao Cheng, Shu Fang Yuan, and Yu Zhao. "3D Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Face Rockfill Dam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 238 (November 2012): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.238.264.

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Concrete face rockfill dam has the certain superiority in the construction of dam. Duncan-Chang nonlinear elastic model is selected as the dam materials in ABAQUS, which is an nonlinear finite element analysis software. Stresses and deformations of the concrete face rockfill dam are analyzed during its completion, operation and water level drawdown periods. Study shows that all results meet the requirements of the project, and have referenced value for other similar engineering.

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34

Ocegueda, O., Tianhong Fang, S. K. Shah, and I. A. Kakadiaris. "3D Face Discriminant Analysis Using Gauss-Markov Posterior Marginals." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 35, no. 3 (March 2013): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2012.126.

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35

Lv, Chenlei, and Junli Zhao. "3D Face Recognition based on Local Conformal Parameterization and Iso-Geodesic Stripes Analysis." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (October 25, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4707954.

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3D face recognition is an important topic in the field of pattern recognition and computer graphic. We propose a novel approach for 3D face recognition using local conformal parameterization and iso-geodesic stripes. In our framework, the 3D facial surface is considered as a Riemannian 2-manifold. The surface is mapped into the 2D circle parameter domain using local conformal parameterization. In the parameter domain, the geometric features are extracted from the iso-geodesic stripes. Combining the relative position measure, Chain 2D Weighted Walkthroughs (C2DWW), the 3D face matching results can be obtained. The geometric features from iso-geodesic stripes in parameter domain are robust in terms of head poses, facial expressions, and some occlusions. In the experiments, our method achieves a high recognition accuracy of 3D facial data from the Texas3D and Bosphorus3D face database.

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36

Rao, Zhi, Shuo Sun, Mingye Li, Xiaoqiang Ji, and Jipeng Huang. "3D Facial Plastic Surgery Simulation: Based on the Structured Light." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010659.

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The 3D quantitative analysis of facial morphology is of importance in plastic surgery (PS), which could help surgeons design appropriate procedures before conducting the surgery. We propose a system to simulate and guide the shaping effect analysis, which could produce a similar but more harmonious face simulation. To this end, first, the depth camera based on structured light coding is employed for facial 3D data acquisition, from which the point cloud data of multiple facial perspectives could be obtained. Next, the cascade regression tree algorithm is used to extract the esthetic key points of the face model and to calculate the facial features composed of the key points, such as the nose, chin, and eyes. Quantitative facial esthetic indexes are offered to doctors to simulate PS. Afterward, we exploit a face mesh metamorphosis based on finite elements. We design several morphing operators, including augmentation, cutting, and lacerating. Finally, the regional deformation is detected, and the operation effect is quantitatively evaluated by registering the 3D scanning model before and after the operation. The test of our proposed system and the simulation of PS operations find that the measurement error of facial geometric features is 0.458 mm, and the area is 0.65 mm2. The ratings of the simulation outcomes provided by panels of PS prove that the system is effective. The manipulated 3D faces are deemed more beautiful compared to the original faces respecting the beauty canons such as facial symmetry and the golden ratio. The proposed algorithm could generate realistic visual effects of PS simulation. It could thus assist the preoperative planning of facial PS.

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37

MENASRI, ABDELLAH. "DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A CHAOTIC 3D QUADRATIC SYSTEM USING PLANAR PROJECTION." Journal of Mathematical Analysis 13, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54379/jma-2022-3-2.

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The theory of dynamical systems is one of the most important theorems of scientific research because it relies heavily on most of the major fields of applied mathematics to give a sufficiently broad view of reality, but it still poses some problems, especially with regard to the modeling of certain physical phenomena. Since most of these systems are designed as continuous or discrete dynamic systems with large dimensions and multiple bifurcation parameters, researchers face major problems in qualitative study. In this paper, we propose a method to study bifurcations of continuous three-dimensional dynamic systems in general and chaotic systems in particular, which contains many bifurcation parameters. This method is mainly based on the projection on the plane and on the appropriate bifurcation parameter.

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38

Huang, Xue Gang, Yu You Yang, and Gui He Wang. "Three-Dimensional Face Stability Analysis of EPBS Tunnels." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.449.

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A three-dimensional (3D) failure mechanism, based on the framework of the kinematical approach of limit analysis theory, is applied to calculate the face supporting pressure of a circular tunnel driven by the Earth Pressure Balance Shield (EPBS). The geometry of the mechanisms considered is composed of a sequence of truncated rigid cones. The numerical results obtained are presented.

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39

Hiremath, Manjunatha, and P. S. Hiremath. "3D Face Recognition Based on Symbolic FDA Using SVM Classifier with Similarity and Dissimilarity Distance Measure." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 04 (February 2, 2017): 1756006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417560067.

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Human face images are the basis not only for person recognition, but for also identifying other attributes like gender, age, ethnicity, and emotional states of a person. Therefore, face is an important biometric identifier in the law enforcement and human–computer interaction (HCI) systems. The 3D human face recognition is emerging as a significant biometric technology. Research interest into 3D face recognition has increased during recent years due to availability of improved 3D acquisition devices and processing algorithms. A 3D face image is represented by 3D meshes or range images which contain depth information. In this paper, the objective is to propose a new 3D face recognition method based on radon transform and symbolic factorial discriminant analysis using KNN and SVM classifier with similarity and dissimilarity measures, which are applied on 3D facial range images. The experimentation is done using three publicly available databases, namely, Bhosphorus, Texas and CASIA 3D face database. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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40

Slob, Siefko, Bart van Knapen, Robert Hack, Keith Turner, and John Kemeny. "Method for Automated Discontinuity Analysis of Rock Slopes with Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1913, no. 1 (January 2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191300118.

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Three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning data can be used to characterize discontinuous rock masses in an unbiased, rapid, and accurate manner. With 3D laser scanning, it is now possible to measure rock faces whose access is restricted or rock slopes along highways or railway lines where working conditions are hazardous. The proposed method is less expensive than traditional manual survey and analysis methods. Laser scanning is a relatively new surveying technique that yields a so-called point cloud set of data; every single point represents a point in 3D space of the scanned rock surface. Because the density of the point cloud can be high (on the order of 5 mm to 1 cm), it allows for an accurate reconstruction of the original rock surface in the form of a 3D interpolated and meshed surface using different interpolation techniques. Through geometric analysis of this 3D mesh and plotting of the facet orientations in a polar plot, it is possible to observe clusters that represent different rock mass discontinuity sets. With fuzzy k-means clustering algorithms, individual discontinuity sets can be outlined automatically, and the mean orientations of these identified sets can be computed. Assuming a Fisher's distribution, the facet outliers can be removed subsequently. Finally, discontinuity set spacings can be calculated as well.

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41

Song, G., and Y. P. Chugh. "3D analysis of longwall face stability in thick coal seams." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 118, no. 2 (2018): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2018/v118n2a6.

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42

Ganguly, Suranjan, Debotosh Bhattacharjee, and Mita Nasipuri. "3D FACE RECOGNITION FROM RANGE IMAGES BASED ON CURVATURE ANALYSIS." ICTACT Journal on Image and Video Processing 04, no. 03 (February 1, 2014): 748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijivp.2014.0108.

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43

HU, Yuan, Li LU, Jingqi YAN, Zhi LIU, and Pengfei SHI. "Sexual Dimorphism Analysis and Gender Classification in 3D Human Face." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 9 (2010): 2643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.2643.

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44

Wang, Ru. "3D Face Recognition Based on the Analysis of Significant Features." Journal of Information and Computational Science 11, no. 15 (October 10, 2014): 5517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12733/jics20104664.

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45

De Wansa Wickramaratne, V. K., V. V. Ryazanov, and A. P. Vinogradov. "Analysis of a 3D face-scanning system by active triangulation." Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis 19, no. 1 (March 2009): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054661809010143.

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46

Zhang, Liyan, Anshuman Razdan, Gerald Farin, John Femiani, Myungsoo Bae, and Charles Lockwood. "3D face authentication and recognition based on bilateral symmetry analysis." Visual Computer 22, no. 1 (October 21, 2005): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00371-005-0352-9.

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47

Vezzetti, Enrico, and Federica Marcolin. "Geometry-based 3D face morphology analysis: soft-tissue landmark formalization." Multimedia Tools and Applications 68, no. 3 (May 22, 2012): 895–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1091-3.

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48

Guryanov, R. A., S. Monkin, A. Monkin, and A. Petrov. "APPROACH TO 3D ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY PTOSIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W4 (May 10, 2017): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w4-123-2017.

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The assessment of ptosis degree for rejuvenation procedures, the choice of following operation technique and evaluation of surgery result are based on subjective visual examination and surgeon’s experience. The photogrammetric scans of 25 female patients of age 20 to 55 in vertical and supine (horizontal) position of body with placing the regular marker points on the face were analyzed. For 5 patients, also the CT data was acquired and segmentation of soft tissue was performed. Four of these patients underwent SMAS-lifting, the photogrammetry scanning was repeat 6 months after the operation. Computer vision algorithms was used for markers detection on the 3D model texture, marker were projected from texture to triangular mesh. 3D mesh models were registered with user defined anatomy points and pair selection based on markers location was done. Pairs of points on vertical and horizontal 3D models were analyzed for surface tissue mobility examination. The migration vectors of each side of the face are uniformly directed upwards and laterally. The vectors are projected at the areas of so-called ligaments demonstrate no evidence in deviation from row sequences. The volume migration is strongly correlates with the age of examined patients, on the contrary the point migration moderately correlates with age in patients of 30 to 50 years old. The analysis of migration vectors before and after the SMAS-lifting revealed no significant changes in surface points’ migration. The described method allows to assess the mechanical conditions of individual face and evaluate efficacy of surgery. This approach can be used for the classification of face ptosis grade.

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49

Sun, Da Wei, Kang Ping Wang, and Hui Qin Yao. "3D Finite Element Analysis on ChaHanWuSu CFRD Built on Thick Alluvium Deposits." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4482.

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As a very popular dam style, more concrete- faced rockfill dams have been built in the world, but there is presently only a few high CFRDs with dam height more than 100m built on thick alluvium deposits. ChaHaWuSu CFRD with dam height 107.60m and the maximum thickness of alluvium deposits 46.70m, has been built in Xinjiang province, China recently. The excessive of displacement of foundation and dam body may lead to big deformation of peripheral joint and cause the failure of seal materials and produce water leakage. Therefore, 3D finite element analysis was carried out to estimate the deformation of dam. Firstly, 3D mesh including surrounding mountain and alluvium deposits was established by use of advanced grid discreteness technique. Secondly, Desai thin layer elements were adopted to model the interface between the face slab and cushion layer. Moreover, joint elements were adopted to model the joints between the face slab and plinth, plinth and connecting slab, connecting slab and connecting slab, connecting slab and diaphragm wall. Finally, large scales of equations solving method were adopted in the procedure thus the computer calculation time was greatly reduced. The calculation result was compared with the monitored deformation date of ChaHaWuSu CFRD. All in all, the above research will do much benefit to the CFRD design on thick alluvium deposits.

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50

Guilbault, Raynald. "Tooth Influence on Flexural and Torsional Flexibility, and Model Tooth Number Prediction for Optimum Dynamic Simulation of Wide-Faced Spur Gears." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 3 (August 4, 2005): 626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2180808.

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Refined dynamic analyses of gear pairs, including precise tooth contact description, often lead to unreasonable simulation requirements. Therefore, numerous models employ simplifications, such as two-dimensional deflection of the engaged gear set, which is inappropriate for wide-faced wheels. Other models propose three-dimensional (3D) representation of one tooth on a complete hub. This approach introduces the torsional and flexural deflection of the gear body, but underestimates the corresponding stiffness. Since forthcoming improvements of gear analysis should offer efficient 3D dynamic simulation of wide-faced gear sets, this paper primarily quantifies the flexibility error levels implied with 3D one tooth full hub spur gear models. Subsequently, a procedure is developed to determine the number of teeth required for a 3D model so that it will include the torsional and flexural flexibility of the spur gear body, within acceptable error levels. This procedure offers an efficient approach to optimize the (precision)/(simulation time) ratio. The method deals with gears of any diametral pitch, and covers the common face width and tooth number ranges.

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