Дисертації з теми "3D computational modeling"
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Belyaeva, Anastasiya. "Computational methods for analyzing and modeling gene regulation and 3D genome organization." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130828.
Повний текст джерелаCataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 261-281).
Biological processes from differentiation to disease progression are governed by gene regulatory mechanisms. Currently large-scale omics and imaging data sets are being collected to characterize gene regulation at every level. Such data sets present new opportunities and challenges for extracting biological insights and elucidating the gene regulatory logic of cells. In this thesis, I present computational methods for the analysis and integration of various data types used for cell profiling. Specifically, I focus on analyzing and linking gene expression with the 3D organization of the genome. First, I describe methodologies for elucidating gene regulatory mechanisms by considering multiple data modalities. I design a computational framework for identifying colocalized and coregulated chromosome regions by integrating gene expression and epigenetic marks with 3D interactions using network analysis.
Then, I provide a general framework for data integration using autoencoders and apply it for the integration and translation between gene expression and chromatin images of naive T-cells. Second, I describe methods for analyzing single modalities such as contact frequency data, which measures the spatial organization of the genome, and gene expression data. Given the important role of the 3D genome organization in gene regulation, I present a methodology for reconstructing the 3D diploid conformation of the genome from contact frequency data. Given the ubiquity of gene expression data and the recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies as well as the need for causal modeling of gene regulatory mechanisms, I then describe an algorithm as well as a software tool, difference causal inference (DCI), for learning causal gene regulatory networks from gene expression data.
DCI addresses the problem of directly learning differences between causal gene regulatory networks given gene expression data from two related conditions. Finally, I shift my focus from basic biology to drug discovery. Given the current COVID19 pandemic, I present a computational drug repurposing platform that enables the identification of FDA approved compounds for drug repurposing and investigation of potential causal drug mechanisms. This framework relies on identifying drugs that reverse the signature of the infection in the space learned by an autoencoder and then uses causal inference to identify putative drug mechanisms.
by Anastasiya Belyaeva.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Computational and Systems Biology Program
Wang, Junle. "From 2D to stereoscopic-3D visual saliency : revisiting psychophysical methods and computational modeling." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT2072.
Повний текст джерелаVisual attention is one of the most important mechanisms deployed in the human visual system to reduce the amount of information that our brain needs to process. An increasing amount of efforts are being dedicated in the studies of visual attention, particularly in computational modeling of visual attention. In this thesis, we present studies focusing on several aspects of the research of visual attention. Our works can be mainly classified into two parts. The first part concerns ground truths used in the studies related to visual attention ; the second part contains studies related to the modeling of visual attention for Stereoscopic 3D (S-3D) viewing condition. In the first part, our work starts with identifying the reliability of FDM from different eye-tracking databases. Then we quantitatively identify the similarities and difference between fixation density maps and visual importance map, which have been two widely used ground truth for attention-related applications. Next, to solve the problem of lacking ground truth in the community of 3D visual attention modeling, we conduct a binocular eye-tracking experiment to create a new eye-tracking database for S-3D images. In the second part, we start with examining the impact of depth on visual attention in S-3D viewing condition. We firstly introduce a so-called “depth-bias” in the viewing of synthetic S-3D content on planar stereoscopic display. Then, we extend our study from synthetic stimuli to natural content S-3D images. We propose a depth-saliency-based model of 3D visual attention, which relies on depth contrast of the scene. Two different ways of applying depth information in S-3D visual attention model are also compared in our study. Next, we study the difference of center-bias between 2D and S-3D viewing conditions, and further integrate the center-bias with S-3D visual attention modeling. At the end, based on the assumption that visual attention can be used for improving Quality of Experience of 3D-TV when collaborating with blur, we study the influence of blur on depth perception and blur’s relationship with binocular disparity
Vaterlaus, Austin C. "Development of a 3D Computational Vocal Fold Model Optimization Tool." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8468.
Повний текст джерелаFadeel, Abdalsalam. "Development and Application of a Computational Modeling Scheme for Periodic Lattice Structures." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright162248153014535.
Повний текст джерелаCollar, Catharine Jane. "Rational Drug Design for Neglected Diseases: Implementation of Computational Methods to Construct Predictive Devices and Examine Mechanisms." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/chemistry_diss/48.
Повний текст джерелаWhite, Douglas. "Analyzing multicellular interactions: A hybrid computational and biological pattern recognition approach." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54876.
Повний текст джерелаBorrman, Tyler M. "Measuring Stability of 3D Chromatin Conformations and Identifying Neuron Specific Chromatin Loops Associated with Schizophrenia Risk." eScholarship@UMMS, 2020. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1111.
Повний текст джерелаLanterne, Célestin. "Réparation et optimisation de maillages 3D pour l'impression 3D." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0454.
Повний текст джерела3D printers use 3D models in the form of meshes to define the geometry and the appearance of objects to be printed. A 3D mesh must have some topological properties so that the geometry it represents could be printable and the geometry itself must respect certain conditions to be printable. These properties and conditions may vary depending on the 3D printing technologies in use.Many 3D meshes used for printing were not initially designed for this purpose application. The main primary use of these meshes is visualization, which does not require the same topological properties and geometric conditions. The subject of this thesis is the repair of these meshes to make them printable.A repair chain including several steps was designed for this purpose. Non-manifold conditions are repaired by extracting related components (surfaces). The boundaries of surfaces are detected and classified according to the best repair to be applied on each. The boundaries of surfaces are repaired according to their classification either by a filling method or by an offset method. The weakness of the geometry is detected and controlled
Michálek, Mojmír Cyril. "Výpočtové modelování procesu 3D tisku součástí z PET-G materiálu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-418192.
Повний текст джерелаHartl, Alexander Verfasser], Nassir [Akademischer Betreuer] [Navab, and Sibylle [Akademischer Betreuer] Ziegler. "Computational modeling of detection physics for 3D intraoperative imaging with navigated nuclear probes / Alexander Hartl. Betreuer: Nassir Navab. Gutachter: Nassir Navab ; Sibylle Ziegler." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079655190/34.
Повний текст джерелаSköld, Christian. "Computational Modeling of the AT2 Receptor and AT2 Receptor Ligands : Investigating Ligand Binding, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Receptor-Bound Models." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för organisk farmaceutisk kemi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7823.
Повний текст джерелаRavel, Guillaume. "Three-dimensional modeling and experiment-driven numerical simulation of zebrafish escape swimming for biological applications." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0330.
Повний текст джерелаBiologists use zebrafish as an animal model to study the effects of genetic or environmental factors related to human locomotor diseases in order to develop pharmacological treatments. The general objectives of the project were 1) to develop a numerical model based on real-world data capable of accurately simulating the escape swimming of the zebrafish eleuthero-embryo and 2) to provide, in addition to swimming kinematic parameters, a fine estimate of the energetic performance of locomotor behavior to enrich experimental studies on locomotion. Furthermore, an experiment-based numerical modeling might enhance the understanding of locomotor behavior. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics code describing the fluid flow around a moving and deforming immersed body was used to reproduce in silico the experimental escape response of a five-day post-fertilization eleuthero-embryo. The solution of the mechanistic model, governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Newton's laws was approximated on a Cartesian mesh while the solid body represented by a level-set function, was described implicitly by a penalization method. As for the deformation kinematics, it was estimated directly from experimental locomotion videos by a Procrustes analysis. A first approach has been considered to extract the deformation velocity, in two dimensions, based on optimal transportation. In order to be faithful to three-dimensional (3D) physics, the morphology of the zebrafish eleuthero-embryo and the experimental escape kinematics were reconstructed in 3D, by tracking Lagrangian markers on the surface of the zebrafish body. Thus, a new approach has been developed to estimate the deformation velocity from experimental real data obtained by ultra-high-speed imaging after electric field pulse stimulation. Zebrafish eleuthero-embryo exhibits a highly stereotyped and complex escape behavior consisting of three swimming modules: C-bend, counter-bend and fast-swimming cyclic phase. The developed approach enables high-performance and realistic numerical simulations of real locomotion. After performing a numerical validation of the model based on each component, a study was conducted on the energetic performance of the zebrafish's escape response, challenged by a change in fluid viscosity. A linear response of the cost of transport, associated with a constant energy expenditure, regardless the fluid environment, was thus demonstrated. This energy study can be extended to any immersed, moving and deformable body and in particular, to any biological experiment such as exposure to a neuro-toxicant, which would alter the locomotor behavior of the eleuthero-embryo. Thus, numerical simulation may enrich the quantitative assessments of biological conditions and pharmacological treatments which lead to disturbing or recovering the locomotor behavior
Sköld, Christian. "Computational Modeling of the AT2 Receptor and AT2 Receptor Ligands : Investigating Ligand Binding, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Receptor-Bound Models." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7823.
Повний текст джерелаRational conversion of biologically active peptides to nonpeptide compounds with retained activity is an appealing approach in drug development. One important objective of the work presented in this thesis was to use computational modeling to aid in such a conversion of the peptide angiotensin II (Ang II, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe). An equally important objective was to gain an understanding of the requirements for ligand binding to the Ang II receptors, with a focus on interactions with the AT2 receptor.
The bioactive conformation of a peptide can provide important guidance in peptidomimetic design. By designing and introducing well-defined secondary structure mimetics into Ang II the bioactive conformation can be addressed. In this work, both γ- and β-turn mimetic scaffolds have been designed and characterized for incorporation into Ang II. Using conformational analysis and the pharmacophore recognition method DISCO, a model was derived of the binding mode of the pseudopeptide Ang II analogues. This model indicated that the positioning of the Arg side chain was important for AT2 receptor binding, which was also supported when the structure–activity relationship of Ang II was investigated by performing a glycine scan.
To further examine ligand binding, a 3D model of the AT2 receptor was constructed employing homology modeling. Using this receptor model in a docking study of the ligands, binding modes were identified that were in agreement with data from point-mutation studies of the AT2 receptor.
By investigating truncated Ang II analogues, small pseudopeptides were developed that were structurally similar to nonpeptide AT2 receptor ligands. For further guidance in ligand design of nonpeptide compounds, three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship models for AT1 and AT2 receptor affinity as well as selectivity were derived.
Brailo, Courtney M. "A Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) Study of the Truckee Meadows, NV. Quaternary Fault Mapping with ArcGIS, 3D Visualization and Computational Block Modeling of the Greater Reno area." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10126167.
Повний текст джерелаThe Truckee Meadows (Reno, NV) sits in a tectonically complex area of western Nevada, where Walker Lane-style transtension is dominant throughout the region. A new Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) study focuses on the Truckee Meadows region of western Nevada, including the Reno/Sparks metropolitan area in Washoe County. We use the airborne LiDAR imagery (1485 sq. km) to create high quality, bare-earth topographic maps that were previously unattainable in vegetated, populated or alpine terrain. This approach gives us an opportunity to improve fault maps that may be outdated or incomplete in the area. Here we provide LiDAR imagery of a large section of Washoe County and an updated fault map of the greater Truckee Meadows region.
We also use this new LiDAR survey of the Truckee Meadows and nearby basins to constrain geometry, length, distribution, and slip rates along faults imaged by this new dataset. Estimated slip rates are compared to those derived from a geodetic block model constrained by Global Positioning Station (GPS) data to test for consistency. GPS station data and geologic mapping show that both east-west oriented extension and northwest-oriented right-lateral strike slip accommodate transtension as a backdrop for tectonics studies of region, with some northeast-oriented left-lateral strike slip. This study aims to better understand how this transtension is partitioned along remapped faults and newly identified structures in this urban setting, as the framework for strain accommodation in this area remains poorly understood.
Faults with normal offset were measured along strike using bare-earth LiDAR returns to determine the amount of vertical separation across geomorphic surfaces, and then converted to extension assuming a fault dip of 60 (+/-10) degrees. Since the primary geomorphic surfaces in this region are the result of Sierra Nevadan glacial outwash episodes, we use previously published geologic maps to link each surface to an associated date. When integrated across several basin perpendicular transects within the Mt. Rose pediment, we calculate a total extension rate of 0.87 (+0.40/-0.48) mm/yr for the southern Truckee Meadows basin. Integrated slip rates from fault scarp offsets are within the bounds of 1.23 (+/-0.70) mm/yr suggested by geodetic modeling. Block modeling highlights that north-striking faults primarily accommodate east-west extension, and so northwest-striking faults and/or block rotations must accommodate the northwest-directed shear seen in GPS velocities. This trend is bolstered by the discovery of a new northwest-oriented fault on Peavine Mountain 6 km east of the Mogul (2008) seismicity trend. Our study provides further evidence that the Truckee Meadows sits at a critical transition from north-striking normal faults in the southern part of the basin to northwest-oriented strike-slip faults to the north, an observation that mimics regional tectonics and geomorphology of the adjacent Lake Tahoe/Truckee system to the west.
Ozturk, Tugce. "Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Microstructure-Mechanical Deformation Relationship in Polycrystalline Materials, Applied to Additively Manufactured Titanium Alloys." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/900.
Повний текст джерелаPreuksakarn, Chakkrit. "Acquisition et validation de modèles architecturaux virtuels de plantes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859843.
Повний текст джерелаBui, Cao Vu. "Modélisation d'environnements intérieurs par reconstruction 3D en temps réel et extraction de plans architecturaux 2D." Thesis, Troyes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TROY0032.
Повний текст джерелаScene reconstruction is the process of building an accurate geometric model of one's environment from We explore the problem of complete scene reconstruction in indoor environments using mixed - data from the low-cost RGB-D camera and the inertial unit. The scanning process is realized in real-time, on the move with 6DoF of the numerizing system. We focus on computationally-constrained mobile systems, such as smartphone or tablet devices. Problematic issues present a set of fundamental challenges - estimating the state and trajectory of the device as it moves while scanning environment and utilizing lightweight data structures to hold the representation of the reconstructed scene. The system needs to be computationally and memory-efficient, so that it can run in real time, on-board the mobile device. The point-cloud resulted in the above module, which is non-structured and noisy cause of the quality of the low-cost sensor, needed a new method for the surface reconstruction. Our Dodecahedron Mapping is presented like a triangulation solution for the completed indoor environment scanning. After filtering and smoothing the point cloud, the algorithm tries to approximating the surface mesh by deforming and pasting the dodecahedron surface to the scanned point cloud. And the last stage of this research mission is to developing tools for the automatic extraction of 2D architectural plans from the 3D scanned building scene. This extracting process is also possible from the 3D point cloud or mesh by defining a section plane
Skrip, Betsy. "Imaging the airways : 3D modeling of a complete respiratory airway for use in computational flow dynamics studies of particle deposition in the lungs ; Creation of an educational animation about the respiratory system for use in the Human Visualization Project and CollaboRITorium /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7744.
Повний текст джерелаIelina, Tetiana, Liudmyla Halavska, Daiva Mikucioniene, and Rimvidas Milasius. "Information models of knitwear in computational science and engineering." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19105.
Повний текст джерелаMoore, Stephen Michael. "Computational 3D Modelling of Hemodynamics in the Circle of Willis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1168.
Повний текст джерелаLien, Fue-Sang. "Computational modelling of 3D flow in complex ducts and passages." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304550.
Повний текст джерелаBurkitt, Mark. "Computational modelling of sperm behaviour in a 3D virtual oviduct." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2246/.
Повний текст джерелаFisher, Matthew Jackson. "Parametric Optimization Design System for a Fluid Domain Assembly." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2373.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAbed, Mohamad Samir, and Azita Hosseinzade. "Parameterstyrd projektering av broar : Koppling mellan Rhinoceros-Grasshopper och Tekla Structures." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215192.
Повний текст джерелаNew methods for project designing in the building construction industry have been developed by introducing modern and powerful BIM tools. Several of today’s constructions are designed according to three-dimensional principles.Tekla Structures is a powerful BIM tool that is capable of managing both house and infrastructure constructions. Despite this, the program cannot handle bridges with a horizontal and vertical curvature efficiently. The designers must instead rely on several other applications to manage complex bridge constructions.In order to use the advantages of Tekla Structures, the software needs to be evolved or complimented by other third party softwares. This project aims to integrate new working technics and introduce a method based on parametric design in Tekla Structures. Such form of modeling enables the modification of parameters to a desired model for the user.A script is created through a visual programming extension that generates a parametric based bridge models. The bridge type in this project was designed, is an integral bridge.The project has proved that parametric based design is more effectively and a solution to manage bridges with horizontal and vertical curvature.
Aybar, Akin. "Computational Modelling Of Free Surface Flow In Intake Structures Using Flow 3d Software." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614377/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHammer, Steven James. "Engineering a 3D ultrasound system for image-guided vascular modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4253.
Повний текст джерелаDuan, Liuyun. "Modélisation géométrique de scènes urbaines par imagerie satellitaire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4025.
Повний текст джерелаAutomatic city modeling from satellite imagery is one of the biggest challenges in urban reconstruction. The ultimate goal is to produce compact and accurate 3D city models that benefit many application fields such as urban planning, telecommunications and disaster management. Compared with aerial acquisition, satellite imagery provides appealing advantages such as low acquisition cost, worldwide coverage and high collection frequency. However, satellite context also imposes a set of technical constraints as a lower pixel resolution and a wider that challenge 3D city reconstruction. In this PhD thesis, we present a set of methodological tools for generating compact, semantically-aware and geometrically accurate 3D city models from stereo pairs of satellite images. The proposed pipeline relies on two key ingredients. First, geometry and semantics are retrieved simultaneously providing robust handling of occlusion areas and low image quality. Second, it operates at the scale of geometric atomic regions which allows the shape of urban objects to be well preserved, with a gain in scalability and efficiency. Images are first decomposed into convex polygons that capture geometric details via Voronoi diagram. Semantic classes, elevations, and 3D geometric shapes are then retrieved in a joint classification and reconstruction process operating on polygons. Experimental results on various cities around the world show the robustness, scalability and efficiency of the proposed approach
Afzelius, Lovisa. "Computational Modelling of Structures and Ligands of CYP2C9." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4016.
Повний текст джерелаSantos, Clayton Eduardo dos. "Modelagem computacional de estruturas anatômicas em 3D e simulação de suas imagens radiográficas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18133/tde-15102008-141521/.
Повний текст джерелаThe conventional methods of quality control applied to radio diagnosis are the best way to have assured good quality of the produced images. Due the amount of variables to consider, the study of particular issues of the process of formation of radiological images requires complementary computational tools. However, the computational voxel based phantoms are not suitable to represent the morphometrical variations, intended for test simulations with image based diagnosis. This work developed a new type of computational phantom, based on 3D modelling. It has the same advantages of the conventional ones, without some of their restrictions. The modeling tool employed, Blender, is available on internet for free download. The project uses the technique called box modeling, which consists in the deformation of a primitive form (a cube, in this case) until it presents a similar form to that it is wanted to model. In order to achieve it, some images, obtained from anatomy atlas and a skeleton pictures obtained from University of Mogi das Cruzes, were used as reference. Were built models from skeletal system, internal organs and external human body anatomy. The applied methodology allowed model´s parameter settings on the modelling tool. This option was presented by means of intestine format variation and increase of adipose tissue on the mesh that represents skin. The simulation of radiological images was done by means of x-ray mass attenuation coefficients, bones and tissues and models with diferent physical characteristics. This flexibility allows the analysis and forecasting of the influences that morphometrical differences of individual implies on images, revealing an important tool that complements the conventional quality control tools.
Aldehani, Mohammed. "Hydrogen-water isotope exchange in a trickle bed column by process simulation and 3D computational fluid dynamics modelling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82667/.
Повний текст джерелаRenberg, Ulrica. "1D engine simulation of a turbocharged SI engine with CFD computation on components." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Machine Design (Div.), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-9162.
Повний текст джерела1D engine simulations of turbocharged engines are difficult to
Techniques that can increase the SI- engine efficiency while keeping the emissions very low is to reduce the engine displacement volume combined with a charging system. Advanced systems are needed for an effective boosting of the engine and today 1D engine simulation tools are often used for their optimization.
This thesis concerns 1D engine simulation of a turbocharged SI engine and the introduction of CFD computations on components as a way to assess inaccuracies in the 1D model.
1D engine simulations have been performed on a turbocharged SI engine and the results have been validated by on-engine measurements in test cell. The operating points considered have been in the engine’s low speed and load region, with the turbocharger’s waste-gate closed.
The instantaneous on-engine turbine efficiency was calculated for two different turbochargers based on high frequency measurements in test cell. Unfortunately the instantaneous mass flow rates and temperatures directly upstream and downstream of the turbine could not be measured and simulated values from the calibrated engine model were used. The on-engine turbine efficiency was compared with the efficiency computed by the 1D code using steady flow data to describe the turbine performance.
The results show that the on-engine turbine efficiency shows a hysteretic effect over the exhaust pulse so that the discrepancy between measured and quasi-steady values increases for decreasing mass flow rate after a pulse peak.
Flow modeling in pipe geometries that can be representative to those of an exhaust manifold, single bent pipes and double bent pipes and also the outer runners of an exhaust manifold, have been computed in both 1D and 3D under steady and pulsating flow conditions. The results have been compared in terms of pressure losses.
The results show that calculated pressure gradient for a straight pipe under steady flow is similar using either 1D or 3D computations. The calculated pressure drop over a bend is clearly higher1D engine simulations of turbocharged engines are difficult to using 1D computations compared to 3D computations, both for steady and pulsating flow. Also, the slow decay of the secondary flow structure that develops over a bend, gives a higher pressure gradient in the 3D calculations compared to the 1D calculation in the straight pipe parts downstream of a bend.
Hermosa, Hidalgo Daniel Hernán. "Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics with sediment transport modelling in hydropower reservoir: the Binga study case in The Philippines." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19691/.
Повний текст джерелаKyffin, J. A. "Establishing species-specific 3D liver microtissues for repeat dose toxicology and advancing in vitro to in vivo translation through computational modelling." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/9707/.
Повний текст джерелаJeffcoate, Penelope. "Experimental and computational modelling of 3-D flow and bed shear stresses downstream from a multiple duct tidal barrage." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/experimental-and-computational-modelling-of-3d-flow-and-bed-shear-stresses-downstream-from-a-multiple-duct-tidal-barrage(13b4b1d2-d144-4510-bc46-50a25739e41c).html.
Повний текст джерелаSchaal, Wesley. "Computational Studies of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5213-2/.
Повний текст джерелаChykeyuk, Kiryl. "Analysis of 3D echocardiography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:823cd243-5d48-4ecc-90e7-f56d49145be8.
Повний текст джерелаMartínez, Mateu Laura. "Mapping of the electrical activity of human atria. Multiscale modelling and simulations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/104604.
Повний текст джерелаAtrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias seen in clinical practice. Therefore, it is of vital importance to develop new technologies aimed at diagnosing and terminating this kind of arrhythmia, to improve the quality of life of patients and to reduce costs to national health systems. In the last years, new atrial mapping techniques based on multi-electrode systems are increasingly being used to map the atrial electrical activity in humans and localise and target atrial fibrillation drivers in the form of focal sources or rotors. However, significant concerns remain about their accuracy and experimental approaches to analyse them are limited due to their invasive character. Therefore, computer simulations are a helpful tool to overcome these limitations since they can reproduce with fidelity experimental observations, permit to split the problem to treat into more simple substudies, and allow the possibility of performing preliminary investigations impossible to carry out in the clinical practice. This PhD thesis is focused on the analysis for accuracy of the multielectrode mapping systems through computational models and simulations. For this purpose, we developed realistic multiscale models in order to simulate atrial electrical reentrant activity, first in a sheet of atrial tissue and, then, in the whole atria. Then, we analysed the effects of the multi-electrode geometrical configurations on the accuracy of localizing rotors, by using multi-electrode arrays with equidistant inter-electrode distances, as well as multi-electrode basket catheters with non-equidistant inter-electrode distances. After computing the intracavitary unipolar electrograms, we performed phase maps, phase singularity detections to track rotors, and dominant frequency maps. We finally found out that the accuracy of multi-electrode mapping systems depends on their position inside the atrial cavity, the electrode-to-tissue distance, the inter-electrode distance, and the contribution of far field sources. Furthermore, as a consequence of these factors, false rotors might appear and could contribute to failure of atrial fibrillation ablation procedures.
La fibril·lació auricular és una de les arítmies cardíaques més comuns observades en la pràctica clínica. Per tant, és de vital importància desenvolupar noves tecnologies destinades a diagnosticar i acabar amb aquest tipus d'arítmia, per tal de millorar la qualitat de vida dels pacients i reduir els costos dels sistemes nacionals de salut. En els últims anys, ha augmentat l'ús de les noves tècniques de mapeig auricular, basades en sistemes multielèctrode per a mapejar l'activitat elèctrica auricular en humans. Aquestes tècniques permeten localitzar i ablacionar els impulsors de la fibril·lació auricular, com són les fonts focals o els rotors. No obstant això, encara hi ha incertesa sobre la seua precisió i els procediments experimentals per al seu anàlisi estan limitats a causa del seu caràcter invasiu. Per tant, les simulacions computacionals són una eina molt útil per a superar aquestes limitacions, en permetre reproduir amb fidelitat les observacions experimentals, dividir el problema sota estudi en subestudis més simples, i realitzar investigacions preliminars impossibles de dur a terme en el pràctica clínica. Aquesta tesi doctoral es centra en l'anàlisi de la precisió del sistemes de mapeig multielèctrode mitjançant els models i les simulacions computacionals. Per a això, desenvolupàrem models realistes multiescala per tal de simular activitat elèctrica auricular reentrant, en primer lloc en una làmina de teixit auricular, i en segon lloc a les aurícules completes. Posteriorment, analitzàrem els efectes de les configuracions geomètriques multielèctrode en la precisió de la localització dels rotors, mitjançant l'ús d'agrupacions multielèctrode amb distàncies interelèctrode equidistants, així com catèters de tipus basket amb distàncies interelèctrode no equidistants. Després de calcular els electrogrames unipolars intracavitaris, vam realitzar mapes de fase, deteccions de singularitat de fase per a rastrejar els rotors, i mapes de freqüència dominants. Finalment, vam descobrir que la precisió dels sistemes de mapeig multielèctrode depèn de la seua posició dins de la cavitat auricular, de la distància entre els elèctrodes i el teixit, de la distància interelèctrode, i de la contribució de les fonts de camp llunyà. A més, com a conseqüència d'aquests factors, es va observar l'aparició de rotors falsos que podrien contribuir al fracàs de l'ablació de la fibril·lació auricular.
Martínez Mateu, L. (2018). Mapping of the electrical activity of human atria. Multiscale modelling and simulations [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/104604
TESIS
Linde, Florian. "3D modelling of ship resistance in restricted waterways and application to an inland eco-driving prototype." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2389/document.
Повний текст джерелаAn eco-driving prototype, named EcoNav, is developed with the aim of optimizing a vessel speed in order to reduce fuel consumption for a given itinerary. EcoNav is organized in several modules : - a 2D hydraulic model simulating the flow conditions (current speed and water depth) along the itinerary; - a ship resistance model calculating the thrust necessary to counteract the hydrodynamic forces ; - a fuel consumption model calculating the fuel consumption corresponding to the thrust input; - a non linear optimization algorithm calculating the optimal speed profile. In order to evaluate the fuel consumption of an inland vessel, a ship resistance numerical model is developed in the first part of this PhD. This 3D numerical model simulates the flow around an inland self-propelled vessel and evaluates the hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull. A RANS solver is coupled with a quasi-Newton approach to find the equilibrium position and calculate ship sinkage. This method is validated by comparing the results of numerical simulations to towing tank tests. The numerical results with and without sinkage are also compared to study the influence of sinkage on ship resistance and on the accuracy of the method. Additionally, some empirical models are investigated and compared with the accuracy of the numerical method. Finally, the numerical model is used to determine if channel with and water depth restriction contribute to the same amount of ship resistance increase for the same level of restriction. The results of that investigation give insight to whether channel restriction can be characterized by a unique parameter (for instance the blockage ratio) or two parameters to distinguish water depth and channel with effects. In the second part of this PhD, the numerical methods used in the speed optimization model are described and validated. The speed optimization model is then used to simulate a real case: the itinerary of the self-propelled ship Oural on river Seine, between Chatou and Poses (153 km). The optimized fuel consumption is compared with the non-optimized fuel consumption, based on AIS speed profile retrieved on this itinerary. The effects of the ship trajectory and travel duration on fuel consumption are also investigated. The results of those investigations showed that optimizing the ship speed lead to an average fuel saving of 8 % and that using an optimal track and including real time information such as lock availability and river traffic can lead to additional fuel savings
Pires, David da Silva. "Rastreamento de componentes conexas em vídeo 3D para obtenção de estruturas tridimensionais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-06072009-173738/.
Повний текст джерелаThis document presents a MSc thesis focused on the development of a data integration system to generate tridimensional structures from 3D video. The work involves the extension of a recently proposed real time 3D video system. This system, composed by a video camera and a projector, obtains range images of recorded objects using slide projection of a coloured stripe pattern. This procedure allows capturing, in real time, objects´ texture and 2,5 D model, at the same time, by a technique called structured light. The data are acquired at 30 frames per second, being of high quality: the resolutions are 640 x 480 pixels and 90 x 240 points (in average), respectively. The extension that this thesis proposes aims at obtaining the tridimensional model of the objects present in a scene through data matching (texture and geometry) of various sampled frames. Thus, the current work is an intermediary step of a larger project with the intent of achieving a complete reconstruction from only a few images obtained from different viewpoints. Such reconstruction will reduce the incidence of occlusion points (very common on the original results) such that it should be possible to adapt the whole system to moving and deformable objects (In the current state, the system is robust only to static and rigid objects.). To the best of our knowledge, there is no method that has fully solved this problem. This text describes the developed work, which consists of a method to perform detection, tracking and spatial matching of connected components present in a 3D video. The video image information (texture) is combined with tridimensional sites (geometry) in order to align surface portions seen on subsequent frames. This is a key step in the 3D video that may be explored in several applications such as compression, geometric integration and scene reconstruction, to name but a few. Our approach consists of detecting salient features in both image and world spaces, for further alignment of texture and geometry. The matching process is accomplished by the application of the ICP---Iterative Closest Point---algorithm, introduced by Besl and McKay in 1992. Succesful experimental results corroborating our method are shown.
Alzahrani, Faris. "3D modelling by computational fluid dynamics of local interactions of momentum, mass and heat transfers with catalyst deactivation in gas-solid catalytic reactors of low aspect ratios." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/82666/.
Повний текст джерелаFajardo, Peña Pablo. "Methodology for the Numerical Characterization of a Radial Turbine under Steady and Pulsating Flow." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/16878.
Повний текст джерелаFajardo Peña, P. (2012). Methodology for the Numerical Characterization of a Radial Turbine under Steady and Pulsating Flow [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16878
Palancia
Maasdorp, Lynndle Caroline. "Temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells in a serpentine design." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1316_1307961639.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of my work is to model a segment of a unit cell of a fuel cell stack using numerical methods which is classified as computational fluid dynamics and implementing the work in a commercial computational fluid dynamics package, FLUENT. The focus of my work is to study the thermal distribution within this segment. The results of the work aid in a better understanding of the fuel cell operation in this temperature range. At the time of my investigation experimental results were unavailable for validation and therefore my results are compared to previously published results published. The outcome of the results corresponds to this, where the current flux density increases with the increasing of operating temperature and fixed operating voltage and the temperature variation across the fuel cell at varying operating voltages. It is in the anticipation of determining actual and or unique material input parameters that this work is done and at which point this studies results would contribute to the understanding high temperature PEM fuel cell thermal behaviour, significantly.
Yirci, Murat. "Arrangements 2D pour la Cartographie de l’Espace Public et des Transports." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1075/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis addresses easy and effective development of mapping and transportation applications which especially focuses on the generation of pedestrian networks for applications like navigation, itinerary calculation, accessibility analysis and urban planning. In order to achieve this goal, we proposed a two layered data model which encodes the public space into a hierarchy of semantic geospatial objects. At the lower level, the 2D geometry of the geospatial objects are captured using a planar partition which is represented as a topological 2D arrangement. This representation of a planar partition allows efficient and effective geometry processing and easy maintenance and validation throughout the editions when the geometry or topology of an object is modified. At the upper layer, the semantic and thematic aspects of geospatial objects are modelled and managed. The hierarchy between these objects is maintained using a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which the leaf nodes correspond to the geometric primitives of the 2D arrangement and the higher level nodes represent the aggregated semantic geospatial objects at different levels. We integrated the proposed data model into our GIS framework called StreetMaker together with a set of generic algorithms and basic GIS capabilities. This framework is then rich enough to generate pedestrian network graphs automatically. In fact, within an accessibility analysis project, the full proposed pipeline was successfully used on two sites to produce pedestrian network graphs from various types of input data: existing GIS vector maps, semi-automatically created vector data and vector objects extracted from Mobile Mapping lidar point clouds.While modelling 2D ground surfaces may be sufficient for 2D GIS applications, 3D GIS applications require 3D models of the environment. 3D modelling is a very broad topic but as a first step to such 3D models, we focused on the semi-automatic modelling of objects which can be modelled or approximated by generalized cylinders (such as poles, lampposts, tree trunks, etc.) from single images. The developed methods and techniques are presented and discussed
Eriksson, Emil. "Simulation of Biological Tissue using Mass-Spring-Damper Models." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-27663.
Повний текст джерелаMålet med detta projekt var att utvärdera huruvida en modell baserad på massa-fjäderdämpare är meningsfull för att modellera biologisk vävnad. En metod för att automatiskt generera en sådan modell utifrån data tagen från medicinsk 3D-skanningsutrustning presenteras. Denna metod inkluderar både generering av punktmassor samt en algoritm för generering av länkar mellan dessa. Vidare beskrivs en implementation av en simulering av denna modell som körs i realtid genom att utnyttja den parallella beräkningskraften hos modern GPU-hårdvara via OpenCL. Denna implementation använder sig av fjärde ordningens Runge-Kutta-metod för förbättrad stabilitet jämfört med liknande implementationer. Svårigheten att bibehålla stabiliteten samtidigt som den simulerade vävnaden ges tillräcklig styvhet diskuteras genomgående. Flera observationer om modellstrukturens inverkan på den simulerade vävnadens konsistens presenteras också. Denna implementation inkluderar två manipuleringsverktyg, ett flytta-verktyg och ett skärverktyg för att interagera med simuleringen. Resultaten visar tydligt att en modell baserad på massa-fjäder-dämpare är en rimlig modell som är möjlig att simulera i realtid på modern men lättillgänglig hårdvara. Med vidareutveckling kan detta bli betydelsefullt för områden så som medicinsk bildvetenskap och kirurgisk simulering.
Taileb, Saïd. "Vers des simulations numériques prédictives des détonations gazeuses : influence de la cinétique chimique, de l’equation d’etat et des effets tridimensionnels Influence of the chemical modeling on the quenching limits of gaseous detonation waves confined by an inert layer Computation of the mean hydrodynamic structure of gaseous detonations with losses Numerical study of 3D gaseous detonations in a square channel." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0012.
Повний текст джерелаThis study is part of the general framework of numerical simulations of detonations under non-ideal conditions.The configurations discussed correspond to flows encountered in industrial hazards and rotating detonation engines.Simulations are based on an inhouse code RESIDENT (REcycling mesh SImulation of DEtonations) developed at the Pprime Institute. It is based on high-order shock capturing schemes, with a MP9 interpolation scheme, a HLLC-M solver and a 3rd Runge-Kutta time integration. At first, the influence of the equation of state (EOS) on the cellular detonation structure has been studied with two EOS : Perfect gas and Noble-Abel. The numerical results have shown that new triples points are generated from the interaction of a slip line with already existing triple points. The increase of the post-shock isentropic coeffient has inhibited the appearance of these instabilities and has regularized the cell structure. This results may be important as engineering correlations are based on the cell size and regularity. Secondly, the influence of chemical modelling on the structure of the detonation and its extinction limits were studied using three kinetic models of increasing complexity : single-step, three-step chain-branching and detailed chemistry. Despite the macroscopic features are similar, the outcome of the critical height of a detonation confined by an inert layer is significantly different, highlighting the impact of the kinetics in predicting the extinction limits observed in experiments. Finally, the influence of three-dimensional effects on the dynamics of detonation was studied. Comparisons of 2-D and 3-D simulations are carried out in the case of marginal and semi-confined detonations. Despite the differences observed in the flow topology, similarities were found in the mean structure when the detonation propagation is ideal. The analysis of the total fluctuation energy revealed that entropy fluctuations are more important than pressure fluctuations. In the case of semi-confined detonation, 3-D effects manifests a smaller velocity deficit than in 2-D when the detonation propagates at the same reactive height. The velocity deficitis correlated to the ratio of the hydrodynamic thickness to the radius of curvature, despite the higher average curvature of the 3-D front
Gerver, Rachel Ellen. "3D thermal-electrochemical lithium-ion battery computational modeling." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-373.
Повний текст джерелаtext
Martin, Michael. "Modeling of Transport in Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-11178.
Повний текст джерелаLiu, Ming-Chung, and 劉明宗. "3D Modeling Computation on Web-based Environment." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11484968461085365266.
Повний текст джерела國立中正大學
資訊工程研究所
88
Modeling of 3D objects from image pairs is a challenging problem and has been a research topic for many years. Stereo matching is the key technique of 3D objects modeling from image pairs. In this thesis, a hierarchical area-based stereo matching algorithm is proposed. The application of the stereo matching algorithm on the WWW environment is also implemented. By using the method we proposed, the disparity map and 3D mesh of an object can be constructed from one pair of its stereo images. In order to reduce the time complexity of stereo matching, a hierarchical stereo matching architecture is adopted. In other words, the hierarchical stereo matching algorithm matches image-blocks from coarser to finer resolution. In our algorithm, the image-blocks are matched according to correlation coefficient. If some image blocks do not match any block or they match blocks with small correlation coefficient, interpolations are used to reduce the noise in the 3D mesh.
Hu, Xin. "Multiscale Modeling and Computation of 3D Incompressible Turbulent Flows." Thesis, 2012. https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/7093/2/Xin_HU_2012_ACM_thesis_Multiscale_Modeling_of_Turbulence-corrected_version.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first part, we present a mathematical derivation of a closure relating the Reynolds stress to the mean strain rate for incompressible turbulent flows. This derivation is based on a systematic multiscale analysis that expresses the Reynolds stress in terms of the solutions of local periodic cell problems. We reveal an asymptotic structure of the Reynolds stress by invoking the frame invariant property of the cell problems and an iterative dynamic homogenization of large- and small-scale solutions. The Smagorinsky model for homogeneous turbulence is recovered as an example to illustrate our mathematical derivation. Another example is turbulent channel flow, where we derive a simplified turbulence model based on the asymptotic flow structure near the wall. Additionally, we obtain a nonlinear model by using a second order approximation of the inverse flow map function. This nonlinear model captures the effects of the backscatter of kinetic energy and dispersion and is consistent with other models, such as a mixed model that combines the Smagorinsky and gradient models, and the generic nonlinear model of Lund and Novikov.
Numerical simulation results at two Reynolds numbers using our simplified turbulence model are in good agreement with both experiments and direct numerical simulations in turbulent channel flow. However, due to experimental and modeling errors, we do observe some noticeable differences, e.g. , root mean square velocity fluctuations at Reτ = 180.
In the second part, we present a new perspective on calculating fully developed turbulent flows using a data-driven stochastic method. General polynomial chaos (gPC) bases are obtained based on the mean velocity profile of turbulent channel flow in the offline part. The velocity fields are projected onto the subspace spanned by these gPC bases and a coupled system of equations is solved to compute the velocity components in the Karhunen-Loeve expansion in the online part. Our numerical results have shown that the data-driven stochastic method for fully developed turbulence offers decent approximations of statistical quantities with a coarse grid and a relatively small number of gPC base elements.
Rami, Mehdi Habibnia. "CFD Modelling of 3D Effects in Cycloidal Rotors." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/12084.
Повний текст джерелаO rotor cicloidal (ciclorotor) é um sistema propulsivo revolucionário que, até à data, não foi alvo de um estudo suficientemente sistemático, em particular no que diz respeito aos seus diferentes aspetos de projeto e aplicações. Como tal, a presente investigação apresenta um estudo sobre a viabilidade do conceito de propulsão a ciclorotor para um veículo aéreo não tripulado (UAV) capaz de pairar, sendo este estudo feito a partir de modelação usando dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) e uma rede neural artificial (ANN). As simulações numéricas ou CFD incluem medições do desempenho e do campo de escoamento de um ciclorotor com 0,8 metros de envergadura e igual diâmetro. As simulações consideram diversas condições de operação e várias fases de voo. A capacidade de pairar, as fases de descolagem e de voo horizontal, o funcionamento a baixa altitude, e ainda os efeitos tridimensionais (3D), neste caso produzidos pelas placas finais nas laterais do ciclorotor estudados para esta escala. Para além disso, é proposto um sistema inovador de propulsão que recorre à combinação de dois ciclorotores e de um sistema de asa dupla com atuadores a plasma, o qual foi objeto de submissão de patente. São apresentadas numerosas simulações para os diferentes tipos de estratégias de voo, e de condições de funcionamento, as quais foram realizadas e gravadas numa base de dados de resultados de CFD. Subsequentemente, toda a informação obtida a partir do cálculo numérico é processadas em algoritmos ANN, tendo em vista uma análise e otimização adicional, em particular sobre todas as condições e modos de funcionamento avaliados. A análise ANN permite propor, com elevada eficácia computacional, as condições ótimas de operação para os vários tipos de funcionamento já mencionados, tendo por base os parâmetros de carga, os coeficientes das forças, e de figura de mérito, com vista a analisar o desempenho. As condições de operação do presente estudo incluem ainda uma gama de ângulos de oscilação da inclinação das pás, e de velocidades de rotação, as quais são definidas em função do modo de voo, o qual define os diferentes regimes, onde se incluem o pairar, o voo de baixa altitude, ou ainda descolagem e voo horizontal. Através de medições sistemáticas e de análise das variáveis de desempenho aerodinâmico foi possível compreender o efeito da velocidade de rotação, amplitude de inclinação das pás, a posição do eixo de inclinação das pás, a velocidade de cruzeiro/voo horizontal, a velocidade de decolagem, isto tudo a diferentes níveis de altitude. As medições de tração demonstraram ser distintas para diferentes regiões do trajeto circunferencial do ciclorotor. O perfil de NACA 0012 foi utilizado para todas as simulações realizadas durante o presente trabalho. Na base da análise ANN, foi considerada uma metodologia de controlo ativo, o que significa que tempos de oscilação de pás, definidos de forma inteligente, são propostos para cada uma das condições de funcionamento, o que resulta num maior desempenho aerodinâmico e num aumento de eficiência propulsiva. Isto é conseguido mantendo a geometria de ciclorotor mas, ao invés de modificar a inclinação das pás em tempos fixos do ciclo de rotação, propõese um funcionamento alternativo com variação dos tempos de oscilação dos respetivos ângulos de inclinação de acordo com o posicionamento azimutal da pá. Esta estratégia permitiu obter um incremento significativo no rendimento global do ciclorotor para cada modo de voo e respetivas condições de funcionamento. No que diz respeito à atração do jato de escoamento descendente, o qual é libertado pela parte inferior do ciclorotor, é apresentada uma patente que pretende direcionar o jato descendente para um canal, o qual é constituído por um sistema de asa dupla que é colocado entre os ciclorotores frontal e traseiro, sendo estes dois os constituintes do inovador sistema de propulsão. Portanto, ao invés de simplesmente libertar o jato descendente como num ciclorotor tradicional, este é aqui processado e conduzido pelas asas para o rotor traseiro, o qual funciona a maior velocidade angulares e tem uma menor escala comparativamente ao ciclorotor frontal.