Добірка наукової літератури з теми "333.78/309273 b"

Collagen, gelatine and total chromium recovery was achieved from the sequential upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion (UASB) reactor sludge and concentrate of forward osmosis (FO) treating raw leather industry wastewater. It is aimed to reduce the cost of raw materials in leather industry process by reusing the collagen, gelatine and total chromium from the leather industry process during tanning. The recoveries of collagen and gelatine, total chromium was 78%, 80% and 27% respectively from the waste sludge in UASB process while the recoveries of these chemicals were 95%, 96% and 99% in the concentrate of FO. The maximum 85% CODtotal, 94% CODdissolved, 89% total-N, 88% total-P, 87% color, 87% total chrome (Cr+3 + Cr+6), 86% TOC, 87% SO3-2, 90% percentage of exchangeable sodium, 87% sodium adsorption rate (SAR), 84% sodium carbonate residue (RSC), 92% Cl-1, 92% SO4-2, 93% total salt, 88% B+3, 94% NO3-, 94% NH4+, 99% fecal coliform, 94% TSS, 93% EC25x106 removal efficiencies were measured to output anaerobic UABS reactor in leather industry wastewater. The maximum 99% CODtotal, 99% CODdissolved, 99% total-N, 99% total-P, 99% color, 99% total chrome (Cr+3 + Cr+6), 99% TOC, 99% SO3-2, 99% percentage of exchangeable sodium, 99% sodium adsorption rate (SAR), 99% sodium carbonate residue (RSC), 99% Cl-1, 99% SO4-2, 99% total salt, 99% B+3, 99% NO3-, 99% NH4+, 99% fecal coliform, 99% TSS, 99% EC25x106 removal efficiencies were observed to output aerobic FO reactor in leather industry wastewater. The costs of anaerobic UASB and aerobic FO processes are 0.57 euro and 0.145 euro, respectively, to treat 1 m3 leather industry wastewater. The cost of the consecutive total system is 0.715 euro for the treatment of 1m3 leather industry wastewater. The methane gas obtained in the UABS reactor is electrical energy and the electrical energy income was calculated as 1.9 euro from 1 m3 anaerobic waste sludge. The income to be obtained from the recovery of total chromium, collagen and gelatine from UABS and FO process is 2.75 Euro/l. As a result, the total cost decreases from 1.55 Euro/l to 0.715 Euro/l after aerobic FO process. The cost of these consecutive treatment processes is reduced by the production of methane gas and is increased the recovery of economic chemicals.

SUMMARY Objective To compare pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of Staphylococcus aureus from chickens in England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Argentina, and Japan, to assess the value of PFGE for discriminating strains, and to compare results obtained by PFGE with those obtained by biotyping and phage typing. Sample Population 78 S aureus isolates from diseased and healthy chickens. Procedure Chromosomal DNA of S aureus was digested with restriction endonuclease Sma l, and fragments were separated by PFGE in 1 % agarose gel. Results All 78 strains from 5 countries were classified as poultry ecovar according to a previously established biotyping system. Chromosomal DNA was cut by Sma l into 18 to 23 fragments ranging from about 3 to 685 kb. Seventy-eight strains produced 15 types, arbitrarily designated A to O, and 45 subtypes. Some differences were observed in PFGE patterns among countries. However, 10 fragments (333, 190, 110, 63, 55, 42, 34, 19, 10, and 3 kb) were highly conserved and were shared by almost all (> 78%) of the strains examined. The PFGE patterns were compared with those obtained by phage typing. All 29 strains belonging to avian phage-group II produced type A and 19 subtypes. Of the 15 strains belonging to phage-group I, 11 produced 8 types (B to H, O) and 5 subtypes that were different from those of type A. Conclusions Genomic DNA fingerprinting by PFGE is an effective technique for discriminating poultry S aureus strains and appears to be a useful method for subtyping strains of avian phage groups or the poultry-specific ecovar. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1412–1416)

Thomas, C. K. and B. H. Ross. Distinct patterns of motor unit behavior during muscle spasms in spinal cord injured subjects. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2847–2850, 1997. Surface electromyograms (EMG) and force were recorded during repeated involuntary spasms of paralyzed triceps surae muscles of four men with chronic cervical spinal cord injury. The firing rates of 78 medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor units also were recorded intramuscularly with tungsten microelectrodes. Spasms typically involved a relatively rapid rise, then a more gradual fall in triceps surae EMG and torque. Motor unit firing rates either increased and then decreased with the spasm intensity (54%) or were relatively constant (26%), firing mainly at 2–10 Hz. The remaining units (20%) produced trains that included one or several doublets. Mean peak spasm firing rates were 18 ± 9 Hz (mean ± SD) for rate modulated units and 11 ± 10 Hz for units with little or no rate modulation. Some motor units fired at rates comparable with those recorded previously during maximum voluntary contractions performed by intact subjects. Others fired at rates below the minimum usually seen when normal units are first recruited (<6 Hz). Doublets (interspike interval <10 ms) often repeated every 123–333 ms, or were interspersed in trains firing at low steady rates (<11 Hz). This study shows that rate coding for many motor units appears to be similar whether descending motor input is intact or whether it has been reduced severely by spinal cord injury. In contrast, rate modulation in other units appears to depend mainly on voluntary motor commands.

Highlights Our project implementing a VAST produced these improved outcomes. There were 31% fewer IV devices. There were 22% fewer needle sticks. There were 49% reduction in delays. Abstract Background: Vascular access is essential in the care of hospitalized pediatric patients. Planning and device selection are important for optimal patient outcomes. Vessel preservation is critical for pediatric patients. Purpose: To determine and evaluate the impact of a vascular access team on pediatric patient care. Methods: A vascular access specialist team (VAST) was implemented on one medical unit at a tertiary children’s hospital, 16 hours a day for 4 weeks. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used, including (a) first-stick success rates, (b) number of needle sticks and vascular access devices per hospital stay, (c) delays in therapy, and (d) frequency of topical analgesic use. Preintervention data were compared with postintervention data. Qualitatively, nursing and medical staff were surveyed to evaluate their perception of project experiences. Results: Compared with preintervention data, 56% fewer peripheral intravenous lines were initiated, and 31% fewer total vascular access devices were used during the hospital stay. There were 22% fewer needle sticks per peripheral intravenous line attempt. The first-stick success rate of the VAST was 71% compared with the bedside nurse rate of 52%. There was a 78% reduction in time between devices/1000 patient-days/week, representing reduced interruptions in therapy. The use of topical anesthetics for intravenous device placement increased 333%. Conclusion: This project provided clarity regarding the value of the VAST for pediatric hospitalized patients. The VAST model is evidence based, follows best-practice guidelines, is fiscally sound, and optimizes nursing practice and quality patient care.

Abstract Background We describe the decentralisation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) alongside Option B+ roll-out in public healthcare facilities in the Lablite project in Uganda. Lessons learned will inform programmes now implementing universal test and treat (UTT). Methods Routine data were retrospectively extracted from ART registers between October 2012 and March 2015 for all adults and children initiating ART at two primary care facilities (spokes) and their corresponding district hospitals (hubs) in northern and central Uganda. We describe ART initiation over time and retention and use of Cox models to explore risk factors for attrition due to mortality and loss to follow-up. Results from tracing of patients lost to follow-up were used to correct retention estimates. Results Of 2100 ART initiations, 1125 were in the north, including 944 (84%) at the hub and 181 (16%) at the spokes; children comprised 95 (10%) initiations at the hubs and 14 (8%) at the spokes. Corresponding numbers were 642 (66%) at the hub and 333 (34%) at the spokes in the central region (77 [12%] and 22 [7%], respectively, in children). Children &lt;3 y of age comprised the minority of initiations in children at all sites. Twenty-three percent of adult ART initiations at the north hub were Option B+ compared with 45% at the spokes (25% and 65%, respectively, in the central region). Proportions retained in care in the north hub at 6 and 12 mo were 92% (95% CI 90 to 93) and 89% (895% CI 7 to 91), respectively. Corresponding corrected estimates in the north spokes were 87% (95% CI 78 to 93) and 82% (95% CI 72 to 89), respectively. In the central hub, corrected estimates were 84% (95% CI 80 to 87) and 78% (95% CI 74 to 82), and were 89% (95% CI 77.9 to 95.1) and 83% (95% CI 64.1 to 92.9) at the spokes, respectively. Among adults newly initiating ART, being older was independently associated with a lower risk of attrition (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.93 per 5 y [95% CI 0.88 to 0.97]). Other independent risk factors included initiating with a tenofovir-based regimen vs zidovudine (aHR 0.60 [95% CI 0.46 to 0.77]), year of ART initiation (2013 aHR 1.55 [95% CI 1.21 to 1.97], ≥2014 aHR 1.41 [95% CI 1.06 to 1.87]) vs 2012, hub vs spoke (aHR 0.35 [95% CI 0.29 to 0.43]) and central vs north (aHR 2.28 [95% CI 1.86 to 2.81]). Independently, patient type was associated with retention. Conclusions After ART decentralisation, people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were willing to initiate ART in rural primary care facilities. Retention on ART was variable across facilities and attrition was higher among some groups, including younger adults and women initiating ART during pregnancy/breastfeeding. Interventions to support these groups are required to optimise benefits of expanded access to HIV services under UTT.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the follicular dynamics (experiment 1) and the effects of the timing of insemination with sexed or nonsexed semen on pregnancy rates (experiment 2) of Jersey heifers detected in heat by a radiotelemetric estrus detection system. In experiment 1, 43 Jersey heifers, around 12 mo old and BCS of 2.68 ± 0.11 (1 to 5 scale) were used. The Heat Watch (HW) system was utilized to detect the onset of estrus and mounting behavior associated with estrus. Ultrasound examinations to monitor follicular dynamics occurred every 12 h from estrus onset for 48 h. Statistical analyses were performed using GLM and GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The results of experiment 1 indicated a mean ovulatory follicle diameter of 14.1 ± 0.3 mm, ovulation rate of 86.1% (37/43), and an interval of 31.2 ± 0.9 h from onset of heat to ovulation. In experiment 2, 753 Jersey heifers were allocated in a 2 × 4 factorial with semen (sexed and nonsexed) and AI period (0 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 18, and 18 to 24 h after heat onset) as parameters. Semen from 3 bulls was used, with ejaculates divided in 2 fractions: one fraction was submitted to the traditional freezing procedure and the other was submitted to the sexing process and then frozen. The statistical analysis was performed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no interaction among the semen, bull, and AI period. There were effects on pregnancy rate by type of semen [sexed 49.5% (189/382) and nonsexed 64.2% (238/371); P = 0.001] and by bull [bull A 53.5% (107/200)b, bull B 50.0% (108/216)b and bull C 63.4% (211/333)a; P = 0.008]. Semen from bull C resulted in a greater pregnancy rate for both sexed and nonsexed semen. Within semen type, there were no differences in pregnancy rates by AI moment [sexed: 0 to 6 h 48.2% (41/85), 6 to 12 h 48.7% (54/111), 12 to 18 h 49.5% (49/99), 18 to 24h 52.4% (44/84) and nonsexed: 0 to 6h 62.8% (49/78), 6 to 12h 60.6% (63/104), 12 to 18h 68.0% (68/100), 18 to 24h 64.8% (57/88); P = 0.77]. We conclude that the use of sexed semen resulted in a lower pregnancy rate than nonsexed semen, and that AI timing does not affect conception rate in Jersey heifers identified in estrus by radiotelemetric estrus detection system. However, there was a bull effect on conception rate. The authors wish to thank Sexing Technologies and Dalhart Jersey Ranch.

BackgroundAnti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare, life-threatening, systemic auto-immune disease.[1]Due to the low prevalence, multiple treating disciplines and poor registration, including ICD-10 classification, identifying AAV patients for (pre-)clinical studies, research and health care evaluation is challenging.[2, 3]Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve identifying these patients in health care organisations. Employing artificial intelligence (AI) – supported search engines are increasingly suggested to achieve this.ObjectivesReliably identify AAV patients in electronic health records (EHR) using an AI-based tool that incorporates text mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP).MethodsThe identification method consists of a search strategy combined with NLP-based exclusion. A search strategy to optimally identify AAV patients within a single center EHR system of an academic hospital was developed using an established AAV cohort (n=203) as a gold-standard reference set. Patient records, identified by the search strategy outside of the reference set, underwent manual review to confirm newly-identified AAV patients. Then, improvement in performance by adding NLP to the text-mining search strategy was investigated. Validation was performed on an independent EHR system of a non-academic hospital with an established AAV cohort available for reference (n=84).ResultsThe search strategy combined five queries based on disease description, laboratory measurements, medication and relevant specialisms. In the determination EHR, the search strategy identified 608 patients, including 197/203 (97.0%) AAV patients of the reference set and 149 newly-identified AAV cases confirmed by manual review. Employing NLP in the identification method improved the positive predictive value (PPV) from 57% (346/608 patients) to 78% (339/444 patients). These results were validated in an independent EHR system where the search strategy identified 333 patient, including 82/84 (97.6%) AAV patients of the reference set and 112 newly-identified AAV cases upon manual review. NLP improved PPV from 59% (194/333 patients) to 86% (192/223 patients). Negative predictive values and specificities were above 98% in all analyses.ConclusionWe present an AI based identification method to identify low-prevalent AAV patients in EHR systems. We demonstrated improved performance when adding NLP to the text-mining search strategy. Successful validation in an independent health organisation supports the applicability and transportability of this method which can be an important accelerator for research efforts and health care evaluation in AAV patients.References[1]Kitching AR, Anders HJ, Basu N, Brouwer E, Gordon J, Jayne DR, et al. ANCA-associated vasculitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):71.[2]Quan H, Li B, Saunders LD, Parsons GA, Nilsson CI, Alibhai A, et al. Assessing validity of ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data in recording clinical conditions in a unique dually coded database. Health Serv Res. 2008;43(4):1424-41.[3]Spierings J BT, Dirikgil E, Moens HB. Overdaad aan ICD-coderingen hindert onderzoek. Medisch Contact. 2020;22:18-20.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsJolijn van Leeuwen: None declared, Erik Penne: None declared, Y.K. Onno Teng Consultant of: YKOT received an unrestricted research grant and consultancy fees from Vifor Pharma., Grant/research support from: The work of YKOT was supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation (17OKG04) and by the Arthritis Research and Collaboration Hub Foundation. Arthritis Research and Collaboration Hub is funded by Dutch Arthritis Foundation (ReumaNederland).

Abstract Background: T cell lymphoma, comprising 15% of diagnosed US lymphomas, currently has no standard of care in the relapsed setting. Exposure to molds diminishes the numbers of T-helpers cells in peripheral blood. Aspergillus and Penicillium are known to produce small molecules called mycotoxins. Mycotoxins have previously been associated with immunosuppressive effects (Sutton et al., 1994, 1995), and a reduction of cytokine secretion (Rossano et al., 1999.) This study investigates the effects of two of these mycotoxins, Gliotoxin and Patulin, on the cellular components of mononuclear cells in peripheral blood of normal donors and T-cell lymphoma cells, examining viability and apoptotic damage in CD3+ (T cells), CD4+ (cytotoxic t cells), CD8+ (t helper cells), and CD16+ (NK cells), BDCA1+ and BDCA2+ (dendritic cells), CD14+ (monocytes), and CD19+ (B cells). Methods: Two mycotoxins, Gliotoxin and Patulin were solubilized into methanol or ethanol and cultured with either normal ficolled blood samples, T-cell lymphoma or T-cell leukemic cells. We plated cells at a concentration of 1x 106 cells per well, treated them with concentrations of 0, 1, 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 ng/mL, and incubated for 24 hours. After incubation the cells were removed and washed, and stained with fluorescent antibodies. Cellular content was determined by flow cytometry (FACS). Prior to acquisition by FACS, counting beads were added to each sample to determine absolute counts of each population of cells. Populations of interest were CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD16+, BDCA1+ and BDCA2+, CD14+, and CD19+. Annexin and Propidium Iodide (PI) were added to evaluate apoptotic and non-viable cells. FloJo software was used to analyze the FACS data. Absolute count of viable cells was then converted to percentages using solvent only control as 100% viable. Results: Cell Viability after 24 hr Incubation with Mycotoxins Concentration Normal Peripheral Blood (n=9) T Cell Lymphoma (n=2) Gliotoxin (ng/mL) CD3+/CD4+ CD3+/CD8+ DC1 DC2 NK B CD3+ Median Percent Viable when 0 ng/mL = 100% Viable 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 127 128 219 143 104 127 96 10 126 129 36 69 109 117 82 100 15 15 3 25 2 18 110 1,000 23 33 3 11 13 11 37 10,000 47 46 63 13 26 27 4 Patulin (ng/mL) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1 66 68 74 86 60 81 93 10 94 100 101 114 84 88 333 100 84 101 79 141 110 138 152 1,000 39 38 2 26 35 27 69 10,000 53 45 0 34 39 78 1 The dose of Gliotoxin, most effective for inducing apoptosis and cell death in normal donor T cells is 100 ng/mL, whereas the most effective dose of Patulin was 1,000 ng/mL. In the cell line, the lowest dose of both mycotoxins that produced significant apoptosis and cell death was 1,000 ng/mL. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the mycotoxins, Patulin and Gliotoxin kill PBMC, and confirm the results found by Stanzani et al that Gliotoxin is most cytotoxic against the antigen presenting cells (APC), which impairs T cell response. Our experiment showed that Patulin had the same effect against APC. T cell viability itself was greatly influenced by the addition of Gliotoxin or Patulin, which supports previous evidence that mycotoxins suppress some populations of T cells. Certain issues, such as a less toxic solvent must be addressed; the data, however, shows that mycotoxins do have the ability to kill both normal and T cell leukemic/lymphoma cells.

Abstract Background: Several studies suggest that smoking and obesity may increase the risk of developing NHL, but the impact of these factors on survival is relatively unexplored. One recent population-based Italian study found that smoking may negatively impact overall survival. Methods: We evaluated the association of body mass index (BMI) and cigarette smoking on overall survival in 1,286 patients who participated in a population-based case-control study conducted through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries in Detroit, Iowa, Seattle and Los Angeles. BMI (on 1189 participants) and a smoking history (on 471 participants) were obtained through in-person interviews. Histology, stage, presence of B symptoms, first course of therapy, date of last follow-up, and vital status were derived from linkage to registry databases at each study site in the spring of 2005. Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, while adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range: 16 – 74), and the most common histologies were DLBCL (33%), follicular (25%), SLL/CLL (12%), marginal zone (9%), mantle cell (4%) and Peripheral T-cell (3%). The median BMI was 26.6 (range: 16.2 – 47.3), and 26% of patients were classified as obese (i.e. BMI &gt;30). Of patients with a smoking history, 47% had never smoked, 19% were active smokers at diagnosis, and 34% were former smokers. No significant differences were observed between those with and without tobacco use data in terms of primary lymphoma characteristics. Overall survival (OS) was defined as time from diagnosis to death due to any cause. Median follow-up on all living patients was 58 months (range: 4 – 78), and 333 patients had died. When BMI was assessed as a continuous measure, it was borderline significantly associated with OS (p=0.050). An indicator of whether or not BMI &gt; 30 was also significantly associated with OS (HR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.01 – 1.68; p=0.042). Ever vs. never smokers also exhibited a survival disadvantage (HR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.12 – 2.44; p=0.011). When broken down further, former smokers who had smoked for &gt;10 years (HR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.02 – 2.52; p=0.039) and current smokers (HR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.07 – 3.02; p=0.028) were at a survival disadvantage over those who had never smoked. When both smoking and BMI status were included in the model, only the indicator of being a current smoker remained statistically significant (p=0.031), with a trend toward decreased survival for former smokers who had smoked &gt;10 years (p=0.061) and those with BMI &gt;30 (p=0.058). Conclusions: NHL patients who smoke or are obese had a poorer overall survival. These observations warrant further investigation, including whether interventions for smoking cessation or weight loss can impact NHL survival.

Background. The problem of the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet, its origins and the first years of Slavic writing can rightly be called the “cursed question” (questio dia-bolica – B. Uspensky) of Slavic studies, as attempts to connect the Glagolitic alphabet with any of the existing alphabets did not lead to any convincing results. Until now, the only relevant ideas of P. Shafarik remain, expressed about 150 years ago. Purpose. The aim of the article is to systematize and analyze historical and modern ideas (from the 90s to the present day), which are expressed by researchers regarding the longer antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet. Results. The authors consider the development of P. Shafarik’s ideas at the pre-sent stage of development of East Slavic paleolinguistics. Materials about the origins of Slavic writing, which have accumulated in science, do not facilitate the solution of ques-tions about: 1) which of the two Slavic alphabets was created and / or improved by Constantine the Philosopher, 2) how and when another Slavic alphabet appeared, and 3) how the Slavic script developed in the post -Constantine period. In this context, as the authors show, all the hypotheses and ideas of modern researchers in one way or another develop the arguments of the hypothesis of PY Shafarik and do not go beyond it. Keywords: Slavonic writing, Cyrillic, Glagolitic, P. Shafarik’s hypothesis. Cristiano, Diddi, 2015. In the footsteps of Glagolitic protographers of Pannonian leg-ends: Methodological notes on the critique of variants. ΠΟΛΥΙΣΤΩΡ. Scripta slavica Mar-io Capaldo dicata. Moskow, Indrik, рp. 80–98. (In Russian) Dodonov, I. Yu., 2008. The origins of Slavic writing. Moskow: Veche. Avialable at: http://www.libma.ru/istorija/istoki_slavjanskoi_pismennosti). 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