Статті в журналах: "20th century France"

1

Facchini, François, and Mickaël Melki. "Efficient government size: France in the 20th century." European Journal of Political Economy 31 (September 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.03.002.

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Bourdieu, Jérôme, Lionel Kesztenbaum, Gilles Postel‐Vinay, and Akiko Suwa‐Eisenmann. "Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in France, 19th and 20th Century." Review of Income and Wealth 65, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12336.

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3

Martineau, France. "Perspectives sur le changement linguistique : aux sources du français canadien." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (December 2005): 173–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003704.

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AbstractThis article examines the origins of Canadian French, focusing on it morphosyntax. This approach compares written sources, both literary and non-literary, for the 19th century, to oral sources, for the middle and end of the 20th century. While it is still possible to use oral sources from the 20th century as a baseline for written sources from the end of the 19th century, this approach is more problematic for earlier centuries. The negative adverbs pas et point are examined on the basis of a corpus of old Canadian French, and it is shown that the progression of pas with respect to point was more rapid in the context of verbal negation than in the context of argument negation in France, in New France, and in Canada. During the 18th century, even though the progression of pas, as compared to point, is parallel in France and in New France, it is nevertheless the case that certain regions of France that served as sources of immigration to Canada as well as certain social groups in New France use point more frequently. The 19th century sees a progression and a uniformization of the variant pas across all social classes in Quebec. In Ontario, the variant point was conserved until a later date in its southern border region.

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Shmelev, Dmitry. "Muslim Immigration to France in the 20th Century: Causes, Cycles, Problems." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015636-8.

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The article devoted to the problem of Muslim immigration in France in the 20th century. The focus is on the causes of Muslim immigration, its cycles, specificity and consequences for modern French society. Based on a comparison of various statistical data, it stated that Muslim immigration is an integral part of three large waves of immigration flows that took place from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th centuries. The article notes the correlation of the number of Muslim immigrants in France with the global numbers of immigrant arrivals to the country. However, if in the first two waves their number depended on the economic needs of the French economy (Muslims came to earn money), then during the third wave other factors came into play — the creation of stable communities, family reunification, going on stage second and third generations of immigrants, social problems of their arrangement and adaptation to French legal norms and customs. The article notes the specificity of the geographical concentration of the Muslim population, which takes place either near large industrial centers and cities (which makes it easier to find work and social protection), or in places of proximity to their native countries (southern France). Special attention paid to the problem of the evolution of state policy in the admission and integration of immigrants, when various methods tired from assimilation, the adoption of quotas to the policy of flexible regulation of immigration and expulsion of illegal immigrants from the country. The article analyzes the position of the Muslim community in France, the role of Muslim associations in its life, the impact on the socio-cultural life of the French. It can stated that Islam has become the second religion in France, which determines its position — a stable presence in socio-economic life (employment, the spread of the social protection system to immigrants), political (the right to vote, the possibility of creating associations, manifestations), religious (the possibility of worship), cultural (the formation of a specific immigrant subculture).

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Diakov, Nikolai. "Islam in the Colonial Policy of France: from the Origins to the Fifth Republic." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.

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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.

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Tatyana, Zvereva. "Francois Mitterrand as an Outstanding French Politician of the 20th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021281-8.

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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the life and professional path of the outstanding French politician of the twentieth century, the creator of the Socialist Party F. Mitterrand. Special attention is paid to the study of France's domestic and foreign policy after his election as president in 1981. The specifics of his approach to international affairs were expressed in a combination of messianism and pragmatism. In relations with the United States, France adhered to the principle of “friend, ally, but not vassal”. In general, it is concluded that F. Mitterrand’s life and professional path reflects both the inner wealth and the complex and extremely contradictory nature of the French political tradition.

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POOLEY, TIM. "On the geographical spread of Oïl French in France." Journal of French Language Studies 16, no. 3 (October 11, 2006): 357–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002560.

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This article seeks to assess in detail the extent of levelling of regional varieties in the so-called collateral-language areas (Langue d'Oïl and Franco-Provençal) of France over the course of the 20th century. By comparing the ‘classic’ accounts of regionally marked pronunciation among speakers born in the first half of the century (Martinet, 1945; Walter, 1982; Carton, Rossi, Autesserre and Léon, 1983) with studies based on informants born since 1965, I seek to characterise and remap the varieties that still show divergence from the supra-local or levelled variety, which has been referred to as Oïl French, in the ancestral Langue d'Oïl and Franco-Provençal regions and to define the areas beyond these ancestral collateral-language areas, where speakers of 40 years or under at the time of writing may be fairly characterised as conforming to the supralocal norm.

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Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (October 15, 2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.

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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forces and the measures that they implemented in the years up to and during the First World War. Methods The article is based on an analytical review of scientific literature from the early 19th century, focusing on the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Results The armies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France undertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918. Many preventive measures were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depending largely on their political traditions. Inoculation was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties from this disease during the First World War. Despite this, it proved difficult to prevent paratyphoid infection, and debates continued over which vaccines to use and whether or not immunization should be voluntary. Conclusions By the end of the First World War, the value of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven. Its successful implementation demonstrates the importance of vaccination as a public health intervention during times of conflict and social upheaval.

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Burgess, Samantha. "Commentary on Harrison: "Social Mechanisms of Stylistic Change"." Empirical Musicology Review 15, no. 3-4 (June 28, 2021): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v15i3-4.8134.

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This is a review of Harrison's (2021) paper "Social Mechanisms of Stylistic Change: A Case Study from Early 20th-Century France." In this study, Harrison found that the Apaches, a group of composers known for pushing stylistic boundaries in 20th-century France, employed slightly more instances of notated meter change in their music than a control group of their peers, but that the use of notated meter change also depended on other factors such as composers' generational membership. This commentary primarily explores Harrison's methodologies: while the stringent definitions Harrison defines for each variable in her studies allow for specificity in the statistical analyses, they leave out a large portion of perceptually relevant data that would lend greater musicological generalizability to the results presented.

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Huber, Karen E. "Punishing Abortion: Duty, Morality, and Practicality in Early 20th-Century France." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 76, no. 1 (January 2017): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12176.

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Banerjee, Suddhasattwa. "Wrong Train to Right Destination: Romantic Journey Motif in The Lunchbox." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.967.

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Purpose of the study: This paper attempts to analyze the theme of journey in The Lunchbox in the context of the varied strains of Romantic journey motifs present in 19th Century and early 20th Century Romanticisms prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the said period. Methodology: It is primarily a revisionist study. I have attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century and meticulous textual analysis is the basic procedure for this venture. Main Findings: The findings of this study indicate that the theme of the journey is a signature mark of Romanticism has been used in The Lunchbox for remapping geo-cultural imaginaries of contemporary Mumbai, one of the representative cities of South Asia. Journey to some exotic locale has always been considered as an added advantage to the fundamental narrative of a film. Applications of this study: This study will be really helpful to those who want to have a clear idea of the common theme of journey present in different kinds of Romanticisms (Lovejoy, 1924) prevalent in England, Germany, France, and America in the 19th Century and early 20th Century. However temporally and spatially specific, this theme can transcend all the boundaries of time, space, and art form and can be traced in The Lunchbox. Novelty/Originality of this study: The way this paper has attempted to place The Lunchbox in the context of the Romantic literature, predominantly of the 19th Century and early 20th Century, is quite unique, in my opinion. I have not come by any such venture especially relating this movie and the flourish of different Romantic philosophies prevalent in the mentioned segments of the globe in the said period.

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Karácsony, Noémi. "The Sound of India In Maurice Delage’s Quatre Poèmes Hindous." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 65, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2020.2.18.

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"French composer and pianist Maurice Delage wrote several significant works inspired by his personal contact with the Orient. His travels to India inspired Delage to use innovative sound effects in his compositions, as well as to require his performers to adapt their vocal or instrumental technique to obtain the sound desired by the composer. His representation of the Orient is not a mere evocation of the Other, as is the case with most orientalist works, rather it reflects the composer’s desire to endow Western music with the purity, strength, and vivid colors which he discovered and admired in Indian music. The present paper presents the historical and artistic background which inspired and influenced Delage, the relationship between France and India in the early 20th century and reveals the composer’s idealistic point of view regarding India, its culture, and its music. The analysis focuses on the mélodie cycle Quatre poèmes hindous, composed between 1912 and 1913, striving to reveal the Indian influences in the work of Delage and the way orientalism is represented in French music from the first decades of the 20th century. Keywords: orientalism, France, India, 20th century, Maurice Delage"

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Gmurczyk-Wrońska, Małgorzata. "France in International Relations of the Second Half of the 20th Century and the Early 21st Century – Priorities in Foreign Policy." Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 4, no. 44 (December 31, 2014): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/athena.2014.44.03.

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After the Second World War France lost temporarily her position as a decision-maker in international relations. Soon enough, though, her diplomacy adapted to a bipolar system. Her foreign policy was to manoeuvre between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, and to jointly create the structures of future European Union. It was in the EU that France has found the place to strengthen her role of mediator and arbiter. Nowadays, the foreign policy of France has numerous continuities originating from the 19th century and the years of 1918 – 1939, but also some modifications related to new directions in French foreign policy and to the adaptation of its tactics to main purposes in order to secure France’s security, her strong position in the EU and in the world.

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Zhao, Jialin, and Rainer Feldbacher. "Reflection of Sexual Morality in Literature and Art." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (August 21, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.32.

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Tocqueville, in his book “Democracy in America”, talked about the concept of sexual morality, introduced it into his newpolitical science, and reflected on the situation of social morality before and after the French Revolution with the help of hisinvestigation of American social morality. From the end of the 19th century to late 20th century, the development of sexualmorality in the US and France has undergone different changes. In France before and after the Revolution, sexual ethicsshowed a very different picture, from palace porn culture and pornography before the Revolution to revolutionary moralethics during the revolutionary period and to sexual ethics after the revolution. The US turned from the Puritans' sexualmorality in the early 18th century to the sexual liberation movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. From the historicalexperience of the US and France, we can see three basic forms of sexual morality: the state of greed, the state of politics, andthe state of holy love. The revolutions were not only initiating the construction of democracy, but also changed the definitionof its most basic figure that is the individual. This paper places sexual morality in the three dimensions of reality, politics andreligion. Taking The United States and France as examples, with the help of textual analysis and comparison, thedevelopment course, different forms and contemporary values of sexual morality will be explored.

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Frayne, Carl Tobias. "The Anarchist Diet: Vegetarianism and Individualist Anarchism in Early 20th-Century France." Journal of Animal Ethics 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/janimalethics.11.2.0083.

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Abstract This article uncovers the historical connection between anarchism and vegetarianism in France. In doing so, it restores the significance of a little-known branch of the libertarian movement, namely individualist anarchism. Individualist anarchists sought to transform themselves by applying anarchist principles in their daily lives instead of waiting for a future revolution. Retracing the thoughts and deeds of these forgotten pioneers of the ecological and animal liberation movements, I show that vegetarianism is a striking illustration of anarcho-individualist prefigurative politics and that their aspiration to find their place within nature is as topical as ever.

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Troy, Nancy J. "The Theatre of Fashion: Staging Haute Couture in Early 20th Century France." Theatre Journal 53, no. 1 (2001): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2001.0026.

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Cho, Min-Hyeok. "Spatial Planning in France: Métropole d"équilibre in the Mid 20th Century." Korean Journal of Urban History 24 (July 31, 2020): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22345/kjuh.2020.07.24.159.

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Faure, Armelle. "Social norms for population displacements caused by large dams France, 20th century." Revue de géographie alpine, no. 96-1 (March 15, 2008): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rga.393.

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Dubois, Antonin. "Europe’s Forgotten Students? The Historiography of 19th and early 20th century Students in France." CIAN-Revista de Historia de las Universidades 25, no. 1 (June 7, 2022): 156–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cian.2022.6996.

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Historians’ interest in university history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been more limited in the case of France than for other countries. This interest has been even weaker with regard to students, a situation that only began to change at the beginning of the twenty-first century. However, pioneering work could have launched a research dynamic from the 1980s onwards, as the first part of this article shows and explains. In its second part, this paper analyzes the main themes addressed by the historiography of students in France. After underlining some of its persistent limitations, proposals for future research will be made.

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Вихрущ, Наталія, Оксана Дунець, and Ольга Шумська. "AN OVERVIEW OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN FRANCE (SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES)." Молодий вчений, no. 1 (101) (January 31, 2022): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2022-1-101-32.

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All educational processes are continuous and dynamic by their nature due to constant changes in current demands of the societies to the content of education. All countries try to develop a unique educational system that is able to achieve comprehensive educational objectives. Under such conditions, the study of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century is relevant for pedagogical science. The choice of this historical period is due to the significant rise of French schooling due to political, economic and cultural changes. The research methodology involved: bibliographic search, comparative analysis, systematization and theoretical generalization. The article analyses the peculiarities of the development of secondary education in France in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries). The analysis of educational reforms of the studied period is carried out. The main socio-economic and political factors influencing the state and functioning of secondary education in France are considered. Regularities of structuring curricula for secondary schools in France are singled out.

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Khablova, Elizaveta. "Toward the History of the Origins and Development of French Horticulture Societies (19th – First Half of the 20th Century." Voprosy istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 44, no. 4 (2023): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060028724-8.

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This article focuses on the institutionalization of horticulture in France through the formation, self-organization, and development of horticulture societies. The author examines the origins of the French National Society of Horticulture (SNHF), the Horticultural Society of Lyon, and other regional organizations. Their common features include regular exhibitions, the publication of journals, and the development of scientific committees. The article also analyzes the difficulties encountered by the societies as well as their importance not only for plant breeding but also for France in general. The first such association, the Paris Society of Horticulture, was established in France in 1827. It subsequently changed its status and name many times and became the central and national organization. This did not mean, however, that many other associations could not be established in the regions and small cities. Despite numerous political crises in France in the 19th century, the societies continued their fruitful work. This process reached its peak in the early 20th century and only World War I with its devastating impact on French economy, science, and agriculture disrupted the development of plant breeding in the country. Not all of the horticulture associations survived this difficult period; some ceased to exist altogether while many others merged to form the new, much larger organizations. During the interbellum period, the societies’ periodicals were published regularly, they held met regular meetings, the exhibitions were organized, scientific work was carried out, and French horticulture became internationally recognized. Not having fully recovered after World War I, scientific research in France was disrupted by World War II. The consequences can still be seen today: France has not reached the amount and diversity of horticulture societies, journals, and exhibitions, or the number of researchers involved in these studies it had in the early 20th century.

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Kushcheva, Marina V. "“AMBITIOUS ASPIRATIONS FOR POWER IN THE STATE”. IMAGE OF HENRY, DUKE OF GUISE IN RUSSIAN AND FRENCH SCHOOLBOOKS OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 1 (2021): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-1-62-73.

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The following article is an attempt at a comparative analysis of the images of a key character in the epoch of the Civil (religious) wars in France, Henry, Duke of Guise in schoolbooks of the 19th – early 20th century. The research is based on several schoolbooks for different levels of education published in France and Russia at that time. It is concluded that the “black legend” about the Duke of Guise consolidated in the collective consciousness as a contribution of educational literature. He was portrayed not only as an antagonist to not only the last Valois, but also to the future monarch Henry IV, the one traditionally standing for tolerance and progress in European historical culture. However, in the liberal-republican discourse Henry of Guise’s image was always rather ambiguous. The schoolbooks reflect the controversial char - acter of his figure, as it was constructed by historians. The ever-changing politi- cal context and the development of historical research defined the evolution of his image in France as well as in Russia and the aiming for further objectiveness in 19–20th century schoolbooks. Nevertheless, the main features of his image haven’t changed.

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Ershov, Vitalii F. "NEW BOOKS ON THE RUSSIAN ABROAD OF THE 20TH CENTURY. THE NORTH CAUCASIAN DIASPORA IN EUROPE." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Eurasian studies. History. Political science. International relations, no. 1 (2022): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7648-2022-1-121-133.

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The paper is a critical review of two books devoted to the peculiarities of the formation, social life and personalities of the North Caucasian diaspora in 20th century Europe: the monograph “North Caucasian emigrants in France” and the biographical dictionary “North Caucasians in emigration in the 20th century”. The reviewer notes that their author Irina Babich introduced into scientific circulation a diverse, full of valuable information complex of materials from French archives, creating on that basis a number of historical and ethnographic studies of the North Caucasian communities of Europe in the 1920s – 1930s. In the monograph under review, the author analyzes the social structure, everyday life and culture of emigrants from the North Caucasus who arrived to France in different periods of the 20th century. The study of sociopolitical movements and religious life of the North Caucasian communities, carried out on the basis of archival sources, is of considerable scientific interest. The reviewer proposes to consider biographical dictionary, prepared by a research team consisting of I.L. Babich, T.A. Gladkova and L.A. Mnukhin as an addition to the well-known series of reference books on the history of the Russian diaspora in France, edited by L.A. Mnukhin in the 1990s – 2000s. The reviewed publications together make an important contribution to the further development of the issues of the Russian far abroad in Europe, revealing, at the same time, the potential of new thematic perspectives in the development of that large topic related to the history of the peoples of Russia, trends of modern global development, the transformation of the concept of “diaspora” in international humanities.

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Doria, Corinne. "The Right to Write the History: Disputes over the History of Medicine in France – 20th-21st Centuries." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 3 (December 22, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2017.i3.03.

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This article reflects on the history of medicine as an academic discipline. It analyzes in particular the debates that took place in France between the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The first part recalls the main features of the discussions about the history of medicine since it was identified as an autonomous discipline up to the epistemological turn that, in the middle of the 19th century, opposed partisans of a “philological and scientific” to partisans of a “heroic” history of medicine. The second part deals with the debates that began in France in the 1960s-1970s over the legitimacy of a history of medicine written by physicians, and the foundation of a history of medicine written by professional historians. The third part proposes a reflection on the future of research and teaching in this field in France, and highlights the need for cooperation between physicians and specialists in the human and social sciences.

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Przepiórkowski, Adam. "The origin of the valency metaphor in linguistics." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 41, no. 1 (August 27, 2018): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00017.prz.

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Abstract The aim of this squib is to question the popular belief that the metaphor of valency was introduced to linguistics by Lucien Tesnière in the middle of 20th century. Rather, we show that it was first used by Charles Peirce half a century earlier, leading to apparently independent – but probably mediated by Roman Jakobson – ‘discoveries’ of this metaphor by linguists in the Soviet Union, Holland, USA and indeed France.

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MUNG, Duong Thanh. "Trade between the United States and Indochinese Union in the First Half of the 20th Century." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2024): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080030063-6.

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This article aims to analyze the commercial activities between the Indochinese Union (Indochina) and the United States in the first half of the XX century. The study focuses on three fundamental issues: The US efforts to seek markets in the Indochina region; commercial exchanges between the French-controlled Indochina and the US in the first half of the XX century; and the commercial benefits that the parties obtained. The results show that the commercial exchange between the Indochina and the US was under the strict management and control of the French colonial government. The policies that France conducted in Indochina during this period caused many disadvantages for the Indochina - US commercial relationship. The Indochinese Union did not have much freedom in choosing trade partners and was highly dependent on France's policies in the colonies. Apart from the subjection to France’s manipulation, commercial exchanges between the Indochina and the US had different rules compared to other European and American countries. Starting from merely commercial activities, the US intervened more deeply in the region by launching a military invasion of Indochina. This study contributes to clarifying the commercial policies of France towards the Indochina during the colonial period, the commercial activities of the US in the Far East region, as well as the history of Vietnam in the first half of the XX century.

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Zherlitsina, Natalia. "French and English Methods of Colonial Expansion in the Maghreb on the Example of the Franco-Moroccan Crisis of the Late 1840s — Early 1850s." ISTORIYA 14, S23 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840025637-9.

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The article is devoted to the Franco-Moroccan crisis of the late 1840s — early 1850s, in which Great Britain was directly involved. This historical event is not covered at all in Russian/Soviet historiography and only in the few works of French and English scientists. The research is based on the study of published documents of archives and works of historians of France and Great Britain of the late 19th — early 20th centuries — the heyday of European colonial empires. The analysis of the causes, course and consequences of the crisis allows the author to compare the methods of colonial expansion used by France and Great Britain when creating their colonial empires in the 19th century. The article shows that both European empires were interested in subjugating the sultanate, but if France sought to include Morocco in its colonial empire, then Britain, using economic and political pressure, gradually turned the North African country into its obedient puppet. The author concludes that Morocco's loss of independence was only a matter of time — when France and Britain could agree on the terms of this seizure. Thus, the fact that the sultanate of Morocco remained independent throughout the 19th century was explained by the conflicting interests of European empires in this region, and not by the success of the policy of the authorities of this country.

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Delné, Claudy. "Race on Display in 20th- and 21st-Century France by Katelyn E. Knox." French Review 91, no. 1 (October 2017): 248–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2017.0448.

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Van Calster, H., R. Vandenberghe, M. Ruysen, K. Verheyen, M. Hermy, and G. Decocq. "Unexpectedly high 20th century floristic losses in a rural landscape in northern France." Journal of Ecology 96, no. 5 (July 15, 2008): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01412.x.

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Guiraud, Jean-Louis. "Émile Durand, A Physicist's Route During the 20th Century in France [Historical Corner." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 51, no. 5 (October 2009): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2009.5432105.

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Truffaut, E. "The metallurgy of manganese in France at the beginning of the 20th Century." Revue de Métallurgie 99, no. 1 (January 2002): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal:2002183.

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Zinchenko, Nataliia. "PHILOSOPHICAL AND REFORMIST IDEAS OF FRANCE AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Humanities Studies 91, no. 14 (2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/hst-2023-14-91-05.

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Filippov, Vasily. "Familistère in Guise – a century and a half of utopia." Innovative Project 8, no. 14 (February 21, 2024): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/ip.2023.8.14.2.

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The history of one of the few successful examples of the construction and operation of a family phalanstere (Familistere) in Giza (France), which existed for more than 100 years on the basic principles of Fourier, as well as the current state of this residential complex, is described. The influence of experiments begun on the initiative of Napoleon III to create social infrastructure for the working class on modern housing architecture of the 20th century is noted.

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Silva de Moura, Carlos André, and Dirceu Salviano Marques Marroquim. "The making of a visionary culture: connected histories among Marian apparitions in Portuguese-Brazilian world (1917-1936)." Religiones y religiosidades en América Latina, no. 26 (December 31, 2020): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36551/2081-1160.2020.26.161-178.

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This paper will analyze the shaping of supposed Marian apparitions in Pesqueira, a Brazilian city located in Pernambuco, as part of a series of events related to the devotions to Our Lady representations in modern and contemporary periods. Based on the propositions of Cultural History, regional newspapers, ecclesiastical documents, and personal letters were used in order to understand the relation of these events to political, economic, and social issues of the first half of the 20th century. The analysis will suggest that the events in Pesqueira were connected to other religious representations, such as the apparitions in Lourdes (France) and Fatima (Portugal), reinforcing the image of the 20th century as the “golden century” of apparitions to members and followers of the Catholic Church. Therefore, this work highlights the central performance of ecclesiastics, scholars, and devotees in the shaping of new devotions and cults in a specific space in Latin America.

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Vorozhikhina, Ksenia V. "Lev Shestov in France: Reception of the Russian Philosopher’s Ideas (First Half of the 20th Century)." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 6 (2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2021-6-45-53.

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The article is devoted to the acquaintance of French critics with the philosophy of Lev Shestov, who emigrated from Russia in 1919. Shestov’s ideas almost immediately resonate with French readers and over the course of several years the philosopher gains some fame; he is perceived as one of the most important figures of modern original Russian thought, comparable in importance to M. de Unamuno in Spain and J. de Gaultier in France. Shestov makes acquaintances with French and European intellectuals (J. Rivière, J. de Gaultier, L. Levy-Bruhl and others), collaborates with reputable French magazines “Mercure de France”, “La Nouvelle Revue française”, “La Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger”. Shestov has disciples and followers: B. de Schloezer, G. Bataille, B. Fondane, R. Bespaloff, A. Lazarev etc. The most important for his followers is the philosopher’s appeal to the personalities of thinkers and writers, and not to their ideas; “peregrination through the souls” as a philosophical method; the inextricable link between philosophy and life; criticism to reason and morality; religious orientation and others. Shestov’s ideas become one of the sources of existentialism of A. Camus, works of A. Malraux and G. Marcel. Shestov and Fondane separate the philosophy of tragedy, identified with religious existential philosophy in the spirit of S. Kierkegaard, B. Pascal, F.M. Dostoevsky and M. Luther, from the existentialism of M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers and others.

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Belavina, Ekaterina M. "Poetry & Science: Intransitive Writing Of Denis Roche and John Ashbery." Literature of the Americas, no. 12 (2022): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-12-143-157.

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The poetry of the 20th century has become a real linguistic laboratory. The transition from traditional (national) systems of versification to free verse and, what is especially important, to international free verse, which can be translated faster and with less distortion, made it possible to reduce the time gap in the reception of American authors in France and French authors in the USA. John Ashbury, a prominent representative of the New York School, who lived in France for about 10 years, Denis Roche and Marcelin Pleine — members of the editorial board of the avant-garde magazine Tel Quel, the theorist of intransitive writing R. Barthes were active participants in the transatlantic dialogue of poets in the middle of the 20th century. The texts of John Ashbery and Denis Roche are an international vers libre created according to the principle of intransitive writing. R. Barth, also participating in the French-American dialogue, analyses the peculiarities of writing of the period in question in his paper “To write is an intransitive verb” (1966). A poem is understood as a rhythmic inoculation of lived experience, which has a transformative power for the writer and the reader.

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Harrison, Jane. "Social Mechanisms of Musical Stylistic Change: A Case Study from Early 20th-Century France." Empirical Musicology Review 15, no. 3-4 (June 28, 2021): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/emr.v15i3-4.7469.

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This study examined notated meter changes in scores by French composers to probe the role of sociological mechanisms in musical stylistic change. The stylistic feature of notated meter changes, which indexed metrical complexity, was conducive to empirical observation and functioned as a salient innovation in France around 1900. The principal sociological variable was membership in the Apaches artistic club, known for its avant-garde identity. A hypothesis that the Apaches would use significantly more meter changes than their peers was supported. Additional explanatory variables were derived from previous historical research on French composers and from theories about stylistic change. A complex relationship between the stylistic feature and social mechanisms emerged, involving multiple, overlapping social structures. The Labovian sociolinguistic approach was especially resonant in this data, as a composer's proximity to certain individuals, groups, and institutions in the social space related to their degree of enthusiasm for metric innovation. In addition, sociolinguistic theories about stylistic variation in human languages were consistent with patterns in this data set. Finally, a descriptive title was also a significant explanatory variable, which implicates the Labovian notion of register and the importance that Meyer gave to aesthetic goals in musical stylistic change.

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Cisse, B. A., and Jean-Luc Dorier. "The teaching of vectors in mathematics and physics in France during the 20th century." Journal of Innovative Technology and Education 1 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/jite.2014.3111.

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Liébault, F., and H. Piégay. "Causes of 20th century channel narrowing in mountain and piedmont rivers of southeastern France." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 27, no. 4 (April 2002): 425–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.328.

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Severin-Barboutie, Bettina. "»Les Maires en France du Consulat à nos jours« im Spiegel der aktuellen Geschichtsforschung." Administory 2, no. 1 (August 8, 2018): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2018-0027.

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Abstract The volume »Les Maires en France du Consulat à nos jours«, published in France in 1986, was the first historical work to open long-term perspectives on French mayors in the 19th and 20th century. On the one hand, these perspectives resulted from the data obtained within the framework of a quantitative long-term analysis; on the other hand, they relied on qualitative explorations of selected administrative units or regions. In re-reading »Les Maires en France du Consulat à nos jours«, this article shows that the volume has remained a reference work for the history of French municipalities until today, even though it does not always allow answering current research questions.

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Shervashidze, Vera V. "“Journey of the Soul”: Book review: Balashova, T.V. (2019). Paris Belongs to Dreamers... Moscow, IMLI Publ." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 25, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 808–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-4-808-811.

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The review is devoted to the work of the famous researcher of French literature T.V. Balashova and her last book. The collection “Paris Belongs to Dreamers…” (“Parizh prinadlezhit mechtatelyam…”) contains scientific articles on French poetry of the 20th century, primarily its iconic figures - Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton and Jacques Roubaud. The review notes not only the breadth of the scientist's interests, her deep analytical mind, but also loyalty to the topic chosen for life, love for France, close friendship with outstanding French writers. Her contribution to the development of cultural and scientific cooperation between Russia and France is noted.

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Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. "Bediako of Africa: A Late 20th Century Outstanding Theologian and Teacher." Mission Studies 26, no. 1 (2009): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338309x442335.

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AbstractKwame Bediako of the Akrofi-Christaller Memorial Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture based in Akropong-Akwapim in Ghana, was a stalwart in the field of African Christianity and Theology. He was called home to glory in June 2008 at the age of 63 years. Converted from atheism whilst studying for a doctorate degree in French and African literature at the University of Bordeaux in France, Bediako embraced a conservative evangelical faith. He went on to do a second PhD in Theology under the tutelage of Andrew F. Walls in Aberdeen. Bediako returned to Ghana in 1984 to found the then Akrofi-Christaller Memorial Center for Mission Research and Applied Theology. Through that initiative, now a fully accredited tertiary theological educational institute, Bediako pioneered a new way of doing theology through his emphasis on mother-tongue hermeneutics, oral or grassroots theology, and the study of primal religions as the sub-structure of Christian expression in the majority Two Thirds World. These ideas are outlined in his major publications, Theology and Identity, Christianity in Africa, Jesus of Africa, and the many forceful and insightful articles scattered in local and international journals in religion and theology. For many years to come, although living in glory, Bediako's evangelical intellectual heritage will continue as a leading reference point for all those seeking to understand Africa's place in the history of world Christianity.

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Vo, Nhon Van. "TRANSLATED LITERATURE IN COCHINCHINA IN THE LATE 19th CENTURY AND IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i1.2099.

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Being colonized by France, Cocochina (the South of Vietnam) was the region where Western literature was introduced into earlier than the North. Truong Minh Ky was considered the first translator of Western literature in Vietnam. His earliest works of translation appeared in 1884. By the early 20th century, introduced to Vietnamese readers were Western literary works not only of French origin but also of British, American and Russian origins; not only poetry, prose but also drama. In the late 19th century, many writers such as Truong Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua were interested in Chinese literature. In the first decade of the 20th century, a wide variety of Chinese novels were translated into Vietnamese, forming a strong movement of translating "truyen Tau” (Chinese fictions). The remarkable characteristics of the translation of Western literature in Cochinchina were as follows - The newspapers and magazines in “Quoc Ngu” (Vietnamese language written in Latin characters) where the first works of translation were published played very important role. - The translators were greatly diverse, coming from different social and cultural backgrounds. - More translation was made on prose. Novels of martial arts, historical stories, novels of heroic deeds attracted the attention of the translators and the publishers. Therefore, they were translated much more than romance novels were, because of their compatibility with popular audience. - By translating the works of Western literature, the writers tried to express new concepts of humanism, such as women rights, or gender issues. Translated literature in Cocochina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflects a paradox: Western influences started to leave their marks but the Chinese influence was still strongly engraved. However, this was a remarkable step in the journey of modernization of national literature. Through these early translated works, new literary genres were introduced and Vietnamese readers gradually became familiar with them. Translation experiences were the first steps for Cocochina writers to achieve thorough understanding, to learn Western writing techniques and styles, which helped them become the pioneers of new literature in Vietnam.

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De Beelde, Ignace. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BELGIAN ACCOUNTING CODE DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Accounting Historians Journal 30, no. 2 (December 1, 2003): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.30.2.1.

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Continental European countries are familiar with standardized charts of accounts. Practices in these countries have been quite diverging however, ranging from the voluntary adoption of schemes developed by professionals or associations to state-imposed charts. In the development of these schemes, several Belgian accounting scholars have played an important role, particularly from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. This paper links the charts proposed in Belgium with attempts to develop unified accounting and costing methods and efforts to introduce principles of scientific management around the end of the Second World War. It also seeks to explain why the introduction of decimalized charts took longer in Belgium than other countries such as France.

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Kozlov, Denis Yur'evich. ""Platonic union": mutual perception and interaction of the russian and french navies in the late 19th - early 20th century." Российская история, no. 3 (June 15, 2023): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x23030112.

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The paper dwells on analyzing the peculiarities of the mutual perception of Russian and French military sailors, as well as the directions, forms and results of interaction between the navies of the allied powers since the emergence of the Franco-Russian alliance at the end of the 19th century until the outbreak of the First World War. The main factors that determined Russian-French relations in the naval sphere are the creation of naval general staffs in France and Russia, the active military-diplomatic activities of naval agents (attaches) in Paris and St. Petersburg, as well as the conclusion in 1912 of the Naval Convention and subsequent regular contacts between the chiefs of naval staffs. The conclusion is made about the predominance of critical mutual perception of the naval corporations of the allied countries, as well as the low efficiency of their interaction on the eve of the world war.

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PACHOWICZ, ANNA. "POLISH EMIGRATION IN FRANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." ИСТРАЖИВАЊА, no. 28 (December 27, 2017): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2017.28.134-146.

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The main aim of the article is an attempt to show the life of Polish emigration in France in the first half of the 20th century and, above all, the circumstances and organization of the trips, the number of people, their distribution within the territory of individual departments, working conditions and the problem of assimilation. In those times, Poles were coming to work in France from the territory of Germany (Westphalia) and from Poland. France was a destination Poles were very keen on and emigrated to on several occasions. On the one hand, France needed workers and, on the other hand, the difficult economic situation prompted Poles to leave their country and look for work outside their borders. The Polish-French convention on emigration and immigration, concluded on 3rd September 1919, played an important role in this matter. It set out the rules that gave grounds for many Poles to leave Poland in the following years. Polish immigration in the 1920s and 30s was of economic nature. Poles chose to work in various branches of heavy industry, primarily in mining, metallurgy, construction, textile and, least profitable, agriculture. They had to get used to the new conditions of life such as learning the language, the culture and mentality of Frenchmen, which was different from Polish. For the first groups of Poles arriving in France, French was a serious problem, yet with each passing year the problem started to fade away. Poles were ambitious and tried to educate their children and young people. Working in France, despite many difficulties, meant an improvement of material conditions for them compared to those in Poland. Compared with the French workers, their position was much worse, their status was significantly lower, they performed physical work, they generally received lower wages, and did not have full occupational rights.

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Et. al., Luu Van Quyet,. "Rach Cat Fort - The Largest French-Built Strategic Fort In Vietnam In Early 20th Century." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 11 (May 10, 2021): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i11.5987.

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In 1900, at the risk of the spread of World War I, the French strengthened the defensive lines on the southwestern coast of France as well as the forts along the Germany-France border. In Vietnam, after occupying all six provinces in the South, in order to protect Sai Gon - the capital of the six provinces from other Western powerhouses, the French built a coastal defensive line stretching from present-day Vung Tau to Can Gio (Sai Gon) and to Can Duoc (Long An) to counter the attacks from the coast to the mainland. Long Huu Island, located between the three rivers of Can Giuoc (Rach Cat), Vam Co and Soai Rap (Nha Be) was chosen as the place to build one of the largest military forts in Indochina at that time - Rach Cat Fort (the French also called it “River Defense System” and “Cap Saint-Jacques"). This is one of the earliest military buildings and the most fortified forts across Indochina, which played a crucial role to the French in Southern Vietnam. In the course of its existence, Rach Cat Fort witnessed many military operations. Currently, despite deteriorated parts, the structure of Rach Cat Fort is still intact. With its unique historical value as well as aesthetic value as an old European-style fort, Rach Cat Fort has been ranked as a National Historic Site and is being developed by local authorities into a tourist attraction that attaches historical relics to eco-tourism.

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KESSLER-BILTHAUER, DÉBORAH. "Making and Unmaking Witchcraft Attacks in Twenty-First Century Lorraine (France)." Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 28 (November 15, 2023): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2023.28.04.

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If witchcraft in Lorraine (France) has been widely studied and commented on by medieval and modern historians thanks to the analysis of the context of the Inquisition, books on demonology, witchcraft trials and ordeals such as torture or the stake, this is because it has long been considered and described as a peasant superstition, even a naive belief, which disappeared decades ago. However, since the second half of the 20th century, ethnologists and social and cultural anthropologists have sought to show that witchcraft remains a living social and cultural phenomenon in many regions of France and Europe. In the same way, this article aims to affirm, with regard to the results of a long-term field survey of unwitchers-healers and their clientele, that 21st century witchcraft still constitutes an explanation of misfortune, the disease, which aims to be coherent and effective in the face of events or symptoms deemed unexplained or strange. The article also proposes implicitly to question the status, place and role of contemporary healers in a region of eastern France. It is therefore a question of enriching the reflection on the plurality of the offer of care which is deployed in French society and comes to question the monopoly of scientific medicine.

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Tonner, Phillip. "The Return of the Relative." Janus Head 11, no. 2 (2009): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh20091127.

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In this paper we explore the complex relationship between the philosophies of Sir William Hamilton and Henri Bergson. We then place these philosophies in a critical relation to French phenomenological philosophy, particularly, Merleau-Ponty's. By so doing we examine a historical and theoretical 'ark' that rises in 19th Century Scotland and falls in 20th Century France, an ark that has received little attention hitherto by historians of philosophy. Our aim is to open up a new dimension of these philosophies and provoke a fresh debate over their relationships and the philosophical tensions that exist between them.

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Aleksandrova, Anna Victorovna. "Foundations of Pension Legislation in Russia, France, and Great Britain: An Investigation on Political Doctrines in the 17-20th Centuries." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v10i1.2943.

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The article considers the process of forming conceptual foundations of pension legislation in Russia, France, and Great Britain. The scientists of 17-18th centuries substantiated the right to life and human dignity as the most important human rights. Later, in 19-20th centuries, the right to a dignified existence, the right to assistance from the state in case of disability were formulated. The need for the livelihood of the elderly was recognized by most authors, however, there were serious discrepancies regarding the methods for provision and sources of financing payments. The article considers the pension laws adopted in Great Britain, France, and Russia in the first half of the 20th century that reflected the above concepts anyway. The French pension legislation has embodied the insurance model of pension security and was strongly influenced by Bismarck legislation, while the British one reflected the legislator’s desire to abandon the extremes of the ideology of individualism and ‘self-help’ through the introduction of state budget pensions. In Russia, the origin of compulsory social insurance took place almost simultaneously with Western European countries; however, this process was broken by the revolutionary events of 1917. As a result, a state budgetary pension system was created in Soviet Russia. The author comes to the conclusion about the mutual influence of various models of pension protection, legalized in the first half of the 20th century in the countries under consideration, as well as the special role of social solidarity concepts and the generational contract for the formation of these models.

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