Статті в журналах з теми "2017 h-270"

Review of: Heroes, Heroines and Everything in between: Challenging Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes in Children’s Entertainment Media, C. D. Reinhard and C. J. Olson (eds) (2017)Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 270 pp.,ISBN 978-1-49853-957-9, h/bk, $105.00ISBN 978-1-49853-957-9, eBook, $99.00

The homogeneous distribution of nano-metallic structures on the surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) substrates plays an important factor for high-sensitive Raman scattering measurement. In this paper, we present a low-cost laser-assisted photochemical method for making a SERS probe based on silver nanostructures, which are one-timely synthesized nano-silver structures, homogeneously deposited on silica microsphere surfaces. Achieved SERS-activity substrates with a homogeneous distribution of Ag-nanostructures are verified by a mapping technique on the surface of Ag-coated microsphere for the detection of low concentration of Rhodamine 6G in aqueous solutions in a range of 10-4-10-9M. The obtained results show that a SERS microsphere probe has a good repetition of SERS-activity in any space of sensing area, and large potential for application in a biochemical sensing technique. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY. Chen et al., "Interfacial reactions in lithium batteries", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 02510 (2017). CrossRef T.B. Pham, H. Bui, H.T. Le, V.H. Pham, "Characteristics of the Fiber Laser Sensor System Based on Etched-Bragg Grating Sensing Probe for Determination of the Low Nitrate Concentration in Water", Sensors 17, 0007 (2017). CrossRef X. Wang, O.S. Wolfbeis, "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013–2015)", Anal. Chem. 88, 203 (2016). CrossRef R. Wang, K. Kim, N. Choi, X. Wang, J. Lee, J.H. Joen, G. Rhie, J. Choo, "Highly sensitive detection of high-risk bacterial pathogens using SERS-based lateral flow assay strips", Sens. Actuators B-Chem. 270, 72 (2018). CrossRef H. Zhang et al., "Determination of Pesticides by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Gold-Nanoparticle-Modified Polymethacrylate", Anal. Let. 49, 2268 (2016). CrossRef L. Chen, H. Yan, X. Xue, D. Jiang, Y. Cai, D. Liang, Y.M. Jung, X.X. Han, B. Zhao, "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Active Gold Nanoparticles Decorated on a Porous Polymer Filter", Appl. Spectrosc. 71, 1543 (2017). CrossRef A. Matikainen, T. Nuutinen, P. Vahimaa, S. Honkanen, "A solution to the fabrication and tarnishing problems of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) fiber probes", Sci. Rep. 5, 8320 (2015). CrossRef J. Zhang, S. Chen, T. Gong, X. Zhang, Y. Zhu, "Tapered Fiber Probe Modified by Ag Nanoparticles for SERS Detection", Plasm. 11, 743 (2016). CrossRef W. Xu et al., "A Dual-Butterfly Structure Gyroscope", Sensors 17, 467 (2017). CrossRef K. Setoura, S. Ito, M. Yamada, H. Yamauchi, H. Miyasaka, "Fabrication of silver nanoparticles from silver salt aqueous solution at water-glass interface by visible CW laser irradiation without reducing reagents", J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem. 344, 168 (2017). CrossRef K. Liu, Y. Bai, L. Zhang, Z. Yang, Q. Fan, H. Zheng, Y. Yin, C. Gao, "Porous Au–Ag Nanospheres with High-Density and Highly Accessible Hotspots for SERS Analysis", Nano Lett. 16, 3675 (2016). CrossRef Z. Huang, X. Lei, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, Q. Mao, G. Meng, "Tapered Optical Fiber Probe Assembled with Plasmonic Nanostructures for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Application", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 17247 (2015). CrossRef

The study investigated the possible influence of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms as predisposing factors for premalignant gastric lesions as well as their interaction with H. pylori infection, gastrotoxic drugs, smoking, and alcohol consumption. In this study, 270 patients with a complet set of gastric biopsies and successfully genotyped were finally included. The GSTM1 gene polymorphism had significant contribution in mild/severe endoscopic lesions (p=0.01) as well as in premalignant lesions (p=0.01). The GSTM1 null genotype increased the risk for mucosal defects in H. pylori-negative patients (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.20–4.37) and the risk for premalignant lesions in patients with no alcohol consumption (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.19–3.83). The GSTT1 deleted polymorphism did not significantly increase the risk for premalignant lesions in the absence of gastrotoxic drugs (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 0.72–4.74). The combined GSTT1T1 and GSTM1 null polymorphisms were borderline correlated with an increased risk for premalignant lesions (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.00–2.97). The wild-type GSTP1 Ile/Ile genotype versus the variant genotypes Ile/Val + Val/Val was significantly associated with a decreased risk of gastric atrophy/intestinal metaplasia (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37–0.98). In conclusion, the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increased the risk for premalignant and endoscopic gastric lesions, modulated by H. pylori, alcohol, or gastrotoxic drug consumption, while the presence of the GSTP1Val allele seemed to reduce the risk for premalignant lesions.

Radioactive elements such as iodine (e.g., 129I or 131I isotopes), which is discharged into the environment as a result of nuclear detonations and reactor accidents, has a negative impact on human health and the ecosystem [1-3]. Radioactive iodine can be discharged as a direct aqueous pollutant when nuclear fission reactors are cooled with water. Both the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear disasters resulted in huge amounts of radioactive iodine being released into the atmosphere (the majority of which was subsequently deposited on the soil, where it leached into water), as well as directly into water bodies [1-3]. Medical is a secondary source of radioactive iodine, as radioactive isotopes are commonly employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Also, seawater is a natural source of iodine, due to that, the iodine can move into drinking water aquifers, causing increased iodine levels. The removal of radioactive elements such as iodine have been the target of numerus studies using different adsorption methods. However, most of the research to far has concentrated on the adsorption of iodine gas or iodine from organic solvents. There have been few cases of iodine removal from water at room temperature [1-3]. Nanotechnology have been widely used in many research projects related to environmental issues such as suitable energy and remediations [4-21]. The major goal of this research is to synthesize and investigate different nanoporous silicates with different pore size based on synthetic and naturally occurring materials such as zeolites modified with silver to remove iodine from water with high selectivity. The resultant materials are thoroughly investigated, via numerous characterization techniques such as XRD, XRF, SEM/EDX, TEM, and BET surface area measurements. The adsorption study shows a great promises for the resultant composites. For example, iodine was removed from aqueous solutions using synthetic zeolite-13X-Ag (Ag-13X) nanocomposites. The Ag-13X composites results revealed a high removal efficiency (up to 84% removal of iodine from aqueous media) compared to 13X that remove only 22% of iodine under the same adsorption conditions. References Steinhauser, A. Brandl , T.E. Johnson, 470–47, 800-817 (2014) Zhao, X., Han, X., Li, Z., Huang, H., Liu, D., Zhong, C., Appl. Surf. Sci. 351, 760–764 (2015). Tauanov, V.J. Inglezakis, Science of The Total Environment, 682, 259-270 (2019.). W.Chapman, P.J Chupas., T.M Nenoff. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 8897–8899 (2010). ME Mahmoud, SS Haggag, MA Rafea, TM Abdel-Fattah, Polyhedron 28 (16), 3407-3414 (2009) C Huff, JM Long, A Aboulatta, A Heyman, TM Abdel-Fattah, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 6 (10), M115 (2017) A Wixtrom, J Buhler, T Abdel-Fattah, Journal of Chemical Education 91 (8), 1232-1235 (2014) ME Mahmoud, SS Haggag, TM Abdel-Fattah, Polyhedron 26 (14), 3956-3962 (2007) C Huff, T Dushatinski, A Barzanji, N Abdel-Fattah, K Barzanji, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 6 (5), M69 (2017) TM Abdel-Fattah, B Bishop, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 39 (11-12), 2855-2866 (2014) TM Abdel-Fattah, ME Mahmoud, MM Osmam, SB Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and health, part A 49 (9), 1064-1076 (2014) ME Mahmoud, TM Abdel-Fattah, MM Osman, SB Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 47 (1), 130-141 (2012) C Huff, E Biehler, Q Quach, JM Long, TM Abdel-Fattah, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 610 (5), 125734 (2021) M Abdel-Fattah, A Wixtrom, K Zhang, W Cao, H Baumgart, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 3 (10), M61 (2014) M. Abdel-Fattah, M.E Mahmoud, M. M. Osmam, S.B. Ahmed, Journal of Environmental Science and health part A, 49, 1064-1076 (2014) C Huff, T Dushatinski, TM Abdel-Fattah, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (30), 18985-18990 (2017) C Huff, JM Long, A Heyman, TM Abdel-Fattah, ACS Applied Energy Materials 1 (9), 4635-4640 (2018) A Mahapatro, TD Matos Negrón, C Bonner, TM Abdel-Fattah, Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 3 (2), 196-204 (2013) T Dushatinski, C Huff, TM Abdel-Fattah, Applied Surface Science 385, 282-288 (2016) ME Mahmoud, MM Osman, SB Ahmed, TM Abdel-Fattah, Chemical engineering journal 175, 84-94 (2011) TM Abdel-Fattah, ME Mahmoud, Chemical engineering journal 172 (1), 177-183 (2011) R Bhure, TM Abdel-Fattah, C Bonner, JC Hall, A Mahapatro, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology 6 (2), 117-128 (2010) TM Abdel-Fattah, D Loftis, A Mahapatro, Journal of biomedical nanotechnology 7 (6), 794-800 (2011) OH Elsayed-Ali, T Abdel-Fattah, HE Elsayed-Ali, Journal of hazardous materials 185 (2-3), 1550-1557 (2011) R Bhure, A Mahapatro, C Bonner, TM Abdel-Fattah, Materials Science and Engineering: C 33 (4), 2050-2058 (2013) BE Bishop, BA Savitzky, T Abdel-Fattah, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73 (4), 565-571 (2010)

Sclerosant foam, a mixture of a surfactant liquid and air, is injected directly into varicose veins as a treatment that causes the vein to collapse. This investigation develops a model that will allow the medical specialist to visualise how the sclerosant foam will interact with the blood and behave within the vein. The process is simulated using a multiphase computational fluid dynamics model with the sclerosant foam considered as a two-phase non-Newtonian power law viscosity liquid. The governing multiphase equations are solved using an Eulerian⁠–⁠Eulerian approach coupled with a population balance model to predict the bubble size distribution within the flow field. The computational results demonstrate similar flow characteristics and flow features to an available set of experimental results. The model predicts the mixing layers between the sclerosant foam and the ambient fluid, and the sclerosant liquid and the ambient fluid, as well as the sclerosant liquid coverage on the vein wall and the bubble size distribution within the vein. These quantities are of interest to medical specialists allowing them to assess the treatment feasibility and safety before treating the patients. References S. Ali Mirjalili, J. C. Muirhead, and M. D. Stringer. Redefining the surface anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction in vivo. Clin. Anat., 27(6):915–919, 2014. doi:10.1002/ca.22386. E. Cameron, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Sclerosant foam structure is strongly influenced by liquid air fraction. Eur. J. Vasc. Endo. Surg., 46:488–494, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.07.013. P. Coleridge-Smith. Saphenous ablation: Sclerosant or sclerofoam? Semin. Vasc. Surg., 18:19–24, 2005. doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2004.12.007. J.-J. Guex. Complications and side-effects of foam sclerotherapy. Phlebology, 24:270–274, 2009. doi:10.1258/phleb.2009.009049. Ansys Inc. ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 population balance module manual. ANSYS, 2010. URL https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/popbal/main_pre.htm. F. Ren, N. A. Noda, T. Ueda, Y. Sano, Y. Takase, T. Umekage, Y. Yonezawa, and H. Tanaka. CFD-PMB coupled simulation of a nanobubble generator with honeycomb structure. volume 372 of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, page 012012, June 2018. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/372/1/012012. P. Souroullas, R. Barnes, G. Smith, S. Nandhra, D. Carradice, and I. Chetter. The classic saphenofemoral junction and its anatomical variations. Phlebology, 32(3):172–178, 2017. doi:10.1177/0268355516635960. A. H. Syed, M. Boulet, T. Melchiori, and J. M. Lavoie. CFD simulations of an air-water bubble column: Effect of Luo coalescence parameter and breakup kernels. Front. Chem., 5(68):1–16, 2017. doi:10.3389/fchem.2017.00068. T. Wang and J. Wang. Numerical simulation of gas-liquid mass transfer in bubble column with a CFD-PBM coupled model. Chem. Eng. Sci., 62:7107–7118, 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.08.033. M. R. Watkins. Deactivation of sodium tetradecyl sulphate injection by blood proteins. Euro. J. Vasc. Endo. Surg., 41(4): 521–525, 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2010.12.012. K. Wong. Experimental and numerical investigation and modelling of sclerosant foam. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 2018. K. Wong, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Basic physiochemical and rheological properties of detergent sclerosants. Phlebology, 30(5):339–349, 2015. doi:10.1177/0268355514529271. K. C. Wong, T. Chen, D. E. Connor, M. Behnia, and K. Parsi. Computational fluid dynamics of liquid and foam sclerosant injection in a vein model. Appl. Mech. Mater., 553:293–298, 2014. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.553.293.

Ahmad, A., & Hassan, M. (2007). Regulation and performance of Islamic banking in Bangladesh. Thunderbird International Business Review, 492, 251-277. Ahmed, F., Rafay, A., & Ahmed, A. (2018). Dividend Payout Policy of Conventional Banking and Islamic Banking in Pakistan. Al-Iqtishad: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Syariah (Journal of Islamic Economics), 10(1), 135–152. doi: http//dx.doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v10i1.6103 Alasfour, F., Jaara, B., & Abusaleem, K. (2024). Dividend Payout Policy of the Islamic and Conventional Banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Migration Letters, 21(4), 908-925. Al-Amin, A. (2009). Dividend distribution and its impact on public share prices of shares, the case of the Sudane French Bank. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Sudan and Technology, Sudan. Al-Ammar. Baker, H., & Weigand, R. (2015). Corporate dividend policy revisited. Managerial Finance, 41(2), 126-144. Bhattacharya, S. (1979). Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy, and 'The Bird In The Hand. Fallacy”. Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 259-270 Black, F. (1976). The dividend puzzle. Journal of portfolio management, 2(2), 5-8. Brealey, R. A. & Myers, S. C. (2003). Principles of corporate finance (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Chang, R., & Rhee, S. (1990). The impact of personal taxes on corporate dividend policy and capital structure decisions. Financial Management, 19(2), 21-31. Dhaliwal, D. S., Erickson, M., & Trezevant, R. (1999). A test of the theory of tax Clienteles for dividend policies. National Tax Journal, 52, 179-194. Donald, K. (2011). International accounting IFRS. John Wiley & Son. 783-784. Doumpos, M., Hasan, I., & Pasiouras, F. (2017). Bank overall financial strength: Islamic versus conventional banks. Economic Modelling, 64, 513-523. Elmagrhi, M., Ntim, C., Crossley, R., Malagila, J., Fosu, S., & Vu, T. (2017). Corporate governance and dividend pay-out policy in UK listed SMEs: The effects of corporate board characteristics. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 25(4), 459-483. Eng, S.H., Yahya, M. H., & Hadi, A. R. (2013). The dividend payout policy–a comparison on Malaysian Islamic and conventional financial institutions. Journal of WEI Business and Economics, 2(2), 12-20. Fink, C., & Theissen, E. (2014). Dividend taxation and DAX futures prices (No. 14-08). CFR Working Paper. Hafeez, A. & Attiya, Y. (2009). The Determinants Of Dividend Policy In Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance Economics, 25, 148-171. Hafsi, R. (2016). Study and analysis of the effect of the dividend policy on the performance of shares of listed companies in the financial market, the case of the Dubai Financial Market for the period 2011-2014, University of Qasdah Murbah and Oqlala. Algerian Journal of Accounting and Financial Studies, 15(2), 39-49. Huda, F., & T. Farah. (2011). Determinants of Dividend Decision: A Focus on Banking Sector in Bangladesh. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 77, 33-46. Jaara, O., Jaara, O., Shamieh, J., & Fendi, U. (2017). Liquidity risk exposure in Islamic and Conventional banks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(6), 16-26. Mashkour, S., & Sadiq, Z. (2018). The relationship between the dividend policy and the market value of the stock and its impact on determining the value of the company. Applied research in a sample of banks registered in the Iraqi market for securities. Journal of the Kufa Studies Center, 50, 221-248. Miletkov, M., Moskalev, S., & Wintoki, M. B. (2015). Corporate boards and acquirer returns: international evidence. Managerial Finance, 41(3), 244-266. Nissim, D. & Ziv, A. (2001). Dividend changes and future profitability. The Journal of Finance, 56(6), 2111-2133. Pal, K., & Goyal, P. (2007). Leading Determinants of Dividend Policy: A Case Study of the Indian Banking Industry. Decision (0304-0941), 34(2), 87-98. Petit, R. (1977). Taxes, transactions costs and the Clientele effect of dividends. Journal of Financial Economics, 5, 419-436. Pruitt, S., & Gitman, L. (1991). The interactions between the investment, financing, and dividend decisions of major US firms. Financial Review, 26(33), 409-430. Rafique, M. (2012). Factors affecting dividend payout: Evidence from listed non-financial firms of Karachi stock exchange. Business Management Dynamics, 1(11), 76-92.

The development of citrus crops is directed to produce tangerine plants that lead to substitute imported fruits by the development of budding seedlings technique using local varieties citrus. This research was conducted in November 2016 until March 2017 in citrus nursery of Horticultural Seed Center of Pematang Donok Village, Kabawetan Sub-district, Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province. The research was arranged in a Completely Random Design with combination of two treatments, the first treatment was the origin of bud on the scion plant, they were E1 (upper part of the shoot scion), E2 (middle part of the shoot scion), E3 (basal of the shoot scion). The second treatment was cut type on the rootstock, they were J1 (H type), J2 (Forkert slice), J3 (T wedge). The treatment was repeated three times, so there were 27 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 10 liners, so there were 270 liners of the experiment. The result of this research showed that incision types of H model and Forkert model, as well as the bud originated from the middle and the basal part of shoot scion were good to support the success rate of budding propagation of Rimau Gerga Lebong (RGL) tangerine.

ABSTRACT We present a new catalogue of radio sources in the face-on spiral galaxy M83. Radio observations taken in 2011, 2015, and 2017 with the Australia Telescope Compact Array at 5.5 and 9 GHz have detected 270 radio sources. Although a small number of these sources are background extragalactic sources, most are either H ii regions or supernova remnants (SNRs) within M83 itself. Three of the six historical supernovae are detected, as is the very young remnant that had been identified in a recent study, which is likely the result of a supernova that exploded in the last ∼100 yr but was missed. All of these objects are generally fading with time. Confusion limits our ability to measure the radio emission from a number of the SNRs in M83, but 64 were detected in unconfused regions, and these have the approximate power-law luminosity function that has been observed in other galaxies. The SNRs in M83 are systematically smaller in diameter and brighter than those that have been detected at radio wavelengths in M33. A number of the radio sources are coincident with X-ray sources in M83; most of these coincident sources turn out to be SNRs. Our dual frequency observations are among the most sensitive to date for a spiral galaxy outside the Local Group; despite this we were not able to place realistic constraints on the spectral indices, and as a result, it was not possible to search for SNRs based on their radio properties alone.

Abstract This paper presents design and simulation of a 4-bit 10 GS/s time interleaved ADC in 0.25 micrometer CMOS technology. The designed TI-ADC has 4 channels including 4-bit flash ADC in each channel, in which area and power efficiency are targeted. Therefore, basic standard cell logic gates are preferred. Meanwhile, the aspect ratios in the gate designs are kept as small as possible considering the speed performance. In the literature, design details of the timing control circuits have not been provided, whereas the proposed timing control process is comprehensively explained and design details of the proposed timing control process are clearly presented in this study. The proposed circuits producing consecutive pulses for timing control of the input S/H switches (ie the analog demultiplexer front-end circuitry) and the very fast digital multiplexer unit at the output are the main contributions of this study. The simulation results include +0.26/−0.22 LSB of DNL and +0.01/−0.44 LSB of INL, layout area of 0.27 mm2, and power consumption of 270 mW. The provided power consumption, DNL and INL measures are observed at 100 MHz input with 10 GS/s sampling rate.

Abstract Background: Twenty-four hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) determination can be used for screening and follow-up of Cushing syndrome (CS). As immunoassay methods lack specificity for UFC measurement, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (LC-MSMS) is recommended. The aim of our study was to compare UFC results using four LC-MSMS methods performed in four independent laboratories in order to evaluate interlaboratory agreement. Methods: Frozen aliquots of 24-h urine samples (78 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with CS) were sent to four different laboratories for analysis. Following liquid-liquid or solid-liquid extraction, UFC were determined using four different LC-MSMS assay. Results: UFC intra- and interassays variation coefficients were lower than 10% for each centre. External quality control results were not significantly different. UFC normal ranges (established from healthy volunteers) were 17–126, 15–134, 12–118 and 27–157 nmol/day, respectively. Classification of UFC from healthy volunteers and patients with CS using a 95th percentile threshold was similar. However, for extreme UFC values (<50 or >270 nmol/day), negative or positive bias was noted. Conclusions: Even for highly specific methods such as LC-MSMS, variations of results can be found depending on analytical process. Validation of LC-MSMS methods including determination of the reference range is essential.

The achievement of children's quality of life is undoubtedly linked to the development of positive habits that will continue to be practiced in future lives. This can be done by developing awareness and behavior of a balanced clean and healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the PHBS ability of children. Various efforts have been made so that children with intellectual disabilities can maintain their cleanliness. The efforts made by the teacher are still not maximal so that the delivery of information about PHBS must be completed by another method, namely demonstration. This research was conducted at SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar5 with an action research method that refers to the Kurt Lewin model. Data collection techniques used purposive sampling and data analysis with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed an increase in understanding of the PHBS of children with intellectual disabilities able to learn SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar through the demonstration method. This is evidenced by the increase in the score, where the initial assessment was obtained (59%), while in the first cycle, the average score was good (69.9%). In short, the understanding of children with intellectual disabilities being able to learn about PHBS is increased by using the demonstration method. Keywords: Intellectual Disability Children, PHBS program, Demonstration methods References Agarwal, R. (2017). Importancia de la atención primaria de salud en la sociedad. International Journal of Health Sciences, 1(1), 5–9. Aiello, A. E., Coulborn, R. M., Perez, V., & Larson, E. L. (2008). Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 98(8), 1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 Arip, M. pdfo., & Emilyani, D. (2018). Strategy to improve knowledge, attitude, and skill toward clean and healthy life behaviour. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n3.222 Basheer, A., Hugerat, M., Kortam, N., & Hofstein, A. (2017). The effectiveness of teachers’ use of demonstrations for enhancing students’ understanding of and attitudes to learning the oxidation-reduction concept. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(3), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00632a Bloomfield, S. F., Aiello, A. E., Cookson, B., O’Boyle, C., & Larson, E. L. (2007). The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(10 SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 Cavanaugh, L. K. (n.d.). Intellectual Disabilities (D. L. Porretta (Ed.); 6 th). Human Kinetics. Chang, Y. J., Lee, M. Y., Chou, L. Der, Chen, S. F., & Chen, Y. C. (2011). A Mobile Wetness Detection System Enabling Teachers to Toilet Train Children with Intellectual Disabilities in a Public School Setting. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 23(6), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-011-9243-3 Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management. Human Relations, 69(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715577707 Dirjen P2P Kemkes RI. (2019). Rencana Aksi Program Pencegahan Dan Pengendalian Penyakit 2015-2019 ( Revisi I - 2018 ). Rencana AKSI Program P2P 2015-2019, 2019, 86. Flanagan, D. P., Alfonso, V. C., & Hale, J. B. (2010). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition in Neuropsychological Practice. Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology, January, 397–414. Giridharan, K., & Raju, R. (2017). Impact of Teaching Strategies: Demonstration and Lecture Strategies and Impact of Teacher Effect on Academic Achievement in Engineering Education. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(3), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2016.11890491 Hooman, N., Safaii, A., Valavi, E., & Amini-Alavijeh, Z. (2013). Toilet training in Iranian children: A cross-sectional study. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23(2), 154–158. Hung, J.-W., Chang, Y.-J., & Han, W.-Y. (2016). Game technology to increase range of motion for adolescents with cerebral palsy: a feasibility study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2016-0026 Kang, Y. S., & Chang, Y. J. (2019). Using a motion-controlled game to teach four elementary school children with intellectual disabilities to improve hand hygiene. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 32(4), 942–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12587 Kementerian, & Indonesia, R. (2011). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia. Kemenenterian Kesehatan RI. Kesehatan, K. (2011). PHBS di Sekolah. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Ketut Sudiana, I., Adiputra, N., & Budi Adnyana, P. (2020). Integrative Health Thematic Strategy Increases Learning Outcomes and Students ’Clean and Healthy Living Behaviors. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1503(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1503/1/012050 Koh, W. M., Bogich, T., Siegel, K., Jin, J., Chong, E. Y., Tan, C. Y., Chen, M. I. C., Horby, P., & Cook, A. R. (2016). The epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia: A systematic review and analysis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 35(10), e285–e300. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001242 Kroeger, K., & Sorensen, R. (2010). A parent training model for toilet training children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(6), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01286.x Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Kementerian Kesehatan tahun 2014. (n.d.). Lee, R. L. T., & Lee, P. H. (2014). To evaluate the effects of a simplified hand washing improvement program in schoolchildren with mild intellectual disability: A pilot study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 3014–3025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.016 Lee, R. L. T., Leung, C., Tong, W. K., Chen, H., & Lee, P. H. (2015). Comparative efficacy of a simplified handwashing program for improvement in hand hygiene and reduction of school absenteeism among children with intellectual disability. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(9), 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.023 Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., Loring, W. A., Butter, E., Smith, T., & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53–54, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007 Noah Ekeyi, D. (2013). Effect of Demonstration Method of Teaching on Students’ Achievement in Agricultural Science. World Journal of Education, 3(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v3n6p1 Pedoman Umum Program Indonesia Sehat dengan Pendekatan Keluarga. (2015). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Purba, N., Handini, M. C. H., & Yetti, E. (2018). Development of Media Vocabulary Cards to Improve the Speech Competence of Children with Intellectual Disabilities. 6. Puspita, W. A., Sulistyorini, M. P., & Wibowo, B. (2020). Learning Clean, Healthy and Safe Life Behavior in Inclusive Early Childhood Education. 454(Ecep 2019), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200808.053 Putri, R. M., Rosdiana, Y., & Nisa, A. C. (2019). Application of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) From The Household Knowledge and Attitude Study. Journal Of Nursing Practice, 3(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.30994/jnp.v3i1.64 Rosenberg, N. E., Schwartz, I. S., & Davis, C. A. (2010). Evaluating the utility of commercial videotapes for teaching hand washing to children with autism. Education and Treatment of Children, 33(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.0.0098 Ruan, F., Yang, T., Ma, H., Jin, Y., Song, S., Fontaine, R. E., & Zhu, B. P. (2011). Risk factors for hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina and the preventive effect of hand-washing. Pediatrics, 127(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1497 Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., Zheng, Y., Xu, B., Xie, Z., Lin, L., Shang, Y., Lu, X., Shu, S., Bai, Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Ye, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 16(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7 Steenkamp, L., Williams, M., Ronaasen, J., Feeley, A., Truter, I., & Melariri, P. (2020). Handwashing knowledge and practices among caregivers of pre-school children in underprivileged areas of Nelson Mandela Bay. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 0(0), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2020.1769336 van Nunen, K., Kaerts, N., Wyndaele, J. J., Vermandel, A., & van Hal, G. V. (2015). Parents’ views on toilet training (TT): A quantitative study to identify the beliefs and attitudes of parents concerning TT. Journal of Child Health Care, 19(2), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493513508232 Walpole, R. E. (1955). Pengantar Statistika. Gramedia.

The COVID-19 pandemic and society’s response to it may have constrained the ability of those with diabetes to achieve a healthy lifestyle. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the frequency and magnitude of sedentary habits, physical activity, sleep, alcohol consumption, weight, and smoking from July 2020 to February 2021 and compared these levels to those before the pandemic (2017–2019) in 1082 participants of the ELSA-Brasil study with known diabetes. Our results showed that inappropriate sleep duration was common (649, 68.9%) before the pandemic. Many (447, 31.1%) with this problem achieved an adequate sleep duration during the pandemic. Significant increases occurred in time in front of screens (1.3; 95%CI 0.66–2.11 h/day) and time sitting or reclining (1.4, 95%CI 0.8–2.3 h/day). Physical activity decreased (270, 95%CI 243–298 MET-min/wk). Alcohol consumption decreased without statistical significance (−19.6, 95%CI −51.1–11.9 g/w). In general, changes were similar between diabetics and non-diabetics, except that screen time in-creased less (−0.18, −0.35–−0.01 h/day) for those with diabetes. Sleep duration improved, but the frequency of sedentary habits increased, and physical activity decreased during the pandemic. Understanding changes brought on by the pandemic is essential to facilitate the implementation of quality health care for those with diabetes in moments of social stress.

Artikel review ini mengulas tentang prinsip dan proses metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid, protein dan asam nukeat pada organisme. Telaah pustaka yang disajikan dalam review ini bersumber pada jurnal ilmiah maupun buku terakreditasi yang relevan. Lintasan metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid, protein, asam nukleat terdiri atas tiga bentuk lintasan yakni katabolik, anabolik dan amfibolik. Lintasan tersebut umumnya terjadi pada mitokondria melalui siklus Krebs. Katabolisme protein, karbohidrat dan lemak dapat menjadi derivat asam amino, glukosa, gliserol dan asam lemak yang mampu dikonversi menjadi energi maupun cadangan energi untuk proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sel. Demikian sebaliknya proses anabolisme dapat memanfaatkan derivat makro molekul (asam amino, glukosa, fruktosa, asam lemak) menjadi makro molekul (protein, karbohidrat dan lipid). Proses metabolisme karbohidrat secara khusus melalui glikolisis, glikogenesis dan glukoneogenesis. Sedangkan metabolisme lemak melalui proses asetil-KoA terkarboksilase dan menghasilkan malonil-KoA hingga berlanjut pada proses pembentukan asam lemak melalui proses enzimatis (elongase dan desaturase). Demikian pula pada metabolisme protein yang diawali dengan pemecahan makro molekul dalam bentuk peptida menjadi monomer terkecil (asam amino) secara enzimatis (melibatkan enzim protease) dan menjadi salah satu sumber energi dalam pembentukan ATP untuk perkembangan sel. Sebaliknya anabolisme protein tersebut didasari oleh proses transmisi dan aminasi. Metabolisme asam nukleat melibatkan proses sintesis purin dan pirimidin sebagai nukleotida secara de novo. Proses metabolisme asam nukleat melaui proses enzimatik (housekeeping) yang sangat bertanggungjawab terhadap fungsi katabolisme dan anabolisme. Referensi: [1] Wali, J. A., Milner, A. J., Luk, A. W., Pulpitel, T. J., Dodgson, T., Facey, H. J., ... & Simpson, S. J. (2021). Impact of dietary carbohydrate type and protein–carbohydrate interaction on metabolic health. Nature Metabolism, 3(6), 810-828. [2] Staples, J. F. (2016). Metabolic flexibility: hibernation, torpor, and estivation. Compr. Physiol, 6(2), 737-71. [3] O’Neill, L. A. (2015). A broken krebs cycle in macrophages. Immunity, 42(3), 393-394. [4] Rajendran, M., Dane, E., Conley, J., & Tantama, M. (2016). Imaging adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The Biological Bulletin, 231(1), 73-84. [5] Luo, L., & Liu, M. (2016). Adipose tissue in control of metabolism. Journal of endocrinology, 231(3), R77-R99. [6] Poggiogalle, E., Jamshed, H., & Peterson, C. M. (2018). Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Metabolism, 84, 11-27. [7] Purba, D. H., Marzuki, I., Dailami, M., Saputra, H. A., Mawarti, H., Gurning, K., ... & Purba, A. M. V. (2021). Biokimia. . Bandung (ID): Yayasan Kita Menulis Press [8] Park, S., Jeon, J. H., Min, B. K., Ha, C. M., Thoudam, T., Park, B. Y., & Lee, I. K. (2018). Role of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in metabolic remodeling: differential pyruvate dehydrogenase complex functions in metabolism. Diabetes & metabolism journal, 42(4), 270-281. [9] Adeva-Andany, M. M., Pérez-Felpete, N., Fernández-Fernández, C., Donapetry-García, C., & Pazos-García, C. (2016). Liver glucose metabolism in humans. Bioscience reports, 36(6). [10] Murray, Robert K. Daryl K. Granner; Victor W. Rodwell. Biokimia Harper Ed.27. Jakarta. EGC;2009 : 152-94 [11] Jones, J. G. (2016). Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia, 59(6), 1098-1103. [12] Chen, L., Zhang, Z., Hoshino, A., Zheng, H. D., Morley, M., Arany, Z., & Rabinowitz, J. D. (2019). NADPH production by the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway supports folate metabolism. Nature metabolism, 1(3), 404-415. [13] Shi, L., & Tu, B. P. (2015). Acetyl-CoA and the regulation of metabolism: mechanisms and consequences. Current opinion in cell biology, 33, 125-131. [14] Chandel, N. S. (2021). Lipid metabolism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 13(9), a040576. [15] Tsikas, D. (2017). Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: Analytical and biological challenges. Analytical biochemistry, 524, 13-30. [16] Merino-Ramos, T., Vázquez-Calvo, Á., Casas, J., Sobrino, F., Saiz, J. C., & Martín-Acebes, M. A. (2016). Modification of the host cell lipid metabolism induced by hypolipidemic drugs targeting the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase impairs West Nile virus replication. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 60(1), 307-315. [17] Schmitt, S., Castelvetri, L. C., & Simons, M. (2015). Metabolism and functions of lipids in myelin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1851(8), 999-1005. [18] Cerk, I. K., Wechselberger, L., & Oberer, M. (2018). Adipose triglyceride lipase regulation: an overview. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 19(2), 221-233. [19] Whitford, D. (2013). Proteins: Structure And Function. John Wiley & Sons. [20] Gropper, S. S., & Smith, J. L. (2012). Advanced Nutrition And Human Metabolism. Cengage Learning. [21] Bender, D. A. (2012). Amino acid metabolism. John Wiley & Sons. [22] Chargaff, E. (Ed.). (2012). The nucleic acids. Elsevier. [23] Kochetkov, N. (Ed.). (2012). Organic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids: Part B. Springer Science & Business Media. [24] Wang, L. (2016). Mitochondrial purine and pyrimidine metabolism and beyond. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 35(10-12), 578-594.

The age period of 0-8 years is the most important moment for every human being to develop all the developmental features supported by parents at home and teachers / tutors at the Early Childhood Education Institute (ECE). In parenting, six main aspects must be known and applied by each parent. Lack of education, nutritional knowledge, care and care, and aspects of clean-living habits in the family can have an impact on children's growth and development processes. This study aims to develop a module 6 aspects of child development for parental guidance. This study uses a research and development approach to test the effectiveness of the posttest design. Respondents in this study are parents who have children up to 5 years and early childhood educators. The findings show that from these six main aspects, it seems that parents and ECE tutors do not yet understand the ECE concept. In another perspective, there is still a lack of knowledge about these 6 main aspects which require training and parenting modules to develop the 6 aspects of child development. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Child Development Aspect, Parenting Training Module References: Arikunto, S. (2010). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Jakarta: Asdi Mahasatya. Britto, P. R., Lye, S. J., Proulx, K., Yousafzai, A. K., Matthews, S. G., Vaivada, T., … Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development. The Lancet, 389(10064), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3 Coore Desai, C., Reece, J. A., & Shakespeare-Pellington, S. (2017). The prevention of violence in childhood through parenting programmes: a global review. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 22(February), 166–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271952 Darling-Churchill, K. E., & Lippman, L. (2016). Early childhood social and emotional development: Advancing the field of measurement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 45, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.002 Davis, S., Votruba-Drzal, E., & Silk, J. S. (2015). Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Associations With Temperament and Parenting. Social Development, 24(3), 501–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12105 Đorđić, V., Tubić, T., & Jakšić, D. (2016). The Relationship between Physical, Motor, and Intellectual Development of Preschool Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 233(May), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.114 Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Externalizing symptoms, effortful control, and intrusive parenting: A test of bidirectional longitudinal relations during early childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4), 953–968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000620 Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational Research: An Introduction (4th ed.). New York: Longman Inc. Gardner, F., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2016). Transporting Evidence-Based Parenting Programs for Child Problem Behavior (Age 3–10) Between Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 749–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134 Gilmer, C., Buchan, J. L., Letourneau, N., Bennett, C. T., Shanker, S. G., Fenwick, A., & Smith-Chant, B. (2016). Parent education interventions designed to support the transition to parenthood: A realist review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 59, 118–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.015 Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016a). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Guyer, A. E., Jarcho, J. M., Pérez-Edgar, K., Degnan, K. A., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, E. E. (2015). Temperament and Parenting Styles in Early Childhood Differentially Influence Neural Response to Peer Evaluation in Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9973-2 Jones, D. E., Feinberg, M. E., Hostetler, M. L., Roettger, M. E., Paul, I. M., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2018). Family and Child Outcomes 2 Years After a Transition to Parenthood Intervention. Family Relations, 67(2), 270–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12309 Jürges, H., Schwarz, A., Cahan, S., & Abdeen, Z. (2019). Child mental health and cognitive development: evidence from the West Bank. Empirica, 46(3), 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09438-5 Kalland, M., Fagerlund, Å., Von Koskull, M., & Pajulo, M. (2016). Families First: The development of a new mentalization-based group intervention for first-Time parents to promote child development and family health. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 17(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146342361500016X Knauer, H. A., Ozer, E. J., Dow, W. H., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2019). Parenting quality at two developmental periods in early childhood and their association with child development. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 396–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.009 Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Cyr, M., Finsaas, M. C., Orawe, J., Huang, A., Tottenham, N., & Klein, D. N. (2018). Early Childhood Parenting Predicts Late Childhood Brain Functional Connectivity During Emotion Perception and Reward Processing. Child Development, 00(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13126 Kurniah, N., Andreswari, D., & Kusumah, R. G. T. (2019). Achievement of Development on Early Childhood Based on National Education Standard. 295(ICETeP 2018), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.2991/icetep-18.2019.82 Leijten, P., Raaijmakers, M. A. J., Orobio de Castro, B., van den Ban, E., & Matthys, W. (2017). Effectiveness of the Incredible Years Parenting Program for Families with Socioeconomically Disadvantaged and Ethnic Minority Backgrounds. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1038823 Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029 Lucassen, N., Kok, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., … Tiemeier, H. (2015). Executive functions in early childhood: The role of maternal and paternal parenting practices. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12112 Molchanov, S. V. (2013). The Moral Development in Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, 615–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.623 Morris, A. S., & Williamson, A. C. (2019). Building early social and emotional relationships with infants and toddlers: Integrating research and practice. Building Early Social and Emotional Relationships with Infants and Toddlers: Integrating Research and Practice, 1–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03110-7 Parhomenko, K. (2014). Diagnostic Methods of Socio – Emotional Competence in Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.142 Rutherford, H. J. V., Wallace, N. S., Laurent, H. K., & Mayes, L. C. (2015). Emotion regulation in parenthood. Developmental Review, 36, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.12.008 Sheedy, A., & Gambrel, L. E. (2019). Coparenting Negotiation During the Transition to Parenthood: A Qualitative Study of Couples’ Experiences as New Parents. American Journal of Family Therapy, 47(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1586593 Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., … Wilson, M. (2015). Parenting and the Family Check-Up: Changes in Observed Parent-Child Interaction Following Early Childhood Intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 970–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.940623 Sulik, M. J., Blair, C., Mills-Koonce, R., Berry, D., & Greenberg, M. (2015). Early Parenting and the Development of Externalizing Behavior Problems: Longitudinal Mediation Through Children’s Executive Function. Child Development, 86(5), 1588–1603. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12386 Theise, R., Huang, K. Y., Kamboukos, D., Doctoroff, G. L., Dawson-McClure, S., Palamar, J. J., & Brotman, L. M. (2014). Moderators of Intervention Effects on Parenting Practices in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Early Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.833095 UNDP. (2018). Human Development Indices and Indicators. 2018 Statistical Update. United Nations Development Programme, 27(4), 123. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf%0Ahttp://www.hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf%0Ahttp://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update

This study aims to find out how to stimulate Early Childhood Mindset in Theodeosius kindergarten through affective education. This research is qualitative research. Data analysis is done by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The research findings showed that students were very enthusiastic about following the activities of the teacher with pleasure, happiness and did not feel burdened from the initial activities to the final activities of the students who followed them well. The efforts made by TK Theodosius educators are good, so that it can be said that the teacher's efforts to train children's independence are maximized. The students have begun to instill Pancasila values in their daily lives, namely Godhead, Humanity, the Value of Unity, People's Value, and Social Justice. Keywords: Affective Education, Early Childhood Mindset Stimulation, Understanding Pancasila. References Abramson, L., Daniel, E., & Knafo-noam, A. (2018). Journal of Experimental Child The role of personal values in children ’ s costly sharing and non-costly giving. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 165, 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.03.007 Aydoğan, C., Farran, D. C., & Sağsöz, G. (2015). The relationship between kindergarten classroom environment and children’s engagement. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(5), 604–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1104036 Bowo, T. A., & Budiati. (2017). Model Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Interaktif Menggunakan Flascard Berbasis Pancasila Sebagai Upaya Pembentukan Karakter Bangsa. Media Penelitian Pendidikan, 11(2), 59–74. Cartledge, G., & Milburn, J. F. (1980). Teaching social skills to children. Pergamon Press. Chou, S. Y., & Pearson, J. M. (2012). Organizational citizenship behaviour in IT professionals: An expectancy theory approach. Management Research Review, 35(12), 1170–1186. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211281282 Decety, J., Meidenbauer, K. L., & Cowell, J. M. (2018). The development of cognitive empathy and concern in preschool children: A behavioral neuroscience investigation. Developmental Science, 21(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12570 Dodge, D. T. (2004). Early Childhood Curriculum Models Why What and How Programs Use them. Exchange Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal, (February), 71–75. Domitrovich, C. E., Durlak, J. A., Staley, K. C., & Weissberg, R. P. (2017). Social-Emotional competence: An essential factor for promoting positive adjustment and reducing risk in school children. Child Development, 88(2), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12739 Dunlap, G., Powell, D., & Org, W. C. (2009). Promoting Social Behavior of Young Children in Group Settings: A Summary of Research. Technical Assistance Center on Social Emotional Intervention for Young Children, (August). Retrieved from www.challengingbehavior.org Emilson, A., & Johansson, E. (2013). Values in Nordic Early Childhood Education: Democracy and the Child’s Perspective. Choice Reviews Online, 30(11), 30-6297-30–6297. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.30-6297 Ertürk, A. (2007). Increasing organizational citizenship behaviors of Turkish academicians. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733089 Esnard, C., & Jouffre, S. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior: Social valorization among pupils and the effect on teachers’ judgments. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 23(3), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03172999 Grajczonek, J., & Truasheim, M. (2017). Implementing Godly Play in educational settings: a cautionary tale. British Journal of Religious Education, 39(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2015.1110112 Hamid. (2015). Semiotika Kewarganegaraan. Bandung: Rizqi Press. Hildebrandt, C., & Zan, B. (2015). Pendekatan Konstruktivis pada Pendidikan Moral Anak Usia Dini. In Handbook Pendidikan Moral dan Karakter (pp. 511–536). Bandung: Nusa Media. Hurlock, E. B. (1999). Perkembangan Anak Jilid I. (Erlangga, Ed.). jakarta. Hurlock, E. B. (2010). Perkembangan Anak (6th ed.). Jakarta: Erlangga. Mahanani, P., Purnama Putra, A., & Kristianingsih, K. (2018). Analysis of the Influence of Understanding the Pancasila Values of Teachers on Learning in Elementary School, 244(Ecpe), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.2991/ecpe-18.2018.37 Mayfield, C. O., & Taber, T. D. (2010). A prosocial self-concept approach to understanding organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(7), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011075283 Nicholson, J., Kuhl, K., Maniates, H., Lin, B., Bonetti, S., Nicholson, J., … Bonetti, S. (2018). A review of the literature on leadership in early childhood : examining epistemological foundations and considerations of social justice, 4430. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1455036 Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington: Lexington Books. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (2015). Transformational Leader Behaviors and Their Effects on Trust , Satisfaction , and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. JAI Press Inc., (August), 107–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7 Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research. Journal of Management, 25(3), 513–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(78)85552-3 Robson, J. V. K. (2019). How do practitioners in early years provision promote Fundamental British Values ? How do practitioners in early years provision promote, 9760. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2018.1507904 Ronald Silalahi, U. yuwono. (2016). Research in social sciences and technology. Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 2(3), 58–57. Retrieved from http://www.ressat.org/index.php/ressat/article/view/329 Samuelsson, I. P., & Hagglund, S. (2009). Early Childhood Education and Learning for Sustainable Development and Citizenship. International Journal, 41(2), 49–63. Sanjaya, W. (2013). Penelitian Pendidikan (Jenis, Metode, dan Prosedur),. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Stephens, M., & Ormandy, P. (2018). Extending conceptual understanding: How interprofessional education influences affective domain development. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 32(3), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2018.1425291 LK Stevenson, B. (2017). Children’s independence: a conceptual argument for connecting the conduct of everyday life and learning in Finland. Children’s Geographies, 15(4), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1271942 UNESCO. (2014). Preparing learners for the challenges of the 21st century. France: UNESCO. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/global-citizenship-education UNESCO. (2015). Global citizenship education: topics and learning objectives.

Objective: Recently, we reported newly synthesized 5H-benzo[2,3][1,4]oxazepino[5,6-b]indole) derivatives and proved their cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma specific Hep-G2 cell lines. We attempted herein to describe a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of three most active compounds 6a, 10a, and 15a in rat plasma to predict their pharmacokinetics parameters before in vivo study.Methods: A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic was employed for the determination of 6a, 10a, and 15a in rat plasma. Each compound was separated by a gradient elution of acetonitrile and water with 1 mL/min flow rate. The detector was set at 270, 285, and 275 nm for 6a, 10a, and 15a and the recorded elution times were 2.00, 2.87, and 1.88 min, respectively.Results: The calibration curve was linear with R2 of 0.938, 0.875, and 0.923 over the concentration range of 0.1–50 μg/mL. The inter- and intra-day variations of the assay were lower than 12.26%; the average recovery of 6a, 10a, and 15a was 97.31, 92.56, and 95.23 % with relative standard deviation of 2.12%, 3.25%, and 2.28%, respectively. The Cmax and Tmax were ~ 46.34, 18.56, and 25.65 μg/mL and 2.0, 4.0, and 4.0 h for 6a, 10a, and 15a, respectively, which indicate a robust method of detection in the present experiment.Conclusion: The study suggests that all of the three compounds have a lower rate of absorption, higher volume of distribution, and lower clearance rate, indicating good therapeutic response for in vivo activity.

A relação entre água, energia e alimento é um tema que tem recebido atenção no meio acadêmico. Diante da escassez dos recursos naturais, da degradação que tem ocorrido não somente no Brasil, mas no mundo todo, os recursos naturais têm sérios riscos de esgotarem. E há que se pensar em uma gestão que possibilite a recuperação do meio ambiente de forma eficiente e sustentável. Compreendendo que o debate de nexo envolve um conjunto de inter-relações entre os recursos naturais utilizados como insumo para os serviços básicos da vida humana, neste sentido, a presente pesquisa objetivou analisar se há possibilidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo água-energia-alimentos, com vistas a não comprometer as demandas futuras e como isso pode contribuir para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Os objetivos específicos são identificar a interligação entre água, energia, alimento e floresta; apontar a necessidade de integrar a floresta ao nexo tradicional visando alcançar um desenvolvimento mais sustentável e controlar, prevenir as consequências dos impactos ambientais. A metodologia da revisão literária ocorreu com o levantamento por termos previamente identificados nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science e Periódico Capes, sendo a pesquisa classificada com abordagem qualitativa e método dedutivo. Os resultados apontaram que a floresta possui relação direta com os elementos água-energia-alimentos, sendo possível contribuir com as seguranças hídrica, energética e alimentar. Concluiu-se que vincular as florestas ao nexo existente, proporcionará uma maior preocupação para garantir a sustentabilidade e o equilíbrio ambiental. Referências ALROY, John. Efeitos da perturbação do habitat na biodiversidade da floresta tropical. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 114, n. 23, pág. 6056-6061, 2017. ARRIAGADA, Rodrigo et al. Analysing the impacts of PES programmes beyond economic rationale: Perceptions of ecosystem services provision associated to the Mexican case. Ecosystem Services, v. 29, p. 116-127, 2018. ARIAS, Mauricio E. et al. Paying the forest for electricity: a modelling framework to market forest conservation as payment for ecosystem services benefiting hydropower generation. Environmental Conservation, v. 38, n. 4, p. 473-484, 2011. BARDAZZI, Elisa; BOSELLO, Francesco. Critical Reflections on Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Computable General Equilibrium Models: A Systematic Literature Review. Environmental Modelling & Software, p. 105201, 2021. BELLFIELD, Helen. Water, energy and food security nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean. Global Canopy Programme, 2015. BIGGS, E. et al. Sustainable development and the water–energy–food nexus: A perspective on livelihoods. Environmental Science & Policy 54: 389-397, 2015. BIZIKOVA, Livia et al. The water-energy-food security nexus: Towards a practical planning and decision-support framework for landscape investment and risk management. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2013. BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Fortalecimento comunitário em unidade de conservação: desafios, avanços e lições aprendidas no Programa Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia (ARPA). [recurso eletrônico]. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria de Biodiversidade, Programa Áreas Protegidas da Amazônia. – Brasília, DF: MMA, 2018. CADORE, Jéssica Stefanello; TOCHETTO, Márcio. Recursos Hídricos: Panorama Geral do Setor e Perspectivas ao Atendimento da Agenda 2030. Revista Brasileira de Meio Ambiente, v. 9, n. 3, 2021. CONSTANT, Natasha Louise; TAYLOR, Peter John. Restoring the forest revives our culture: Ecosystem services and values for ecological restoration across the rural-urban nexus in South Africa. Forest Policy and Economics, v. 118, p. 102222, 2020. CHANG, Y. et al. Quantifying the water-energy-food nexo: situação atual e tendências. Energias 9 (2), 65. 2016. CHAZDON, Robin L. et al. When is a forest a forest? Forest concepts and definitions in the era of forest and landscape restoration. Ambio, v. 45, n. 5, p. 538-550, 2016. DEFRIES, Ruth; NAGENDRA, Harini. Ecosystem management as a wicked problem. Science, v. 356, n. 6335, p. 265-270, 2017. DIAS, R. et al. Utilização de ferramentas livres para gestão do nexo água e energia. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente. Vol. 30:109-126, 2014. DÍAZ, Sandra et al. Pervasive human-driven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science, v. 366, n. 6471, 2019. ELLISON, D.; MORRIS, C. E.; LOCATELLI, B.; et al. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change, v. 43, p. 51-61, 2017. FAO. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015: How are the World’s Forests Changing? 2015 FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Agricultura Irrigada Sustentável no Brasil: Identificação de Áreas Prioritárias. Brasília, 2017. FEARNSIDE, Philip M. Desmatamento na Amazônia: dinâmica, impactos e controle. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia-CPEC. Acta Amazônica, VOL. 36(3) 2006: 395 – 400. 2006. FEARNSIDE, Philip Martin. O próximo coronavírus virá da Amazônia? Desmatamento e o risco de doenças infecciosas. Amazônia Real. 2020. FERROUKHI, R. et al. Renewable Energy in the Water, Energy & Food Nexus. IRENA. 2015. FONSECA, A. et al. Boletim do desmatamento da Amazônia Legal (maio 2021) SAD. Belém: Imazon. 2021. GIATTI, L.L. et al. O nexo água, energia e alimentos aplicados no contexto da Metrópole Paulista. Estudos Avançados. 30/88: 43-61, 2016. GOMBEER, Sophie et al. Exploring the bushmeat market in Brussels, Belgium: a clandestine luxury business. Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 30, n. 1, p. 55-66, 2021. HANSEL, Cláudia Maria; RUSCHEINSKY, Aloísio. Riscos socioambientais e precaução: direitos humanos face a face do consumo. Cidadania, meio ambiente e sustentabilidade [recurso eletrônico] Marcia Maria Dosciatti de Oliveira et al (org.). Caxias do Sul, RS: Educs, 2017. HOFF, H. Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn 2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm. 2011. LECK, H. et al. Tracing the Water–Energy–Food Nexus: Description, Theory and Practice. Geography Compass, 9/8, p. 445–460, 2015. LIU, J. et al. Nexus approaches to global sustainable development. Nature Sustainability, v. 1, p. 466-76, 2018. KOBIYAMA, M. Ruralização na gestão de recursos hídricos em área urbana. Revista OESP Construção, São Paulo: Estado de São Paulo, Ano 5, n. 32, p.112-117, 2000. MACHEL, J. et al. The water energy food nexus – challenges and emerging solutions. Environmental Science Water Research & Technology 1: 15-16, 2015 MARIANI, L. et al. Análise de oportunidades e desafios para o Nexo Água-Energia. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente 37: 9-30, 2016. MELO, F. P. L., ARROYO-RODRÍGUEZ, V., FAHRIG, L., MARTÍNEZ-RAMOS, M. & TABARELLI, M. On the hope for biodiversity-friendly tropical landscapes. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 462–468 (2013). MILANEZ, Artur Yabe et al. Biogás de resíduos agroindustriais: panorama e perspectivas. 2018. MOHTAR, R. H.; DAHER, B. Water, energy, and food: The ultimate nexus. Encyclopedia of agricultural, food, and biological engineering. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2012. MOHTAR, Rabi H. Opportunities in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach: Innovatively driving economic development, social wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. 2021. MORAES, G. G. B. L; FERRAÇO, A. A. G. F. A Abordagem Científica-Instrumental do Nexus Water-Food-Energy como método para a construção de uma política ambiental integrada na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Revista Videre, Dourados, v.10, 19, p. 53-68, 2018. MOUTINHO P, STELLA O, LIMA A et al. REDD no Brasil: um enfoque amazônico: fundamentos, critérios e estruturas institucionais para um regime nacional de Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação florestal – REDD. 2011 NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Desenvolvimento da agricultura, segurança alimentar e nutrição, Relatório do Secretário Geral, Item 25. 71ª Sessão da Assembleia Geral da UN, Nova York. 2016. PÄRN, J., VERHOEVEN, J.T.A., BUTTERBACH-BAHL, K. ET AL. Nitrogen-rich organic soils under warm well-drained conditions are global nitrous oxide emission hotspots. Nat Commun 9, 1135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03540-1 OLIVEIRA, Emerson Roberto de. Percepção e aprendizado de jovens sobre o nexo água-energia-alimentos: Estudo de caso em Caraguatatuba-SP. Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Engenharia do Campus de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista. Guaratinguetá – SP. 2018. OMER, A. et al. Water scarcity in the YellowRiver Basin under future climate change and human activities. Science of the Total Environment, v. 749, p. 1-13, 2020. OZTURK, Ilhan. Sustainability in the food-energy-water nexus: Evidence from BRICS (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa) countries. Energy, v. 93, p. 999-1010, 2015. PENDRILL, Florence et al. Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition. Environmental Research Letters, v. 14, n. 5, p. 055003, 2019. RINGLER, Claudia; BHADURI, Anik; LAWFORD, Richard. The nexus across water, energy, land and food (WELF): potential for improved resource use efficiency?. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, v. 5, n. 6, p. 617-624, 2013 RODRIGUES, C. J. M. O Nexo água-energia-alimento aplicados ao contexto da Amazônia Paraense. 2017. 92f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Belém, 2017. SCOTT, Christopher A.; KURIAN, Mathew; WESCOAT, James L. The water-energy-food nexus: Enhancing adaptive capacity to complex global challenges. In: Governing the nexus. Springer, Cham, 2015. p. 15-38. SALES FILHO, Pedro Cardoso et al. Relação entre a disponibilidade hídrica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Irani, localizada no oeste de Santa Catarina, região Sul do Brasil e a cobertura vegetal das biomas Amazônia, Pantanal e Mata Atlântica. Metodologias e Aprendizado, v. 4, p. 112-118, 2021. SILVA, Luiz Everson da Silva; ALBUQUERQUE, Ulysses Paulino de; AMARAL, Wanderlei do. Uso sustentável da biodiversidade e conservação de recursos naturais. Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável. Guaju, Matinhos, v.3, n.1, p. 2-10, jan./jun. 2017. SIMPSON, Gareth B.; JEWITT, Graham PW. The development of the water-energy-food nexus as a framework for achieving resource security: a review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, v. 7, p. 8, 2019. SOUZA, Cintia Rodrigues de. Dinâmica de carbono em floresta explorada e em floresta nativa não explorada na Amazônia. 2012. PARREIRA, Ivonete et al. IMPACTOS ANTRÓPICOS NO CLIMA. Agrarian Academy, v. 8, n. 15, 2021. UNESCO - United Nations World Water Assessment Programme. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2014: Water and Energy, 2014. v. 1. Paris: UNESCO, 2014. XU, X., SHARMA, P., SHU, S. et al. Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods. Nat Food 2, 724–732, 2021. VAN NOORDWIJK, Meine et al. Restoration of land based on nature centered on people through agroforestry systems: a typology. Land, v. 9, n. 8, p. 251, 2020. Zhang P, Zhou Y, Xie Y, Wang Y, Li B, Li B, Jia Q, Yang Z, Cai Y. Assessment of the water-energy-food nexus under spatial and social complexities: A case study of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao. J Environ Manage. 2021

ABSTRACT The community structure of meiofauna was assessed relative to environmental parameters in four zones (non-mangrove, Avicennia zone, mixed zone, and Rhizophora zone) of Pichavaram Mangrove Forest, which is located along the southeast coast of India. Field sampling was carried out from June 2016–May 2017. The meiofaunal data were evaluated using univariate and multivariate statistics. The highest abundance of meiofauna (434 ind/10 cm−2) was recorded in the Rhizophora zone and the lowest (270 ind/10 cm−2) in the non-mangrove zone. A total of 62 species representing four meiofaunal groups were recorded, including 38 species of foraminifera, 12 species of nematodes, seven species of ostracods, and five species of harpacticoids. Diversity (Shannon H′) mostly ranged from 3–4, and was highest (3.86±0.26) in the Avicennia zone and averaged ∼3.3 in the other three zones. The Margalef richness index was ∼6 in the Avicennia and Rhizophora zones and ∼5 in the non-mangrove and mixed zones. The BIO-ENV and CCA analyses identified sediment texture and organic matter as key variables influencing the distribution of meiofauna, while % calcium carbonate, salinity, and sediment pH were also important. Monitoring studies of meiofaunal taxa may help elucidate their roles in coastal blue-carbon cycling and will also contribute to understanding how mangrove-associated habitats influence meiofaunal distributions.

Abstract. Using 3 years (2013–2015) of O2(0–1) and OH(6–2) band nightglow emission intensities and corresponding rotational temperatures as tracers of mesospheric dynamics, we have investigated large- and small-timescale variations in the mesosphere over a low-latitude location, Gurushikhar, Mount Abu (24.6° N, 72.8° E), in India. Both O2 and OH intensities show variations similar to those of the number of sunspots and F10.7 cm radio flux with coherent periodicities of 150 ± 2.1, 195 ± 3.6, 270 ± 6.4, and 420 ± 14.8 days, indicating a strong solar influence on mesospheric dynamics. In addition, both mesospheric airglow intensities also showed periodicities of 84 ± 0.6, 95 ± 0.9, and 122 ± 1.3 days which are of atmospheric origin. With regard to the variability of the order of a few days, O2 and OH intensities were found to be correlated, in general, except when altitude-dependent atmospheric processes were operative. To understand mesospheric gravity wave behavior over the long term, we have carried out a statistical study using the periodicities derived from the nocturnal variations in all four parameters (O2 and OH intensities and their respective temperatures). It was found that the major wave periodicity of around 2 h duration is present in all the four parameters. Our analyses also reveal that the range of periods in O2 and OH intensities and temperatures is 11 to 24 and 20 to 60 min, respectively. Periods less than 15 min were not present in the temperatures but were prevalent in both emission intensities. No seasonal dependence was found in either the wave periodicities or the number of their occurrence.

The idea of this paper implies the possibility to exploit the properties of graphene oxide (GO) to fiber Bragg grating (FBG) UVA radiation sensor design. The idea assumes that a temperature change around the fiber can be induced by UVA radiation. UVA lighting will increase the internal energy of the GO and consequently locally raise the temperature on the surface of the optical fiber with FBG sensor and changing Bragg wavelength Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. N. Azwa, B. F. Yousif, A. C. Manalo, W. Karunasena, " A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres", Materials & Design, Vol. 47, pp. 424-442, 2013 CrossRef B. R?nby, "Photochemical modification of polymers - photocrosslinking, surface photografting, and lamination", Polymer Ing. & Science, Vol. 38, Iss. 8, pp 1229-1243, 1998 CrossRef P. Lesiak, M. Szeląg, D. Budaszewski, R. Plaga, K. Mileńko, G. Rajan, Y. Semenova, G. Farrell, A. Boczkowska, A. Domański, T. Woliński, "Influence of lamination process on optical fiber sensors embedded in composite material", Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 2275-2280, 2012 CrossRef G. Eda et al., "Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material", Nature Nanotechnology 3, 270 (2008) CrossRef H. J. Kim et al., "Unoxidized Graphene/Alumina Nanocomposite: Fracture- and Wear-Resistance Effects of Graphene on Alumina Matrix", Scientific Reports 4, 5176 (2014) CrossRef A. Wróblewska et al., "Statistical analysis of the reduction process of graphene oxide probed by Raman spectroscopy mapping", Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 29, 475201 (2017) CrossRef P. Lesiak, P. Sobotka, M. Bieda, A. Dużyńska, A. Wróblewska, M. Chychłowski and T. R. Woliński, "Innovative UV sensor based on highly birefringent fiber covered by graphene oxide", Photonics Letters of Poland Vol. 7, No 4, pp. 124-126, 2015 CrossRef B. Qi, M. Bannister, X. Liu, A. Michie, L. Rajasekera, B. Ashton, Response of an embedded fibre Bragg grating to thermal and mechanical loading in a composite laminate, IOME Australasia, Materials Forum 27 (2004) 93?100. DirectLink E. Chehura, C-C. Ye, S. Staines, S. James, R. Tatam, Characterisation of the response of fibre Bragg gratings fabricated in stress and geometrically induced high birefringence fibres to temperature and transverse load, Smart Materials and Structures 13 (2004) 888?895. CrossRef K. Schroeder et al., A fiber Bragg grating sensor system monitors operational load in a wind turbine rotor blade, Measurement Science & Technology 17 (2006) 1167?1172. CrossRef Z. Zhou, Q. Liu, Q. Ai, C. Xu, Intelligent monitoring and diagnosis for modern mechanical equipment based on the integration of embedded technology and FBGS technology, Measurement 44 (9) (2011) 1499?1511 CrossRef Z. C. Wu et al., Science 305, 1273 (2004) CrossRef A. Jorio, M. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, and G. F. Dresselhaus, Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems (Wiley-VCH, 2011) CrossRef G. Sobon, J. Sotor, J. Jagiello, R. Kozinski, M. Zdrojek, M. Holdynski, P. Paletko, J. Boguslawski, L. Lipinska, and K. M. Abramski "Graphene Oxide vs. Reduced Graphene Oxide as saturable absorbers for Er-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser" Optics Express 20, 19463 (2012) CrossRef

In the current study, methanolic and selective extracts from different parts of Gymnocarpos decander were screened for total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol and condensed tannin contents. The antioxidant activity of extracts was also determined. The highest values of total contents of phenolics (156.097 ± 2.312 mg GAE/g DM), flavonoids (14.878 ± 0.275 mg CE/g DM), condensed tannins (39.388 ± 1.599 mg CE/g DM) and flavonols (6.506 ± 1.021 mg QE/g DM) were found in flowers. The most powerful antioxidant was found in the methanolic extract of flowers (32.27 ± 2.400 mg AAE/g DM). Tannins extracted from flowers showed an interesting antioxidant activity to trap the 1,1-Diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical (0.063 ± 0.000 mg/mL) and to reduce iron absorption (0.083 ± 0.004 mg/mL). The highest activity in the β-carotene test was found in the butanolic fraction of flowers (0.314 ± 0.008 mg/mL). A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis allowed the detection of quercetin, -coumaric acid and naringenin in the ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions of flowers, and also vanillic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of flowers. REFERENCES: Abu Zarin, M.H., Isha A., & Armania,N. (2016). Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicpotential of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Rendang. Foodscience and humain wellness, 5, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.02.001Ahmed, S., Hasan, M.M., & Mahmood, Z.A. (2016). Antiurolithiatic plants in differentcountries and cultures. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5,102–115.https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue1/PartB/4-4-45.pdf.Ashraful, A., Subhan, N., Mahbubur, R, Reza, H., & Sarker, S. (2014). Effect of CitrusFlavonoids, Naringin and Naringenin, on Metabolic Syndrome and Their Mechanismsof Action. Advanced Nutrients, 5, 404–417. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005603.Baba Aïssa, F. (1999). Encyclopédie des plantes utiles. Ed : Librairie Moderne Rouïba.Alger, pp 368.Bate-Smith, E. (1962). The phenolic constituents of plants and their taxonomic significance.Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 58: 95–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1962.tb00890.xBechlem, H., Mencherini, T., Bouheroum, M., Benayache, S, Cotugno, R., Braca, A., & DeTommasi, N. (2017). New Constituents from Gymnocarpos decander .Planta Medica,83,1200–1206. DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111599 Beddou, F., Bekhechi, C., Ksouri, R., Chabane Sari, D., & Atik Bekkara, F. (2014). Potentialassessment of Rumex vesicarius L. as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactivecompounds. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 3549–3560.doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1420-9Bekkara, F., Jay, M., Viricel, M.R., & Rome, S. (1998). Distribution of phenolic compoundswithin seed and seedlings of two Vicia faba cvs differing in their seed tannin content,and study of their seed and root phenolic exudations. Plant Soil, 203, 27–36.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004365913726Belyagoubi‑Benhammou, N., Belyagoubi, L., El Zerey‑Belaskri, A., Zitouni, A.,Ghembaza, N., Benhassaini, H., & Atik‑Bekkara, F., Piras, A., Falconieri, D., Rosa,A. (2018). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. fruitfatty oil from Algeria. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterisation, 12 ,1408–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9755-yBenhammou, N., Atik-Bekkara, F., & Kadifkova-Panovska, T. (2009). Antioxidant activityof methanolic extracts and some bioactive compounds of Atriplex halimus. ComptesRendus Chimie, 12, 1259–1266. Doi : 10.1016/j.crci.2009.02.004Bouaziz, M., Dhouib, A., Loukil, S., Boukhris, M., & Sayadi, S. (2009). Polyphenols content,antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts of some wild plants collected fromthe south of Tunisia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 7017–7027.doi:10.4314/ajb.v8i24.68789Bouchelta, A., Boughdad, A., & Blenzar, A. (2005). Effets biocides des alcaloïdes, dessaponines et des flavonoïdes extraits de Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae) surBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera :Aleyrodidae). Biotechnologie, AgronomieSociété et Environnnement, 9, 259–269. https://popups.uliege.be/1780-4507/text/v9n4/259.pdfGhembaza, N., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N., Zitouni, A., Toul, F., Michalet, S., & AtikBekkara, F. (2021). Rapid identification analysis of chemical constituents of Sedumvillosum L. (Orpin.) by UHPLC-DAD-HRSM. Journal of Natural Products Researchand Applications, 1, 15–23.https://ojs.univ-tlemcen.dz/index.php/JNPRA/article/view/967/852Hasbal, G., Yilmaz-Ozden, T., & Can, A. (2014). Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesteraseactivities of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (wild service tree) fruits. Journal of food anddrug analysis, 23, 57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.06.006.Hertog, M.G., Hollman, P.C.H., & Venema, D.P. (1992). Optimization of a quantitativeHPLC determination of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in vegetables and fruits.Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 1591–1598.https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00021a023Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Jamalian A., Sarkarzadeh, H., & Nasiri, A. (2008). Composition ofEssential Oil of Gymnocarpos decander Forrssk. from Iran. Journal of Essential OilResearch, 20, 477–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2008.9700062 Julkunen-Titto, R. (1985). Phenolic constituents in the leaves of northern Willows methodsfor the analysis of certain phenolics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 33,213–217. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00062a013Kaiser, J., Yassin, M., Prakash, S., Safi, N., Agami, M., Lauw, S., Ostrozhenkova ,E., Bacher,A., Rohdich, F., Eisenreich, W., Safi, J., & Galan-Goldhirsh, A.(2007). Anti-malarialdrug targets: screening for inhibitors of 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate synthase(IspC protein) in Mediterranean plants. Phytomedicine, 14, 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.018.Khan, N., Akhtar, M.S., Khan, B.A., Braga, V., & Reich, A . (2015). Antiobesity,hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Achyranthes aspera seedsaponins in high cholesterol fed albino rats. Archives of medicale science, 11, 1261–1271. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2015.56353Kumaran, A., & Karunakaran, R.J. (2007). In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extractsof five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie,40, 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.011Kumaran, S.P., Kutty, B.C., Chatterji, A., Subrayan, P.P., & Mishra, K.P. (2007).Radioprotection against DNA damage by an extract of Indian green mussel. Pernaviridis (L). Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology, 26, 263–272.doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v26.i4.30.Mabry, T. (1980). Betalains. In: Bell E, Charwood B, eds. Encyclopedia of plant physiology,secondary plant products. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, pp 513–533.Maiza, K., Hammiche, V., & Maiza-benabdesselam, F. (2011). Traditional medicine in northSahara: the “Deffi”. Life Sciences Leaflets, 16, 551–560.Manyou, Y., Gouvinhas, I., Rocha, J. , Ana I. R. N., & Barros, A. (2021). Phytochemicaland antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food andpharmaceutical resources. Scientific reports, 11, 10041. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89437-4Moure, A., Franco, D., Sineiro, J., Dominguez, H., Nunez, M.J., & Lem, J.M. (2000).Evaluation of extracts from Gevuina avellana hulls as antioxidants. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 3890–3897. doi: 10.1021/jf000048w.Oyaizu, M. (1986). Studies on products of browning reaction prepared from glucose amine.Japan Journal of Nutrition, 44, 307–315.http://dx.doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidantcapacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific applicationto the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269, 337–341. doi:10.1006/abio.1999.4019.Razali, N., Razab, R., Mat Junit, S., & Abdul Aziz, A. (2008). Radical scavenging andreducing properties of extracts of cashew shoots (Anacardium occidentale). FoodChemistry, 111, 38–44. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.03.024 Sadeghi, Z., Valizadeh, J., Shermeh, O., & Akaberi, M. (2015). Antioxidant activity and totalphenolic content of Boerhavia elegans(choisy) grown in Baluchestan, Iran. Americanjournal of psychiatry, 5, 1–9.Sanchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J.A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure theantiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of food and Agriculture,76, 270–276.https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9Shaik, Y.B., Castellani, M.L., Perrella, A., Conti, F., Salini, V., Tete, S., Madhappan,B., Vecchiet, J., De Lutiis, M.A., Caraffa, A., & Cerulli, G. (2006). Role of quercetin(a natural herbal compound) in allergy and inflammation. Journal of BiologicalRegulators and Homeostatic Agents. 20, 47–52.Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16,144–158.Sikder, K., Das, N., Kesh, SB., & Dey, S. (2014). Quercetin and B-sitosterol prevents highfat diet induced dyslipidemia and hepatotoxicity in swiss albino mice. Indian Journal ofExperimental Biology, 52, 60–66.Subburaman, S., Ganesan K., & Ramachandran M. (2014). Protective role of naringeninagainst doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a rat model: histopathology and mRNAexpression profile studies. Journal of Environnemental Patholology, Toxicology andOncology, 33, 363–376. doi: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014010625.Tanaka, Y., Sasaki, N., & Ohmiya, A. (2008). Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins,betalains and carotenoids. The Plant Journal, 54, 733–749. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03447.x.Tarhouni, M., Ben Salem, F., Ouled Belgacem, A., & Neffati, M. (2010). Acceptability ofplant species along grazing gradients around watering points in Tunisian arid zone.Flora, 205, 454-461. DOI:10.1016/j.flora.2009.12.020Toul, F., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N., Zitouni, A., & Atik-Bekkara, F. (2016). Antioxidant https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1217205 Zhang, S.Y., Zheng, C.G., Yan, X.Y., & Tian, W.X. (2008). Low concentration of condensedtannins from catechu significantly inhibits fatty acid synthase and growth of MCF-7cells. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications, 371, 654–658. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.062Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T., & Jianming, W. (1999). The determination of flavonoid contentsin mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64,555–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2

Review of: At a Moment’s Notice: Indonesian Maids Write on Their Lives Abroad, Jafar Suryomenggolo (ed. and trans.) (2019) Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 219 pp., ISBN 978-8-77694-270-0, h/bk, £65.00; ISBN 978-8-77694-271-7, p/bk, £19.99

Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. Woliński, "Splay orientation in a capillary", Phot. Lett. Pol. 2, 1, 31-33 (2010). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic liquid crystal fibers — a new challenge for fiber optics and liquid crystals photonics", Opto-Electron. Rev. 14, 4, 329-334 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 985-991 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications", IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. 57, 8, 1796-1802 (2008). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Multi-Parameter Sensing Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 502: 220-234., (2009). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, Xiao G and Bock WJ Photonics sensing: principle and applications for safety and security monitoring, (New Jersey, Wiley, 147-181, 2012). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. A 115, 2, 569-574 (2014). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol., 35, 16, 3399-3405 (2017). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Recent Progress in Liquid-Crystal Optical Fibers and Their Applications in Photonics", J. Lightwave Technol., 37, 11, 2516-2526 (2019). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Electric Field Sensing With Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers Based on Micro-Electrodes Systems", J. Lightwave Technol., 33, 2, 2405-2411, (2015). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Index Guiding Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Practical Applications", J. Lightwave Technol., 30, 8, 1208-1214 (2012). CrossRef K. Mileńko, S. Ertman, T. R. Woliński, "Numerical analysis of birefringence tuning in high index microstructured fiber selectively filled with liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 8794 (2013). CrossRef O. Jaworska and S. Ertman, "Photonic bandgaps in selectively filled photonic crystal fibers", Phot. Lett. Pol., 9, 3, 79-81 (2017). CrossRef I.C. Khoo, S.T.Wu, "Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals", World Scientific (1993). CrossRef P. Lesiak et al., "Thermal optical nonlinearity in photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles", Proc. SPIE 10228, 102280N (2017). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, T. Woliński, "Modeling of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 2, 3, 107 (2010). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, L-W. Wei, "Assessment on the applicability of finite difference methods to model light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 4, 4, 161 (2012). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, U. Laudyn, P. Jung, "Nonlinear discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 5, 1, 17 (2013). CrossRef M. Murek, K. Rutkowska, "Two laser beams interaction in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with highly nonlinear materials", Photon. Lett. Poland 6, 2, 74 (2014). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Photonic Band Gap Fibers with Novel Chiral Nematic and Low-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 558, 184-193, (2012). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Propagation Effects in Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers with a Complex Structure", Acta Phys. Pol. A, 118, 1259-1261 (2010). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Polarization properties of cubic blue phases of a cholesteric liquid crystal", Opt. Mater. 69, 259-264 (2017). CrossRef H. Yoshida et al., "Heavy meson spectroscopy under strong magnetic field", Phys. Rev. E 94, 042703 (2016). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef C.-W. Chen et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978-23984 (2012). CrossRef C.-H. Lee et al., "Polarization-independent bistable light valve in blue phase liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Opt. 52, 4849-4853 (2013). CrossRef D. Poudereux et al., "Infiltration of a photonic crystal fiber with cholesteric liquid crystal and blue phase", Proc. SPIE 9290 (2014). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Optical properties of cubic blue phase liquid crystal in photonic microstructures", Opt. Express 27, 10, 14270-14282 (2019). CrossRef M. Wahle, J. Ebel, D. Wilkes, H.S. Kitzerow, "Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Express 24, 20, 22718-22729 (2016). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Investigation of the Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using a wedge-cell technique", Phot. Lett. Pol. 9, 2, 54-56 (2017). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "Influence of cylindrical geometry and alignment layers on the growth process and selective reflection of blue phase domains", Opt. Mater. 75, 211-215 (2018). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "The influence of orienting layers on blue phase liquid crystals in rectangular geometries", Phot. Lett. Pol. 10, 4, 100-102 (2018). CrossRef P. G. de Gennes JP. The Physics of Liquid Crystals. (Oxford University Press 1995). CrossRef L.M. Blinov and V.G. Chigrinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, NY: Springer New York 1994). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A.J. Srivastava, V.G. Chigrinov, T.R. Woliński, "Electro-optical properties of photo-aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibres", Liq. Cryst., 46 2, 272-280 (2019). CrossRef V. G. Chigrinov, V. M. Kozenkov, H-S. Kwok. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2008). CrossRef M. Schadt et al., "Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.31, 2155-2164 (1992). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Photo-aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals in microchannels", Opt. Lett. 39, 4679 (2014). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, et al., "Photo‐aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibers", J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 23, 196-201 (2015). CrossRef O. Stamatoiu, J. Mirzaei, X. Feng, T. Hegmann, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles", Top Curr Chem 318, 331-392 (2012). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Titanium nanoparticles doping of 5CB infiltrated microstructured optical fibers", Photonics Lett. Pol. 8 1, 29-31 (2016). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Thermo- and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 2790-2801 (2017). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Nanoparticles-enhanced photonic liquid crystal fibers", J. Mol. Liq. 267, 271-278 (2018). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Enhanced efficiency of electric field tunability in photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Opt. Exp. 27, 10, 14260-14269 (2019). CrossRef

Objetivo: Realizar un estudio bibliométrico de la producción científica en lupus eritematoso sistémico en Colombia que describa su distribución, tendencia de desarrollo, patrón de colaboraciones nacionales e internacionales, y su impacto en la comunidad científica. Fecha y lugar de ejecución del estudio: la búsqueda fue realizada el 12 de octubre de 2017 en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico descriptivo que evaluó las bases de datos Web of Science, Scopus y Scielo. Se analizaron la producción nacional anual, número de artículos, ciudad e institución de origen, cooperación nacional e internacional, revistas científicas, lenguaje de publicación y número de citas. Resultados: Scopus aportó 307 artículos; Web of Science, 270, y Scielo, 90. El número máximo de citaciones por artículo (19,8) y de índice h nacional (41) se encontraron en Scopus. Más del 80 % de los artículos, sin importar la base, se publicaron en los últimos 10 años. La Universidad del Rosario y la Universidad de Antioquia son las instituciones más prolíficas. Las regiones con mayor producción son Bogotá y Antioquia, seguidas por Valle del Cauca. Existe un número importante de colaboraciones nacionales e internacionales, que difieren según la base de datos. Conclusión: Se evidencia el crecimiento de la investigación en lupus eritematoso sistémico en Colombia; sin embargo, su impacto tiene un largo camino por recorrer. Se debe fortalecer el interés en reumatología e investigación desde el pregrado, particularmente con el apoyo a los semilleros de investigación y a los jóvenes investigadores.

Abstract Background Meningitis is endemic in Niger. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were introduced in 2008 and 2014, respectively. Vaccination campaign against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A was carried out in 2010–2011. We evaluated changes in pathogen distribution using data from hospital-based surveillance in Niger from 2010 through 2016. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from children <5 years old with suspected meningitis were tested to detect vaccine-preventable bacterial pathogens. Confirmatory identification and serotyping/grouping of Streptococcus pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae were done. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on S. pneumoniae isolates. Results The surveillance included 2580 patients with suspected meningitis, of whom 80.8% (2085/2580) had CSF collected. Bacterial meningitis was confirmed in 273 patients: 48% (131/273) was N. meningitidis, 45% (123/273) S. pneumoniae, and 7% (19/273) H. influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis decreased from 34 in 2014, to 16 in 2016. PCV13 serotypes made up 88% (7/8) of S. pneumoniae meningitis prevaccination and 20% (5/20) postvaccination. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC) was responsible for 59% (10/17) of serogrouped N. meningitidis meningitis. Hib caused 67% (2/3) of the H. influenzae meningitis isolates serotyped. Penicillin resistance was found in 16% (4/25) of S. pneumoniae isolates. Sequence type 217 was the most common lineage among S. pneumoniae isolates. Conclusions Neisseria meningitidis and S. pneumoniae remain important causes of meningitis in children in Niger. The decline in the numbers of S. pneumoniae meningitis post-PCV13 is encouraging and should continue to be monitored. NmC is the predominant serogroup causing N. meningitidis meningitis.

This study aims to create a model for developing expertise evaluation programs at the IAIN Surakarta PIAUD Department. The research method used is development research (Research and Development). The results showed that the EPPK model produced had two-dimensional constructs, namely processes and products. The dimensions of the process of publishing instrument planning, implementation and output. The product dimensions are complete instruments of dance ability, musical ability, storytelling ability and artistic ability. This EPPPK model has approved the feasibility of criteria: a. has a good format (average 79.7%), b. has approved the substance of a good evaluation model (average 79.2%), c. has a good evaluation procedure (average 80%). The EPPK model has a very good success rate, it is proven that expertise program lecturers can use the EPPK model easily. The results of the evaluation using the EPPK model can provide a complete and comprehensive description of the program for conducting expertise in the Surakarta IAIN PIAUD Department. Key Words: Early Childhood Education (PIAUD), Evaluation Model, Expertise Practice Programs for Early Childhood (EPPK) References Amrein-Beardsley, A., Polasky, S., & Holloway-Libell, J. (2016). Validating Bvalue added^ in the primary grades: one district’s attempts to increase fairness and inclusivity in its teacher evaluation system. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1989). Educational research. New York: Longman. Briggs, D. C., & Dadey, N. (2017). Principal holistic judgments and high-stakes evaluations of teachers. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Cizek, B. J. (2000). Pockets of resistance ini the assessment revolution. Educational measurement issues and practice journal, 192. Elliot, R. B. (2018). Understanding Faculty Engagement in Assessment through Feedback and Dialogues: A Mixed Methods Approach. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 7(2). Eseryel, D. (2002). Approaches to evaluation of training: Theory & Practice. Educational Technology & Society, 5(2). Hallinger, P., Heck, R., & Murphy, J. (2014). Teacher evaluation and school improvement: an analysis of the evidence. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Hasan, H. (2009). Evaluasi Kurikulum (II). Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Herpich, S., & Pratoreus, K. A. (2018). Teachers’ assessment competence: Integrating knowledge-, process-, and product-oriented approaches into a competence-oriented conceptual model. Teaching and Teacher Education. Meng, L., & Muñoz, M. (2016). Teachers’ perceptions of effective teaching: a comparative study of elementary school teachers from China and the USA. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Ovretveit, J. (2002). Evaluation of quality improvement programmes. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 11(3), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.11.3.270 Roegman, R., Goodwin, A. L., & Reed, R. (2016). Unpacking the data: an analysis of the use of Danielson’s (2007) Framework for Professional Practice in a teaching residency program. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. Seng, K.-H., Diez, C. R., Lou, S.-J., Tsai, H.-L., & Tsai, T.-S. (2010). Using the Context, Input, Process and Product model to assess an engineering curriculum. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 8(3). Skedsmo, G., & Huber, S. G. (2016). Teacher evaluation—accountability and improving teaching practices. Teacher evaluation—accountability and improving teaching practices. Skedsmo, G., & Huber, S. G. (2018). Teacher evaluation: the need for valid measures and increased teacher involvement. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 30(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-018-9273-9 Steinert, Y., Cruess, S., Cruess, R., & Snell, L. (2005). Faculty development for teaching and evaluating professionalism: From Programme Design To Curriculum Change. Medical Education. Stufflebeam, D. L. (2003). The CIPP model for evaluation. Oregon Program Evaluators Network. Uerz, D., Vorman, M., & Kral, M. (2018). Teacher educators’ competences in fostering student teachers’ proficiency in teaching and learning with technology: An overview of relevant research literature. Teaching and Teacher Education. Vrasidas, C. (2000). Constructivism Versus Objectivism: Implications for interaction, Course Design, And Evaluation In Distance Educatio. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 6(4). Wahyuni, A., & Kartawagirun, B. (2018). Developing Assessment Instrument Of Qirāatul Kutub At Islamic Boarding School. Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 22(2).

1. Alivizatou, M. (2019). Digital intangible heritage: Inventories, virtual learning and participation. Heritage & Society, 12(2–3), 116–135. 2. Billett, S. (2009). Conceptualizing learning experiences: Contributions and mediations of the social, personal, and brute. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 16(1), 32–47. 3. Bonilla, C. M. (2014). Racial Counternarratives and L atina Epistemologies in Relational Organizing. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 45(4), 391–408. 4. Britain, T. (2007). How We Are: Photographing Britain. 5. Brodie, R. J., Hollebeek, L. D., Jurić, B., & Ilić, A. (2011). Customer Engagement: Conceptual Domain, Fundamental Propositions, and Implications for Research. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670511411703 6. Budge, K. (2017). Objects in focus: Museum visitors and Instagram. Curator: The Museum Journal, 60(1), 67–85. 7. Budge, K., & Burness, A. (2018). Museum objects and Instagram: agency and communication in digital engagement. Continuum, 32(2), 137–150. 8. Callanan, M. A., & Oakes, L. M. (1992). Preschoolers’ questions and parents’ explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity. Cognitive Development, 7(2), 213–233. 9. Callanan, M., Cervantes, C., & Loomis, M. (2011). Informal learning. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2(6), 646–655. 10. Cameron, F. (2003). Digital Futures I: Museum collections, digital technologies, and the cultural construction of knowledge. Curator: The Museum Journal, 46(3), 325–340. 11. Cokley, J., Gilbert, L., Jovic, L., & Hanrick, P. (2016). Growth of ‘Long Tail’in Australian journalism supports new engaging approach to audiences. Continuum, 30(1), 58–74. 12. Cole, M., & Consortium, D. L. (2006). The fifth dimension: An after-school program built on diversity. Russell Sage Foundation. 13. European Commission. (2015). i-Treasures: intangible cultural heritage of the past available through advanced modern technologies. 14. Fitts, S., & McClure, G. (2015). Building Social Capital in Hightown: The Role of Confianza in L atina Immigrants’ Social Networks in the New South. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 46(3), 295–311. 15. Francesca, P. (2017). Final Report on User Requirements: Identification and Analysis. 16. Gade, R. (2009). Event Culture - The Museum and Its Staging (Kopenhagen, 6-7 Nov 09). 17. Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W., & Wicki, B. (2008). What passes as a rigorous case study? Strategic Management Journal, 29(13), 1465–1474. 18. Gillard, P. (2002). Cruising through history wired. Museums and the Web 2002. 19. Goodwin, M. H. (1990). He-said-she-said: Talk as social organization among black children (Vol. 618). Indiana University Press. 20. Hamma, K. (2004). The role of museums in online teaching, learning, and research. First Monday. 21. Henchman, M. (2000). Bringing the object to the viewer: Multimedia techniques for the scientific study of art. 22. Herrgott, C. (2016). Cantu in paghjella: Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel et nouvelles technologies dans le projet I-Treasures. Port Acadie: Revue Interdisciplinaire En Études Acadiennes/Port Acadie: An Interdisciplinary Review in Acadian Studies, 30, 91–113. 23. Howell, R., & Chilcott, M. (2013). A sense of place: re-purposing and impacting historical research evidence through digital heritage and interpretation practice. International Journal of Intangible Heritage, 8, 165–177. 24. King, L., Stark, J. F., & Cooke, P. (2016). Experiencing the digital world: The cultural value of digital engagement with heritage. Heritage & Society, 9(1), 76–101. 25. Lomb, N. (2009). Dip circle used to study the earth’s magnetic field at Parramatta Observatory. 26. Majors, Y. J. (2015). Shoptalk: Lessons in teaching from an African American hair salon. Teachers College Press. 27. Marty, P. F. (2008). Museum websites and museum visitors: digital museum resources and their use. Museum Management and Curatorship, 23(1), 81–99. 28. Moqtaderi, H. (2019). Citizen curators: Crowdsourcing to bridge the academic/public divide. University Museums and Collections Journal, 11(2), 204–210. 29. Müller, K. (2013). Museums and virtuality. In Museums in a digital age (pp. 295–305). Routledge. 30. Nasir, N. S., Rosebery, A. S., Warren, B., & Lee, C. D. (2006). Learning as a cultural process: Achieving equity through diversity. 31. O’Brien, H. L., & Toms, E. G. (2008). What is user engagement? A conceptual framework for defining user engagement with technology. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(6), 938–955. 32. O’Neill, R. (2017). The Rise of the Citizen Curator: Participation as Curation on the Web. University of Hull. 33. Opie, I., & Opie, P. (2000). The lore and language of schoolchildren. New York Review of Books. 34. Pallud, J. (2017). Impact of interactive technologies on stimulating learning experiences in a museum. Information & Management, 54(4), 465–478. 35. Pallud, J., & Straub, D. W. (2014). Effective website design for experience-influenced environments: The case of high culture museums. Information & Management, 51(3), 359–373. 36. Pozzi, F. (2017). Final Report on User Requirements: Identification and Analysis. Unpublished I-Treasures Project Report. 37. Proctor, N. (2010). Digital: Museum as platform, curator as champion, in the age of social media. Curator: The Museum Journal, 53(1), 35. 38. Rogoff, B., Callanan, M., Gutiérrez, K. D., & Erickson, F. (2016). The organization of informal learning. Review of Research in Education, 40(1), 356–401. 39. Schugurensky, D. (2000). The forms of informal learning: Towards a conceptualization of the field. 40. Scribner, S., & Cole, M. (1973). Cognitive Consequences of Formal and Informal Education: New accommodations are needed between school-based learning and learning experiences of everyday life. Science, 182(4112), 553–559. 41. Song, M., Elias, T., Martinovic, I., Mueller-Wittig, W., & Chan, T. K. Y. (2004). Digital heritage application as an edutainment tool. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual Reality Continuum and Its Applications in Industry, 163–167. 42. Taheri, B., Jafari, A., & O’Gorman, K. (2014). Keeping your audience: Presenting a visitor engagement scale. Tourism Management, 42, 321–329. 43. Tan, B.-K., & Rahaman, H. (2009). Virtual heritage: Reality and criticism. 44. Tarlowski, A. (2006). If it’s an animal it has axons: Experience and culture in preschool children’s reasoning about animates. Cognitive Development, 21(3), 249–265. 45. Tate. (2007). How We Are Now at Tate Britain Museum. 46. Taylor, J., & Gibson, L. K. (2017). Digitisation, digital interaction and social media: embedded barriers to democratic heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(5), 408–420. 47. UNESCO. (2011). What is Intangible Cultural Heritage? 48. Vygotsky, L. S. (2012). Thought and language. MIT press. 49. Wenger-Trayner, E., Wenger-Trayner, B., & W.-T. (2015). Communities of practice: A brief introduction. 50. Wenger, E. (1999). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge university press. 51. Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (Vol. 5). sage.

Big Data has become a worldwide trend. However, in underdeveloped countries this technological tool has low application rates, the main reason being the lack of knowledge of its use or the lack of resources for its implementation. The objective of this research is to know the financial behavior generated by the application of Big Data in Ecuadorian industrial companies. The methodology applied relied on the quantitative approach to analyze the profitability indicatorand a survey for managers following Cronbach and Spearman’s coefficients to ensure the reliability of the applied instrument. In conclusion, it was determined that the technological tool serves as a measurement instrument, so that managers can make timely decisions, allowing the company to be at the forefront of the market and contribute to the development of the country. Keywords: Big Data, Financial profitability, Decision-making, Industrial sector. References [1]J. Salazar, «"Infraestructura para Big Data",» Rev. Digital Universitaria, vol. 17, nº 11, pp. 1-15, 2016. [2]M. Chema, «BIG DATA Aquí y ahora 2015. Situación mundial y foco en el mercado de Colombia,» OBS Business School, España, 2015. [3]C. B. Ynzunza, J. M. Izar, J. G. Bocarando, F. Aguilar y M. Larios, «"El Entorno de la Industrial 4.0: Implicaciones y Perspectivas Futuras",» Rev. ConcienciaTecnológica, nº 54, pp. 33-45, 02 12 2017. [4]M. Escobar y M. Mercado, «"Big Data: Un análisis de uso y aplicación en el contexto de la era digital",» Rev. La Propiedad Inmaterial, nº 28, pp. 273-293, 2017. [5]E. Hernández , N. Duque y J. Moreno, «"Big Data: una explotación de investigación, tecnologías y casos de aplicación.",» Rev. TecnoLógicas, vol. 20, nº 39,2017. [6]C. Cedeño y J. J. Coba, «"Análisis de la incidencia del manejo de la información corporativa (Big Data) en la productividad de las empresas del sector servicios de la cuidad de Guayaquil",» Guayaquil, 2020. [7]R. Gonsalez , «"Impacto de la data warehouse e inteligencia de negocios en el desempeño de las empresas: investigación empírica en Perú, como pais en vías de desarrollo" (Tesis Doctoral ),» 2012. [8]M. Garvich, «"Propuesta de análisis de datos no es tructurados para generar decisiones oportunas en la empresa FMD",» Lima, 2017. [9]F. Malvicino y G. Yoguel, "Big Data: Avances recientes a nivel internacional y perspectivas para el desarrollo local", Buenos Aires: CIECTI, 2018. [10]S. A. Gaviria, C. A. Varela y L. J. Yánez, «"Indicadores de rentabilidad su aplicación en las decisiones de agrupamiento empresarial",» Rev. Universidad de Antoquia , vol. 4, nº 1, p. 27, 2010. [11]A. E. Manzo, «"Crecimiento y desarrollo económico de la ciudad de Babahoyo 2007-2012",» Guayaquil, 2014. [12]Superintendencia de Compañias, «appscvs.supercias.gob.ec,» 31 12 20. [Online]. Available: https://appscvs.supercias.gob.ec/rankingCias/. [Last access: 2021 03 06]. [13]H. A. Hernández y A. E. Pascual, «Validación de un instrumento de investigación para el diseño de una metodología de autoevaluación del sistema de gestión ambiental,» Rev. Investigación Agraría y Ambiental, vol. 9, nº 1, pp. 157-164, 2018. [14]L. Restrepo y J. González, «De Pearson a Speraman, » Rev. Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, vol. 20, nº 2, pp. 183-192, 2007. [15]M. Escobar y M. Margareth, «"BIB DATA: Un análisis documental de su uso y aplicación en el contexto de la era digital",» Rev. La Propiedad Inmaterial, nº 28, pp. 273-293, 2019. [16]D. López, «"Análisis de las posibilidades de uso de Big Data en las organizaciones" trabajo fin de Máster,» Madrid, 2013. [17]J. Figueres, «"Big Data, ampliación cognitiva, procesos de autoorganización y desarrollo económico" Doctorando,» Madrir, 2017. [18]J. Salazar, «"Infraestructura para Big Data",» Rev. Digital Universitaria, vol. 17, nº 11, 2016. [19]F. Munafo, «"La importancia de la gestión de datos y su imptaco en en el riesgo de crédito de Instituciones Financieras",» Rev. de Investigación en Modelos Financieros, vol. 2, pp. 25-39, 2019.

Violent crime is a social problem that is always interesting and demands serious attention from time to time. The problems in this article are related to why one person is capable of committing a crime against another and what kind of legal sanctions should be imposed on the perpetrator based on the focus of the study on decision Number 67/Pid.B/2020/PN.Liwa. The research method used is a normative approach. The cause of the occurrence of criminal acts of violence against people in the case of decision Number 67/Pid.B/2020/PN.Liwa is because the perpetrators cannot control their emotions, causing violent crimes against other people. The perpetrator admitted his guilt through a trial which was proven by the public prosecutor through Article 170 paragraph 1 which was legally proven that the perpetrator was proven guilty. The perpetrator was sentenced to imprisonment by a panel of judges for five years and six months. ___ Referensi Buku dengan penulis: Soekanto, Soerjono., dan Mamudji, Sri. (2001). Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: PT Radja Grafindo Persada. Zainuddin. (2018). Metode Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika. Willihardi, A. P. (2020). Analisis Yuridis Perlindungan Hukum bagi Korban Penyebarluasan Konten Pornografi dengan Motif Balas Dendam (Revenge Porn) di Indonesia. Surabaya: UPN Veteran Jawa Timur. Wiyata, A. L. (2002). Carok; Konflik Kekerasan & Harga Diri Orang Madura. Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara. Artikel jurnal: Arliman, L. (2019). Mewujudkan Penegakan Hukum yang Baik di Negara Hukum Indonesia. Dialogia Iuridicia: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi, 11(1), 1-20. Andini, T. M. (2019). Identifikasi Kejadian Kekerasan pada Anak di Kota Malang. Jurnal Perempuan dan Anak, 2(1), 13-28. Aryani, E., dan Triwanto, T. (2021). Penyuluhan Hukum tentang Kenakalan Remaja dan Penanganannya. Empowerment: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 4(3), 248-253. Bangki, J. (2014). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak di Bawah Umur Pemakai Narkoba. Lex et Societatis, 2(8), 110-117. Basuki, A. (2011). Pertanggungan Jawab Pidana Pejabat atas Tindakan Mal-Administrasi dalam Penerbitan Izin di Bidang Lingkungan. Perspektif, 16(4), 252-258. Benuf, K., dan Azhar, M. (2020). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum sebagai instrumen Mengurai Permasalahan Hukum Kontemporer. Gema Keadilan, 7(1), 20-33. Dewi, P. Y. (2020). Pengaruh Terpaan Adegan Kekerasan Dalam Game Online terhadap Sikap Agresifitas Remaja. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 11(3), 270-278. Effendi, R., Salsabila, H., dan Malik, A. (2018). Pemahaman tentang Lingkungan Berkelanjutan. Modul, 18(2), 75-82. Hartono, B., dan Aprinisa, A. (2021). Implementasi Sanksi Pidana Pelaku Tindak Pidana Kejahatan terhadap Nyawa Orang Lain yang Direncanakan (Pembunuhan Berencana). Jurnal Penelitian & Pengkajian Ilmiah Mahasiswa (JPPIM), 2(4), 31-44. Hufad, A. (2003). Perilaku Kekerasan: Analisis menurut Sistem Budaya dan Implikasi Edukatif. Mimbar Pendidikan, 22(2), 52-61. Oktalisa, Y. (2016). Analisis Yuridis Konsep Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Pembunuhan Berencana yang Dilakukan Anak Dibawah Umur. Justicia Sains: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 1(2), 61-70. Qodir, Z. (2012). Peran Negara dan Agama Dalam Memerangi Terorisme. Jurnal Orientasi Baru, 21(1), 93-108. Tazkiyah, N., dan Silaen, S. M. J. (2020). Hubungan Kecemasan dan Kecerdasan Emosional dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Agresivitas Anak Jalanan di Sekolah Master Indonesia Depok. Ikra-Ith Humaniora: Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 4(2), 1-13. Wahyutomo, M. D. H. (2021). Pembelaan Diri yang Mengakibatkan Hilangnya Nyawa Orang Lain. Jurnal Mitra Manajemen, 5(12), 847-862. Yulianto, I. (2017). Kejahatan Percobaan Pembunuhan Dalam Hukum Pidana. FENOMENA, 15(1), 1528-1537.

Background: It remains controversial if intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) prior to mechanical thrombectomy (MTE) is superior to MTE alone in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. We aim to compare functional outcomes, mortality, reperfusion, and intracranial hemorrhage rates in bridging therapy (IVT prior thrombectomy) and MTE alone groups within 6 h from symptom onset. Materials and Methods: Consecutive hospitalized patients (September 2017 and July 2018) with acute large artery occlusion within the anterior cerebral circulation eligible for MTE with or without prior IVT were included. A modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2 was considered as good functional outcome at 90 days. Successful reperfusion was defined as a Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction scale of 2b to 3. Results: Of the 124 patients included, 56 (45.2%) received bridging therapy and 68 (54.8%) received MTE alone. Patients receiving bridging therapy were younger (median, 56 vs 63, P = .045) and had shorter onset-to-groin time (median, 270 vs 370 min, P < .001) than those receiving MTE alone. Successful reperfusion rate was significantly greater in the bridging therapy group (87.5% vs 72.1%, P = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in functional independence (bridging 58.9% vs 75.0%, P = 0.07), mortality at 90 days (bridging 14.3% vs 7.4%, P = 0.22), parenchymal hematoma type 2 (bridging 3.6% vs 2.9%, P > .99), and any hemorrhage (bridging 42.3% vs 26.5%, P = 0.07). Conclusion: Compared to MTE alone, bridging therapy with IVT improved the reperfusion rate but not other outcomes. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm our findings.

The early age is a substantial period in human development. The long-term benefit from participating in the early childhood education programs is increasing opportunities for the children to complete their higher education in order to get the better welfare future. In Sumedang regency - the location of this study - the children’s participations in joining the early childhood education programs had not been optimized yet. Approximately 47% of the children aged 4-6 years had not participated in the early childhood education programs yet. Thus, it was significant to seek out the factors influencing the children’s accessibilities to participate in the early childhood education programs in Sumedang regency in order to find out the alternative policy to increase their accessibilities to participate in the early childhoodeducation programs. The research was conducted in 2017 using the quantitative method. The data were obtained from the “2015 Susenas” which involved 300 respondents. The data analysis was performed by using the logistic regression with the 12th version of STATA software. The findings showed that the children’s accessibilities to participate in the early childhood education programs in Sumedang regency was determined by the educational background of the head of family, the marital status of the parents, the head of the family’s income, the number of the family members, and the children’s domicile. Giving knowledge about the importance of early childhood education to the lower educational background parents and enlarging the early childhood schools’ facilities and infrastructures especially in rural areas of Sumedang regency still needed to be improved in order to have better human resources in the future. References Abdulhak, I. (2003). Memposisikan pendidikan anak usia dini dalam sistem pendidikan nasional. Buletin PADU Jurnal Ilmiah Anak Dini Usia. Jakarta: Dir. PAUD, Dirjend. PLSP, Depdiknas. Apriana, R. (2009). Hubungan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) dengan perkembangan kognitif anak usia prasekolah di Kelurahan Tinmojoyo Kecamatan Banyumanik Semarang. Skripsi. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro. Aristin, N. F. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap anak putus sekolah tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) di Kecamatan Bondowoso. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 20(1). 30-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/pg.v20i1.5009 Bappeda Kab. Sumedang. (2015). Profil daerah Kabupaten Sumedang. Diakses melalui http://www.sumedangkab.go.id/ Berlinski, S. G., Galiani, S., & Gertler, P. (2006). The effect of pre-primary education on primary school performance. Diakses melalui http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/15418/ Black, M. M., Walker, S. P., Fernald, L. C. H., Andersen, C. T., DiGirolamo, A. M., Lu, C., … Grantham-McGregor, S. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. The Lancet, 389(10064), 77–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7 BPS. (2016a). Statistik daerah Kabupaten Sumedang 2016. Kabupaten Sumedang: Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sumedang. BPS. (2016b). Survey sosial ekonomi nasional. Diakses melalui https://microdata.bps.go.id/mikrodata/index.php/catalog/769 Chen, Y., & Feng, S. (2013). Access to public schools and the education of migrant children in China. ChinaEconomic Review, 26(1), 75–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2013.04.007 Dewi, N. A. K., Zukhri, A., & Dunia, I. K. (2014). Analisis faktor-faktor penyebab anak putus sekolah usia pendidikan dasar di Kecamatan Gerokgak tahun 2012/2013. Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Ekonomi, 4(1), 1-12. http://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPE/article/view/1898 Engle, P. L., Fernald, L. C. H., Alderman, H., Behrman, J., O’Gara, C., Yousafzai, A., … Iltus, S. (2011). Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378(9799), 1339–1353. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60889-1 Fahmi, M., & Jewelery, P. G. N. (2015). The effect of pre-school education on academic achievement in Indonesia. Working Paper in Economics and Developments Studies, 201505, 1-18. http://ceds.feb.unpad.ac.id/wopeds/201505.pdf Finnie, R., & Mueller, R. E. (2008). The effects of family income, parental education and other background factors on access to postsecondary education in Canada: Evidence from the YITS. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2256114 Heckman, J. (2014). Early childhood development is a smart investment. Diakses melalui https://heckmanequation.org/assets/2014/04/The20Heckman20Curve_v2.jpg Kemdikbud. (2017). Data pokok pendidikan. Diakses melalui http://dapo.dikdasmen.kemdikbud.go.id/ Lake, A. (2011). Early childhood development - Global action is overdue. The Lancet, 378(9799), 1277–1278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61450-5 Majzub, R. M., & Rashid, A. A. (2012). School readiness among preschool children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3524–3529. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.098 Mike, I. O., Nakajjo, A., & Isoke, D. (2008). Socioeconomic determinants of primary school dropout : The logistic model analysis. MPRA Paper, 7851, 1-25. https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/7851/ Musyarofah. (2014). Urgensi pendidikan anak usia dini dalam membangun generasi bangsa yang berkarakter. Al-Fitrah, 9(1), 1-20. http://ejournal.iain-jember.ac.id/index.php/alfitrah/article/view/274 Patmonodewo, S. (2003). Pendidikan anak prasekolah (second). Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Perdana, N. S. (2015). Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap aksesibilitas memperoleh pendidikan untuk anak-anak di Indonesia. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 21(3), 279–298. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.24832%2Fjpnk.v21i3.191 Rahman, H. S. (2005). Pendidikan anak usia dini. Yogyakarta: Galah. Rao, N., Sun, J., Chen, E., & Ip, P. (2017). Effectiveness of early childhood interventions in promoting cognitive development in developing countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hong Kong Journal of Paediatrics, 22, 14–25. http://www.hkjpaed.org/pdf/2017;22;14-25.pdf Syahra, R. (2003). Modal sosial : Konsep dan aplikasi perkembangan konsep modal sosial. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya, 5(1), 1–22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v5i1.256 Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2011). Pembangunan ekonomi di dunia ketiga (11th ed.). Jakarta: Erlangga. UNDP. (2015). Work for human development. Diakses melalui http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2015-work-human-development Warsilah, H. (2017). Pembangunan inklusif dan kebijakan sosial di Kota Solo Jawa Tengah (Edisi Pert). Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Yoshikawa, H., Weiland, C., Brooks-gunn, J., Burchinal, M. R., Espinosa, L. M., Gormley, W. T., … Zaslow, M. J. (2013). Investing in our future : The evidence base on preschool education. Society for Research in Child Development, (October), 1–24. https://www.fcd-us.org/assets/2013/10/20Base20on20Preschool20Education20FINAL.pdf Yusuf, A. A. (2017). Menyelesaikan darurat nutrisi anak sebagai prasyarat pertumbuhan inklusif. Diakses melalui http://sdgcenter.unpad.ac.id/menyelesaikan-darurat-nutrisi-anak-sebagaiprasyarat-pertumbuhan-inklusif/ pada tanggal 1 Maret 2018.

Abstract A car-borne survey of air dose rate measurements was performed yearly from 2011 to 2013 to determine the levels of environmental radiation in Gunma prefecture after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011. The results revealed that the average ambient doses in each year were 85.3 ± 34.1 nGy/h in 2011, 60.3 ± 19.9 nGy/h in 2012, and 43.5 ± 15.1 nGy/h in 2013. The ambient dose rate in 2011, which was about three times higher than the average of 27.0 ± 7.1 nGy/h in 1998, was still in safety level considering the public health, and the ambient dose rate subsequently decreased in 2013 to approximately half the 2011 level. A contour map of the ambient dose rate showed relatively higher levels in the northern and western parts of the prefecture, with relatively lower levels toward the eastern and southern parts.

We present the temperature dependent elastic and ultrasonic properties of sodium borohydride. The second and third order elastic constants of NaBH4 have been computed in the temperature range 0-300K using Coulomb and Born-Mayer potential. The sodium borohydride crystallizes into NaCl-type structure. The computed values of second order elastic constants have been applied to evaluate the temperature dependent mechanical properties such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, tetragonal modulus, Poisson’s ratio and Zener anisotropy factor and ultrasonic velocity to predict futuristic information about sodium borohydride. The fracture to toughness ratio (bulk modulus/shear modulus) in sodium borohydride varied from 1.91 to 1.62, which shows its behavioral change from ductile to brittle on increasing the temperature. Then, ultrasonic Grüneisen parameters have been computed with the use of elastic constants in the temperature regime 100-300K. The obtained results have been discussed in correlation with available experimental and theoretical results. [1] A. Amudhavalli, M. Manikandan, A. Jemmy Cinthia, R. Rajeswarapalanichamy and K. Iyakutti, Z. Naturforsch. A 72 (2017) 321. [2] D.Singh, P.K.Yadawa and S.K.Sahu, Cryogenics 50 (2010) 476. [3] V. Bhalla, D.Singh and S.K.Jain, Int. J. Comput. Mat. Sc. Eng. 5 (2016) 1650012. [4] S. Kaushik, D. Singh and G. Mishra, Asian J. Chem. 24 (2012) 5655. [5] D. Chernyshov, A. Bosak, V. Dmitriev, Y. Filmchuk and H. Hagemann, Phys. Rev. B 78 (2008)172104. [6] H. Hagemann, S. Gomes, G. Renaudin and K. Yvon, J. Alloys Compd. 363 (2004) 126. [7] Y. Filinchuk, D. Chernyshov and V. Dmitriev, Z. Kristallogr. 223 (2008) 649. [8] Z.Xiao Dong, J.Z. Yi, Z. Bo, H. Z. Feng and H.Y. Qing, Chin. Phys. Lett. 28(2011)076201. [9] T. Ghellab, Z. Charifi, H. Baaziz, Ş. Uğur, G. Uğur and F. Soyalp, Phys. Scr. 91 (2016) 045804. [10] S. Bae, S. Gim, H. Kim and K. Hanna, Appl. Catal. B: Environm. 182 (2016) 541. [11] G. Renaudin, S. Gomes, H. Hagemann, L. Keller and K. Yvon, J Alloys Compd. 375 (2004) 98. [12] P. Vajeeston, P. Ravindran, A. Kjekshus and H. Fjellvåg, J Alloys Compd. 387 (2005) 97. [13] S. Orimo, Y. Nakamori, J.R. Eliseo, A. Zuttel and C. M. Jensen, Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 4111. [14] A. Istek and E. Gonteki, J. Environ. Bio.7 (2009) 951. [15] R. S. Kumar and A.L. Cornelinus, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (2005) 261916. [16] E. Kim, R. Kumar, P. F. Weck, A. L. Cornelius, M. Nicol, S. C. Vogel, J. Zhang, M. Hartl, A.C. Stowe, L. Daemen and Y. Zhao, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. B 111 (2007) 13873. [17] K. Brugger, Phys. Rev. 133 (1964) A1611. [18] P.B. Ghate, Phy. Rev. 139 (1965) A1666 [19] S. Mori, Y. Hiki, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 45 (1975) 1449. [20] V. Bhalla, R. Kumar, C. Tripathy and D. Singh, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 27 (2013) 1350116. [21] D. Singh, S. Kaushik, S. Tripathi, V. Bhalla and A. K. Gupta, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39 (2014) 485. [22] K. Brugger, Phys. Rev.137 (1965) 1826. [23] W. P. Mason, Physical Acoustics, vol. IIIB, Academic Press, New York, 1965. [24] M.P. Tosi, Solid State Physics, vol. 12, Academic Press, New York, 1965. [25] Y. Nakamori and S. Orimo, J. Alloy Compd.370(2004)271. [26] D. Singh, D.K. Pandey and P.K. Yadawa, Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 7 (2009) 198. [27] V. Bhalla, D. Singh, G. Mishra and M. Wan, J. Pure Appl. Ultrason. 38 (2016)23. [28] D. Singh, S. Kaushik, S.K. Pandey, G. Mishra and V. Bhalla, VNU J. Sc.: Math. Phys. 32(2016)43. [29] J.P.Watt and L. Peselnick, J.Appl. Phys. 51 (1980) 1525. [30] S.F.Pugh, Philos.Mag. 45 (1954) 823. [31] V. Bhalla, D. Singh and S.K. Jain, Int. J. Thermophys. 37(2016)33. [32] V. Bhalla, D. Singh, S.K. Jain and R. Kumar, Pramana- J. Phys. 86 (2016)135.

Verdict verstek is a decision handed down by a panel of judges without the presence of the Defendant, and his absence is without a valid reason even though he has been summoned officially and properly. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach. The purpose of this study is to find out the judge’s consideration of the verstek decision in divorce cases in Decision Number 1916/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Tnk and what reasons made the trial judge in Decision Number 1916/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Tnk decides on divorce cases verstek. The results of the judicial review of the judge’s consideration of the verstek decision in the divorce case in Decision Number 1916/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Tnk is the verstek decision in a contested divorce case. Legal considerations from judges in deciding verstek are contained in Article 149 paragraph 1 Rechtreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBg). In the absence of the defendant to fulfill the summons without a valid reason, in by Article 125 paragraph 1 and Article 126, the judge can decide verstek. This verstek issue cannot be separated from the provisions of Article 12 Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR), Article 77 Reglement op de Rechtsvordering (Rv) and Article 125 Paragraph 1 HIR, Article 73 Rv and the verstek decision stipulated in Article 125 Paragraphs 1, 2, 3, 4 HIR. The causes of the court judge deciding the verstek divorce case in Decision Number 1916/Pdt.G/2022/PA.Tnk found causal factors, namely that the defendant never attended court even though he had been summoned properly and officially based on the provisions of the applicable laws. As long as the Defendant is not present and is not caused by a reason justified by law—while the Plaintiff’s lawsuit is not against the law—then based on the provisions of Article 149 R.Bg, the Plaintiff’s lawsuit can be granted verstek. ___ Referensi Buku dengan penulis: Fauzan, M. (2005). Pokok-Pokok Hukum Acara Perdata Peradilan Agama dan Mahkamah Syari’ah di Indonesi. Jakarta: Kencana. Manan, Abdul., dan Fauzan, M. (2002). Pokok-pokok Hukum Perdata Wewenang Peradilan Agama. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada. Mukarom, R. (2019). Pertimbangan Hakim terhadap Alasan Perceraian pada Putusan Verstek Cerai Gugat Tahun 2017: Studi 12 Putusan di Pengadilan Agama Sumedang. Bandung: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Rasyid, A. Roihan. (2006). Hukum Acara Peradilan Agama. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada. Soekanto, Soerjono. (1942). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia. Soemitro, R. H. (1980). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum dan Jurimetri. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. Artikel jurnal: Azizah, L. (2012). Analisis Perceraian dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Al-‘Adalah, 10(2), 415-422. Basir, A. (2023). Analisis Yuridis Perlawanan Pihak Ketiga (Derden Verzet) terhadap Putusan Verstek Sengketa Hak Milik Atas Tanah. Pledoi Law Jurnal, 1(1), 1-9. Darmawati, D., dan Zainuddin, A. (2015). Penerapan Keputusan Verstek di Pengadilan Agama. Al-Mizan (e-Journal), 11(1), 90-101. Mafruh, M. H., Fasa, M. I., dan Ja’far, A. K. (2022). Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah di Pengadilan Agama pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 4(2), 542-556. Maswandi, S. H. (2017). Putusan Verstek dalam Hukum Acara Perdata. Jurnal Mercatoria, 10(2), 160-179. Nurdin, M. (2018). Kajian Yuridis Penetapan Sanksi Di Bawah Sanksi Minimum Dalam Penyalahgunaan Narkotika. Jurnal Hukum Samudra Keadilan, 13(2), 270-285. Prasetya, U. (2020). Analisis Asas Audi Et Alteram Partem dalam Proses Persidangan Perkara Perdata (Perkara Nomor 20/Pdt. G/2019/PN Pwr). Amnesti Jurnal Hukum, 2(2), 57-75. Sitorus, S. (2018). Upaya Hukum Dalam Perkara Perdata (Verzet, Banding, Kasasi, Peninjauan Kembali dan Derden Verzet). Hikmah, 15(1), 63-71. Tompo, J., Nurhalifah, N., dan Arsyad, Y. M. (2022). Putusan Verstek terhadap Perkara Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Sungguminasa Kelas 1 B. Al-Tafaqquh: Journal of Islamic Law, 3(2), 98-107.

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). [in Ukrainian] Assman, 2014 – Assman A. Dlynnaia ten proshloho. Memoryalnaia kultura y ystorycheskaia polytyka [Long shadow of the past. Memorial culture and historical politics] / per. s nem. B. Khlebnykova. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2014. 323 s. [in Russian] Brubeiker, 2012 – Brubeiker R. Эtnychnost bez hrupp [Ethnicity without groups]. M.: Yzdatelskyi dom Vsshei shkolы эkonomyky, 2012. 408 s. [in Russian] Briubeiker, 2006 – Briubeiker R. Pereobramlenyi natsionalizm. Status natsii ta natsionalne pytannia v novii Yevropi [Perebramlennyi natsionalizm [Text]: status of the nation and the national question in the new Europe] / Per. z anhl. Lviv : Kalvariia, 2006. 280 s. [in Ukrainian] Vahner-Patsyfy, Shvarts, 2011 – Vahner-Patsyfy R., Shvarts B. Memoryal veteranov Vetnama: pamiaty trudnoho pryshloho [Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Newcomer] // Polytycheskaia kontseptolohyia. 2011. № 2. S. 155–192. [in Russian] Vasylev, 2009 – Vasylev A.H. Memoryalyzatsyia y zabvenye kak mekhanyzmы proyzvodstva kulturnoho edynstva y raznoobrazyia [Memorialization and oblivion as mechanisms for the production of cultural unity and diversity] // Fundamentalnыe problemы kulturolohy. T. VI. Kulturnoe nasledye: ot proshloho k budushchemu / otv. red. D.L. Spyvak M., Spb.: Novыi khronohraf, Эidos, 2009. C. 56–68. [in Russian] Voropaieva, 2011 – Voropaieva T.S. Formuvannia natsionalnoi i yevropeiskoi identychnosti hromadian Ukrainy: teoretyko-empirychni aspekty (1993–2010 roky) [Formation of national and European identity of citizens of Ukraine: theoretical and empirical aspects (1993-2010)]. // Naukovi studii iz sotsialnoi ta politychnoi psykholohii. 2011. Vyp. 26. S. 333-343. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nsspp_2011_26_40. [in Ukrainian] Hibernau, 2012 – Hibernau M. Identychnist natsii [Identity of Nations] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuka; red. L. Marchenko. K.: Tempora, 2012. 303 s. [in Ukrainian] Huzman, Sappa, 2016 – Huzman O.A., Sappa H-M.M. Natsionalna identychnist yak sotsiokulturnyi fenomen [National identity as a socio-cultural phenomenon] // Virtus: Scientific Journal / Editor-in-Chief M.A. Zhurba. 2016. Juni (№ 8). S. 64–68. [in Ukrainian] Diurkheim, 1998 – Diurkheim E. Elementarnыe formy relyhyoznoi zhyzny [Elementary forms of religious life] // Mystyka. Relyhyia. Nauka. Klassyky myrovoho relyhyovedenyia: antolohyia / per. s anhl., nem., fr., sost. y obshch. red. A.N. Krasnykova. M.: Kanon+, 1998. S. 174–231. [in Russian] Zaretskyi, 2008 – Zaretskyi Yu. Ystoryia, pamiat, natsyonalnaia ydentychnost [History, memory, national identity] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2008. № 3(59). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2008/3/za4-pr.html#_ftnref28 [in Russian] Zynovev, 2008 – Zynovev A. Symvoly rossyiskoi natsyonalno-hosudarstvennoi ydentychnosty [Symbols of Russian national-state identity] // Experimentum, 2009: Sbornyk nauchnыkh statei fylosofskoho fakulteta MHU / Pod red. A. Selezneva, E. Moshchelkova; Sost. A. Vorobev, T. Denysova. M.: Yzdatel Vorobёv A.V., 2008. [in Russian] Yeits, 1997 – Yeits F.A. Yskusstvo pamiaty [The art of memory]; [Per. s anhl.] SPb.: Unyversytetskaia knyha, 1997. 480 s. [in Russian] Kastoryadys, 2003 – Kastoryadys K. Voobrazhaemoe ustanovlenye obshchestva [The Imaginary Establishment of Society]. M.: Lohos, 2003. 480 s. [in Russian] Kasianov, 2016 – Kasianov H.V. Istorychna pamiat ta istorychna polityka: do pytannia pro terminolohiiu y henealohiiu poniat [Historical memory and historical politics: on the question of terminology and genealogy of concepts] // Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal. 2016. № 2(527). S. 118–137. [in Ukrainian] Kyrydon, 2016 – Kyrydon A.M. Heterotopii pam’iati:. Teoretyko-metodolohichni problemy studii pam’iati [Heterotopias of memory :. Theoretical and methodological problems of memory studies]. Kyiv : Nika-Tsentr, 2016. 320 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2005 – Kozellek R. Mynule maibutnie. Pro semantyku istorychnoho chasu [Past future. On the semantics of historical time]. K. : Dukh i litera, 2005. 317 s. [in Ukrainian] Kozellek, 2006 – Kozellek R. Chasovi plasty. Doslidzhennia z teorii istorii [Temporal layers and. Research in the theory of history]; [Per. z nim.]. K.: Dukh i litera, 2006. 436 s. [in Ukrainian] Konyk, 2009 – Konyk A. «Istorychna pam’iat» ta «polityka pam’iati» v epokhu media kultury [Historical memory and the politics of memory in a media-cultural epoch] // Visnyk Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu im. I. Franka. Seriia «zhurnalistyka». 2009. Vyp. 32. S. 153–163. [in Ukrainian] Konnerton, 2004 – Konnerton P. Yak suspilstva pam’iataiut [As societies remember] / per. z anhl., nauk. red. Svitlany Shlipchenko. K.: Nika-tsentr. 2004. 184 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 7). [in Ukrainian] Konovalenko, 2005 –Konovalenko A.V. Psykholohyia polytycheskoi reklamy [The psychology of political advertising]. Rostov n/D: Fenyks, 2005. (Seryia «Psykholohycheskyi praktykum»). 96 s. [in Russian] Koposov, 2011 – Koposov N.E. Pamiat strohoho rezhyma. Ystoryia y polytyka v Rossyy [Strict mode memory. History and politics in Russia]. M.: Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye, 2011. 320 s. [in Russian] Kryvda, 2019 – Kryvda N. Kolektyvna pam’iat yak chynnyk formuvannia hrupovoi identychnosti [Collective memory as a factor in the formation of group identity] // Filosofski obrii. 2019. № 41. S. 60–76. [in Ukrainian] Lotman, 1992 – Lotman Yu. Symvol v systeme kultury [Symbol in the system of culture] // Yzbrannыe staty. Tallynn, 1992. T. 1. S. 191–199. [in Russian] Mainout, 2000 – Mainout K. Anatomiia natsionalizmu [Anatomy of nationalism] // Natsionalizm. Antolohiia. K.: Smoloskyp, 2000. S. 255–256. [in Ukrainian] Malynova, 2017 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia ystorycheskykh sobytyi kak ynstrument symvolycheskoi polytyky: Vozmozhnosty sravnytelnoho analyza [Commemorating Historical Events as a Tool of Symbolic Politics: Possibilities for Comparative Analysis] // Polytyia. 2017. № 4 (87). S. 6-11. [in Russian] Malynova, 2018 – Malynova O.Yu. Kommemoratsyia stoletyia revoliutsyy(i) 1917 hoda v RF: analyz stratehyi kliuchevykh mnemonycheskykh aktorov [Commemoration of the centenary of the revolution (s) of 1917 in the Russian Federation: analysis of the strategies of key mnemonic actors] // Polys. Polytycheskye yssledovanyia. 2018. № 1. S. 9–25. [in Russian] Mehyll, 2007 – Mehyll A. Ystorycheskaia epystemolohyia [Historical epistemology] / Perevod Kukartsevoi M., Kashchaeva V., Tymonyna V. M.: «Kanon+»; ROOY «Reabylytatsyia», 2007. 480 s. [in Russian] Nahorna, 2005 – Nahorna L. Identychnist natsionalna [National identity] // Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy: T. 3: E-I / Redkol.: V.A. Smolii (holova) ta in. NAN Ukrainy. Instytut istorii Ukrainy. K.: V-vo «Naukova dumka», 2005. S. 415-417. [in Ukrainian] Nahorna, 2011 – Nahorna L. Sotsiokulturna identychnist: pastky tsinnisnykh rozmezhuvan [Sociocultural identity : traps of value demarcations]. K.: IPiEND NANU, 2011. 272 s. [in Ukrainian] Nechytailo, 2014 – Nechytailo A.A. Natsiietvorennia ta natsionalna pam’iat v epokhu postmodernu ta rozbudovy hlobalnoho informatsiinoho suspilstva [Nation-building and national memory in the postmodern era and the development of the global information society] // Politolohichnyi visnyk. 2014. Vyp. 74. S. 332–340. [in Ukrainian] Nora, 1998 – Nora P. Pokolenye kak mesto pamiaty [Generation as a place of memory] // Novoe lyteraturnoe obozrenye. 1998 № 30. URL:http://magazines.russ.ru/ authors/n/nora/ [in Russian] Nora ta in., 1999 – Nora P., Ozuf M., Zh. De Piuymezh, Vynok M. Frantsyia — pamiat [France — memory]. Spb. : Novaia Peterburhskaia byblyoteka, Yzd. S-Pb. unyversyteta. 1999. 328 s. [in Russian] Nora, 2005 – Nora P. Vsemyrnoe torzhestvo pamiaty [World commemoration] // Neprykosnovennыi zapas. 2005. № 2–3 (40-41). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2005/2/ ha2.html. [in Russian] Ptashnyk-Serdiuk, 2012 – Ptashnyk-Serdiuk O.I. Sotsiolohichnyi analiz protsesu identyfikatsii [Sociological analysis of the identification process] // Naukovi pratsi. Sotsiolohiia. 2012. Vyp. 189. T. 201. S. 60–64. [in Ukrainian] Renan, 2006 – Renan E. Shcho take natsiia? [What is a nation?] // Natsionalizm: Antolohiia / Uporiad. O. Protsenko, V. Lisovyi. 2-he vyd. K.: Smoloskyp, 2006. S. 107-120. [in Ukrainian] Rykёr, 2004 – Rykёr P. Pamiat, ystoryia, zabvenye [Memory, history, oblivion] / Per. s fr. M.: Yzd-vo humanytarnoi lyt-ry, 2004. 728 s. [in Russian] Romanovskaia, Fomenko, 2015 – Romanovskaia E.V., Fomenko N.L. Ydentychnost y kommemoratsyia [Identity and commemoration] // Vlast. 2015. № 7. S. 81–84. [in Russian] Riuzen ,2010 – Riuzen Y. Novi shliakhy istorychnoho myslennia [New ways of historical thinking] / Pereklav z nim. V. Kam’ianets. Lviv: Litopys, 2010. 358 s. [in Ukrainian] Saveleva, Poletaev, 2004 – Saveleva Y., Poletaev A. Sotsyalnye predstavlenyia o proshlom: typy y mekhanyzmy formyrovanyia [Social views of the past: types and mechanisms of formation] // Humanytarnye yssledovanyia. M.: HU-VShE, 2004. Vyp. 7 (14). 52 s. [in Russian] Savytska, 2014 – Savytsk I.M. Formuvannia natsionalnoi identychnosti cherez pryzmu istorychnoi pamiati [Problems of formation national identity through the prism of historical Memory in modern society] // Naukovyi visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu bioresursiv i pryrodokorystuvannia Ukrainy, 2014, Vyp. 203, ch. 1. S. 14-20. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 1994 – Smit E. Natsionalna identychnist [National identity] / per. z anhl. P. Tarashchuk. K.: Osnovy, 1994. 196 s. [in Ukrainian] Smit, 2013 – Smit E. Natsii i natsionalizm u hlobalnu epokhu [Nations and nationalism in the global era]. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2013. 278 s. [in Ukrainian] Smolyna, 2015 – Smolyna N.S. Sovremennыe operatsyy-transformatsyy s kollektyvnoi pamiatiu: sotsyalnыe ramky deistvytelnosty [Modern transformation operations with collective memory: the social framework of reality] // Dni nauky filosofskoho fakultetu – 2014: Mizhn. nauk. konf. (15-16 kvit. 2014 r., Kyiv): [materialy dopovidei ta vystupiv] / redkol.: A.Ye. Konverskyi [ta in.]. K.: Vydavnycho-polihrafichnyi tsentr «Kyivskyi universytet», 2014. Ch. 5. S. 120. [in Russian] Smoliar, 2009 – Smoliar A. Pam’iat ta polityka [Memory and Politics] [per. z polsk] // Ukraina Moderna. Vyp. 4 (15): Pam’iat yak pole zmahan / Hol. red. Ya. Hrytsak K.: Krytyka, 2009. S. 78–94. [in Ukrainian] Stasevska, 2018 – Stasevska O.A. Eksplikatsiia aksiolohichnoho aspektu kontseptu «istorychna pam’iat» [Explication of the axiological aspect of the concept«historical memory»] // Visnyk Natsionalnoho universytetu «Iurdychna akademiia Ukrainy imeni Yaroslava Mudroho». 2018. Vyp. 1 (36). S. 123–135. [in Ukrainian] Stepyko, 2011 – Stepyko M.T. Ukrainska identychnist: fenomen i zasady formuvannia [Ukrainian identity: phenomenon and principles of formation]. K.: NISD, 2011. 336 s. [in Ukrainian] Tarasova, 2017 – Tarasova N.Yu. Komemoratyvni zasady natsionalnoi identyfikatsi [Commemorative grounds for national identification] // Aktualni problemy filosofii ta sotsiolohii. 2017. № 20. S. 140–143. [in Ukrainian] Ukraina, 2007 – Ukraina v 2006 rotsi: vnutrishnie i zovnishnie stanovyshche ta perspektyvy rozvytku: ekspertna dopovid [Ukraine in 2006 : internal and external situation and development prospects: expert report.] / red. V.I. Tyshchenko. K. : Slavutych-Delfin, 2007. 256 s. [in Ukrainian] Filosofskyi slovnyk, 2002 – Filosofskyi entsyklopedychnyi slovnyk : эntsyklopedyia [Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary] / NAN Ukrainy, In-t filosofii im. H.S. Skovorody ; holov. red. V.I. Shynkaruk. Kyiv : Abrys, 2002. 742 s. [in Ukrainian] Khalbvaks, 2007 – Khalbvaks M. Sotsyalnыe ramky pamiaty [Social framework of memory]. M. : Novoe yzd-vo, 2007. 384 s. [in Russian] Khatton, 2004 – Khatton P. Ystoryia kak yskusstvo pamiaty [History as an art of memory] / per. s anhl. V.Yu. Bystrova. SPb: Vladymyr Dal, 2004. 424 s. [in Russian] Shatska, 2011 – Shatska B. Mynule – pam’iat – mit [Past - memory - myth] / Per. z pol. Oles Herasym, nauk. red. Andrii Pavlyshyn. Chernivtsi: Knyhy. KhKhI, 2011. 248 s. [in Ukrainian] Yak, 2017 – Yak B. Natsyonalyzm y moralnaia psykholohyia soobshchestva [Nationalism and the moral psychology of the community]. M.: Yzd-vo Ynstytuta Haidara, 2017. 520 s. [in Russian] Le Goff J, 1988 – Le Goff J. Histoire et memoire. Paris, Gallimard, 1988. 416 р. [in French] Nora, 1994 – Nora P. Between memory and history: Les lieux de memoire. N.Y., Oxford: Oxford univ. press, 1994. 724 p. [in English] Ross, 2009 – Ross M.H. Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. 312 p. [in English]

Air Product, 2014, Cellulosic Biofuels (Pembakaran/Gasifikasi Lignin Hidrolisis). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. http://www.airpro-ducts.co.id/industries/Energy/Bioenergy/Cellulosic-Biofuels/product-list/ com-bustiongasification-of-hydrolyis-lignin-cellulosic-biofuels.aspx?itemId =8F39-9214FA4A462FA14588FE4F 86D3C2, Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2014Alejandro R., L. Serranoa, A. Morala, A. Pereza dan L. Jimeneza, 2007, Bioresource Tehnology, 98 (3): 554-559.Andaka Ganjar, 2011, Hidrolisis Ampas Tebu Menjadi Furfural Dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat, Jurnal Teknologi, Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2011, 180-188Anindyawati, Trisanti, 2009, Prospek Enzim dan Limbah Lignoselulosa Untuk Produksi Bioetanol, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, CibinongAnnisa, Gina, 2012, Hidrodeoksigenasi Bio-Oil menggunakan katalis CoMo/C untuk Optimalisasi Produksi Alkana dan Alkohol, Skripsi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.Artati, K., Enny, E., Novia Margareta, H. Widhie Vissia, 2010, Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Sebagai Suhu Hidrolisa Selulosa Dari Ampas tebu dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat. Ekuilibrum Volume 9 Nomor 1 Januari 2010 Hal. 1-4. ISSN 1412-9124Darnako, 1992, Potensi Pemanfataan Limbah Lignoselulosa Kelapa Sawit Melalui Bioonversi, Berita Penelitian Perkebunan, 2 (2) : 85 – 87.Dea, I. A., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Sakarifikasi dan fermentasi Alkoholik, Institut Teknologi Bandung, BandungDinas Perkebunan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, 2013, Komoditi Kelapa Sawit, SamarindaFadiarwaty Diyah dan Susanto Herri, 2005, Penghematan Konsumsi Katalis Dalam Proses Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Untuk Produksi Furfural, Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Volume 4 Nomor 3 Desember 2005 hal. 279 – 286Hambali, E., S. Mujdalipah, A. H. Tambunan, A. W. Pattiwiri dan Roy H. 2007, Teknologi Bioenergi, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Hidajati, Nurul, 2006, Pengolahan Tongkol Jagung Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Furfural, Jurnal Ilmu Dasar Volume 8 No. 1, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. SurabayaIriani, P. I., 2009, Kajian Awal Biokonversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) Menjadi Etanol Melalui Skarifikasi dan Fermentasi Alkoholik, Diakses dari http://www.sith.itob.ac.id pada tanggal 16 April 2012.Juwita Rinna, Syarif Rizki Lailan, Tuhuloala Abubakar, 2012, Pengaruh dan Konsentrasi Asam Terhadap Sintesis furfural Dari Sekam Padi. Konversi, Volume 1 Nomor 1, Oktober 2012. Hal. 34 -38.Ketaren, S., 2005, Minyak dan Lemak Pangan., Universitas Indonesia Press, JakartaKirk, R. E., dan Othmer, D., 1995, Furan Derivatives : Supplement Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons. New YorkLewis, J. Richard., 2001, Condensed Chemical Dictionary Fourteenth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York.Nist Standard Reference Data, 2011, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-methyl- Material Measturement Laboratory. The U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved. AmericaOthmer dan Kirk, 1969, Furfural and other furan compounds,”encyclopedia of chemical Technology2nd. Ed., Vol.10Padil, Yelmida A., dan Masfika Candra, 2011, Optimasi Hidrolisis Tandan kosong kelapa sawit Dengan Ekstrak Abu Tks Menggunakan Rancangan Percobaan Response Surface Methode. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi 10 (1), Maret 2011: 42-46.Peby, Agrian 2010, Biomass to liquid: Proses Konversi tandan kosong sawit kelapa sawit menjadi biooil dengan metode pirolisis, Skripsi, Universitas Indonesia, DepokPurwito dan Firmanti, 2005, Pemanfaatan Limbah Sawit dan Asbuton Untuk Bahan Pencegah Seranggan Rayap Tanah: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, BandungRohana Aulina Nova, Mardiah Elida dan Afrizal, 2013, Produksi Selulase Dari Aspergillus Niger Dan Kemampuannya Menghidrolisis Ampas Tebu, Jurnal Kimia Unand (ISSN No. 2303-3401), Volume 2 Nomor 2, Mei 2013Roliadi, H dan Fatriasari, W., 2011, Kemungkinan Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Papan Serat Berkerapatan Sedang, Universitas Sriwijaya, PalembangSampepana, Eldha, Yustini Eka Paluphy, Renaldi Adhytia, Amiroh, 2013, Optimalisasi Proses Hidrolisis Furfural dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Samarinda, SamarindaSugiarta, Karmila Dian, 2009, Prarancangan Pabrik Furfural Dari Sekam Padi Dengan Proses Quaker Oats Kapasitas 1.550 Ton Per Tahun, Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, SurakartaSuharto, 2006, Pemanfaatan Limbah Tandan Kosong Sawit untuk Produksi Commercial Grade Furfural, Laporan Akhir Kumulatif – Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK, LIPISunarko, 2007, Petunjuk Praktis Budi Daya dan Pengolahan Kelapa Sawit, Agromedia Pustaka, Jakarta.Sun, Y. dan Cheng, J., 2002, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review, Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 1-11Suryadi, H., T., Katsuragi, N., Yoshida, S. Suzuki, dan Y. Tani., 2000, Polyol production by culture of methanol utilizing yeast. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 89 (3): -Taherzadeh, M. J., dan Karimi, K., 2007, Enzyme-based hydrolysis processes for ethanol from lignocellulosic materials: A review, BioResources, 2(4), 707-738Wahyuni, Susilowati Ari, Setyaningsih Ratna, 2004, Optimasi Produksi Xilitol Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Hidrolisat Hemiselulosa Bagase Oleh Candida Tropicalis. Biofarmasi 2 (1): 29-34, Pebruari 2004, ISSN: 1693-2242Wijanarko Anondho, Witono Anton Johanes, Wiguna Satria Made, 2006, Tinjauan Komprehensif Perancangan Awal Pabrik Furfural Berbasis Ampas Tebu Di Indonesia, Journal Of The Indonesian Oil And Gas Community. Published By “Komunitas Migas Indonesia”, ISSN: 1829-9466Wijaya Mohammad, Noor Erliza, Irawadi Tedja Tun Dan Pari Gustan, 2008, Perubahan Suhu Pirolisis Terhadap Struktur Kimia Asap Cair Dari Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Pinus, Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 1(2): 73-77 (2008)Wilson, W.C., 1941,"Furan", Org. Synth, Coll. Vol. 1: 274

The establishment of a democratic state requires the active involvement of its citizens, primarily through political participation, via elections. An integral part of elections is campaigning, which is inherently a strategy sometimes used to undermine opponents. These campaigns are known as “Black Campaigns”. It involves the use of malicious and unethical tactics aimed at discrediting political opponents. One method that is commonly used today is the dissemination of false information, which leads to slander that erodes the dignity, reputation, and honor of election participants. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of election laws and the management of negative political campaigns spread through social media platforms. Using normative legal research methodology, this research uses legal sources in the form of laws or other regulations, legal principles, and relevant doctrines. This research reveals that black campaigns are explicitly regulated in Article 280 of Law No. 7/2017 and Article 69 of Law No. 1/2015. This law categorizes black campaigning as a prohibited act, which includes insults, incitement, and threats against individuals. In the event of black campaigning on social media, the provisions outlined in Article 27 paragraph 3 and Article 28 paragraph 2 of Law No. 19/2016 should be enforced. To address the problem of black campaigns on social media, effective countermeasures need to be proposed, such as proactively promoting media literacy to coordinating its handling with relevant institutions. In addition, repressive measures including imposing legal sanctions on individuals involved in black campaigns on social media are also necessary. ___ References Books with an author: Soedarto. (1986). Hukum dan Hukum Pidana. Bandung: Alumni. Soekanto, S. (2004). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penegakan Hukum. Jakarta: Rajawali Press. Soempeno, F. A. (2009). Prabowo dari Cijantung Bergerak ke Istana. Yogyakarta: Galangpress Group. Journal articles: Ardiansyah, M. K. (2020). Pembaruan Hukum oleh Mahkamah Agung dalam mengisi Kekosongan Hukum Acara Perdata di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebijakan Hukum, 14(2), 361-384. Azis, A., Sulfiyati, S., Putrawan, P., August, G., & Dinsar, A. (2023). Analisis Strategi Promosi Media di Kantor KPU Parepare. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Amsir, 2(1), 145-154. Dodu, A. B. D. (2017). Regulasi Pemilu Terkait dengan Black Campaign dan Efektifitasnya Dalam Penindakan (Studi Kasus Pilkada Kabupaten Banggai Tahun 2015). JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik), 2(1), 52-60. Doly, D. (2020). Penegakan Hukum Kampanye Hitam (Black Campaign) di Media Sosial: Pembelajaran Pemilihan Umum Presiden Tahun 2019. Kajian, 25(1), 1-18. Halimatusa’diah (2015). Etnisitas dan Agama Dalam Kontestasi Wacana Kekuasaan di Media Baru. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 17(2), 265-270. Hui, J. Y. (2020). Social Media and the 2019 Indonesian Elections: Hoax Takes the Centre Stage. Southeast Asian Affairs, 155-171. Januru, L. (2016). Analisis Wacana Black Campaign (Kampanye Hitam) pada Pilpres Tahun 2014 di Media Kompas, Jawa Pos dan Kedaulatan Rakyat. Natapraja, 4(2), 181-194. Kaimudin, A. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Tenaga Kerja Anak Dalam Peraturan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Yurispruden, 2(1), 37-50. Mustawa, M., Hamid, A. H., & Purwanda, S. (2022). Refund of State Financial Losses in Realizing the Welfare State of Law. Amsir Law Journal, 4(1), 51-61. Nur, S. M., Syaputra, D., & Zainin, F. (2022). Tinjauan Yuridis Mengenai Black Campaign di Sosial Media. UNES Law Review, 5(2), 509-526. Pamungkas, A. D., & Arifin, R. (2019). Demokrasi dan Kampanye Hitam dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia (Analisis atas Black Campaign dan Negative Campaign). DIKTUM: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 17(1), 16-30. Prasetyoningsih, N. (2014). Dampak Pemilihan Umum Serentak bagi Pembangunan Demokrasi Indonesia. Jurnal Media Hukum, 21(2), 23. Punch, M., Crawshaw, R., & Markham, G. (2016). Democratic Principles and Police Fatal Force: Avoidance of Debate, Unresolved Accountability and Human Rights. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 100(46), 2-12. Purwanda, S., & Dewi, M. N. K. (2020). The Effects of Monism and Pluralism on Legal Development of a Nation. Amsir Law Journal, 2(1), 21-26. Safitri, M. (2020). Problem Ujaran Kebencian (Hate Speech) di Media Sosial Perspektif Al-Qur'an. Al-Fath, 14(2), 203-238. Simamora, J. (2014). Tafsir Makna Negara Hukum dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, 14(3), 547-561. World Wide Web: Arbar, T. F. (2023). Pilpres RI Disorot Asing, Sebut Capres Anies Baswedan. Available online from: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20230809094413-4-461350/pilpres-ri-disorot-asing-sebut-capres-anies-baswedan Nur, M. F. (2024). Silang Sengkarut Dugaan Politik Bansos, Siapa yang Diuntungkan?. Available online from: https://tirto.id/silang-sengkarut-dugaan-politik-bansos-siapa-yang-diuntungkan-gT5U

In this work, we discuss elasticity equations on a two-dimensional domain with random boundaries and we apply these equations to modelling human corneas. References R. C. Augustyn, D. Nankivil, A. Mohamed, B. Maceo, F. Pierre, and J.-M. Parel. Human ocular biometry. Exp. Eye Res. 102 (2012), pp. 70–75. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.06.009. F. Ballarin, A. Manzoni, G. Rozza, and S. Salsa. Shape optimization by free-form deformation: Existence results and numerical solution for Stokes flows. J. Sci. Comput. 60.3 (2014), pp. 537–563. doi: 10.1007/s10915-013-9807-8. S. C. Brenner and L.-Y. Sung. Linear finite element methods for planar linear elasticity. Math. Comp. 59 (1992), pp. 321–338. doi: 10.2307/2153060. M. C. Delfour and J.-P. Zolesio. Shapes and geometries. Advances in Design and Control. SIAM, Philadelphia, 2001. doi: 10.1137/1.9780898719826. J. Dick. Higher order scrambled digital nets achieve the optimal rate of the root mean square error for smooth integrands. Ann. Statist. 39.3 (2011), pp. 1372–1398. doi: 10.1214/11-AOS880. J. Dick, F. Y. Kuo, Q. T. Le Gia, and Ch. Schwab. Multilevel higher order QMC Petrov–Galerkin discretization for affine parametric operator equations. SIAM J. Num. Anal. 4.54 (2015), pp. 2541–2568. doi: 10.1137/16M1078690 A. Eilaghi, J. G. Flanagan, I. Tertinegg, C. A. Simmons, G. W. Brodland, and C. R. Ethier. Biaxial testing of human sclera. J. Biomech. 43 (2010), pp. 1696–1701. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.02.031. U. Fares, A. M Otri, M. A. Al-Aqaba, and H. S. Dua. Correlation of central and peripheral corneal thickness in healthy corneas. Cont. Lens Anterior Eye 35 (2012), pp. 39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2011.07.004. R. N. Gantner and Ch. Schwab. Computational higher order quasi-Monte Carlo integration. Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods. Vol. 163. Springer Proc. Math. Stat. Springer, 2016, pp. 271–288. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33507-0_12. on p. C129). H. Harbrecht. Second moment analysis for Robin boundary value problems on random domains. Singular Phenomena and Scaling in Mathematical Models. Ed. by M. Griebel. Springer, 2014, pp. 361–381. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-00786-1_16. H. Harbrecht, M. Peters, and M. Siebenmorgen. Analysis of the domain mapping method for elliptic diffusion problems on random domains. Numer. Math. 134.4 (2016), pp. 823–856. doi: 10.1007/s00211-016-0791-4. H. Harbrecht, R. Schneider, and Ch. Schwab. Sparse second moment analysis for elliptic problems in stochastic domains. Numer. Math. 109.3 (2008), pp. 385–414. doi: 10.1007/s00211-008-0147-9. R. Hiptmair and J. Li. Shape derivatives in differential forms I: an intrinsic perspective. Ann. Matematica Pura Appl. 192 (2013), pp. 1077–1098. doi: 10.1007/s10231-012-0259-9. C. R. de Lima, L. A. Mello, R. G. Lima, and E. C. N. Silva. Electrical impedance tomography through constrained sequential linear programming: a topology optimization approach. Meas. Sci. Tech. 18.9 (2007), pp. 2847–2858. doi: 10.1088/0957-0233/18/9/014. M. Loeve. Probability theory I. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer-Verlag, 1978. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9464-8. R. Martin, S. Jonuscheit, A. Rio-Cristobal, and M. J. Doughty. Repeatability of Pentacam peripheral corneal thickness measurements. Cont. Lens Anterior Eye 38 (2015), pp. 424–429. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.05.001. R. von Mises. Mechanik der festen Körper im plastisch-deformablen Zustand. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse 1 (1913), pp. 562–592. url: https://eudml.org/doc/58894 F. Orucoglu and E. Toker. Comparative analysis of anterior segment parameters in normal and keratoconic eyes generated by Scheimpflug tomography. J. Ophthalmol., 925414 (2015), pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2015/925414. D. C. Pye. A clinical method for estimating the modulus of elasticity of the human cornea in vivo. PLOS One 15 (2020), pp. 1–19. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224824.

Trace elements investigated by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) have been combined with oxygen isotopic composition of pink, red and other colored spinels (blue, purple, brown, orange, lavender) hosted by marbles and found in placers from Luc Yen and An Phu deposits, Yen Bai province, North Vietnam. The deposits are those from Nuoc Ngap, Cong Troi, Bai Son and different placers from the An Phu area. Trace elements such as Fe-Zn-Cr-V in red and pink gem spinels permit to separate those from Cong Troi and those from the others deposits of the An Phu area. Spinels from Cong Troi have low to extremely low Zn (< 500 ppm) and high Fe contents (3,000 to 16,000 ppm) while those from An Phu area are Zn-rich (up to 11,000 ppm). Iron is the dominant element for the other colored spinels whereas Zn, Cr and V contents are extremely variable. The Bai Son blue spinel is Fe-rich (5,000 to 7,200 ppm) with some V (950 to 1,830 ppm), Cr (270 to 480 ppm), Co (240 to 400 ppm) and Ni (550 to 950 ppm). The O-isotope composition of the whole spinels ranges between 12.1 and 24.2‰ (n = 25). Within each deposit, the range of δ18O values for red, pink and colored spinels is usually similar. However, the red and pink spinels from An Phu present two distinct sets of δ18O values, respectively between 13.2 to 17.0‰ (n = 7) and 22.5< δ18O < 24.2 (n = 5). Those from Cong Troi are from 14.8 to 17.7‰ (n = 3) and their range overlaps that of An Phu. The use of O-isotopes is not useful for distinguishing between the deposits, but the low to extremely low Zn content of the Cong Trois spinels is a discriminant. The variation of δ18O values (12.1 <δ18O < 24.2‰) of the whole spinels indicates that the oxygen isotopic compositions of the metamorphic fluids were probably buffered by the local δ18O values of the impure host marbles.ReferencesChauviré B., Rondeau B., Fritsch E., Ressigeac Ph., Devidal J.-L., 2015. Blue spinel from the Luc Yen district of Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 51, 2-17.D'Ippolito V., Andreozzi G.B., Hålenius H., Skogby H., Hametner K., Günther D., 2015. Colour mechanisms in spinel: cobalt and iron interplay for the blue colour. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 42, 431-439.Garnier V., 2003. Les gisements de rubis associés aux marbres de l’Asie Centrale et du Sud-est: genèse et caractérisation isotopique. PhD thesis INPL, Nancy, France, 373p.Garnier, V., Ohnenstetter, D., Giuliani, G., Maluski, H., Deloule, E., Phan Trong Trinh, Pham Van Long, Hoang Quang Vinh, 2005. Age and significance of ruby-bearing marbles from the Red River shear zone, northern Vietnam. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43, 1315-1329.Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Fallick A.E., Dubessy J., Banks D., Hoang Quang Vinh, Lhomme Th., Maluski H., Pêcher A., Bakhsh K.A., Pham Van Long, Phan Trong Trinh, Schwarz D., 2008. Marble-hosted ruby deposits from central and Southeast Asia: towards a new genetic model. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 169-191.Giuliani G., Fallick A.E., Garnier V., France-Lanord Ch., Ohnenstetter D., Schwarz D., 2005. Oxygen isotope composition as a tracer for the origins of rubies and sapphires. Geology, 33(4), 249-252.Giuliani G., Fallick A.E., Boyce A.J., Pardieu V., Pham Van Long, 2017. Pink and red spinels in marble: trace elements, oxygen isotopes, and sources. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55, 743-761.Hauzenberger C.A., Häeger T., Baumgartner L.P., Hofmeister W., 2001. High-grade metamorphism and stable isotope geochemistry of N-Vietnamese gem-bearing rocks. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on gems and minerals of Vietnam, Hanoi, 124-138.Hauzenberger C.A., Bagola C., Häeger T., Muellen C., Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Le Thi Thu Huong, 2014. Mineralogy and petrology of the An Phu marble hosted spinel and corundum deposit, Luc Yen, N-Vietnam. In Proceedings of the 4th International Gem and Jewelry Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 76-78.Kleišmantas A., Daukšyte A., 2016. The influence of Vietnam and Sri Lanka spinel mineral chemical elements on colour. Chemija, 27, 45-51.Kretz R., 1983. Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277-279.Le Thi Thu Huong, Häeger T., Hofmeister W., Hauzenberger C., Schwarz D., Pham Van Long, Wehmeister U., Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Nguy Tuyet Nhung, 2012. Gemstones from Vietnam: An update. Gems & Gemology, 48, 158-176.Malsy A., Klemm L., 2010. Distinction of gem spinels from the Himalayan mountain belt. Chimia, 64(10), 741-746.Malsy A., Karampelas S., Schwarz D., Klemm L., Armbruster T., Tuan Do Anh, 2012. Orangey-red to orangey-pink gem spinels from a new deposit at Lang Chap (Tan Huong - Truc Lau), Vietnam. The Journal of Gemmology, 33, 19-27.Pham Van Long, Hoang Quang Vinh, Garnier V., Giuliani G., Ohnenstetter D., Lhomme,T., Schwarz D., Fallick A.E., Dubessy J., Phan Trong Trinh, 2004. Gem corundum deposits in Vietnam. Journal of Gemmology, 29, 129-147.Pham Van Long, Pardieu V., Giuliani G., Nguy Tuyet Nhung, Pham Thi Thanh Hien, Pham Duc Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Hoang Quang Vinh, 2014. Gemmological characteristics of spinel from Luc Yen, Yen Bai. Journal of Geology, 340, 29-36.Pham Van Long, Pardieu V., Giuliani G., 2014. Update on gemstone mining in Luc Yen, Vietnam. Gems & Gemology, 49, 233-245.Pouchou J.L., Pichoir F., 1991. Quantitative analysis of homogeneous or stratified microvolumes applying "PAP" In Electron Probe Quantification (K.F.J. Heinrich & D.E. Newbury eds.). Plenum Press, New York, USA, 31-75.Valley J.W., 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. Reviews in Mineralogy, 16, 445-481.Yui T.F., Khin Zaw, Wu C.-M., 2008. A preliminary stable isotope study on Mogok ruby, Myanmar. Ore Geology Reviews, 34, 182-199.

The enthusiasm in the Tahfidz House (TH) education program especially for children shows an increasing trend in Padang, a modeling city in developing Islāmic character for children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Tahfidz House program trends development in early childhood in Padang. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection tools, namely inter- views, direct observation, and document analysis. The results showed that: First, the Tahfidz House program attracted public interest because it offered dimensions of character formation such as in- creasing Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, and Spiritual Quotient. Second, there is a theo- logical reason in the landscape of local people to think that the Qur'an offers a blessing concept in our lives. Third, Tahfidz House existences as non-formal education has two dominant affiliations, namely pure education and based on market interests or capitalization. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Tahfidz House Program, Market Interest Reference Abdullah, N. M. S. A. N., Sabbri, F. S. M., Athirah, R., & Isa, M. (2019). Challenges and Difficulties in Memorizing the Qurʾan in the Tahfiz Classes Among Secondary Learners. Al Burhan- Journal of Qurʾān and Sunnah Studies Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, 3(2), 1–14. Afriami, Z., & Rahmah, E. (2017). Pembuatan Direktori Rumah Tahfidz Quran se Kota Padang. Jurnal Ilmu Informasi Perpustakaan Dan Kearsipan, 6(September), 86–94. Ahmadi. (2018). Pembentukan Karakter Anak Dengan Pendekatan Berbasis Pendidikan Al- Qur ’ an. ALFIKR:Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 4(1), 23–31. Akbar, Ali & Islmail, H. (2016). Metode Tahfidz Al-Qur‟An di Pondok Pesantren Kabupaten Kampar. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 24(1), 91–102. Al-fadhil, M. (2016). Mazhab Pendidikan Kritis; Proses Humanisasi Pendidikan. MUDARRISUNA (Media Kajian Pendidikan Agama Islam), 6(1), 33–52. Ali, Z. Z. (2017). Pemikiran Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci (1891-1973) di ITALIA. YAQZHAN, 3(2), 63–81. Ambo, N. F., & Mokhsein, S. E. (2019). Trend and Issue in Learning Strategy of Tahfiz Model Ulul Albab (TMUA). International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(7), 1418–1426. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i7/6789Anwar, K., & Hafiyana, M. (2018). Implementasi metode ODOA (one day one ayat) dalam meningkatkan kemampuan menghafal al-qur‟an. JPII, 2, 181–198. Arief, A. (2014). Pengembangan pendidikan budaya dan karakter bangsa dalam upaya menghadapi tantangan global. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 1(2), 215-226. Azra, A. (2017). Surau; Pendidikan Islam Tradisional Dalam Transisi dan Modernisasi. Jakarta: Prenada Media. Baihaki, E. S. (2017). Penerjemahan Al-Qur’an: Proses Penerjemahan al-Qur’an di Indonesia. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 25(1), 44–55. Bashori. (2017). Modernisasi Lembaga Pendidikan Pesantren Perspektif Azyumardi Azra. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(2), 269–296. Basyit, A. (2019). Pengembangan Manajemen Rumah Tahfidz Al-Qur’an di Indonesia. Tadarus Tarbawy, Vol. 1(2), 163–180. Battersby, Paul, & Siracusa, J. M. . (2009). Globalization and Human Security. United States of America: Royman and Little Field Publisher. Ebrahimi, E. (2011). Spiritual Health and psychosis in the light of Quran. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ), 13(5), 1–9. Faturrahman, B. M. (2019). Pemikiran Kritis Sound Governave Terhadap Globalisasi: Pandangan Dari Ali Farazmand. Jurnal Politik Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan, 11(2), 1689–1699. Firmansyah, R., Ismail, S., Utaberta, N., Yuli, G. N., & Shaari, N. (2020). Student’s Perception of Common Rooms in Daarut Tauhid Tahfidz Islamic Boarding School, Bandung. 192(EduARCHsia 2019), 86–89. https://doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200214.012 George, R., & Goodman, D. (2012). Teori Sosiologi Modern. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Hambali, H. (2017). Globalisasi Dan Pendidikan Pesantren. At-Ta’lim: Media Informasi Pendidikan Islam, 13(2), 213-234. Hidayah, N. (2016). Strategi Pembelajaran Tahfidz Al-Qur’an di Lembaga Pendidikan. Ta’allum, 4(1), 63-81. Hoffman, J. (2007). A Glossary of Political Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Indrioko, E. (2015). Membangun Citra Publik Dalam Lembaga Pendidikan Islam. UNIVERSUM (Jurnal Keislaman Dan Kebudayaan), 9(No 2), 265–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v9i2.92 Karsidi, R. (2017). Budaya lokal dalam liberalisasi pendidikan. The Journal of Society & Media, 1(2), 19–34. Kirana, Z. C. (2017). Pandangan Azyumardi Azra Terhadap Modernisasi Pesantren. INOVATIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, Agama Dan Kebudayaan, 3(1), 77–94. Latif, M. K., Jimaain, T., & Jasmi, K. A. (2020). Competence and Method of Teaching Tarannum Al-Quran Among Teachers of Special Class on Reading and Memorizing Al-Quran Skill (KKQ) in Johor. 400(Icream 2019), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.177 Lubis, A. M., & Ismet, S. (2019). Metode Menghafal Alquran Pada Anak Usia Dini di Tahfidz Center Darul Hufadz kota Padang. Aulad : Journal on Early Childhood, 2(2), 8–14. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v2i2.30 Mahjoob, M., Nejati, J., Hosseini, A., & Bakhshani, N. M. (2016). The Effect of Holy Quran V oice on Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9821-7 Majid, A. (2016). Strategi Pembelajaran. Bandung: Pt Remaja Rosdakarya. Malikah, N., Hidayatullah, F., Asrowi, & Anitah, S. (2020). Inside-Outside: Model of Memorizing Hadith at Elementary Islamic School. 422(Icope 2019), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200323.155 Marcuse, H. (2012). Perang semesta Melawan Kapitalisme. Jakarta: Gramedia. Moleong. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Vol. Cetakan 37). Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Murniyati. (2017). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Religius terhadap Anak Usia Dini. Prosiding Seminar Nasional 20 Program Pascasarjana Universitas PGRI Palembang, (November). Muslimin, A. (2015). Implementasi Metode Halaqah dan Resitasi Dalam Tahfidz Al-Quran di SDIT el-Haq Banjarsari Buduran Sidoarjo. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, (1), 55–62. Nawaz, N., & Jahangir, S. F. (2015). . Effects of memorizing Quran by heart (Hifz) on later academic achievement. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 3(1), 58-64. Nugraheni, S., & Fakhruddin, F. (2014). Persepsi dan Partisipasi Orang Tua terhadap Lembaga PAUD Sebagai Tempat Pendidikan untuk Anak Usia Dini (Studi pada Orang Tua di Desa Tragung Kecamatan Kandeman Kabupaten Batang). Journal of Nonformal Education and Community Empowerment, 3(2). Nurani, Y., & Dwi, A. (2017). Early Childhood Education Teachers ’ Effective Communication Based Teaching Skill. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference for Science Educators and Teachers (ICSET 2017), 118, 723–728. Pieterse, J. N. (2019). Globalization and culture: Global mélange.: Rowman & Littlefield. Pramono, S. Y., & Sofyan, H. (2019). Quality Learning Tahfiz Design in Integrated Islamic Elementary School Sleman Special Region of Yogyakarta. 323(ICoSSCE 2018), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.2991/icossce-icsmc-18.2019.17 Priatna, T., Nurhamzah, Suryana, Y., & Nurdiansah, N. (2015). International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering Available Online at http://www.warse.org/ijatcse/static/pdf/file/ijatcse02422015.pdf. 4(2), 15–21. Rifki. (2017). Komersialisasi Pendidikan: Tantangan Bagi Lembaga Pendidikan Islam. I’tibar (Jurnal IlmiahIlmu-Ilmu Keislaman), 4(8), 167–182. Rosyid, M. Z. (2019). Kapitalisme Pendiidkan Islam (Antar Kompetensi dan Keadilan). Akademika:Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(1), 112–123. Rustiawan, H. (2015). Komersialisasi Pendidikan. Tazkiya (Jurnal Keislaman, Kemasyarakatan Dan Kebudayaan), 16(1), 44–63. Sa’diyah, R. (2013). Melatih Kecerdasan Emosi Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Kependidikan., 18(1), 119–120. Samuel, P. H., & Conley, M. (2019). Dampak arus globalisasi terhadap jalannya demokrasi di indonesia. Juirnal Rectum, I(1), 104–114. Santrock, J. W. (2007). Perkembangan anak. Jakarta: Erlangga. Steger, M. B. (2017). Globalization: A very short introduction (Vol. 86). America: Oxford University Press. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Bisnis: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, dan R&D. Bandung: CV. Alfabeta. Sujiono, Y. N. (2009). Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Indeks.Tadjuddin, M. S., Sani, M. A. M., & Yeyeng, A. T. (2016). Dunia Islam dalam Lintasan Sejarah dan Realitasnya di Era Kontemporer. AL-FIKR V6, 20(2). Taslama. (2014). Keajaiban al-Quran. Surabaya: Penerbit Sygma. Tidjani, A. (2017). Manajemen Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Menghadapi Tantangan Globalisasi. Jurnal Reflektika, 13(1), 96–126. https://doi.org/10.28944/reflektika.v13i1.74 Utama. (2016). Pembumian Jihad dalam Konteks Indonesia Kekinian: Pengentasan Masyarakat dari Kemiskinan dan Keterbelakangan. Jurnal Multikultural & Multireligius, 53. van Glinken, H. (2014). Globalization, Higher Education and Sustainable Development. European Union Rectors’ Conference. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia, University of Malaya, Delegation of the European Commission in Malaysia, and Asean – European Union Network Programme. Yusuf, M. (2017). Pendidikan karakter, Konsep Dan Aplikasinya Pada Sekolah Berbasis Agama Islam. Intizam, Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 14–22. Zulfitria. (2017). Peranan Pembelajaran Tahfidzal-Quran Dalam Pendidikan Karakter Di Sekolah Dasar. Naturalistic: Jurnal Kajian Penelitian Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(2), 124– 134.

Teachers have an important and primary role in the education system. The achievement of the teacher's role in education will have an impact on job satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the job satisfaction of Early Childhood Education teachers in terms of variables of technostress and work-family conflicts among teachers who are married. This study was designed with a correlational quantitative design. Data collection is done online with the assistance of Google forms-distributed throughout Indonesia. One hundred and fifty-seven teacher respondents who fit the criteria became the research sample. The data analysis technique uses hierarchical regression. The results of the analysis stated that there was a relationship between technostress and job satisfaction. The findings show that two of the five aspects of technostress that techno-overload and techno-insecurity have a negative correlation with job satisfaction, while techno-uncertainty has a positive correlation. In addition, two aspects of technostress namely techno-invasion and techno-complexity do not correlate with job satisfaction. next to the relationship between work-family conflict with job satisfaction. The findings show that one of the two aspects of work-family conflict is strain negatively correlated with job satisfaction while time and behavior do not correlate with job satisfaction. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that early childhood teachers are more affected by their job satisfaction technostress/techno-overload compared to work-family conflict. Keywords: early childhood teacher, job satisfaction, technostress, work-family conflict References: A Suh, JL (2017). Understanding teleworkers' technostress and its influence on job satisfaction. Internet Research, 27(1), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2015-0181 1. Dwi Putranti, A., & Achmad Kurniady, D. (2013). The Contribution of Kindergarten Principals' Transformational Leadership and Teacher Job Satisfaction to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb) of Kindergarten Teachers throughout Kudus Regency. Journal of Education Administration, 1, 1–11. Effiyanti, T., & Sagala, GH (2016). Technostress in Teachers: Confirmation of the Stressor and Its Antecedents. XIX National Symposium on Accounting, 1–18. Ernst Kossek, E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work–family conflict, policies, and the job–life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior–human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(83), 139–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139 Frone, M., Russell, M., & Cooper, C. (1992). Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(7), 723-729. Ghufron, MN (2016). Early Childhood Teacher Job Satisfaction in Terms of Class Climate and Teaching Efficacy. Ghufron. NM,. 2016, 4(2), 254–270. Greenhaus, JH, & Beutell, NJ (1985). Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/258214 Gregson, T. (1987). Factor Analysis of a Multiple-choice Format For Job Satisfaction. Sage Journals, 61(3), 747–750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.61.3.747 Hardiyanti, WE, & Alwi, NM (2022). Analysis of the Digital Literacy Capabilities of ECE Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Obsession : Journal of Early Childhood Education, 6(4), 3759–3770. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsession.v6i4.1657 Herzberg, F. (1965). Job attitudes in the Soviet Union. Personnel Psychology. Hong, X., Liu, Q., & Zhang, M. (2021). Dual Stressors and Female Pre-school Teachers' Job Satisfaction During the COVID-19: The Mediation of Work-Family Conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691498 Jena, R. (2015). Technostress in ICT enabled collaborative learning environment: An empirical study among Indian academicians. Computers in Human Behavior, 51. Jena, RK (2015). Impact of Technostress on Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study among Indian Academicians. The International Technology Management Review, 5(3), 117. https://doi.org/10.2991/itmr.2015.5.3.1 Jiang, Y., Li, P., Wang, J., & Li, H. (2019). Relationships Between Kindergarten Teachers' Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Climate: A Chinese Model. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2019.1577773 Kahn, RL, Wolfe, DM, Quinn, R., Snoek, JD, & R., & A, R. (1964). Organizational stress. New York: Wiley. Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2021). The mediating effects of ego resilience on the relationship between professionalism perception and technostress of early childhood teachers. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(4), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.26803/IJLTER.20.4.13 Kreitner, R. and AK (200 CE). Organizational behavior. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Kumar, K & Bhatia, L. (2011). Teachers and their Attitude Towards Teaching. Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management, 2(9). Laksmi, NAP, & Hadi, C. (2012). The relationship between Dual Role Conflict (Work Family Conflict) and Job Satisfaction in Production Employees at PT.X. Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(02), 66–72. Lazarus, RS & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York : McGraw-Hill, Inc. Liu, XS, & Ramsey, J. (2008). Teachers' job satisfaction: Analyzes of the Teacher Follow-up Survey in the United States for 2000–2001. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1173–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TATE.2006.11.010 Mukhlishon, G. (2016). The relationship between Technostress and Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment to Mojokerto Hospital Employees. Thesis, University of Surabaya. Netemeyer, RG, Boles, JS, McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400–410. https://doi.org/doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400 Nisak, IA (2020). The effect of technostress on job satisfaction with work-family conflict and work-family conflict as intervening variables in PDAM Kota…. http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/19081/ Noor, NM, & Zainuddin, M. (2011). Emotional labor and burnout among female teachers: Work-family conflict as mediator. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 14(4), 283–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2011.01349.x PC Smith, LM Kendall, and CLH (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Rand McNally. Chicago. Park, HJ, & Cho, JS (2016). The influence of information security technostress on the job satisfaction of employees. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 11(1), 66–75. Pusdatin Kemendikbud Indonesia. (2021). Early Childhood Education Statistics (ECE) 2020/2021. Ministry of Education and Culture, 1. Raharjo, NP, & Winarko, B. (2021). Analysis of the Digital Literacy Level of the City of Surabaya's Millennial Generation in Overcoming the Spread of Hoaxes. Komunika Journal: Journal of Communication, Media and Informatics, 10(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.31504/komunika.v10i1.3795 Ramakrishna Ayyagari, VG and RP (2011). Technostress: Technological Antecedents and Implicat. Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota Stable, 35(4), 831–858. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41409963 Roesadi, NFA (2022). The Impact of Technostress on Job Satisfaction During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Study of Educators in Gunungkidul Regency) [Yogyakarta College of Economics]. http://repository.stieykpn.ac.id/id/eprint/2015 Setyawati, R., Ekadewi, D., & Hapsari, MI (2021). The Role of Digital Literacy for Early Childhood Education Teachers to Implement Online Learning Activities During the Covid 19 Pandemic the Role of Digital Literacy for Early Childhood Education Teachers to Implement Online Learning Activities During the Covid. 360–365. Sewell, G and Taskin, L. (2015). Out of sight, out of mind in a new world of work? Autonomy, control, and spatiotemporal scaling in telework,. Organization Studies, 36(11), 1507-1529. Shabir U, M. (2015). Teacher's Position as Educator. Auladun, 2(2), 221–232. Sunata, AAKSAIM (2014). (Study at Triatma Jaya Tourism Vocational School Badung, Tabanan and Buleleng). Journal of Management & Accounting STIE Triatma Mulya (, 20(2), 160–177. Susanto, R. (2020). The Contribution of the Fundamental Factors of Job Satisfaction: The Foundation for the Professional Development of Educators. Scientific Journal of Education and Learning, 4(1), 2. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JIPP/article/view/25665/15441 Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, BS, & Ragu-Nathan, TS (2007). The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109 Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, TS, & Ragu-Nathan, BS (2011). Crossing to the dark side: Examining creators, outcomes, and inhibitors of technostress. Communications of the ACM, 54(9), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995403 Widati, MA (2016). Effect of Multiple Role Conflict and Job Stress on Job Satisfaction (Study on Female Teachers at SLB Sri Mujinab Pekanbaru). Thesis, Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah University. Worchek, S., & Shebilske, W. (1989). Psychology: Principles and Applications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Yin, P., Ou, CXJ, Davison, RM, & Wu, J. (2018). Coping with mobile technology overload in the workplace. Internet Research, 28(5), 1189–1212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-01-2017-0016

Aim: To determine the association between TIMI risk score and in-hospital mortality and adverse events in acute STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI at a tertiary cardiac care facility. Study design: Retrospective study. Place and duration of study: Catheterization Laboratory of Cardiology Unit, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau, Civil Hospital Karachi from 1st October 2017 to 31st March 2019. Methods: Three hundred and sixty six acute STEMI patients who admitted through emergency and underwent primary angioplasty were enrolled. A proforma was filled out for the said subjects that encompasses continuous and categorical variables including age, gender, family history of coronary artery disease, smoking history, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, onset symptoms to emergency room (whether >4 hours or ≤4 h), location of myocardial infarction [anterior, inferior, lateral or posterior, and right ventricular infarction], drugs given prior to angioplasty[aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, heparin, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists], success of angiography, culprit vessel, number of diseased vessels, and in-hospital outcomes.. Results: 270 (73.8%) were males and 96 (26.2%) were females with male to female ratio 2.8:1. Mean age was 56.25±11.45 years. Main risk factors were hypertension 230 (62.8%) cases, diabetes 198(54.1%) cases and smoking 167 (45.6%) cases. Onset of symptoms to the arrival to emergency room for treatment was ≤4 hours 201 (54.9%) cases and >4 hours in 165(45.1%) cases. In hospital mortality rate was 3.82%. Hospital in mortality 11(3%) cases was associated with hypertension and diabetes. Conclusion: This study show that a significant number of patients were observed adverse outcomes associated with higher TIMI risk score for in hospital. Therefore, the prognostic TIMI risk score is a powerful tool for predicting hospitalized patients. Key words: Acute myocardial infarction, Coronary artery disease, TIMI Risk Score, In-Hospital Mortality.

The present study aims to establish the relationship between the indicators of life expectancy, education and income, which are part of the human development index. The methodology used was a descriptive and correlational statistical analysis, with a population of 2480 families from the location of Virgen de Fátima - Guayas - Ecuador which made possible the analysis of the quality of social and economical development within this sector. The results show that the education index is directly related to life expectancy, which proves that there would be significant changes in life quality if it were invested in educational programs. Keywords: Multiple linear regression, life expectancy, education, per capita income. References [1]V. V. Karina Temporelli, «Relación entre esperanza de vida e ingreso. Un análisis para América Latina y el Caribe,» Lecturas de Economia, nº 75, pp. 61-85, 211. [2]E. Gómez, T. Bolaños, J. Riascos, «La educación y el ingreso como determinantes de la esperanza de vida en Colombia - 2002-2012,» Tendencias, vol. XVII, nº 2, pp. 31-55, 2016. [3]D. Strijker, G,.Bosworth, G. Bouter, «"Research methods in rural studies: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods",» Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 78, pp. 262-270, 2020. [4]W. Luo, Y. Xie, «"Economic growth, income inequality and life expectancy in China",» Social Science & Medicine, vol. 256, p. 113046, Julio 2020. [5]M. Escobar Bravo, D. Puga González, Monserrat Martín Baranera, «"Análisis de la esperanza de vida libre de discapacidad a lo largo de la biografía: de la madurez a la vejez",» Gaceta Sanitaria, vol. 26, nº 4, pp. 330-335, 2012. [6]R. Kotschy, «"Health dynamics shape life-cycle incomes",» Journal of Health Economics, vol. 75, p. 102398, 2021. [7]L. Díaz Serrano, «"The duration of compulsory education and the transition to secondary education: Panel data evidence from low-income countries",» International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 75, p. 102189, 2020. [8]Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), «"Índices e indicadores de desarrollo humano",» Estados Unidos, 2018. [9]P. Nolan, J. Sender, «"Death rates, life expentancy and China's economic reforms: A critique of A.K. Sen",» World Development, vol. 20, nº 9, pp. 1279-1303, 1992. [10]J B.Soriano, D.Rojas, J. Alonso, J-M.Antó, P. Joan, E. Fernández, lA. L.Garcia, F. Benavides,, «"La carga de enfermedad en España: resultados del Estudio de la Carga Global de las Enfermedades 2016",» Medicina clinica, vol. 151, nº 5, pp. 171-190, 14 septiembre 2018. [11]V. Kontis, J. E Bennett, C. D Mathers, G. Li, K. capataz, M. Ezzati, «"Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble",» The Lancet, vol. 389, nº 10076, pp. 1323-1335, 2017. [12]A. Novak, Z.Cepar, A. Tronco, «"El papel de los años esperados de escolaridad entre los determinantes de la esperanza de vida",» INDER SCIENCE ONLINE, vol. 20, nº 1, 23 mayo 2016. [13]S. Rangel-Rigotti, S. Rodrigues & Guimarães-Rodrigues, «"A re-examination of the expected years of schooling: What can it tell us?",» econstor, nº 117, 2013. [14]F. Noorbakhsh, A. Paloni, A. Youssef, «"Human Capital and FDI Inflows to Developing Countries: New Empirical Evidence",» World Development, vol. 29, nº 9, pp. 1593-1610, septiembre 2001. [15]D. Filmer, H. Rogers, N. Angrist, S. Sabarwal, «"Learning-adjusted years of schooling (LAYS): Defining a new macro measure of education",» Economics of Education Review, vol. 77, p. 101971, 2020. [16]B. Huat Ver, S. Gorard, «"Effective classroom instructions for primary literacy: A critical review of the causal evidence",» International Journal of Educational Research, vol. 102, p. 101577, 2020. [17] A Smith «Naturaleza y causa de la riqueza de las naciones,» Fondo de Cultura Económica., 1776. [18]G. Kaya Uyanıka, N. Güler, «"A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis",» Procedia - Ciencias sociales y del comportamiento, vol. 106, pp. 234-240, 2013. [19]L. Nathans, F. Oswald , K. Nimon, «Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression: A Guidebook of Variable,» Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, vol. 17, nº 0, pp. 1-19, Abril 2012. [20]M. Tranmer, J. Murphy, M. Elliot and M. Pampaka, «"Multiple Linear Regression (2nd Edition)",» enero 2020. [En línea]. Disponible: https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/cmist/a. [21]Revista de Ciencias Sociales, «Universidad de Costa Rica,» vol. IV, nº 94, 2001. [22]A. Mehdi Riazi, G. Hessameddin Ghanbar and B. Fazel c, «"The contexts, theoretical and methodological orientation of EAP research: Evidence from empirical articles published in the Journal of English for Academic Purposes",» Journal of English for Academic Purposes, vol. 48, p. 100925, 2020. [23]GAD Virgen De Fatima, «"Plan De Desarrollo Y Ordenamiento Territorial",» virgen de Fatima - Ecuador, 2015. [24]E. Montero Rojas, «Educación e ingreso como predictores de la esperanzade vida: evidencias de un análisis de regresión aplicadoa indicadores de desarrollo humano,» Ciencias Sociales, pp. 51-60, 2001. [25]K. Bennett, M. Foreman, & Ezzati, «Esperanza de vida futura en 35 países industrializados: proyecciones con un conjunto de modelos bayesianos,» The Lancet, vol. 385, nº 10076, pp. 1323-1335, 2017.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 25, 265-273. Doi: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00014-9. Alongi D.M., 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environmental Conservation, 29, 331-349. Doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000231 Alongi D.M., 2015. The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 1, 30-39. Doi: 10.1007/s404641-015-0002-x. Anderson F., Al-Thani N., 2016. Effect of sea level rise and groundwater withdrawal on seawater intrusion in the Gulf Coast aquifer: Implications for agriculture. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 4, 116-124. Doi: 10.4236/gep.2016.44015. Anguelovski I., Chu E., Carmin J., 2014. Variations in approaches to urban climate adaptation: Experiences and experimentation from the global South. Global Environmental Change, 27, 156-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.010. Arustienè J., Kriukaitè J., Satkunas J., Gregorauskas M., 2013. Climate change and groundwater - From modelling to some adaptation means in example of Klaipèda region, Lithuania. In: Climate change adaptation in practice. P. Schmidt-Thomé, J. Klein Eds. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK., 157-169. Bamber J.L., Aspinall W.P., Cooke R.M., 2016. A commentary on “how to interpret expert judgement assessments of twenty-first century sea-level rise” by Hylke de Vries and Roderik S.W. Van de Wal. Climatic Change, 137, 321-328. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1672-7. Barnes C., 2014. Coastal population vulnerability to sea level rise and tropical cyclone intensification under global warming. BSc-thesis. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Alberta Canada. Be T.T., Sinh B.T., Miller F., 2007. Challenges to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta: Regional and national policy issues and research needs. The Sustainable Mekong Research Network, Bangkok, Thailand, 1-210. Bellard C., Leclerc C., Courchamp F., 2014. Impact of sea level rise on 10 insular biodiversity hotspots. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 203-212. Doi: 10.1111/geb.12093. Berg H., Söderholm A.E., Sönderström A.S., Nguyen Thanh Tam, 2017. Recognizing wetland ecosystem services for sustainable rice farming in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Sustainability Science, 12, 137-154. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-016-0409-x. Bilskie M.V., Hagen S.C., Medeiros S.C., Passeri D.L., 2014. Dynamics of sea level rise and coastal flooding on a changing landscape. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 927-934. Doi: 10.1002/2013GL058759. Binh T.N.K.D., Vromant N., Hung N.T., Hens L., Boon E.K., 2005. Land cover changes between 1968 and 2003 in Cai Nuoc, Ca Mau penisula, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 519-536. Doi: 10.1007/s10668-004-6001-z. Blankespoor B., Dasgupta S., Laplante B., 2014. Sea-level rise and coastal wetlands. Ambio, 43, 996- 005.Doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0500-4. Brockway R., Bowers D., Hoguane A., Dove V., Vassele V., 2006. A note on salt intrusion in funnel shaped estuaries: Application to the Incomati estuary, Mozambique.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 1-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.07.014. Cannaby H., Palmer M.D., Howard T., Bricheno L., Calvert D., Krijnen J., Wood R., Tinker J., Bunney C., Harle J., Saulter A., O’Neill C., Bellingham C., Lowe J., 2015. Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore. Ocean Sci. Discuss, 12, 2955-3001. Doi: 10.5194/osd-12-2955-2015. Carraro C., Favero A., Massetti E., 2012. Investment in public finance in a green, low carbon economy. Energy Economics, 34, S15-S18. Castan-Broto V., Bulkeley H., 2013. A survey ofurban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change, 23, 92-102. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005. Cazenave A., Le Cozannet G., 2014. Sea level rise and its coastal impacts. GeoHealth, 2, 15-34. Doi: 10.1002/2013EF000188. Chu M.L., Guzman J.A., Munoz-Carpena R., Kiker G.A., Linkov I., 2014. A simplified approach for simulating changes in beach habitat due to the combined effects of long-term sea level rise, storm erosion and nourishment. Environmental modelling and software, 52, 111-120. Doi.org/10.1016/j.envcsoft.2013.10.020. Church J.A. et al., 2013. Sea level change. In: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Eds: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Connell J., 2016. Last days of the Carteret Islands? Climate change, livelihoods and migration on coral atolls. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 57, 3-15. Doi: 10.1111/apv.12118. Dasgupta S., Laplante B., Meisner C., Wheeler, Yan J., 2009. The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: A comparative analysis. Climatic Change, 93, 379-388. Doi: 10.1007/s 10584-008-9499-5. Delbeke J., Vis P., 2015. EU climate policy explained, 136p. Routledge, Oxon, UK. DiGeorgio M., 2015. Bargaining with disaster: Flooding, climate change, and urban growth ambitions in QuyNhon, Vietnam. Public Affairs, 88, 577-597. Doi: 10.5509/2015883577. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, 2015. Enhancement of coastal protection under the context of climate change: A case study of Hai Hau coast, Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th Asian Regional Conference of IAEG, 1-8. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, Lan Nguyen Chau, 2017. Climate change impacts on a large-scale erosion coast of Hai Hau district, Vietnam and the adaptation. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 21, 47-62. Donner S.D., Webber S., 2014. Obstacles to climate change adaptation decisions: A case study of sea level rise; and coastal protection measures in Kiribati. Sustainability Science, 9, 331-345. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-014-0242-z. Driessen P.P.J., Hegger D.L.T., Bakker M.H.N., Van Renswick H.F.M.W., Kundzewicz Z.W., 2016. Toward more resilient flood risk governance. Ecology and Society, 21, 53-61. Doi: 10.5751/ES-08921-210453. Duangyiwa C., Yu D., Wilby R., Aobpaet A., 2015. Coastal flood risks in the Bangkok Metropolitan region, Thailand: Combined impacts on land subsidence, sea level rise and storm surge. American Geophysical Union, Fall meeting 2015, abstract#NH33C-1927. Duarte C.M., Losada I.J., Hendriks I.E., Mazarrasa I., Marba N., 2013. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3, 961-968. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1970. Erban L.E., Gorelick S.M., Zebker H.A., 2014. Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 1-20. Doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2007.The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO Forestry Paper, 153, Rome, Italy. Farbotko C., 2010. Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 51, 47-60. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8373.2010.001413.x. Goltermann D., Ujeyl G., Pasche E., 2008. Making coastal cities flood resilient in the era of climate change. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on flood defense: Managing flood risk, reliability and vulnerability, 148-1-148-11. Toronto, Canada. Gong W., Shen J., 2011. The response of salt intrusion to changes in river discharge and tidal mixing during the dry season in the Modaomen Estuary, China.Continental Shelf Research, 31, 769-788. Doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.011. Gosian L., 2014. Protect the world’s deltas. Nature, 516, 31-34. Graham S., Barnett J., Fincher R., Mortreux C., Hurlimann A., 2015. Towards fair outcomes in adaptation to sea-level rise. Climatic Change, 130, 411-424. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1171-7. COASTRES-D-12-00175.1. Güneralp B., Güneralp I., Liu Y., 2015. Changing global patterns of urban expoàsure to flood and drought hazards. Global Environmental Change, 31, 217-225. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.002. Hallegatte S., Green C., Nicholls R.J., Corfee-Morlot J., 2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3, 802-806. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1979. Hamlington B.D., Strassburg M.W., Leben R.R., Han W., Nerem R.S., Kim K.-Y., 2014. Uncovering an anthropogenic sea-level rise signal in the Pacific Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 4, 782-785. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2307. Hashimoto T.R., 2001. Environmental issues and recent infrastructure development in the Mekong Delta: Review, analysis and recommendations with particular reference to large-scale water control projects and the development of coastal areas. Working paper series (Working paper No. 4). Australian Mekong Resource Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, 1-70. Hibbert F.D., Rohling E.J., Dutton A., Williams F.H., Chutcharavan P.M., Zhao C., Tamisiea M.E., 2016. Coral indicators of past sea-level change: A global repository of U-series dated benchmarks. Quaternary Science Reviews, 145, 1-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.019. Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A., Perrette M., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Mazeion B., Fettweis X., Ionescu C., Levermann A., 2014. Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 3292-3297. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222469111. Hinkel J., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Wang Z.B., Hamilton J.M., Boot G., Vafeidis A.T., McFadden L., Ganapolski A., Klei R.J.Y., 2013. A global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea level rise: An application of DIVA. Global and Planetary Change, 111, 150-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002. Huong H.T.L., Pathirana A., 2013. Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 379-394. Doi: 10.5194/hess-17-379-2013. Hurlimann A., Barnett J., Fincher R., Osbaldiston N., Montreux C., Graham S., 2014. Urban planning and sustainable adaptation to sea-level rise. Landscape and Urban Planning, 126, 84-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.013. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, 2011. Climate change vulnerability and risk assessment study for Ca Mau and KienGiang provinces, Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 250p. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Ca Mau PPC, 2011. Climate change impact and adaptation study in The Mekong Delta - Part A: Ca Mau Atlas. Hanoi, Vietnam: Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 48p. IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Fifth assessment report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Jevrejeva S., Jackson L.P., Riva R.E.M., Grinsted A., Moore J.C., 2016. Coastal sea level rise with warming above 2°C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 13342-13347. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605312113. Junk W.J., AN S., Finlayson C.M., Gopal B., Kvet J., Mitchell S.A., Mitsch W.J., Robarts R.D., 2013. Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis. Aquatic Science, 75, 151-167. Doi: 10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z. Jordan A., Rayner T., Schroeder H., Adger N., Anderson K., Bows A., Le Quéré C., Joshi M., Mander S., Vaughan N., Whitmarsh L., 2013. Going beyond two degrees? The risks and opportunities of alternative options. Climate Policy, 13, 751-769. Doi: 10.1080/14693062.2013.835705. Kelly P.M., Adger W.N., 2000. Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climatic Change, 47, 325-352. Doi: 10.1023/A:1005627828199. Kirwan M.L., Megonigal J.P., 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rice. Nature, 504, 53-60. Doi: 10.1038/nature12856. Koerth J., Vafeidis A.T., Hinkel J., Sterr H., 2013. What motivates coastal households to adapt pro actively to sea-level rise and increased flood risk? Regional Environmental Change, 13, 879-909. Doi: 10.1007/s10113-12-399-x. Kontgis K., Schneider A., Fox J;,Saksena S., Spencer J.H., Castrence M., 2014. Monitoring peri urbanization in the greater Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area. Applied Geography, 53, 377-388. Doi: 10.1016/j.apgeogr.2014.06.029. Kopp R.E., Horton R.M., Little C.M., Mitrovica J.X., Oppenheimer M., Rasmussen D.J., Strauss B.H., Tebaldi C., 2014. Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites. Earth’s Future, 2, 383-406. Doi: 10.1002/2014EF000239. Kuenzer C., Bluemel A., Gebhardt S., Quoc T., Dech S., 2011. Remote sensing of mangrove ecosystems: A review.Remote Sensing, 3, 878-928. Doi: 10.3390/rs3050878. Lacerda G.B.M., Silva C., Pimenteira C.A.P., Kopp Jr. R.V., Grumback R., Rosa L.P., de Freitas M.A.V., 2013. Guidelines for the strategic management of flood risks in industrial plant oil in the Brazilian coast: Adaptive measures to the impacts of sea level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 104-1062. Doi: 10.1007/s11027-013-09459-x. Lam Dao Nguyen, Pham Van Bach, Nguyen Thanh Minh, Pham Thi Mai Thy, Hoang Phi Hung, 2011. Change detection of land use and river bank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam using time series remotely sensed data. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2, 370-374. Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.011. Lang N.T., Ky B.X., Kobayashi H., Buu B.C., 2004. Development of salt tolerant varieties in the Mekong delta. JIRCAS Project, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam, 152. Le Cozannet G., Rohmer J., Cazenave A., Idier D., Van de Wal R., de Winter R., Pedreros R., Balouin Y., Vinchon C., Oliveros C., 2015. Evaluating uncertainties of future marine flooding occurrence as sea-level rises. Environmental Modelling and Software, 73, 44-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.07.021. Le Cozannet G., Manceau J.-C., Rohmer J., 2017. Bounding probabilistic sea-level projections with the framework of the possible theory. Environmental Letters Research, 12, 12-14. Doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5528.Chikamoto Y., 2014. Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 888-892. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2330. Lovelock C.E., Cahoon D.R., Friess D.A., Gutenspergen G.R., Krauss K.W., Reef R., Rogers K., Saunders M.L., Sidik F., Swales A., Saintilan N., Le Xuan Tuyen, Tran Triet, 2015. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature, 526, 559-563. Doi: 10.1038/nature15538. MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Island Press, Washington DC, 266p. Masterson J.P., Fienen M.N., Thieler E.R., Gesch D.B., Gutierrez B.T., Plant N.G., 2014. Effects of sea level rise on barrier island groundwater system dynamics - ecohydrological implications. Ecohydrology, 7, 1064-1071. Doi: 10.1002/eco.1442. McGanahan G., Balk D., Anderson B., 2007. The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate changes and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environment and urbanization, 19, 17-37. Doi: 10.1177/095624780707960. McIvor A., Möller I., Spencer T., Spalding M., 2012. Reduction of wind and swell waves by mangroves. The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International, 1-27. Merryn T., Pidgeon N., Whitmarsh L., Ballenger R., 2016. Expert judgements of sea-level rise at the local scale. Journal of Risk Research, 19, 664-685. Doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043568. Monioudi I.N., Velegrakis A.F., Chatzipavlis A.E., Rigos A., Karambas T., Vousdoukas M.I., Hasiotis T., Koukourouvli N., Peduzzi P., Manoutsoglou E., Poulos S.E., Collins M.B., 2017. Assessment of island beach erosion due to sea level rise: The case of the Aegean archipelago (Eastern Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 449-466. Doi: 10.5194/nhess-17-449-2017. MONRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2016. Scenarios of climate change and sea level rise for Vietnam. Publishing House of Environmental Resources and Maps Vietnam, Hanoi, 188p. Montz B.E., Tobin G.A., Hagelman III R.R., 2017. Natural hazards. Explanation and integration. The Guilford Press, NY, 445p. Morgan L.K., Werner A.D., 2014. Water intrusion vulnerability for freshwater lenses near islands. Journal of Hydrology, 508, 322-327. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.002. Muis S., Güneralp B., Jongman B., Aerts J.C.H.J., Ward P.J., 2015. Science of the Total Environment, 538, 445-457. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.068. Murray N.J., Clemens R.S., Phinn S.R., Possingham H.P., Fuller R.A., 2014. Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 12, 267-272. Doi: 10.1890/130260. Neumann B., Vafeidis A.T., Zimmermann J., Nicholls R.J., 2015a. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. A global assessment. Plos One, 10, 1-22. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. Nguyen A. Duoc, Savenije H. H., 2006. Salt intrusion in multi-channel estuaries: a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 10, 743-754. Doi: 10.5194/hess-10-743-2006. Nguyen An Thinh, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Luong Thi Tuyen, Luc Hens, 2017. Tourism and beach erosion: Valuing the damage of beach erosion for tourism in the Hoi An, World Heritage site. Journal of Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen An Thinh, Luc Hens (Eds.), 2018. Human ecology of climate change associated disasters in Vietnam: Risks for nature and humans in lowland and upland areas. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Nguyen An Thinh, Vu Anh Dung, Vu Van Phai, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Pham Minh Tam, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, Le Trinh Hai, Nguyen Viet Thanh, Hoang Khac Lich, Vu Duc Thanh, Nguyen Song Tung, Luong Thi Tuyen, Trinh Phuong Ngoc, Luc Hens, 2017. Human ecological effects of tropical storms in the coastal area of Ky Anh (Ha Tinh, Vietnam). Environ Dev Sustain, 19, 745-767. Doi: 10.1007/s/10668-016-9761-3. Nguyen Van Hoang, 2017. Potential for desalinization of brackish groundwater aquifer under a background of rising sea level via salt-intrusion prevention river gates in the coastal area of the Red River delta, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen Tho, Vromant N., Nguyen Thanh Hung, Hens L., 2008. Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Geology, 54, 1739-1746. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z. Nguyen Thang T.X., Woodroffe C.D., 2016. Assessing relative vulnerability to sea-level rise in the western part of the Mekong River delta. Sustainability Science, 11, 645-659. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-015-0336-2. Nicholls N.N., Hoozemans F.M.J., Marchand M., Analyzing flood risk and wetland losses due to the global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses.Global Environmental Change, 9, S69-S87. Doi: 10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00019-9. Phan Minh Thu, 2006. Application of remote sensing and GIS tools for recognizing changes of mangrove forests in Ca Mau province. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 9-11 November, 1-17. Reise K., 2017. Facing the third dimension in coastal flatlands.Global sea level rise and the need for coastal transformations. Gaia, 26, 89-93. Renaud F.G., Le Thi Thu Huong, Lindener C., Vo Thi Guong, Sebesvari Z., 2015. Resilience and shifts in agro-ecosystems facing increasing sea-level rise and salinity intrusion in Ben Tre province, Mekong Delta. Climatic Change, 133, 69-84. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1113-4. Serra P., Pons X., Sauri D., 2008. Land cover and land use in a Mediterranean landscape. Applied Geography, 28, 189-209. Shearman P., Bryan J., Walsh J.P., 2013.Trends in deltaic change over three decades in the Asia-Pacific Region. Journal of Coastal Research, 29, 1169-1183. Doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00120.1. SIWRR-Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2016. Annual Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, 1-19. Slangen A.B.A., Katsman C.A., Van de Wal R.S.W., Vermeersen L.L.A., Riva R.E.M., 2012. Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC RES scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 38, 1191-1209. Doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6. Spencer T., Schuerch M., Nicholls R.J., Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A.T., Reef R., McFadden L., Brown S., 2016. Global coastal wetland change under sea-level rise and related stresses: The DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change, 139, 15-30. Doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.018. Stammer D., Cazenave A., Ponte R.M., Tamisiea M.E., 2013. Causes of contemporary regional sea level changes. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 21-46. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172406. Tett P., Mee L., 2015. Scenarios explored with Delphi. In: Coastal zones ecosystems services. Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 127-144. Tran Hong Hanh, 2017. Land use dynamics, its drivers and consequences in the Ca Mau province, Mekong delta, Vietnam. PhD dissertation, 191p. VUBPRESS Brussels University Press, ISBN 9789057186226, Brussels, Belgium. Tran Thuc, Nguyen Van Thang, Huynh Thi Lan Huong, Mai Van Khiem, Nguyen Xuan Hien, Doan Ha Phong, 2016. Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. Ministry of Natural resources and Environment. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tran Hong Hanh, Tran Thuc, Kervyn M., 2015. Dynamics of land cover/land use changes in the Mekong Delta, 1973-2011: A remote sensing analysis of the Tran Van Thoi District, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. Remote Sensing, 7, 2899-2925. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z Van Lavieren H., Spalding M., Alongi D., Kainuma M., Clüsener-Godt M., Adeel Z., 2012. Securing the future of Mangroves. The United Nations University, Okinawa, Japan, 53, 1-56. Water Resources Directorate. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2016. Available online: http://www.tongcucthuyloi.gov.vn/Tin-tuc-Su-kien/Tin-tuc-su-kien-tong-hop/catid/12/item/2670/xam-nhap-man-vung-dong-bang-song-cuu-long--2015---2016---han-han-o-mien-trung--tay-nguyen-va-giai-phap-khac-phuc. Last accessed on: 30/9/2016. Webster P.J., Holland G.J., Curry J.A., Chang H.-R., 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846. Doi: 10.1126/science.1116448. Were K.O., Dick O.B., Singh B.R., 2013. Remotely sensing the spatial and temporal land cover changes in Eastern Mau forest reserve and Lake Nakuru drainage Basin, Kenya. Applied Geography, 41, 75-86. Williams G.A., Helmuth B., Russel B.D., Dong W.-Y., Thiyagarajan V., Seuront L., 2016. Meeting the climate change challenge: Pressing issues in southern China an SE Asian coastal ecosystems. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8, 373-381. Doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2016.07.002. Woodroffe C.D., Rogers K., McKee K.L., Lovdelock C.E., Mendelssohn I.A., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034025.

Rapid urbanization rates impact significantly on the nature of Land Cover patterns of the environment, which has been evident in the depletion of vegetal reserves and in general modifying the human climatic systems (Henderson, et al., 2017; Kumar, Masago, Mishra, & Fukushi, 2018; Luo and Lau, 2017). This study explores remote sensing classification technique and other auxiliary data to determine LULCC for a period of 50 years (1967-2016). The LULCC types identified were quantitatively evaluated using the change detection approach from results of maximum likelihood classification algorithm in GIS. Accuracy assessment results were evaluated and found to be between 56 to 98 percent of the LULC classification. The change detection analysis revealed change in the LULC types in Minna from 1976 to 2016. Built-up area increases from 74.82ha in 1976 to 116.58ha in 2016. Farmlands increased from 2.23 ha to 46.45ha and bared surface increases from 120.00ha to 161.31ha between 1976 to 2016 resulting to decline in vegetation, water body, and wetlands. The Decade of rapid urbanization was found to coincide with the period of increased Public Private Partnership Agreement (PPPA). Increase in farmlands was due to the adoption of urban agriculture which has influence on food security and the environmental sustainability. The observed increase in built up areas, farmlands and bare surfaces has substantially led to reduction in vegetation and water bodies. The oscillatory nature of water bodies LULCC which was not particularly consistent with the rates of urbanization also suggests that beyond the urbanization process, other factors may influence the LULCC of water bodies in urban settlements. Keywords: Minna, Niger State, Remote Sensing, Land Surface Characteristics References Akinrinmade, A., Ibrahim, K., & Abdurrahman, A. (2012). Geological Investigation of Tagwai Dams using Remote Sensing Technique, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment, 1(01), pp. 26-32. Amadi, A., & Olasehinde, P. (2010). Application of remote sensing techniques in hydrogeological mapping of parts of Bosso Area, Minna, North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(9), pp. 1465-1474. Aplin, P., & Smith, G. (2008). Advances in object-based image classification. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B7), pp. 725-728. Ayele, G. T., Tebeje, A. K., Demissie, S. S., Belete, M. A., Jemberrie, M. A., Teshome, W. M., . . . Teshale, E. Z. (2018). Time Series Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection Analysis Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing, Northern Ethiopia. Air, Soil and Water Research, 11, p 1178622117751603. Azevedo, J. A., Chapman, L., & Muller, C. L. (2016). Quantifying the daytime and night-time urban heat island in Birmingham, UK: a comparison of satellite derived land surface temperature and high resolution air temperature observations. Remote Sensing, 8(2), p 153. Blaschke, T., Hay, G. J., Kelly, M., Lang, S., Hofmann, P., Addink, E., . . . van Coillie, F. (2014). Geographic object-based image analysis–towards a new paradigm. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 87, pp. 180-191. Bukata, R. P., Jerome, J. H., Kondratyev, A. S., & Pozdnyakov, D. V. (2018). Optical properties and remote sensing of inland and coastal waters: CRC press. Camps-Valls, G., Tuia, D., Bruzzone, L., & Benediktsson, J. A. (2014). Advances in hyperspectral image classification: Earth monitoring with statistical learning methods. IEEE signal processing magazine, 31(1), pp. 45-54. Chen, J., Chen, J., Liao, A., Cao, X., Chen, L., Chen, X., . . . Lu, M. (2015). Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 103, pp. 7-27. Chen, M., Mao, S., & Liu, Y. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications, 19(2), pp. 171-209. Cheng, G., Han, J., Guo, L., Liu, Z., Bu, S., & Ren, J. (2015). Effective and efficient midlevel visual elements-oriented land-use classification using VHR remote sensing images. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 53(8), pp. 4238-4249. Cheng, G., Han, J., Zhou, P., & Guo, L. (2014). Multi-class geospatial object detection and geographic image classification based on collection of part detectors. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 98, pp. 119-132. Coale, A. J., & Hoover, E. M. (2015). Population growth and economic development: Princeton University Press. Congalton, R. G., & Green, K. (2008). Assessing the accuracy of remotely sensed data: principles and practices: CRC press. Corner, R. J., Dewan, A. M., & Chakma, S. (2014). Monitoring and prediction of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change Dhaka megacity (pp. 75-97): Springer. Coutts, A. M., Harris, R. J., Phan, T., Livesley, S. J., Williams, N. S., & Tapper, N. J. (2016). Thermal infrared remote sensing of urban heat: Hotspots, vegetation, and an assessment of techniques for use in urban planning. Remote Sensing of Environment, 186, pp. 637-651. Debnath, A., Debnath, J., Ahmed, I., & Pan, N. D. (2017). Change detection in Land use/cover of a hilly area by Remote Sensing and GIS technique: A study on Tropical forest hill range, Baramura, Tripura, Northeast India. International journal of geomatics and geosciences, 7(3), pp. 293-309. Desheng, L., & Xia, F. (2010). Assessing object-based classification: advantages and limitations. Remote Sensing Letters, 1(4), pp. 187-194. Dewan, A. M., & Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization. Applied Geography, 29(3), pp. 390-401. Dronova, I., Gong, P., Wang, L., & Zhong, L. (2015). Mapping dynamic cover types in a large seasonally flooded wetland using extended principal component analysis and object-based classification. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, pp. 193-206. Duro, D. C., Franklin, S. E., & Dubé, M. G. (2012). A comparison of pixel-based and object-based image analysis with selected machine learning algorithms for the classification of agricultural landscapes using SPOT-5 HRG imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 118, pp. 259-272. Elmhagen, B., Destouni, G., Angerbjörn, A., Borgström, S., Boyd, E., Cousins, S., . . . Hambäck, P. (2015). Interacting effects of change in climate, human population, land use, and water use on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, 20(1) Farhani, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Causal relationship between CO 2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption, financial development, trade openness, and urbanization in Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), pp. 15663-15676. Feng, L., Chen, B., Hayat, T., Alsaedi, A., & Ahmad, B. (2017). The driving force of water footprint under the rapid urbanization process: a structural decomposition analysis for Zhangye city in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, pp. S322-S328. Fensham, R., & Fairfax, R. (2002). Aerial photography for assessing vegetation change: a review of applications and the relevance of findings for Australian vegetation history. Australian Journal of Botany, 50(4), pp. 415-429. Ferreira, N., Lage, M., Doraiswamy, H., Vo, H., Wilson, L., Werner, H., . . . Silva, C. (2015). Urbane: A 3d framework to support data driven decision making in urban development. Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), 2015 IEEE Conference on. Garschagen, M., & Romero-Lankao, P. (2015). Exploring the relationships between urbanization trends and climate change vulnerability. Climatic Change, 133(1), pp. 37-52. Gokturk, S. B., Sumengen, B., Vu, D., Dalal, N., Yang, D., Lin, X., . . . Torresani, L. (2015). System and method for search portions of objects in images and features thereof: Google Patents. Government, N. S. (2007). Niger state (The Power State). Retrieved from http://nigerstate.blogspot.com.ng/ Green, K., Kempka, D., & Lackey, L. (1994). Using remote sensing to detect and monitor land-cover and land-use change. Photogrammetric engineering and remote sensing, 60(3), pp. 331-337. Gu, W., Lv, Z., & Hao, M. (2017). Change detection method for remote sensing images based on an improved Markov random field. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76(17), pp. 17719-17734. Guo, Y., & Shen, Y. (2015). Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin, China: 2. Trends and implications to water resources. Journal of Hydrology, 527, pp. 251-261. Hadi, F., Thapa, R. B., Helmi, M., Hazarika, M. K., Madawalagama, S., Deshapriya, L. N., & Center, G. (2016). Urban growth and land use/land cover modeling in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia: Colombo-Srilanka, ACRS2016. Hagolle, O., Huc, M., Villa Pascual, D., & Dedieu, G. (2015). A multi-temporal and multi-spectral method to estimate aerosol optical thickness over land, for the atmospheric correction of FormoSat-2, LandSat, VENμS and Sentinel-2 images. Remote Sensing, 7(3), pp. 2668-2691. Hegazy, I. R., & Kaloop, M. R. (2015). Monitoring urban growth and land use change detection with GIS and remote sensing techniques in Daqahlia governorate Egypt. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 4(1), pp. 117-124. Henderson, J. V., Storeygard, A., & Deichmann, U. (2017). Has climate change driven urbanization in Africa? Journal of development economics, 124, pp. 60-82. Hu, L., & Brunsell, N. A. (2015). A new perspective to assess the urban heat island through remotely sensed atmospheric profiles. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, pp. 393-406. Hughes, S. J., Cabral, J. A., Bastos, R., Cortes, R., Vicente, J., Eitelberg, D., . . . Santos, M. (2016). A stochastic dynamic model to assess land use change scenarios on the ecological status of fluvial water bodies under the Water Framework Directive. Science of the Total Environment, 565, pp. 427-439. Hussain, M., Chen, D., Cheng, A., Wei, H., & Stanley, D. (2013). Change detection from remotely sensed images: From pixel-based to object-based approaches. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 80, pp. 91-106. Hyyppä, J., Hyyppä, H., Inkinen, M., Engdahl, M., Linko, S., & Zhu, Y.-H. (2000). Accuracy comparison of various remote sensing data sources in the retrieval of forest stand attributes. Forest Ecology and Management, 128(1-2), pp. 109-120. Jiang, L., Wu, F., Liu, Y., & Deng, X. (2014). Modeling the impacts of urbanization and industrial transformation on water resources in China: an integrated hydro-economic CGE analysis. Sustainability, 6(11), pp. 7586-7600. Jin, S., Yang, L., Zhu, Z., & Homer, C. (2017). A land cover change detection and classification protocol for updating Alaska NLCD 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, 195, pp. 44-55. Joshi, N., Baumann, M., Ehammer, A., Fensholt, R., Grogan, K., Hostert, P., . . . Mitchard, E. T. (2016). A review of the application of optical and radar remote sensing data fusion to land use mapping and monitoring. Remote Sensing, 8(1), p 70. Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N., & Magesh, N. (2015). Evaluation of multiple environmental factors for site-specific groundwater recharge structures in the Vaigai River upper basin, Tamil Nadu, India, using GIS-based weighted overlay analysis. Environmental earth sciences, 74(5), pp. 4355-4380. Koop, S. H., & van Leeuwen, C. J. (2015). Assessment of the sustainability of water resources management: A critical review of the City Blueprint approach. Water Resources Management, 29(15), pp. 5649-5670. Kumar, P., Masago, Y., Mishra, B. K., & Fukushi, K. (2018). Evaluating future stress due to combined effect of climate change and rapid urbanization for Pasig-Marikina River, Manila. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 6, pp. 227-234. Lang, S. (2008). Object-based image analysis for remote sensing applications: modeling reality–dealing with complexity Object-based image analysis (pp. 3-27): Springer. Li, M., Zang, S., Zhang, B., Li, S., & Wu, C. (2014). A review of remote sensing image classification techniques: The role of spatio-contextual information. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 47(1), pp. 389-411. Liddle, B. (2014). Impact of population, age structure, and urbanization on carbon emissions/energy consumption: evidence from macro-level, cross-country analyses. Population and Environment, 35(3), pp. 286-304. Lillesand, T., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. (2014). Remote sensing and image interpretation: John Wiley & Sons. Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Peng, J., Du, Y., Liu, X., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2015). Correlations between urbanization and vegetation degradation across the world’s metropolises using DMSP/OLS nighttime light data. Remote Sensing, 7(2), pp. 2067-2088. López, E., Bocco, G., Mendoza, M., & Duhau, E. (2001). Predicting land-cover and land-use change in the urban fringe: a case in Morelia city, Mexico. Landscape and urban planning, 55(4), pp. 271-285. Luo, M., & Lau, N.-C. (2017). Heat waves in southern China: Synoptic behavior, long-term change, and urbanization effects. Journal of Climate, 30(2), pp. 703-720. Mahboob, M. A., Atif, I., & Iqbal, J. (2015). Remote sensing and GIS applications for assessment of urban sprawl in Karachi, Pakistan. Science, Technology and Development, 34(3), pp. 179-188. Mallinis, G., Koutsias, N., Tsakiri-Strati, M., & Karteris, M. (2008). Object-based classification using Quickbird imagery for delineating forest vegetation polygons in a Mediterranean test site. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 63(2), pp. 237-250. Mas, J.-F., Velázquez, A., Díaz-Gallegos, J. R., Mayorga-Saucedo, R., Alcántara, C., Bocco, G., . . . Pérez-Vega, A. (2004). Assessing land use/cover changes: a nationwide multidate spatial database for Mexico. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5(4), pp. 249-261. Mathew, A., Chaudhary, R., Gupta, N., Khandelwal, S., & Kaul, N. (2015). Study of Urban Heat Island Effect on Ahmedabad City and Its Relationship with Urbanization and Vegetation Parameters. International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Science, 4, pp. 2347-2357. Megahed, Y., Cabral, P., Silva, J., & Caetano, M. (2015). Land cover mapping analysis and urban growth modelling using remote sensing techniques in greater Cairo region—Egypt. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(3), pp. 1750-1769. Metternicht, G. (2001). Assessing temporal and spatial changes of salinity using fuzzy logic, remote sensing and GIS. Foundations of an expert system. Ecological modelling, 144(2-3), pp. 163-179. Miller, R. B., & Small, C. (2003). Cities from space: potential applications of remote sensing in urban environmental research and policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 6(2), pp. 129-137. Mirzaei, P. A. (2015). Recent challenges in modeling of urban heat island. Sustainable Cities and Society, 19, pp. 200-206. Mohammed, I., Aboh, H., & Emenike, E. (2007). A regional geoelectric investigation for groundwater exploration in Minna area, north west Nigeria. Science World Journal, 2(4) Morenikeji, G., Umaru, E., Liman, S., & Ajagbe, M. (2015). Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Monitoring the Dynamics of Landuse in Minna, Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(6), pp. 320-337. Mukherjee, A. B., Krishna, A. P., & Patel, N. (2018). Application of Remote Sensing Technology, GIS and AHP-TOPSIS Model to Quantify Urban Landscape Vulnerability to Land Use Transformation Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development (pp. 31-40): Springer. Myint, S. W., Gober, P., Brazel, A., Grossman-Clarke, S., & Weng, Q. (2011). Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(5), pp. 1145-1161. Nemmour, H., & Chibani, Y. (2006). Multiple support vector machines for land cover change detection: An application for mapping urban extensions. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 61(2), pp. 125-133. Niu, X., & Ban, Y. (2013). Multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR data for urban land-cover classification using an object-based support vector machine and a rule-based approach. International journal of remote sensing, 34(1), pp. 1-26. Nogueira, K., Penatti, O. A., & dos Santos, J. A. (2017). Towards better exploiting convolutional neural networks for remote sensing scene classification. Pattern Recognition, 61, pp. 539-556. Oguz, H., & Zengin, M. (2011). Analyzing land use/land cover change using remote sensing data and landscape structure metrics: a case study of Erzurum, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 20(12), pp. 3258-3269. Pohl, C., & Van Genderen, J. L. (1998). Review article multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: concepts, methods and applications. International journal of remote sensing, 19(5), pp. 823-854. Price, O., & Bradstock, R. (2014). Countervailing effects of urbanization and vegetation extent on fire frequency on the Wildland Urban Interface: Disentangling fuel and ignition effects. Landscape and urban planning, 130, pp. 81-88. Prosdocimi, I., Kjeldsen, T., & Miller, J. (2015). Detection and attribution of urbanization effect on flood extremes using nonstationary flood‐frequency models. Water resources research, 51(6), pp. 4244-4262. Rawat, J., & Kumar, M. (2015). Monitoring land use/cover change using remote sensing and GIS techniques: A case study of Hawalbagh block, district Almora, Uttarakhand, India. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 18(1), pp. 77-84. Rokni, K., Ahmad, A., Solaimani, K., & Hazini, S. (2015). A new approach for surface water change detection: Integration of pixel level image fusion and image classification techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 34, pp. 226-234. Sakieh, Y., Amiri, B. J., Danekar, A., Feghhi, J., & Dezhkam, S. (2015). Simulating urban expansion and scenario prediction using a cellular automata urban growth model, SLEUTH, through a case study of Karaj City, Iran. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 30(4), pp. 591-611. Santra, A. (2016). Land Surface Temperature Estimation and Urban Heat Island Detection: A Remote Sensing Perspective. Remote Sensing Techniques and GIS Applications in Earth and Environmental Studies, p 16. Shrivastava, L., & Nag, S. (2017). MONITORING OF LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF SAGAR RIVER WATERSHED, TRIBUTARY OF WAINGANGA RIVER OF MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA. Shuaibu, M., & Sulaiman, I. (2012). Application of remote sensing and GIS in land cover change detection in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. J Technol Educ Res, 5, pp. 43-55. Song, B., Li, J., Dalla Mura, M., Li, P., Plaza, A., Bioucas-Dias, J. M., . . . Chanussot, J. (2014). Remotely sensed image classification using sparse representations of morphological attribute profiles. IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing, 52(8), pp. 5122-5136. Song, X.-P., Sexton, J. O., Huang, C., Channan, S., & Townshend, J. R. (2016). Characterizing the magnitude, timing and duration of urban growth from time series of Landsat-based estimates of impervious cover. Remote Sensing of Environment, 175, pp. 1-13. Tayyebi, A., Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., & Tayyebi, A. H. (2018). Analyzing long-term spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature in response to rapid urbanization in the mega-city of Tehran. Land Use Policy, 71, pp. 459-469. Teodoro, A. C., Gutierres, F., Gomes, P., & Rocha, J. (2018). Remote Sensing Data and Image Classification Algorithms in the Identification of Beach Patterns Beach Management Tools-Concepts, Methodologies and Case Studies (pp. 579-587): Springer. Toth, C., & Jóźków, G. (2016). Remote sensing platforms and sensors: A survey. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 115, pp. 22-36. Tuholske, C., Tane, Z., López-Carr, D., Roberts, D., & Cassels, S. (2017). Thirty years of land use/cover change in the Caribbean: Assessing the relationship between urbanization and mangrove loss in Roatán, Honduras. Applied Geography, 88, pp. 84-93. Tuia, D., Flamary, R., & Courty, N. (2015). Multiclass feature learning for hyperspectral image classification: Sparse and hierarchical solutions. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 105, pp. 272-285. Tzotsos, A., & Argialas, D. (2008). Support vector machine classification for object-based image analysis Object-Based Image Analysis (pp. 663-677): Springer. Wang, L., Sousa, W., & Gong, P. (2004). Integration of object-based and pixel-based classification for mapping mangroves with IKONOS imagery. International journal of remote sensing, 25(24), pp. 5655-5668. Wang, Q., Zeng, Y.-e., & Wu, B.-w. (2016). Exploring the relationship between urbanization, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in different provinces of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, pp. 1563-1579. Wang, S., Ma, H., & Zhao, Y. (2014). Exploring the relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment—A case study of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Ecological Indicators, 45, pp. 171-183. Weitkamp, C. (2006). Lidar: range-resolved optical remote sensing of the atmosphere: Springer Science & Business. Wellmann, T., Haase, D., Knapp, S., Salbach, C., Selsam, P., & Lausch, A. (2018). Urban land use intensity assessment: The potential of spatio-temporal spectral traits with remote sensing. Ecological Indicators, 85, pp. 190-203. Whiteside, T. G., Boggs, G. S., & Maier, S. W. (2011). Comparing object-based and pixel-based classifications for mapping savannas. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 13(6), pp. 884-893. Willhauck, G., Schneider, T., De Kok, R., & Ammer, U. (2000). Comparison of object oriented classification techniques and standard image analysis for the use of change detection between SPOT multispectral satellite images and aerial photos. Proceedings of XIX ISPRS congress. Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z., . . . Young, S. A. (2009). Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26(11), pp. 2310-2323. Yengoh, G. T., Dent, D., Olsson, L., Tengberg, A. E., & Tucker III, C. J. (2015). Use of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to Assess Land Degradation at Multiple Scales: Current Status, Future Trends, and Practical Considerations: Springer. Yu, Q., Gong, P., Clinton, N., Biging, G., Kelly, M., & Schirokauer, D. (2006). Object-based detailed vegetation classification with airborne high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 72(7), pp. 799-811. Zhou, D., Zhao, S., Zhang, L., & Liu, S. (2016). Remotely sensed assessment of urbanization effects on vegetation phenology in China's 32 major cities. Remote Sensing of Environment, 176, pp. 272-281. Zhu, Z., Fu, Y., Woodcock, C. E., Olofsson, P., Vogelmann, J. E., Holden, C., . . . Yu, Y. (2016). Including land cover change in analysis of greenness trends using all available Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images: A case study from Guangzhou, China (2000–2014). Remote Sensing of Environment, 185, pp. 243-257.

The challenge of implementing character education has an impact on the development of children's character. This study aims to describe the form of parenting using tueak serembeak in early character development and education in the Rejang tribe. This qualitative research uses a case study method with two male respondents. Data was collected by documentation, interviews, observations, and field notes and analysed using the Miles and Huberman stages. The theoretical study as the basis of research shows that tueak serembeak can form twelve characters in early childhood, responsibility, courage to take decisions, sharing, caring, survival, tenacity, cooperation, hard work, never give up, keep the spirit, dare to accept challenges, and be patient in dealing with problems. However, the findings in the field show that there are only four characters that appear, being responsible, sharing, caring and patient in dealing with problems. Other characters that appear not based on the teachings of tueak serembeakare independent, creative, and friendly characters. This happens because of the influence of external intervention, education in Air Raman Village, which has developed, advanced technology and open community life. A suggestion for further research, is experimental research based on tueak serembeak teachings that can explain more clearly the influence of this teaching on other aspects of child development. Keywords: Early Character Development, Parenting, Tueak Serembeak References: Acar, I. H., Uçuş, Ş., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Parenting and Turkish children’ s behaviour problems: The moderating role of qualities of parent – child relationship moderating role of qualities of parent – child relationship. 4430(September). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1365362 Adhe, K. R. (2014). Penanaman Karakter Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Pada Masyarakat Samin. Asscheman, J. S., He, J., Koot, S., Buil, J. M., Krabbendam, L., & Lier, P. A. C. Van. (2020). Classroom peer preferences and the development of sharing behavior with friends and others. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(5), 412–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420911094 Bavarian, N., Lewis, K. M., Dubois, D. L., Acock, A., Vuchinich, S., Silverthorn, N., Snyder, F. J., Day, J., Ji, P., & Flay, B. R. (2013). Using social-emotional and character development to improve academic outcomes: A matched-pair, cluster-randomized controlled trial in low-income, urban schools. The Journal of School Health, 83(11), 771–779. PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12093 Berkowitz, R., Astor, R. A., Pineda, D., DePedro, K. T., Weiss, E. L., & Benbenishty, R. (2021). Parental Involvement and Perceptions of School Climate in California. Urban Education, 56(3), 393–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916685764 Castro-schilo, L., Taylor, Z. E., Ferrer, E., Richard, W., Conger, R. D., Widaman, K. F., Conger, R. D., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Parenting: Science and Practice Parents’ Optimism, Positive Parenting, and Child Peer Competence in Mexican- Origin Families Parents’ Optimism, Positive Parenting, and Child Peer Competence in Mexican-Origin Families. September 2013, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.709151 Dalimonte-Merckling, D., & Williams, J. M. (2020). Parenting Styles and Their Effects☆. In J. B. Benson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development (Second Edition) (pp. 470–480). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.23611-0 Daniel, G. R., Wang, C., & Berthelsen, D. (2016). Early Childhood Research Quarterly Early school-based parent involvement, children’ s self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An Australian longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.016 Dea, L. F., Anwar, M. S., & Yusuf, M. (2020). Building Early Childhood Character through KH. Wahid Hasyim Education Model at RA Ma’ arif Metro. 6(2), 109–120. http://dx.doi.org./0.442/al-athfal.2020.62-02 Diana, R. R., Chirzin, M., Bashori, K., Suud, F. M., & Khairunnisa, N. Z. (2021). Parental Engagement on Children Character Education: The Influences of Positive Parenting and Agreeableness Mediated by Religiosity. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(2), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i2.39477 Ekorusyono, Y., Rosyadi, I., & Tri Bima, P. (2015). Roh kehidupan Suku Rejang. Buku Litera. Freijo, E. B. A., López, M. J. R., Freijo, E. B. A., & López, M. J. R. (2018). Positive parenting in Spain: Introduction to the special issue Positive parenting in Spain: Introduction to the special issue. 4430. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1501565 Gomez, Jessie A; Carter, Alice S; Forbes, Danielle; Gray, S. A. o. (2019). Parental Insightfulness and Parenting Behavior: A two-dimensional analysis of parent contributions to child cognitive outcomes. HHS Public Access, 20(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1446734.Parental Gü, S. K. (2017). The Education of Developing Responsibility Value *. 5(2), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i2.1361 Hariyanto, S. M. (2012). Konsep dan Model Pendidikan Karakter [Character Education Concepts and Models]. Remaja rosdakarya. Hodijah, S., Rachmawati, Y., Studi, P., Guru, P., Anak, P., Dini, U., Pedagogik, D., Pendidikan, F. I., & Indonesia, U. P. (2018). Upaya Guru Dalam Menanamkan Sifat Sabar Di RA Persis I Kota Bandung. EDUKIDS: Jurnal Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan, Dan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 15(229), 95–102. Kertajaya, H. (2010). Grow With Character, The Model Marketing. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Lee, G. (2013). Programs: Korean Children’ s Experiences Re-emphasizing Character Education in Early Childhood Programs Korean Children’ s Experiences. Childhood Education, October 2014, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2013.830907 Listyarti, R. (2012). Pendidikan Karakter dalam Metode Aktif, Inovatif dan Kreatif. Erlangga. Luciano, M., & Visscher, P. M. (2012). Multivariate Genetic Analyses of Cognition and Academic Achievement from Two Population Samples of 174, 000. 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-012-9549-7 Maas, A. J. B. M., Cock, E. S. A. De, Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M., Ad, J. J. M., Bakel, H. J. A. Van, Maas, A. J. B. M., Cock, E. S. A. De, & Vreeswijk, C. M. J. M. (2016). A longitudinal study on the maternal – fetal relationship and postnatal maternal sensitivity. 6838(April). https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2015.1112880 McDevitt, T. M., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Child Development and Education. Pearson Education. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=h7KgBwAAQBAJ Mei-ju, C., Chen-hsin, Y., & Pin-chen, H. (2014). The Beauty of Character Education on Preschool Children’ s Parent-Child Relationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 143, 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.431 Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc. Moleong, L. J. (2010). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Rosdakarya. Mulyadi, B. (2020). Early Childhood Character Education in Japan. 07063. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207063 Musi, M. A., Amal, A., & Hajerah, H. (2015). Pengasuhan Anak Usia Dini Perspektif Nilai Budaya Pada Keluarga Bajo Di Kabupaten Bone [Early Childhood Care Perspective of Cultural Values in Bajo Families in Bone Regency]. 18(1). https://doi.org/10.26858/ijes.v18i1.3601 Paul, S.-A. S., Hart, P., Augustin, L., Clarke, P. J., & Pike, M. (2020). Parents’ perspectives on home-based character education activities. Journal of Family Studies, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1806097 Rosyada, A., & Retnomurti, A. B. (2016). The Use of Positive Language on Children Education to Build Children’ s Positive Behaviour. 01(01), 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/scope.v1i01.868 Semke, C. A., & Sheridan, S. M. (2011). Family-School Connections in Rural Educational Settings: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature. [superscript 2] Working Papers. Research in Rural Education. September, S. J., Rich, E. G., & Roman, N. V. (2016). The role of parenting styles and socio-economic status in parents’ knowledge of child development. Early Child Development and Care, 186(7), 1060–1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1076399 Sriwilujeng, D. (2017). Panduan Implementasi Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter [Guidelines for the Implementation of Strengthening Character Education]. Esensi Penerbit Erlangga. Suardani, L., Pudjawan, K., & Tirtayani, L. A. (2016). Perbedaan Tingkat Kemandirian Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Dilihat Dari Status Pekerjaan Ibu Di Kelurahan Banyuning [Differences in the level of independence of children aged 5-6 years seen from the work status of mothers in Banyuning Village]. Journal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Undiksha, 4(2), 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/paud.v4i2.7765 Wang, Zhe; Deater-Deckard, K. (2013). Resilience in Gene-Environment Transactions. In Goldstein S., Brooks R. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3661-4_4 Zong, X., Zhang, L., & Yao, M. (2017). Parental involvement and Chinese elementary students’ achievement goals: The moderating role of parenting style. Educational Studies, 5698(October), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2017.1373634

Objetivo: Determinar la participación social a partir de la exploración de intereses ocupacionales y uso de los espacios de vida de los adultos mayores de 60 años del corregimiento de Obonuco de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto. Metodología: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo, con una muestra de 70 adultos mayores de 60 años, a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario de intereses ocupacionales para el adulto mayor, que determina el tipo de actividad, nivel de interés, frecuencia, autoeficacia percibida y con quién lo realiza, y la evaluación de espacios de vida con el cuestionario Life Space Assessment (LSA). Resultados: Las actividades que se presentan con mayor grado de interés son, asistir a misa, bailar, visitar familia y amigos, con una frecuencia de una vez por semana, con alta percepción de autoeficacia, sin ninguna compañía de algún familiar, amigo o cuidador, además de tener interés por participar de grupos de estudio. Conclusión: Prevalecen las relaciones intrafamiliares e intrapersonales, que han demostrado que llegar a esta etapa de la vida no es un impedimento para socializar y compartir con los suyos y la comunidad. Referencias: Acosta, C. y González-Celis, A. (2009). Actividades de la vida diaria en adultos mayores: la experiencia de dos grupos focales. Psicología y Salud, 19(2), 289-293. Acuña-Gurrola, M. y González-Celis, A. (2010). Autoeficacia y red de apoyo social en adultos mayores. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues, 2(2), 71-81. Benavides, L. (2015). Política Pública de Envejecimiento y Vejez 2013-2023. Recuperado de http://www.idsn.gov.co/index.php/noticias/2102-politica-publica-departamental-de-envejecimiento-y-vejez-2013-2023-en-el-departamento-de-narino Camacho, S. y Lachuma, I. (2014). Prácticas de autocuidado, capacidad funcional y depresión en adultos mayores. Recuperado de http://repositorio.unapiquitos.edu.pe/handle/UNAP/3539 Canales, A. (2015). El debate sobre migración y desarrollo. Evidencias y aportes desde América Latina. Latín American Research Review, 50(1), 29-53. Caride, J. (2012). Lo que el tiempo educa: el ocio como construcción pedagógica y social. Arbor, Ciencia, Pensamiento y Cultura, 188(754), 301-313. Chávez, J. y Collaguazo, V. (2015). La posición social de la población adulta mayor: un acercamiento a través de cómo se configura la posición social de la población adulta mayor en el barrio La Tola del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (Trabajo de Grado). Quito, Universidad Central del Ecuador UCE. Recuperado de http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/handle/25000/6089 Codón, I. (2003). Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre el envejecimiento. Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, 42, 193-208. CogniFit. (2018). ¿Qué es la cognición? Significado y Definición. Recuperado de https://www.cognifit.com/es/cognicion Congreso de la República de Colombia. (1975). Ley 29 de 1975 “por la cual se faculta al Gobierno Nacional para establecer la protección y la ancianidad y se crea el Fondo Nacional de la Ancianidad desprotegida”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de https://www.medellin.gov.co/amauta/archivos/Ley_29_1975.pdf -------. (1986). Ley 48 de 1986 “por la cual se autoriza la emisión de una estampilla pro-construcción, dotación y funcionamiento de los centros de bienestar del anciano, se establece su destinación y se dicta otras disposiciones”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=14908 -------. (2007). Ley 1171 de 2007 “Por medio de la cual se establecen unos beneficios a las personas adultas mayores”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=27907 -------. (2008). Ley 1251 de 2008 “por la cual se dicta normas tendientes a procurar la protección, promoción y defensa de los derechos de los adultos mayores”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=33964 Córdoba, N. (2012). Calidad de vida del adulto mayor, Hospital Regional de la Policía Nacional del Perú, Chiclayo 2010 (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo. Recuperada de https://alicia.concytec.gob.pe/vufind/Record/ USAT_9a5ee2b1614772ee75778de6fb67c97c Corregidor, A. (2010). Terapia Ocupacional en Geriatría y Gerontología. Bases conceptuales y aplicaciones prácticas. Madrid, España: Ergon. C/ Arboleda. Cruz, A., Arias M., Figueroa, K., Llavona, D. y Rivera, A. (2014). Factores que promueven la adaptación ocupacional en adultos mayores en Puerto Rico. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4892304.pdf De Las Heras, C. y Cantero, P. (2009). Dentro del modelo siempre se ha considerado el rescate del sentir, no solo del pensar y actuar. Recuperado de http://www.revistatog.com/num9/pdfs/maestros.pdf Duque, J. y Mateo, A. (Coords.) (2008). La participación social de las personas mayores. Madrid, España: Instituto de Mayores y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO). Elías, N. y Dunning, E. (1992). Deporte y ocio en el proceso de la civilización. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica. Flores, M., Cervantes, G., González, G., Vega, M. y Valle, M. (2012). Ansiedad y depresión como indicadores de calidad de vida en adultos mayores. Revista de Psicología da IMED, 4(1), 649-661. Fulgeri, V. (2012). Utilización del tiempo libre del adulto mayor. Recuperado de https://es.slideshare.net/ValeFulgeri/utilizacin-del-tiempo-libre-del-adulto-mayorGobernación de Nariño. (2015). Política pública Departamental de Envejecimiento y Vejez en el departamento de Nariño 2013 – 2023. Recuperado de http://xn--nario-rta.gov.co/2012-2015/index.php/eventos/6267-politica-publica-departamental-de-envejecimiento-y-vejez-2013-2023-en-el-departamento-de-narino Herrera, A. y Guzmán, A. (2012). Reflexiones sobre calidad de vida, dignidad y envejecimiento. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, 23(1), 65-76. Kielhofner, G. (2004). Terapia Ocupacional. Modelo de Ocupación Humana. Teoría y aplicación (3ª. ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Médica Panamericana. Landinez, N., Contreras, K. y Castro, Á. (2012). Proceso de envejecimiento, ejercicio y fisioterapia. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 38(4), 562-580. Marín, C. y Castro, S. (2011). Adulto mayor en Santa Marta y calidad de vida. Revista Memorias, 9(16), 120-129. Mercado, R. y Ramírez, A. (Coord.). (2008). Marco de Trabajo para la práctica de la Terapia Ocupacional: Dominio y proceso (2ª. ed.). Recuperado de http://www.terapia-ocupacional.com/aota2010esp.pdf Ministerio de la Protección Social. (2007). Política Nacional de Envejecimiento y Vejez 2007-2019. Recuperado de https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Documentos%20y%20Publicaciones/ POL%C3%8DTICA%20NACIONAL%20DE%20ENVEJECIMIENTO%20Y%20VEJEZ.pdf Molina, C., Meléndez, J. y Navarro, E. (2008). Bienestar y calidad de vida en ancianos institucionalizados y no institucionalizados. Anales de Psicología, 24(2), 312-319. Montero, I. y Bedmar, M. (2010). Ocio, tiempo libre y voluntariado en personas mayores. Polis (Santiago), 9(26), 61-84.Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2018). La actividad física en los adultos mayores. Recuperado de http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_olderadults/es/ Otero, H. (2013). Representaciones estadísticas de la vejez. Revista Latinoamericana de población, 7(13), 5-28.Pinillos-Patiño, Y., Prieto-Suárez, E. y Herazo-Beltrán, Y. (2013). Nivel de participación en actividades sociales y recreativas de personas mayores en Barranquilla, Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 15(6), 850-858. Robledo, L. (2016). Los paralogismos de la vejez. Revista Estudios del Desarrollo Social: Cuba y América Latina, 4(1), 125-140. Romero, D. (2007). Actividades de la vida diaria. Anales de Psicología, 23(2), 264-271. Rozo, V., Rodríguez, O., Montenegro, Z. y Dorado, C. (2016). Efecto de la implementación de un programa de estimulación cognitiva en una población de adultos mayores institucionalizados en la ciudad de Bogotá. Revista Chilena de Neuropsicología, 11(1), 12-18. Santos, Z. (2009). Adulto mayor, redes sociales e integración. Trabajo social, (11). Sepúlveda, B. (2012). Bases para la construcción de una política de envejecimiento activo: Una mirada desde la universidad a un desafío global. En Israel, R. y Villagrán, M. (Eds.), Reflexiones sobre la sociedad chilena. Una mirada desde la universidad (p. 239-258). Santiago, Chile: RIL Editores. Serna, I. (2003). La vejez desconocida: una mirada desde la biología a la cultura. Madrid, España: Ediciones Díaz de Santos. Toepoel, V. (2013). Ageing, Leisure, and Social Connectedness: How could leisure help reduce social isolation of older people? Social Indicators Research, 133(1), 355-372. Uriarte, J. (2014). Resiliencia y envejecimiento. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 4(2), 67-77. Yarce, E., Rosas, G., Paredes, Y., Rosero, M. y Morales, A. (2015). Intereses ocupacionales de adultos mayores de 60 años de la ciudad de San Juan de Pasto. Revista Unimar, 33(1), 201-212. Yarce, E., Botina, L., Cuero, M. y Ortiz, Y. (2016). Utilización de los espacios de vida en los adultos mayores. Revista Unimar, 34(1), 199-130. Yarce, E., Chalapud, S. y Martínez, M. (2017). Intereses de ocio y tiempo libre de los adultos mayores del municipio de Guachucal, Nariño. Revista Unimar, 35(1), 151-164.

IntroductionVincristine is at the core of many treatment protocols for childhood malignancies. The major dose-limiting side effect is vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) which may cause morbidity and disrupt curative treatment. Several studies have tried to identify pharmacogenetic biomarkers for susceptibility to vincristine-induced toxicity (Egbelakin A et al., Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 361–367. Aplenc R et al., Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 240–244. Diouf B et al., JAMA 2015; 313: 815–823. Zgheib NK et al., Pharmacogenet Genomics, 2018; 28: 189–195. Gutierrez-Camino A et al., Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 26: 100–102. Wright GE et al., Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105: 402–410. Kayilioğlu H et al., J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39(6): 458–462). A major limitation of these studies is that VIPN is difficult to measure objectively using only clinical examination and clinical scales. This is especially true for children, who are often unable to report or grade symptoms such as paresthesia, numbness, and pain. Furthermore, some studies are questioning the validity of currently available neuropathy grading scales (Postma TJ et al., Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 739–744). Our group recently showed that electrophysiological studies can be used with great accuracy for early detection of VIPN (Kavcic M et al., J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39: 266–271). In the previous study, we found that VIPN presents with primary axonal involvement and is more pronounced on motor neurons (Kavcic M et al., J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39: 266–271).