Статті в журналах з теми "2003 g-073"

Abstract Background: The beneficial effect of adding rituximab to CHOP has been shown for elderly patients with DLBCL (Coiffier et al, N.E.J.M 2002). We have shown that HDT with autologous stem cell transplantation is superior to CHOP in young adults with DLCL ( Milpied et al GOELAMS 072 trial, N.E.J.M 2004). The feasibility of adding rituximab to front-line HDT remains to be established. Methods: A prospective pilot trial was proposed to patients with DLBCL, with intermediate-high or high adjusted IPI, up to the age of 60 y.o. This program consisted of 2 courses of high-dose CHOP-like regimen, 15 days apart, with rituximab (375/mg/m2) on day 1 of each course, followed by rituximab on d 22, harvest of G-CSF mobilised peripheral blood stem cells on d 28,29, then rituximab on d 36 followed by a course of high-dose methotrexate with cytarabin. For patients who achieved at least a PR after these 3 courses, a BEAM regimen started on d 66 to 80 followed by the infusion of stem cells. Results: Between 04/2002 and 05/2003, 42 pts gave their informed consent and were included in that trial. Median age was 50 y.o (18–60 y.o), 23 had WHO PS ≥ 2, the LDH level was >N in 41 pts and 38 had stage III or IV disease. The age-adjusted IPI was intermediate-high in 23 and high in 19 pts. The program was completed in 30 pts (71%), 3 pts died of toxicity before the BEAM regimen, 8 pts failed to achieve at least a PR after the first 3 courses and 1 refused the autologous transplant. On an intent-to-treat basis, the response rate at the end of the treatment was CR/Cru=64%, PR=7%, less than PR or progression= 22% and toxic death=7%. No toxic death was directly attributable to the addition of rituximab. With a median FU of 19 m, the KM 2y probability of OS and EFS are 79% and 59% respectively, these figures compare to those achieved without rituximab in the previous trial as shown on the table: Conclusion : The addition of 4 doses of rituximab to this HDT program is feasible with no unexpected toxicity, allows the harvesting of sufficient numbers of stem cells to support an autologous transplant with a BEAM regimen in responding patients. This treatment is now being randomly prospectively compared with CHOP-14-rituximab in youg adults with DLBCL (Goelams 075 trial).Supported in part by Roche which kindly provided rituximab for that trial and by DRC Nantes programme N°:02/2N 2002. GOELAMS 072 (IPI 2 only) GOELAMS 074 (IPI 2–3) 2y OS 80% 79% 2y EFS 60% 59%

Работа посвящена обобщению результатов исследования анодирования алюминида титана (γ-TiAl) во фторсодержащих электролитах. Установлены оптимальные условия анодирования, приводящие к формированию самоорганизованных нанопористых анодных оксидных пленок (АОП) на поверхности образцов, сплава Ti-40 wt. % Al. Показано, что при оптимальных условиях образуются рентгеноаморфные оксидные пленки гетерогенного состава (Al2O3:TiO2 @ 1:1) с размерами пор в диапазоне от 40 до 80 nm. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности применения анодного наноструктурирования порошков Ti-40 wt. % Al для получения фотокаталитически активных материалов с расширенным до видимого света спектральным диапазоном поглощения. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Wang Y., Ma X., Li H., Yin S., Sato T. Advanced Catalytic materials - Photocatalysis and Other Current Trends, 2016, vol. 12, pp. 337–357. https://doi.org/10.5772/61864 Hashimoto K., Irie H., Fujishima A. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 8269–8285. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.8269 Uddin Md.T., Engg M. Sc. Dr. Rer. Nat. Technical University of Darmstadt, 2014, 222 p. URL: https://d-nb.info/1061050335/04 (accessed 28.11.2018) Batzill M. Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, vol. 4, pp. 3275–3286. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01577j Marschall R. Funct. Mater., 2014. vol. 24. pp. 2421–2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303214 Ghicov A., Schmuki P. Commun., 2009, pp. 2791–2808. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822726h Li F., Zhao Y., Hao Y., Wang X., Liu R., Zhao D., Chen D. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, vol. 239–240. pp. 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.016 Morris S. M., Horton J. A., Jaroniec M. Mesopor. Mater., 2010, vol. 128, pp. 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.08.018 Ahmed M. A., Abdel-Messih M. F. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, vol. 509, pp. 2154–2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.10.172 Pakmehr M., Nourmohammadi A., Ghashang M., Saffar-Teluri A. Journal of Particle Science and Technology, 2015, pp. 31–38. https://doi.org/22104/JPST.2015.76 Pei J., Ma W., Li R., Li Y., Du H. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/806568 Il'in, A. A., Kolachev, B. A., Pol'kin, I. S. Titanovye splavy. sostav, struktura, svoistva [Titanium alloys. Composition, structure, properties]. Moscow, VILS-MATI Publ., 2009, 520 p. (in Russ.) Tsuchiya, H., Berger, S., Macak, J.M., Ghicov, A., Schmuki, P. Comm., 2007, vol. 9, pp. 2397–2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.07.013 Berger, S., Tsuchiya, H., Schmuki, P. Mater., 2008, vol. 20, pp. 3245–3247. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm8004024 Stepanova K. V., Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev A. N., Pettersson Kh. zap. PetrGU. Seriya Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki, 2015, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 81–86. (in Russ.) Stepanova К. V., Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev А. N., Pettersson H. Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques, 2016, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 933– https://doi.org/10.1134/S102745101605013X Stepanova K. V. Diss. kand. tekh. nauk. Petrozavodsk, 2016, 162 p. (in Russ.) Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev A. N., Chupakhina E. A., Stepanova K. V., Yakovlev A. N., Vasil'ev S. G., Shul'ga A. M. Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2016, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 6− URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_18_1_2016_001.pdf (in Russ.) Kokatev A. N. Diss. kand. tekh. nauk. Petrozavodsk, 2013, 170 p. Savchenko O. I., Yakovleva N. M., Yakovlev A. N., Kokatev A. N., Pettersson Kh. Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2012, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 243–249. URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_14_2_2012_018.pdf (in Russ.) Canulescu S., Rechendorff K., Borca C.N., Jones N.C., Bordo K., Schou J., Pleth Nielsen L., Hoffmann S. V., Ambat R. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, vol. 104, pp. 121910(1–4). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866901 Chen C., Liu J., Liu P., Yu B. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2011, vol. 1, pp. 9– https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2011.11002 Rashed M. N., El-Amin A. A. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2007, vol. 2 (3), pp. 073–081. URL: http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS (accessed 28.11.2018) Ivanov V. M., Tsepkov M. G., Figurovskaya V. N. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Khimiya [Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin], 2010, vol. 65, 6, pp. 370-373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS0027131410060076 Scuderi V., Impellizzeri G., Romano L., Scuderi M., Nicotra G., Bergum K., Irrera A., Svensson B.G., Privitera V. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2014, vol. 9, pp. 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276x-9-458 AbdElmoula M. Dr. Philosophy. Boston, 2011, 275 р. Lee K., Mazare A., Schmuki P. Rev., 2014, vol. 114, pp. 9385–9454. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500061m Leyens C., Peters M. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Fundamentals and Applications. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003, 532 p.

Objetivos: Determinar las características maternas de la preeclampsia (PE) y eclampsia (E) en hospitales del Perú y las repercusiones en las madres y sus recién nacidos. Diseño: Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal. Lugar: Hospitales del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), Perú. Participantes: Gestantes sin PE/E y con preeclampsia y eclampsia, y sus recién nacidos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de los datos del Sistema de Información Perinatal SIP 2000 de 310 795 gestantes y sus 314 078 recién nacidos (RN) atendidos durante los años 2000 a 2006 en 28 hospitales del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Para el análisis de los datos se usó los paquetes estadísticos SPSS 14.0 y Epi Info 6.0. Principales medidas de resultados: Características maternas y neonatales y repercusiones por la PE/E. Resultados: Del total de gestantes, 295 075 no tuvieron PE/E (94,9%) y 15 720 sufrieron de PE/E (5,1%) [14 993 (4,8%) preeclampsia y 727 (0,24%) eclampsia]. Se asociaron a la PE de manera significativa la edad materna de 35 años o más, el embarazo gemelar, el desprendimiento prematuro de placenta y el parto por cesárea; y se relacionaron a la eclampsia ser menor de 20 años, la soltería, analfabetismo/educación incompleta, el embarazo múltiple, desprendimiento prematuro de placenta y el parto por cesárea. En los recién nacidos de madres con PE/E, hubo significativamente peso bajo para la edad gestacional, Ápgar bajo que requirió reanimación y peso menor a 2 500 g al egreso del RN. Hubo tendencia a mayor mortalidad materna y neonatal en la eclampsia, en relación a las gestantes sin PE/E o con preclampsia sin convulsiones. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio sobre la PE/E en hospitales peruanos del MINSA, la incidencia y la morbimortalidad materna y neonatal fueron similares a la de otros países y se asociaron a factores sociales y etarios. Es indispensable continuar actualizando la información, para conocer la evolución de esta temible complicación del embarazo en nuestro país.

In shallow waters the wave height distribution significantly differs from Rayleigh distribution during extreme wind conditions. The EurOtop manual (Pullen et al. 2007) recommends the use of a composite Rayleigh-Weibull distribution proposed by Battjes and Groenendijk (2000) in order to describe the wave statistics in shallow waters. A test of this recommendation by using wave measurements with continuously operated radar level gauges at three different sites at the German North Sea coast for comparison revealed the necessity for a change in the parameterization given in the EurOtop manual. References Barjenbruch, U., S. Mai, N. Ohle, and U. Mertinatis. 2002. Monitoring Water Level, Waves and Ice with Radar Gauges, Proceedings of the Hydro 2002 Conference, DHyG, 328-337. Barjenbruch, U., and J. Wilhelmi. 2008. Application of radar gauges to measure the water level and the sea state, Proceedings of 31st International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, 687-695. Battjes, J.A., and H.W. Groenendijk. 2000. Wave height distributions on shallow foreshores, Coastal Engineering, 40, 161-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(00)00007-7 Burcharth, H.F., P. Frigaard, J. Uzcanga, J.M. Berenguer, B.G. Madrigal, and J. Villanueva. 1996. Design of the Ciervana breakwater, Bilbao, Advances in coastal structures and breakwaters, Thomas Telford, London, 26-43. Forristall, G. 2008. Offshore LNG terminal designs must overcome complications of shallow water, Oil & Gas Journal, 106(43). IAHR Working Group on Wave Generation and Analysis. 1989. List of Sea-State Parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 115(6), pp. 793-80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1989)115:6(793) Klopman, G., and M.J.F. Stive. 1989. Extreme waves and wave loading in shallow water, Proceedings of E&P Forum Workshop: Wave and current kinematics and loading, Paris, Oct. 25-26. Longuet-Higgins, M. S. 1952. On the Statistical Distribution of the Heights of Sea Waves. Journal of Marine Research, 11(3), 245–266. Mai, S. 2008. Statistics of Waves in the Estuaries of the Rivers Ems and Weser - Measurement vs. Numerical Wave Model, Proceedings of the 7th Int. Conf. on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries COPEDEC, CD-ROM. Nelson, R.C. 1994. Depth limited design wave heights in very flat regions, Coastal Engineering, 23, 43-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(94)90014-0 Pullen, T., N.W.H. Allsop, T. Bruce, A. Kortenhaus, H. Schüttrumpf, and J.W. van der Meer. 2007. EurOtop – Wave Overtopping of Sea Defences and Related Structures: Assessment Manual, Die Küste, 73, 193 pp. (online:

Rotationally resolved (1 + 1′), resonance-enhanced, two-photon ionization spectra of the C 0+u ← X 0+g transition of several isotopomers of Xe2 have been recorded. Rotational constants have been determined for the v′ = 14–26 levels of the C 0+u Rydberg state and the v′′ = 0 and 1 levels of the X 0+g ground state, and band origins have been determined with an absolute accuracy of 0.015 cm–1 for the transitions to the v′ = 14–26 levels of the C 0+u state of the 129Xe2, 129Xe–132Xe, and 131Xe–136Xe isotopomers. The equilibrium internuclear separation of the X 0+g ground state (Re = 4.3773(49) Å) was determined from the rotational constants of the v′′ = 0 and 1 levels. The analysis of the isotopic shifts of the band origins enabled the confirmation of the absolute numbering of the vibrational levels of the C 0+u state determined by Lipson et al. (R.H. Lipson, P.E. Larocque, and B.P. Stoicheff. J. Chem. Phys. 82, 4470 (1985)). A semiempirical interaction potential for the X 0+g ground state was derived in a nonlinear fitting procedure using the present spectroscopic results, the positions of the v′′ = 2–9 levels determined by Freeman et al. (D.E. Freeman, K. Yoshino, and Y. Tanaka. J. Chem. Phys. 61, 4880 (1974)) and experimental values for the second virial coefficient. The interaction potential is similar to previous semiempirical potentials but the dissociation energy (De = (196.1 ± 1.1) cm–1) differs from the value of 183.1 cm–1 determined in the latest ab initio calculation (P. Slavíček, R. Kalus, P. Paška, I. Odvárková, P. Hobza, and A. Malijevský. J. Chem. Phys. 119, 2102 (2003)). Key words: high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet laser spectroscopy, rare gas dimers and their cations, photoionisation, Xe2, rotationally resolved electronic spectrum.

Background Mycoplasma pneumonia (M. pneumoniae) is one of the key pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia. A global pandemic of M. pneumoniae has occurred since 2010. The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of M. pneumoniae in children in Beijing from 2007–2012. Methods A total of 3 073 clinical specimens were obtained from pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections from January 2007 to December 2012, and examined by nested polymerase chain reaction. PCR products were visualized by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, positive products sequenced, and compared with reference sequences in GenBank. Macrolide resistance-associated mutations were also detected for some positive samples. Results Of the 3 073 specimens, 588 (19.13%) were positive for M. pneumoniae, 12.4% of which were accompanied by viral infections. Positive rates for M. pneumoniae were highest in 2007 and 2012, showing a significant difference when compared with other years. Infections tended to occur in autumn and winter and positive rates were significantly higher for children aged 3–16. The rate of macrolide resistance-associated mutations was 90.7%, and the predominant mutation was an A→G transition (89.92%) at position 2063 in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. Conclusions M. pneumoniae outbreaks occurred in 2007 and 2012 in pediatric patients in Beijing, which is consistent with the global prevalence of M. pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae can cause multi-system infections in children, and may be accompanied with viral infections. We determined that school-age children are more susceptible to this disease, particularly in autumn and winter. Gene mutations associated with macrolide resistance were very common in M. pneumoniae-positive specimens during this period in Beijing.

Abstract The Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS; Cohen et al, 1983) was developed to measure subjective elements of stress. Most measures focus on objective characteristics of stress (e. g., frequency of occurrence) and specific situations that produce stress (e. g., divorce) but ignore the cognitive appraisal associated with stressful stimuli. The PSS-10 assesses the interplay between stressor and appraisal-mediated coping ability. Factor analytic studies provide support for two factors: perceived helplessness and perceived self-efficacy (see Roberti et al. 2006). The current study presents data from 591 people across three groups: 221 young adults (mean age 19.31, SD = 1.21), 283 middle-age adults (mean age 48.27, SD = 5.14), and 109 older adults (mean age 72.95, SD = 7.22). An ordinal confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using robust weighted least squares (WLSMV) evaluated invariance across age groups. Results showed CFI/TLI values of .964/.953, 965/.960, and .964/.969 for Configural (CI), Metric (MI), and Scalar (SI) models. The RMSEA for CI, MI, and SI models was .086, .081, and .071. Based upon recommendations of Cheung and Rensvold (2002), Sass (2011), and Chen (2007), a cutoff of ΔCFI ≥ 0.01 was established as evidence of invariance. The ΔCFI between CI and MI models was < .01 so analysis continued with the SI test. Once again, ΔCFI between MI and SI models was < 0.01 which did not justify rejection of the null hypothesis. Based on these analyses, PSS-10 scores are valid across multiple age groups. Further, results support the multidimensional nature of the PSS-10.

8002 Background: Vitespen (Oncophage; formerly HSPPC-96) is an autologous, tumor-derived, heat shock protein (gp96)-peptide complex vaccine that has shown signals of clinical activity in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma, and colon and renal cancers. Methods: This phase 3 trial compares vitespen v. PC in AJCC stage IV melanoma. Pts had ECOG PS 0/1 and ≥7 g tumor tissue for vaccine production. Randomization was 2:1 favoring vitespen, and stratified by ECOG PS and AJCC substage (M1a, -b, -c). Vitespen was administered s.c. weekly for 4 weeks, then biweekly until vaccine depletion or disease progression (DP). PC treatment was any regimen including IL-2 and/or dacarbazine/temozolomide and/or tumor resection. Pts were evaluated every 3 months for 1st year, every 6 months for 2nd year, then annually until DP. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). OS data, based on ITT, were analyzed using 1-sided log-rank tests. Results: From Jan 2002-Sept 2004, 322 pts at 76 centers (US, Europe, Russia/Ukraine, Australia) were enrolled. 215 pts were randomized to vitespen, 107 pts to PC. Mean age was 55 y; 59% were male; ECOG was 0 in 71% of pts; 19% of pts were M1a, 24% M1b, 57% M1c. 62% of pts in vaccine arm received vitespen; median number of vaccines was 6 (range, 0–74). As of Sept 2005, 18 pts were in tumor evaluation phase, 53 in survival follow-up, 251 off-study (death, withdrew consent, lost to follow-up). Median follow-up time for vaccine and PC arms was 250 and 289 d, respectively. Estimated median survival for vaccine and PC arms was 281 and 322 d, respectively (P = .078). M1a pts in the vaccine arm survived longer than those in the PC arm (626 v. 383 d, P = .177). Survival was comparable in both arms for M1b pts (297 v. 320 d, P = .478), and longer in the PC arm for M1c pts (299 v. 226 d, P = .015). Impact of number of doses was examined using landmark analyses to correct potential biases. Pts who received ≥10 doses of vaccine survived longer than those who received PC (377 v. 478 d, P = .072). Conclusions: Vitespen confers qualitative survival benefit over PC for M1a melanoma pts. If 10 doses of vaccine can be administered, vitespen also appears to confer survival benefit over PC for M1b pts. A phase 3 trial evaluating vitespen in M1a and M1b pts is planned. [Table: see text]

Abstract Panoramic radiographs of two female patients ages 22 and 21 revealed the presence of two impacted bilateral upper fourth molars and unilateral (right) upper fourth and fifth molars. All of the teeth were distomolars. The supernumerary teeth had normal tooth morphology with regard to their crowns and roots but were slightly smaller than the existing third molars. Their crowns were either two or three tuberculated and they all had single roots. Citation Kokten G, Balcioglu H, Buyukertan M. Supernumerary Fourth and Fifth Molars: A Report of Two Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:067-076.

Olive oil is well known for its cardioprotective properties; however, epidemiological data showing that olive oil consumption reduces incident CHD events are still limited. Therefore, we studied the association between olive oil and CHD in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Spanish cohort study. The analysis included 40 142 participants (38 % male), free of CHD events at baseline, recruited from five EPIC-Spain centres from 1992 to 1996 and followed up until 2004. Baseline dietary and lifestyle information was collected using interview-administered questionnaires. Cox proportional regression models were used to assess the relationship between validated incident CHD events and olive oil intake (energy-adjusted quartiles and each 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) increment), while adjusting for potential confounders. During a 10·4-year follow-up, 587 (79 % male) CHD events were recorded. Olive oil intake was negatively associated with CHD risk after excluding dietary mis-reporters (hazard ratio (HR) 0·93; 95 % CI 0·87, 1·00 for each 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) and HR 0·78; 95 % CI 0·59, 1·03 for upper v. lower quartile). The inverse association between olive oil intake (per 10 g/d per 8368 kJ (2000 kcal)) and CHD was more pronounced in never smokers (11 % reduced CHD risk (P = 0·048)), in never/low alcohol drinkers (25 % reduced CHD risk (P < 0·001)) and in virgin olive oil consumers (14 % reduced CHD risk (P = 0·072)). In conclusion, olive oil consumption was related to a reduced risk of incident CHD events. This emphasises the need to conserve the traditional culinary use of olive oil within the Mediterranean diet to reduce the CHD burden.

Numerical simulations are used to investigate the entrainment for forced turbulent fountains over a range of Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers, with ranges based on the fountain source properties. Other fountain properties such as height and width are also examined to provide information on the general structure of the fountains. The results show that the fountains have minimal Reynolds number dependency, while they have a strong linear relation with the Froude number for the cases considered in this study. The entrainment coefficient is obtained as well as scaling constants for height and width in terms of the Froude number. References G. Abraham. Jets with negative buoyancy in homogeneous fluid. J. Hydraul. Res., 5(4):235248, 1967. doi:10.1080/00221686709500209. W. D. Baines, J. S. Turner, and I. H. Campbell. Turbulent fountains in an open chamber. J. Fluid Mech., 212:557592, 1990. doi:10.1017/S0022112090002099. L. J. Bloomfield and R. C. Kerr. A theoretical model of a turbulent fountain. J. Fluid Mech., 424:197216, 2000. doi:10.1017/S0022112000001907. H. C. Burridge and G. R. Hunt. Entrainment by turbulent fountains. J. Fluid Mech., 790:407418, 2016. doi:10.1017/jfm.2016.16. I. H. Campbell and J. S. Turner. Fountains in magma chambers. J. Petrol., 30(4):885923, 1989. doi:10.1093/petrology/30.4.885. P. D. Friedman, V. D. Vadakoot, W. J. Meyer, and S. Carey. Instability threshold of a negatively buoyant fountain. Exp. Fluids, 42(5):751759, 2007. doi:10.1007/s00348-007-0283-5. D. D. Gray and A. Giorgini. The validity of the Boussinesq approximation for liquids and gases. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran., 19(5):545551, 1976. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(76)90168-X. N. B. Kaye and G. R. Hunt. Weak fountains. J. Fluid Mech., 558:319328, 2006. doi:10.1017/S0022112006000383. B. P. Leonard and S. Mokhtari. Beyond first-order upwinding: The ultra-sharp alternative for non-oscillatory steady-state simulation of convection. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 30(4):729766, 1990. doi:10.1002/nme.1620300412. T. J. McDougall. Negatively buoyant vertical jets. Tellus, 33(3):313320, 1981. doi:10.3402/tellusa.v33i3.10718. T. Mizushina, F. Ogino, H. Takeuchi, and H. Ikawa. An experimental study of vertical turbulent jet with negative buoyancy. Warme Stoffubertrag., 16(1): 1521, 1982. doi:10.1007/BF01322802. B. R. Morton. Forced plumes. J. Fluid Mech., 5(1):151163, 1959. doi:10.1017/S002211205900012X. S. E. Norris. A parallel NavierStokes solver for natural convection and free surface flow. PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 2000. J. S. Turner. Jets and plumes with negative or reversing buoyancy. J. Fluid Mech., 26(4):779792, 1966. doi:10.1017/S0022112066001526. N. Williamson, N. Srinarayana, S. W. Armfield, G. D. McBain, and W. Lin. Low-Reynolds-number fountain behaviour. J. Fluid Mech., 608:297317, 2008. doi:10.1017/S0022112008002310. N. Williamson, S. W. Armfield, and W. Lin. Forced turbulent fountain flow behaviour. J. Fluid Mech., 671:535558, 2011. doi:10.1017/S0022112010005872. H. Zhang and R. E. Baddour. Maximum penetration of vertical round dense jets at small and large Froude numbers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(5):550553, 1998. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:5(550).

TOTUM-070 is a patented polyphenol-rich blend of five different plant extracts showing separately a latent effect on lipid metabolism and potential synergistic properties. In this study, we investigated the health benefit of such a formula. Using a preclinical model of high fat diet, TOTUM-070 (3 g/kg of body weight) limited the HFD-induced hyperlipemia with a reduction in triglyceride (−32% after 6 weeks; −20.3% after 12 weeks) and non-HDL cholesterol levels (−21% after 6 weeks; −38.4% after 12 weeks). To further investigate such a benefit and its underlying mechanisms in humans, we designed an ex vivo clinical approach to collect the circulating bioactives resulting from TOTUM-070 ingestion and to determine their biological activities on human hepatocytes. Human serum was obtained from healthy subjects before and after intake of TOTUM-070 (4995 mg). The presence of circulating metabolites was assessed by UPLC-MS/MS. Serum containing metabolites was further incubated with hepatocytes cultured in a lipotoxic environment (palmitate, 250 µM). RNA sequencing analyses show that lipid metabolism was one of the most impacted processes. Using histologic, proteomic, and enzymatic assays, the effects of human TOTUM-070 bioactives on hepatocyte metabolism were characterized by (1) the inhibition of lipid storage, including both (2) triglycerides (−41%, p < 0.001) and (3) cholesterol (−50%, p < 0.001) intracellular content, (4) a reduced de novo cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase activity −44%, p < 0.001), and (5) a lowered fatty acid synthase protein level (p < 0.001). Altogether, these data support the beneficial impact of TOTUM-070 on lipid metabolism and provide new biochemical insights in human mechanisms occurring in liver cells.

Utopia Is Creepy: And Other Provocations, Nicholas Carr (2016) New York: W. W. Norton, 360 pp., ISBN 978-0-39325-454-9, h/bk, $26.95, ISBN 978-0-39335-474-4, p/bk, $16.95 The Glass Cage: How Our Computers Are Changing Us, Nicholas Carr (2015) New York: W. W. Norton, 288 pp., ISBN 978-0-39335-163-7, p/bk, $16.95 The Glass Cage: Automation and Us, Nicholas Carr (2014) New York: W. W. Norton, 288 pp., ISBN 978-0-39324-076-4, h/bk, $26.95 The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, Nicholas Carr (2010) New York: W. W. Norton, 288 pp., ISBN 978-0-39307-222-8, h/bk, $26.95, ISBN 978-0-39333-975-8, p/bk, $15.95 The Big Switch; Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google, Nicholas Carr (2008) New York: W. W. Norton, 224 pp., ISBN 978-0-39306-228-1, h/bk, $26.95, ISBN 978-0-39334-522-3, p/bk, $16.95 Does IT Matter?: Information Technology and the Corrosion of Competitive Advantage, Nicholas G. Carr (2004) Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 193 pp., ISBN 978-1-59139-444-9, h/bk, $26.95

Abstract A clonal trial of Gmelina arborea consisting of seventy clones selected from ten geographical locations in four states of northeast India was evaluated for and 0.37 with a genetic gain of 18.1, 24.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was determined to be an important trait with maximum genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation of 18.6 and 30.4%, respectively. Clones selected from the geographical location of Lanka (Assam) were better performers over other locations. Clone 106 attained the greatest height (517 cm) and DGL (119 mm), whereas Clone 108 performed poorly for all the traits studied. Clone 106 maintained its superiority from an early age of 12 months. Clones 009, 017 and 079 showed an increasing trend for height, and markedly changed rankings from 13th, 15th and 20th positions at the age of 12 months to 2nd, 4th and 15th positions at 24 months of age. The interim assessment of different clones indicated large genetic improvement possibilities in G. arborea. and 0.37 with a genetic gain of 18.1, 24.6 and 30.1%, respectively. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was determined to be an important trait with maximum genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation of 18.6 and 30.4%, respectively. Clones selected from the geographical location of Lanka (Assam) were better performers over other locations. Clone 106 attained the greatest height (517 cm) and DGL (119 mm), whereas Clone 108 performed poorly for all the traits studied. Clone 106 maintained its superiority from an early age of 12 months. Clones 009, 017 and 079 showed an increasing trend for height, and markedly changed rankings from 13th, 15th and 20th positions at the age of 12 months to 2nd, 4th and 15th positions at 24 months of age. The interim assessment of different clones indicated large genetic improvement possibilities in G. arborea.

Abstract This paper introduces the reader to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 legislation in the context of its relationship to the Electronic Oral Health Record (EOHR). Privacy and confidentiality issues for administrative data are addressed in terms of the broader relationship of such data to the EOHR leaving the HIPAA-defined administrative transactions and security issues for the entire practice for a subsequent presentation. Educational requirements are presented that aid the dentist and the practice staff in understanding the broad and long-term implications of the HIPAA legislation. Citation Chasteen JE, Murphy G, Forrey A, et.al. The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act: Practice of Dentistry in the United States: Privacy and Confidentiality. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 February;(4)1:059-070.

Bullying behaviour can have a negative impact on a child's physical and psychological health. Bullying in the classroom is a challenge for early-childhood educators. Preschool is the first place outside the home where children face social challenges when interacting with their classmates. Child-Friendly Class is the first step and part of the Children Friendly School (CSF) as a UNICEF program and an important Indonesian government policy to prevent the emergence of child bullying behaviour. This study aims to identify needs in the process of developing a Child-Friendly Classroom Management model to anticipate bullying behaviour. This research and development method uses an adaptation of the Rowntree model which includes three stages of the process and data collection techniques using interviews, questionnaires, and observation. The results of this study indicate that the preparation of an effective classroom management guidebook to create child-friendly classes needs to be followed up immediately. Several findings related to teachers' perceptions of classroom management, and child-friendly classes prove that child-friendly classes have not been implemented properly in PAUD institutions, with bullying behaviour still appearing in early childhood in PAUD institutions. PAUD teachers understand that it is important to implement classroom management but so far there has been no manual on how to manage effective classrooms as well as training related to the implementation of effective classroom management. The creation of child-friendly classes is believed to be able to help teachers suppress the emergence of bullying behaviour in early childhood. Keywords: Child-Friendly Classroom Management, Bullying Prevention, Early Childhood Education References: Allday, R. A., Hinkson-Lee, K., Hudson, T. M., Neilsen-Gatti, S., Kleinke, A., & Russel, C. S. (2012). Training General Educators to Increase Behavior-Specific Praise: Effects on Students with EBD. Behavioral Disorders, 37, 87–98. Alsaker, F. D., & Valkanover, S. (2012). The Bernese Program against Victimization in Kindergarten and Elementary School. New Directions for Youth Development, 2012(133), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.20004 Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Bullying Victimization Uniquely Contributes to Adjustment Problems in Young Children: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study. PEDIATRICS, 118(1), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2388 Benedict, E., Horner, R. H., & Squires, J. (2007). Assessment and Implementation of Positive Behavior Support in Preschools. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 27, 174–192. Boz, Y. (2008). Turkish student teachers’ concerns about teaching. European Journal of Teacher Education, 31(4), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619760802420693 Bradshaw, C. P., & Johnson, R. M. (2011). The Social Context of Bullying and Peer Victimization: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of School Violence, 10(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2011.557145 Bradshaw, C. P., Sawyer, A. L., & O’Brennan, L. M. (2009). A Social Disorganization Perspective on Bullying-Related Attitudes and Behaviors: The Influence of School Context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43(3–4), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9240-1 Bullock, J. R. (2002). Bullying among Children. Childhood Education, 78(3), 130–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2002.10522721 Çobanoğlu, F., Ayvaz-Tuncel, Z., & Ordu, A. (2018). Child-friendly Schools: An Assessment of Secondary Schools. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(3), 466–477. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060313 Cothran, D. J., Kulinna, P. H., & Garrahy, D. A. (2003). “This is kind of giving a secret away...”: Students’ perspectives on effective class management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(4), 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(03)00027-1 Cross, D., Monks, H., Hall, M., Shaw, T., Pintabona, Y., Erceg, E., Hamilton, G., Roberts, C., Waters, S., & Lester, L. (2011). Three‐year results of the Friendly Schools whole‐of‐school intervention on children’s bullying behaviour. British Educational Research Journal, 37(1), 105–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920903420024 Cross, D., Pintabona, Y., Hall, M., Hamilton, G., & Erceg, E. (2004). Validated Guidelines for School-Based Bullying Prevention and Management. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6(3), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2004.9721937 Cross, D., Runions, K. C., Shaw, T., Wong, J. W. Y., Campbell, M., Pearce, N., Burns, S., Lester, L., Barnes, A., & Resnicow, K. (2019). Friendly Schools Universal Bullying Prevention Intervention: Effectiveness with Secondary School Students. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 1(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-018-0004-z Evertson, C. M., & Weinstein, C. S. (2012). Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues. Fox, B. H., Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2012). Successful Bullying Prevention Programs: Influence of Research Design, Implementation Features, and Program Components. Research Design, 6, 10. Georgiou, S. N. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78 Pt 1, 109–125. Hammarberg, T. (1998). A School for Children with Rights. UNICEF International Child Development Centre. Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M. (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928 Johansen, A., Little, S. G., & Akin-Little, A. (2011). An Examination of New Zealand Teachers’ Attributions and Perceptions of Behaviour, Classroom Management, and the Level of Formal Teacher Training Received in Behaviour Management. King, E. (2020). Implications for the child friendly schools policy within Cambodia’s cultural and primary school context. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 48(4), 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2019.1645811 Kirves, L., & Sajaniemi, N. (2012). Bullying in early educational settings. Early Child Development and Care,182(3–4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.646724 MacSuga, A. S., & Simonsen, B. (2011). Increasing Teachers’ Use of Evidence-Based Classroom Management Strategies through Consultation: Overview and Case Studies. Beyond Behavior, 20, 4–12. Maida, P. (2006). Child-Friendly-School-Manual. UNICEF. Modipane, M., & Themane, M. (2014). Teachers’ social capital as a resource for curriculum development: Lessons learnt in the implementation of a Child-Friendly Schools programme. South African Journal of Education, 34(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15700/201412052105 Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2005). Psychological correlates of peer victimisation in preschool: Social cognitive skills, executive function and attachment profiles. Aggressive Behavior, 31(6), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20099 Olweus, D. (1994). Bullying at School: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35(7), 1171–1190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x O’Neill, S. C., & Stephenson, J. (2011). Classroom behaviour management preparation in undergraduate primary teacher education in Australia: A web-based investigation. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(10). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n10.3 O’Neill, S., & Stephenson, J. (2012). Does classroom management coursework influence pre-service teachers’ perceived preparedness or confidence? Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(8), 1131–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.06.008 Osher, D., Kelly, D. L., Tolani-Brown, N., Shors, L., & Chen, C.-S. (2009). American Institutes for Research 1000 Thomas Jefferson Street , NW Washington, DC 20007-3835. 13. Perren, S., Stadelmann, S., & Von Klitzing, K. (2009). Child and family characteristics as risk factors for peer victimization in kindergarten. Swiss Journal of Educational Research, 36(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.24452/sjer.36.1.4806 Reinke, W. M., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Merrell, K. (2008). The Classroom Check-up: A Classwide Teacher Consultation Model for Increasing Praise and Decreasing Disruptive Behavior. School Psychology Review, 37(3), 315–332. PubMed. Repo, L., & Sajaniemi, N. (2015). Prevention of bullying in early educational settings: Pedagogical and organisational factors related to bullying. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(4), 461–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2015.1087150 Rigby, K. (2003). Consequences of Bullying in Schools. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370304800904 Rowntree, D. (1994). Preparing Materials for Open, Distance and Flexible Learning: An Action Guide for Teachers and Trainers. Kogan Page. https://books.google.com.jm/books?id=6Tf1kH6MQZ0C Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410378068 Salmivalli, C. (2002). Is there an age decline in victimization by peers at school? Educational Research, 44(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880210135331 Saracho, O. (2016). Contemporary Perspectives on Research on Bullying and Victimization in Early Childhood Education. Information Age Publishing, Incorporated. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=dalCDQAAQBAJ Saracho, O. N. (2017). Bullying Prevention Strategies in Early Childhood Education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 45(4), 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-016-0793-y Sempowicz, T., & Hudson, P. (2011). Analysing Mentoring Dialogues for Developing a Preservice Teacher’s Classroom Management Practices. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 36(8). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2011v36n8.4 Smith, J. D., Schneider, B. H., Smith, P. K., & Ananiadou, K. (2004). The Effectiveness of Whole-School Antibullying Programs: A Synthesis of Evaluation Research. School Psychology Review, 33, 547–560. Sourander, A., Ronning, J., Brunstein-Klomek, A., Gyllenberg, D., Kumpulainen, K., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Sillanmäki, L., Ristkari, T., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., Piha, J., & Almqvist, F. (2009). Childhood Bullying Behavior and Later Psychiatric Hospital and Psychopharmacologic Treatment. ARCH GEN PSYCHIATRY, 66(9), 9. Tauber, R. T. (2007). Classroom Management: Sound Theory and Effective Practice. Praeger Publishers. https://books.google.la/books?id=XiQFyR41kysC Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1 Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Bullying prevention programs: The importance of peer intervention, disciplinary methods and age variations. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8(4), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-012-9161-0 Unal, Z., & Unal, A. (2012). The Impact of Years of Teaching Experience on the Classroom Management Approaches of Elementary School Teachers. International Journal of Instruction, 5, 41–60. UNICEF. (2007). Implementation Handbook for The Convention on The Rights of The Child (3th Edition). UNICEF. Vaillancourt, T., McDougall, P., Hymel, S., Krygsman, A., Miller, J., Stiver, K., & Davis, C. (2008). Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(6), 486–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025408095553 Vlachou, M., Andreou, E., Botsoglou, K., & Didaskalou, E. (2011). Bully/Victim Problems Among Preschool Children: A Review of Current Research Evidence. Educational Psychology Review, 23(3), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9153-z Vlachou, M., Botsoglou, K., & Andreou, E. (2014). Bullying/Victimization in Preschool Children. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.5086.1764 Vreeman, R. C., & Carroll, A. E. (2007). A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161 1, 78–88. Witvliet, M., Olthof, T., Hoeksma, J. B., Goossens, F. A., Smits, M. S. I., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Peer Group Affiliation of Children: The Role of Perceived Popularity, Likeability, and Behavioral Similarity in Bullying. Social Development, 19(2), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00544.x Yaşar, M. (2017). Adaptation of General System Theory and Structural Family Therapy Approach to Classroom Management in Early Childhood Education* *. 32.

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate red and processed meat intake, and the impact meat consumption has on diet quality and the environment.DesignA large cross-sectional health survey performed in São Paulo, Brazil.SettingDiet was assessed by two 24 h dietary recalls. Usual intakes were calculated using the Multiple Source Method. The World Cancer Research Fund recommendation of an average of 71·4 g/d was used as the cut-off point to estimate excessive red and processed meat consumption. To investigate the relationship between meat consumption and diet quality we used the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised. The environmental impact was analysed according to estimates of CO2 equivalent emissions from meat consumption.SubjectsBrazilians (n 1677) aged 19 years and older were studied.ResultsThe mean red and processed meat intake was 138 g/d for men and 81 g/d for women. About 81 % of men and 58 % of women consumed more meat than recommended. Diet quality was inversely associated with excessive meat intake in men. In Brazil alone, greenhouse gas emissions from meat consumption, in 2003, were estimated at approximately 18 071 988 tonnes of CO2 equivalents, representing about 4 % of the total CO2 emitted by agriculture.ConclusionsThe excessive meat intake, associated with poorer diet quality observed, support initiatives and policies advising to reduce red and processed meat intake to within the recommended amounts, as part of a healthy and environmentally sustainable diet.

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to examine: (1) the prevalence of tooth loss in persons living in community dwellings and (2) the strength of the association identified between tooth loss experience and the psychosocial factors of lifestyle, stress, and anxiety. Material And Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a convenience sample where data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires of lifestyle and psychosocial factors (stress and anxiety) and a clinical examination. A total of 516 subjects aged 14-30 years of age were included in the study. Subjects had a visual dental examination. Prevalence and mean of tooth loss were calculated excluding third molars, and their related factors were adjusted in a binary logistic regression. Results Mean age of participants was 17.4±3.0 years; 45.5% were men. The prevalence of tooth loss (when at least one tooth was lost) was 20.5%. Among the 516 persons, a total of 201 teeth were lost with a mean tooth loss 0.39±0.95 overall. Mean tooth loss in subjects with at least one missing tooth was 1.90±1.26 teeth. Results adjusted by anxiety in the multivariate logistic regression model showed tooth loss was associated with lifestyle (OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.17 – 3.24), age (OR=2.65, 95% CI=1.64 – 4.26), and Angle's malocclusion II and III (OR=2.86; 95% CI=1.67 – 4.90). A slight association toward tooth loss was observed (p<0.10) in the sex and stress variables. Conclusions Lifestyle and tooth loss have a substantial association. According to age group, these results suggest tooth loss is an oral health problem in the study population. Citation Casanova-Rosado JF, Medina-Solis CE, Vallejos-Sanchez AA, Casanova-Rosado AJ, Maupomé G, Avila-Burgos L. Lifestyle and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Tooth Loss in Mexican Adolescents and Young Adults. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:070-077.

AbstractObjectiveTo assess changes in the Fe and vitamin A status of the population of Nangweshi refugee camp associated with the introduction of maize meal fortification.DesignPre- and post-intervention study using a longitudinal cohort.SettingNangweshi refugee camp, Zambia.SubjectsTwo hundred and twelve adolescents (10–19 years), 157 children (6–59 months) and 118 women (20–49 years) were selected at random by household survey in July 2003 and followed up after 12 months.ResultsMaize grain was milled and fortified in two custom-designed mills installed at a central location in the camp and a daily ration of 400 g per person was distributed twice monthly to households as part of the routine food aid ration. During the intervention period mean Hb increased in children (0·87 g/dl;P< 0·001) and adolescents (0·24 g/dl;P= 0·043) but did not increase in women. Anaemia decreased in children by 23·4 % (P< 0·001) but there was no significant change in adolescents or women. Serum transferrin receptor (log10-transformed) decreased by −0·082 μg/ml (P= 0·036) indicating an improvement in the Fe status of adolescents but there was no significant decrease in the prevalence of deficiency (−8·5 %;P= 0·079). In adolescents, serum retinol increased by 0·16 μmol/l (P< 0·001) and vitamin A deficiency decreased by 26·1 % (P< 0·001).ConclusionsThe introduction of fortified maize meal led to a decrease in anaemia in children and a decrease in vitamin A deficiency in adolescents. Centralised, camp-level milling and fortification of maize meal is a feasible and pertinent intervention in food aid operations.

A discussão em torno de políticas públicas ambientais direcionadas à sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar tem significativa importância no cenário nacional, em vista da contribuição que os pequenos e médios empreendimentos rurais têm dado à preservação do meio ambiente e à criação de empregos e renda. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa tece uma analisa das políticas públicas voltadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável da agricultura familiar no município de Parauapebas, localizado no sudeste do Pará. Para a realização deste estudo, primeiramente foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico e documental sobre a temática, seguido da coleta de dados através de documentos institucionais e governamentais disponibilizados pela Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente (SEMMA) e pela Secretaria de Produção Rural (SEMPROR) e, por fim, foi elaborada uma estrutura das políticas públicas distribuídas por esfera governamental. Na expectativa de ocupação e desenvolvimento da Amazônia, foram implantadas políticas públicas que contribuíram para o nascimento de pequenos e médios empreendimentos familiares rurais, que apresentam participação significativa na economia brasileira e necessitam de apoio técnico e financeiro para que desenvolvam suas atividades produtivas alinhadas às práticas de sustentabilidade sob o ponto de vista econômico, social e ambiental. Nesse contexto, dentre as dificuldades apresentadas para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar estão: escassez de infraestrutura, dificuldades de acesso à informação e ao aperfeiçoamento técnico, onerosidade do processo de regularização fundiária e ambiental para a comercialização dos produtos. Na pesquisa foi possível identificar a execução de políticas públicas em benefício da sustentabilidade para agricultura familiar pela Prefeitura de Parauapebas com objetivo de fomentar produções rentáveis e sustentáveis. Referências BARBIERI, J. C. Desenvolvimento e meio ambiente: as estratégias de mudanças da agenda 21. 12. ed. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2011. BRASIL. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF: Senado,1988.Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Decreto nº 1.946, de 28 de junho de 1996. Cria o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar - PRONAF, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/d1946.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Decreto nº 9.064, de 31 de março de 2017. Dispõe sobre a Unidade Familiar de Produção Agrária, institui o Cadastro Nacional da Agricultura Familiar e regulamenta a Lei nº 11.326, de 24 de julho de 2006,que estabelece as diretrizes para a formulação da Política Nacional da Agricultura Familiar e empreendimentos familiares rurais. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/d9064.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Decreto-Lei nº 1.166, de 15 de abril de 1971. Dispõe sobre enquadramento e contribuição sindical rural. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/1965-1988/del1166.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Lei nº 4.504, de 30 de novembro de 1964. Dispõe sobre o Estatuto da Terra, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l4504.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Lei nº 8.212, de 24 de julho de 1991. Dispõe sobre a organização da Seguridade Social, institui Plano de Custeio, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8212cons.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Lei nº 8.213, de 24 de julho de 1991. Dispõe sobre os Planos de Benefícios da Previdência Social e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8213cons.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Lei nº 9.393, de 19 de dezembro de 1991. Dispõe sobre o Imposto sobre a Propriedade Territorial Rural - ITR, sobre pagamento da dívida representada por Títulos da Dívida Agrária e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9393.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRASIL. Lei nº 8.171, de 17 de janeiro de 1991. Dispõe sobre a política agrícola. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8171.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. BRITO, M. S. Políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar: análise do PRONAF nas comunidades rurais de balsas – Maranhão. Dissertação de Mestrado Profissional do Programa de Pós-Graduação, do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão de Políticas Públicas, da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, 2020. BORGES, F. Q. BORGES, F. Q. Royalties minerais e a promoção do desenvolvimento socioeconômico: Uma análise do projeto Carajás nos municípios de Parauapebas no Pará. Planejamento e políticas públicas, n. 36, jan./jun. 2011. _______. Lei nº 8.629, de 25 de fevereiro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a regulamentação dos dispositivos constitucionais relativos à reforma agrária, previstos no Capítulo III, Título VII, da Constituição Federal. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l8629.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. _______. Lei nº 11.326, de 24 de julho de 2006. Estabelece as diretrizes para a formulação da Política Nacional da Agricultura Familiar e Empreendimentos Familiares Rurais. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11326.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. _______. Lei nº 9.782, de 26 de janeiro de 1999. Define o Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, cria a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9782.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. _______. Lei nº 12.188, de 11 de janeiro de 2010. Institui a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural para a Agricultura Familiar e Reforma Agrária - PNATER e o Programa Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural na Agricultura Familiar e na Reforma Agrária - PRONATER, altera a Lei no 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2010/lei/l12188.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. _______. Lei nº 11.947, de 16 de junho de 2009. Dispõe sobre o atendimento da alimentação escolar e do Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola aos alunos da educação básica. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2007-2010/2009/lei/l11947.htm. Acesso em: 22 out. 2021. CASADO, Deise Donatoni. Análise da definição da agenda do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) no governo FHC. 2014. 152 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Sociais) – Programa de pós graduação em Ciências Sociais, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 2014. GUILHOTO, J. et al. A importância do agronegócio familiar no Brasil. RER, Rio de Janeiro, v. 44, n. 03, p. 355-382, jul-set 2006. HURTIENNE, T. P. Agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento rural sustentável na Amazônia. Novos Cadernos NAEA, v. 8, n. 1, p. 09-071, 2005. IBGE, INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Censo Agropecuário 2017 - Resultados definitivos. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2017. NUNES, S.P. Instrumentos de Política Agrícola para a agricultura e agricultura familiar no Brasil. DESER - Boletim Eletrônico, Conjuntura Agrícola. Departamento de estudos socioeconômicos rurais, ed. 159, jun, 2007. OLIVEIRA, A.L. A. de; OLIVEIRA, L. P. de A. de. Agricultura familiar, desenvolvimento rural e as políticas públicas de preservação da natureza: reflexões sobre o Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei 12.651/2012). Revista Agricultura Familiar, Belém, AP, v. 12, n. 02, p. 26-43, jul-dez. 2018. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei Orgânica do Município de Parauapebas de 1990. Disponível em:https://leismunicipais.com.br/lei-organica-parauapebas-pa. Acesso em: 15 set. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei n° 4.253 de 17 de Dezembro de 2002. Dispõe sobre a Política Municipal de Meio Ambiente, Sistema, Conselho, Fundo, Controle Ambiental e dá outras providências. Disponível em https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/pa/p/parauapebas/lei-ordinaria/2002/425/4253/lei-ordinaria-n-4253-2002-dispoe-sobre-a-politica-municipal-de-meio-ambiente-sistema-conselho-fundo-controle-e-licenciamento-ambiental-e-da-outras-providencias. Acesso em: 18 out. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei n° 4.285 de 08 de Junho de 2005. Altera a Lei n. 4.213 de 29 de Junho de 2001, que dispõe sobre a estrutura organizacional da administração direta e indireta do município de Parauapebas, e cria a Secretaria Municipal da Mulher, a Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente e dá outras providências. Disponível em: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/pa/p/parauapebas/lei-ordinaria/2005/428/4285/lei-ordinaria-n-4285-2005-altera-a-lei-n-4213-de-2-9-de-junho-de-2001-que-dispoe-sobre-a-estrutura-organizacional-da-administracao-direta-e-indireta-do-municipio-de-parauapebas-e-cria-a-secretaria-municipal-da-mulher-a-secretaria-municipal-do-meio-ambiente-e-da-outras-providencias. Acesso em: 10 out. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei n° 4.723 de 08 de Dezembro de 2017. Altera dispositivo da Lei nº 4.253 de 17 de dezembro de 2002, que dispõe sobre a Política Municipal de Meio Ambiente, Sistema, Conselho, Fundo, Controle e Licenciamento Ambiental e dá outras providências. Disponível em: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/pa/p/parauapebas/lei-ordinaria/2017/472/4723/lei-ordinaria-n-4723-2017-altera-dispositivos-da-lei-n-4253-de-17-de-dezembro-de-2002-que-dispoe-sobre-a-politica-municipal-de-meio-ambiente-sistema-conselho-fundo-controle-e-licenciamento-ambiental-e-da-outras-providencias. Acesso em: 18 out. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei n° 4.730 de 21 de Dezembro de 2017. Institui e disciplina as taxas ambientais pelo exercício regular de poder de polícia, revoga a lei municipal n. 4.252 de 17 dezembro de 2002, altera os anexos II e IV da Lei municipal nº 4.253 de 17 de dezembro de 2002 e dá outras providências. Disponível em: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/pa/p/parauapebas/lei-ordinaria/2017/473/4730/lei-ordinaria-n-4730-2017-institui-e-disciplina-as-taxas-ambientais-pelo-exercicio-regular-de-poder-de-policia-revoga-a-lei-municipal-n-4252-de-17-de-dezembro-de-2002-altera-os-anexos-ii-e-v-da-lei-municipal-n-4253-de-17-de-dezembro-de-2002-e-da-outras-providencias. Acesso em: 18 out. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei n° 4.925 de 22 de Dezembro de 2020. Dispõe sobre a proibição de queimadas no âmbito do município de Parauapebas, altera a lei nº 4.730 de 21 dezembro de 2017, e dá outras providências. Disponível em: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/pa/p/parauapebas/lei-ordinaria/2020/493/4925/lei-ordinaria-n-4925-2020-dispoe-sobre-a-proibicao-de-queimadas-no-ambito-do-municipio-de-parauapebas-altera-a-lei-4730-de-21-de-dezembro-de-2017-e-da-outras-providencias. Acesso em: 18 out. 2021. PARAUAPEBAS, Lei Complementar n° 24 de 05 de Janeiro de 2021. Institui o Plano Diretor do município de Parauapebas e revoga a lei municipal nº 4.328 de 30 dezembro de 2006. Disponível em: https://leismunicipais.com.br/a1/plano-diretor-parauapebas-pa. Acesso em: 20 set. 2021. PEREIRA, J.M. O processo de ocupação e de desenvolvimento da Amazônia. Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Brasília, v. 34, n. 134, p. 75-86, abr-jun, 1997. PECCATIELLO, A. F. O. Políticas públicas ambientais no Brasil: da administração dos recursos naturais (1930) à criação do Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (2000). Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, n. 24, p. 71-82, jul-dez. 2011. ROCHA, G. S. de. PINHEIRO, A. V. dos R. COSTA, C. E. A. de S. Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos no Município de Parauapebas (PA): Avaliação dos Usos, Alteração dos Cenários e Possíveis Impactos. Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 4, e194943042, 2020. SANTOS, A.M. MITJA, D. Agricultura familiar e desenvolvimento local: os desafios para a sustentabilidade econômico-ecológica na comunidade de Palmares II, Parauapebas, PA. INTERAÇÕES - Revista Internacional de Desenvolvimento Local, Campo Grande, v. 13, jun, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/inter/a/ZR3nDZyGHJRyztng3NVdX4m/abstract/?lang=pt. Acesso em: 20 out 2021. SCHMITZ, H.; MOTA, D. M. Agricultura Familiar: elementos teóricos e empíricos. Revista Agrotrópica. Itabuna, v. 19, p. 21-30, 2007. SILVA, Jean Marcos da, et al. "Políticas Públicas de Garantia de Preços Mínimos para Produtos da Sociobiodiversidade (Pgpmbio): Composição do Custo de Extração de Castanha da Amazônia em Rondônia e Acre." Revista de Administração da UFSM 15.1 (2022): 62-82. SOUSA, A.C.A. de. A evolução da política ambiental no Brasil do século XX. Revista de Ciência Política, n. 26, 2005. Disponível em: <http://www.achegas.net/numero/vinteeseis/ana_sousa_26.htm>. Acesso em: 10 out 2021. VEIGA, J. E. Agricultura familiar e sustentabilidade. Cadernos de Ciência & Tecnologia, Brasília, v.13, n.3, p.383-404, 1996.

Abstract. Recent studies showed changes in phytoplankton lipid composition during viral infection and have indicated roles for specific lipids in the mechanisms of algal virus-host interaction. To investigate the generality of these findings and obtain a better understanding of the allocation of specific lipids to viruses, we studied the intact polar lipid (IPL) composition of virally infected and non-infected cultures of the Prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa G(A) and its lytic virus PgV-07T. The P. globosa IPL composition was relatively stable over a diel cycle and not strongly affected by viral infection. Glycolipids, phospholipids and betaine lipids were present in both the host and virus, although specific groups such as the diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyltrimethyl-β-alanines and the sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, were present in a lower proportion or were not detected in the virus. Viral glycosphingolipids (vGSLs), which have been shown to play a role in the infection strategy of the virus EhV-86, infecting the Prymnesiophyte Emiliania huxleyi CCMP374, were not encountered. Our results show that the involvement of lipids in virus-algal host interactions can be very different amongst virus-algal host systems.

The object of research is the crystal structure of the a phase of K3VF6 compound. From the analysis of the literature it follows that there are three modifications of this compound – the a phase, the b phase and the g phase. There are also several methods for preparing this compound. One of the problem areas is the existence of a large number of diffraction spectra obtained with the Bragg-Bertrand survey geometry in the PDF-2 database for 2004. There is also no complete data on the crystal structure of this compound. A structural model is proposed for the diffraction spectrum of the compound under the number 00-037-0738. The study used the PDF-2 database for 2004. As well as the HighScorePlus program, which allows to refine the microstructural parameters of the structural model by the Rietveld method. As a result, it is found that this diffraction spectrum of the compound under study can correspond to the following structural model: tetragonal system with lattice periods a=12.3524(4) A0; b=12.3524(4) A0; c=16.7447(7)A0. A possible spatial symmetry group is I41/a (88). Analyzing the obtained results, it can be assumed that the studied structure of the a phase of the compound crystallizes in its own structural type

Abstract Objective To evaluate dentists’ prescription writing patterns and their appreciation of the characteristics of antibiotics. Design Evaluation of drug prescriptions written over a six-month period. Setting Dental Hospital, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Subjects Retrospective analysis of 313 prescriptions written by dentists attending to outpatient dental patients. Results The total number of drugs on one prescription ranged from one to seven with Penicillins being the most commonly prescribed drug. Some prescriptions were found to be incorrect with regards to dose, frequency, and duration. Instructions as to the best time of administering drugs with regards to meals were not stated in any prescription. Conclusion Improvement through continuing education is desired on the part of prescribers to ensure a good standard of care and avoid practices that may increase antimicrobial resistance. Drug information services including side effects and drug interactions for professionals and consumers at the hospital is highly desirable. Citation Ogunbodede EO, Fatusi AO, Folayan MO, Olayiwola G. Retrospective Survey of Antibiotic Prescriptions in Dentistry. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:064-071.

Abstract Aim The authors’ propose to combine the reverse pull headgear with a Delaire type face mask and a maxillary corticotomy to treat a Class III non-growing patient with maxillary retrusion. The aim of this report is to present two cases in which this treatment strategy was successful. Background Several studies suggest the majority of Class III dento-skeletal malocclusions have components of maxillary retrusion. Early treatment of these patients with maxillary protraction devices have shown promising results. Facemask therapy has some important limits. Most important is the optimal timing of treatment between the ages of six to ten years. Closure of the maxillary suture occurs as a child ages which results in an increase of maxillary resistance to protraction. Report A proposed therapy carried out in orthodontic and surgical phases was used in the treatment of two young patients. They were both beyond the optimal age range for the application of the orthopedic device (a girl 15 years old and a boy 16 years old), however, they had not reached the necessary skeletal maturity for orthognathic surgery. Summary The described technique has the advantage of being quick and easy to perform with a low surgical risk yielding satisfactory results after 15-20 days of therapy instead of the six to nine months associated with traditional procedures. Citation Pelo S, Boniello R, Gasparini G, Longobardi G. Maxillary Corticotomy and Extraoral Orthopedic Traction in Mature Teenage Patients: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 July;(8)5:076-084.

To assess the potential for food contamination with Clostridium difficile from food animals, we conducted a cross-sectional fecal prevalence study in 944 randomly selected cattle harvested at seven commercial meat processing plants, representing four distant regions (median distance of 1,500 km) of the United States. In all, 944 animals were sampled in the summer of 2008. C. difficile was isolated from 1.8% (17 of 944) of cattle, with median fecal shedding concentration of 2.2 log CFU/g (range = 1.6 to 4.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 4.3). Toxigenic C. difficile isolates were recovered from only four (0.4%) cattle. One of these isolates was emerging PCR ribotype 078/toxinotype V. The remaining toxigenic isolates were toxinotype 0, one of which was an isolate with resistance to linezolid, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin (by the E-test). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, and tigecycline, but the MICs against linezolid were as high as the highest reported values for human-derived isolates. The source of the linezolid-clindamycin-moxifloxacin resistance in a toxigenic C. difficile isolate from cattle is uncertain. However, since the use of these three antimicrobial agents in cattle is not allowed in North America, it is possible that resistance originated from an environmental source, from other species where those antimicrobial agents are used, or transferred from other intestinal bacteria. This study confirms that commercial cattle can carry epidemiologically relevant C. difficile strains at the time of harvest, but the prevalence at the time they enter the food chain is low.

5596 Background: The majority of early stage endometrial cancer (EC) survivors are obese, have cardiovascular disease and are at significant risk of death from causes other than cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes at 6 and 12 months in obese EC survivors enrolled in a randomized trial of a nutrition and exercise counseling program. Methods: Patients (pts) with early stage (I or II) EC with a body mass index ≥ 25 diagnosed from 1999–2005 were invited to participate. The intervention (I) group received 6 months of nutritional and exercise counseling while the control (C) group received an informational brochure only. Primary outcome variable was weight loss. Quality of life (QoL) was measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) and Medical Outcomes Short-form (SF-36) survey. Exercise [leisure score index (LSI)] and eating patterns (quantitative food records) were assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 mos. Repeated measures ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used for analysis. A sample size of 50 pts with a type1=0.05 and type 2=0.20 error rate was used to test the hypothesis that pts in the I group would lose weight as compared to the C group. Results: 45 pts were enrolled and 23 were randomized to I and 22 to the C group, stratified by BMI. Baseline QoL was decreased in morbidly obese pts (BMI ≥ 40) as compared to pts with a BMI < 40 (FACT-G: 78.0 vs. 83.7; p=0.140; physical SF-36: 40.6 vs. 49.1 p=0.008). Women in the I group lost weight and increased exercise over the 12 mos as compared to controls ( Table ). Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a borderline significant interaction effect for weight (F=2.7, p=.074) and a significant interaction effect for exercise (F=5.0; p=.005) over time. The I group had lower intake of calories and total fat during the intervention. Conclusions: Obese EC survivors can undergo and maintain positive lifestyle changes. Future studies will examine long-term changes in co-morbidities and mortality. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental development of patients with â-thalassemia major and to compare it with unaffected children. Methods and Materials Panoramic radiographs of 44 thalassemic patients taken before the age of 16 years were examined. The subjects consisted of 29 males and 15 females ranging in age from 4.9 to 15.7 (mean = 10.8±2.9) years and 44 controls matched for age and sex. The seven left mandibular permanent teeth, second molar to central incisor, were rated on an eight stage scale using the methods described by Demirjian et al.10 The stage of each tooth was converted to the corresponding numeric value and then all values were added to obtain a dental maturity score which corresponded to a dental age. Dental and chronologic ages were compared using a paired t-test. The relationship between the chronologic age and the amount of delay was also determined. Results Thirty-nine patients had a delay in the development of their dentition. The mean developmental dental delay was found to be 1.01 years (p<0.05). The range in delay was from 0.1 to 2.9 years. There was no significant difference between the mean chronologic and dental age of the control group (p> 0.05). The amount of delay in dental development increases as the patient.s age increased (p<0.05). Males were found to have a greater delay (mean 1.16 years) than females (mean delay 0.73 years), but this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The delay in dental development in β-thalassemia major varied according to the patient.s age. This positive correlation parallels the general growth of thalassemic children. Citation Hazza.a AM, Al-Jamal G. Dental Development in Subjects with Thalassemia Major. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 September;(7)4:063-070.

Studying physical science and then teaching it to children, as is known from decades of science education research, creates a huge problem of unknown origin. This study aims to develop a media and determine its effectiveness in increasing knowledge of physics for children. This research is a research and development with the stages of the ADDIE model to develop Roll Book media with the roll technique containing physical science material for early childhood. Data collection techniques were carried out through expert validation tests and field trial data. Analysis of effectiveness test data using a paired sample T-test statistical test. The results of the media effectiveness test showed an increase in knowledge of physics in the pre-test and pots-test. The summary of all the test results of the developed media shows that Roll Book products are effectively used to increase children's knowledge of physics. The concept of storybook media that has been developed in various interesting forms is expected to be an alternative solution for the scientific development of early childhood education studies. Keywords: Early childhood, Physical science, Roll book References: Angelica Torres, & Vitti, D. (2007). A Kinder Science Fair. Science and Children. Arsyad, A. (2013). Media Pembelajaran [Learning Media]. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Branch, R. M. (2009). Instructional Design: The ADDIE Approach. Springer Science Business Media. California Department of Education. (2012). California Preschool Learning Foundations (Vol. 3). Sacramento. Charlesworth, R., & Lind, K. K. (2012). Math and Science for Young Children. Cengage Learning. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=p5x-3ir8mz4C Citra, A., Hapidin, D., & Akbar, Z. (2019). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis terhadap Pemahaman Sains Fisik. 3(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.136 Dewi, T. H. S., Gunarhadi, & Riyadi. (2018). The Important of Learning Media Based on Illustrated Storybook for Primary School. Proceeding of International Conference on Child-Friendly Education, 233–236. Eshach, H., & Fried, M. N. (2005). Should Science Be Taught in Early Childhood? Journal of Science Education and Technology, 14(3), 315–336. Featherstone, S. (2003). The Little Book of Investigations: Little Books with Big Ideas. Featherstone Education Ltd. Fleer, M. (2015). How Preschools Environments Afford Science Learning. In M. Fleer & N. Pramling (Eds.), A Cultural-Historical Study of Children Learning Science: Foregrounding Affective Imagination in Play-based Settings(pp. 23–37). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9370-4_2 Fridberg, M., Jonsson, A., Redfors, A., Thulin, S., Fridberg, M., Jonsson, A., Redfors, A., Thulin, S., Jonsson, A., Redfors, A., & Thulin, S. (2019). Teaching chemistry and physics in preschool: A matter of establishing intersubjectivity establishing intersubjectivity. 0693. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2019.1689585 Gitomer, D. H., & Zisk, R. C. (2015). Knowing What Teachers Know. Review of Research in Education, 39(1), 1–53. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X14557001 Greenfield, D. B., Jirout, J., Greenberg, A., Maier, M., & Fuccillo, J. (2009). Early Education and Development Science in the Preschool Classroom: A Programmatic Research Agenda to Improve Science Readiness. October 2014, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409280802595441 Gur, C. (2011). Physics in preschool. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(4), 939–943. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS10.653 Hsiao, C.-Y., & Chang, Y.-M. (2015). A Study of the Use of Picture Books by Preschool Educators in Outlying Islands of Taiwan. International Education Studies, 9(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n1p1 Kalogiannakis, M., Nirgianaki, G. M., & Papadakis, S. (2018). Teaching Magnetism to Preschool Children: The Effectiveness of Picture Story Reading. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(5), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0884-4 Kamii, C., & Vries, R. De. (1993). Physical Knowledge in Preschool Education: Implications of Piaget’s Theory. Teachers College Press. Kelemen, D., Emmons, N. A., Seston Schillaci, R., & Ganea, P. A. (2014). Young Children Can Be Taught Basic Natural Selection Using a Picture-Storybook Intervention. Psychological Science, 25(4), 893–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613516009 Larasati, A., & Yulianti, D. (2014). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Sains (Fisika) Tema Alam Semesta Terintegrasi Karakter dan berwawasan Konservasi [Development of Teaching Materials for Science (Physics) Themes of the Universe Integrated Character and Conservation insight]. Unnes Physic Education Journal, 3(2), 26–33. Lind, K. K. (2005). Exploring Science in Early Childhood Education. Thomson Delmar Learning. Lorente, L. M. (2017). Implementation of early childhood physical activity curriculum (SPARK) in the Central Valley of California ( USA ). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237(June 2016), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.097 Marton, F. (2014). Necessary conditions of learning. Routledge. Mutmainnah, M., Nessa, R., Bukhari, B., Farhana Mohd Radzif, N., & Kurniawati, R. (2021). Development of Learning Media for Acehnese Culture Picture Books to Get to Know Local Culture in Early Childhood. Al-Athfal: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 7(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-athfal.2021.71-05 Oppliger, P. A., & Davis, A. (2016). Portrayals of Bullying: A Content Analysis of Picture Books for Preschoolers. Early Childhood Education Journal, 44(5), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0734-1 Oskarsson, M., & Karlsson, K.-G. (1970). Health care or Atom bombs? Interest profiles connected to a science career in Sweden. 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Thematic Pop-Up Book as a Learning Media for Early Childhood Language Development. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 13(1), 43–57. https://doi.org/10.21009/10.21009/jpud.131.04 Sjøberg, S., & Schreiner, C. (2010). The ROSE project—Overview and key findings. March 1–31. Skibbe, L. E., Thompson, J. L., & Plavnick, J. B. (2018). Preschoolers’ Visual Attention during Electronic Storybook Reading as Related to Different Types of Textual Supports. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0876-4 Solfiah, Y. S., Risma, D., Hukmi, & Kurnia, R. (2020). Early Childhood Disaster Management Media Through Picture Story Books. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(1), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.21009/141.10 Thorson, R. M. (2017). Physical Science Teacher’s Guide. Henry David Thoreau In Context.https://doi.org/Https"//Doi.Org/10.1017/9781316569214.025 Thulin, S., & Jonsson, A. (2014). 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Fish can modify features of their life histories through evolutionary mechanisms to ensure the maintenance of their populations in response to environmental changes and/or fishing pressure. The reproductive biology of characid fish B. henni, in the Nare and Guatapé Rivers, Magdalena River Basin, Colombia was studied, and suggestions for conservation are presented. Ten field samplings were carried out between October 2007 and February 2012, in periods of rain, dry, transition from rain to dry and transition from dry to rain. A total of 848 specimens were collected, 360 of which were females, 441 males and 47 indeterminate. Males predominated in the catches, and the sex ratio of 1.00: 0.82 deviated significantly from the theoretical distribution 1:1. The average size captured for the total number of individuals studied was 121.5 mm SL (38.5-304.0 mm), with 133.1 mm SL for females (53.5-304.0), and 116.9 mm SL (38.5-232.5) for males. Based on the monthly variation of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the proportion of mature specimens, the spawning season occurs during periods of highest water levels in the rainy season. The lower values of hepatosomatic index HSI that coincide with the maximum values of the GSI, suggest that liver substances are transferred during the maturation of the ovary. The mean size at sexual maturity (L50) of B. henni was 171.5 mm SL in females, and 132.6 mm SL in males. The fecundity varied from 655 to 8 213 oocytes/female (mean= 2 072, SD= 1 648) and relative fecundity was 16.1 oocytes / g of total weight (SD= 5.9). The diameter of the oocytes was 1.24 mm (SD= 0.23). A similar development was observed in all oocytes, suggesting massive spawning activity concentrated in short periods of time. The protection of creeks and riparian habitats is a conservation priority, and protected areas such as fluvial nature reserves should be created to guarantee the survival of this species. Environmental education activities, along with water decontamination should be developed. For natural populations of B. henni is recommended to establish a minimum catch size of 270 mm SL (300 mm TL) combined with closed fishing seasons during periods of reproduction.

Abstract The clinical consequences of the highly prevalent JAK2 V617F mutation in Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are well studied. However, the impact on the MPN phenotype of co-occurring JAK2 variants is less well characterized. In this study, we focused on JAK2 R1063H, a variant previously reported in a pediatric case of hereditary erythrocytosis (Kapralova et al, Blood 2016) and in 3 out of 93 polycythemia vera patients that were JAK2 V617F-positive (Levine et al, Cancer Cell 2005). It has been described as a very rare polymorphism in population (frequency 0.004377). In order to gain insight into the clinical and functional relevance of coexisting JAK2 mutations, we tested a cohort of 390 JAK2 V617F-positive MPN patients for JAK2 R1063H and identified 14 carriers of both mutations. From the clinical perspective, the double-positive patients exhibited predominantly an essential thrombocythemia phenotype that was accompanied by significantly higher neutrophil granulocyte counts and hemoglobin values, when compared to those harboring only JAK2 V617F mutation. By employing targeted NGS for genes known to be involved in myeloid malignancies we found that the mutational profile and the number of additional somatic mutations in double-mutant patients seemed to be comparable to previous studies of JAK2 V617F-positive MPNs. Next, we used digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) for JAK2 R1063H and JAK2 V617F allele burden assessment. Quantification of JAK2 R1063H allele indicated that in 8 patients the variant was heterozygous, likely inherited (the percentage of the mutant allele being around 50%). In 3 patients with a high JAK2 V617F allelic burden a nearly homozygous status for R1063H was identified (a fractional abundance >80%) suggesting that one R1063H allele was inherited and the second one was acquired by uniparental disomy, as a result of mitotic recombination. In 3 other patients, the JAK2 R1063H mutation was most likely acquired due to the low percentage of the mutant allele (between 20.7% and 31.5%). For cis/trans configuration analysis of JAK2 V617F and R1063H mutations, we performed single-colony sequencing of subcloned JAK2 cDNA from 9 out of 14 patients. A cis configuration of the mutations was detected in 7 and a trans configuration in 2 cases. In one patient, the cis configuration of JAK2 mutations combined with results obtained by ddPCR (the allele burdens for R1063H and V617F were 31.5% and 52.8%, respectively) suggested that R1063H was acquired, following V617F acquisition. To assess the effect on JAK2 signaling of coexisting JAK2 V617F and R1063H mutations in cis or trans, we created human cDNA JAK2 mutants (V617F, R1063H and V617F/R1063H). STAT5 transcriptional activity of the JAK2 WT and JAK2 mutants in the presence of myeloid dimeric cytokine receptors (EPOR, given the higher hemoglobin levels, G-CSFR, given the observed neutrophilia in patients carrying JAK2 V617F and R1063H, and TPOR) measured in JAK2-deficient γ-2A cells by dual luciferase assay revealed a significantly higher constitutive activity of JAK2 V617F/R1063H (cis mutant) compared to that of JAK2 V617F, in both homozygous and heterozygous configurations and with either of the dimeric myeloid cytokine receptors. In the trans configuration of JAK2 V617F and JAK2 R1063H, we did not observe a significant difference compared to combination of JAK2 V617F and JAK2 WT. Western blot analysis assessing activated phosphorylated forms of JAK2, STAT5 and ERK1/2 demonstrated a higher level of constitutive activation of JAK2 and STAT5 generated by the double V617F/R1063H mutant versus JAK2 V617F and similar effect was shown also for ERK1/2 signaling. Our results suggest that either an acquisition of V617F in cis on a germline R1063H allele or a gain of additional JAK2 R1063H on JAK2 V617F will lead to an increase in downstream signaling by the driver JAK2 V617F. The oncogenic signaling of JAK2 V617F enhanced by the R1063H mutation has a clinical effect, leading to a significantly increased number of neutrophilic granulocytes and hemoglobin values, in agreement with higher levels of signaling via EPOR and G-CSFR. The work was supported by projects COP A1.1.4. ID: P_37_798, Contract 149/26.10.2016, (MySMIS2014+: 106774), MyeloAL, WELBIO F 44/8/5-MCF/UIG-10955, ARC: N° 16/21-073, by Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Salus Sanguinis Foundation, Fondation Les avions de Sébastien, Belgium and by GACR 17-05988S and MSMT LTAUSA17142. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: STAG2is a component of the cohesin complex involved in the cohesion of sister chromatids, transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Recent sequencing studies have identified cohesion mutations in myeloid malignancies with data suggesting a potential adverse impact on survival. METHODS: We conducted whole exome sequencing of 114 previously untreated patients with MDS or CMML. Exome capture hybrid was performed using Agilent SureSelect All Exon V4. Sequencing was performed with Illumina HiSeq 2000 and aligned to the hg19 human genome reference. Common virtual normal in house pool was used for somatic variant calling. Clinical and demographic data was obtained from clinical records. Generalized linear models were used to study the association of response (OR = overall and CR = complete) and potential risk factors. Response was defined following 2006 IWG criteria. The Kaplan-Meier produce limit methods were used to estimate the median overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS). RESULTS: A total of 10 (9%) patients carried high-confidence STAG2 mutations. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Patients with STAG2 mutations tended to have lower Hgb (8.6 vs 10.5 g/dL, p=0.003) and higher median number of driver mutations (4 vs 2, p<0.001). Two patients (20%) had MDS-MLD and the remaining 8 (80%) had MDS-EB, therefore, STAG2 mutation was associated with excess blasts (rho=0.314, p=0.001). There were no cases of CMML with STAG2 mutation. Seven (70%) patients had Low/Int-1 IPSS category and where therefore lower-risk by IPSS and 3 (30%) had Int-2/High IPSS and were therefore higher-risk by IPSS. A total of 65 (57%) patients in the study cohort, 6 (67%) of patients with STAG2 mutation, were treated with hypomethylating agents. STAG2 mutations correlated with normal karyotype (rho=0.190, p=0.04), RUNX1 (rho=0.232, p=0.013), SRSF2 (rho=0.192, p=0.04), ATR (rho=0.303, p=0.001) and NRAS (rho=0.279, p=0.003) mutations. The mean variant allele frequency of STAG2 mutations was 0.35 (range 0.11-072). Seven appeared as clonal driver mutations and 3 as subclonal based on clonal heterogeneity testing. Presence of STAG2 mutation did not significantly impact OR (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.08-2.65, p=0.376) or CR (OR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.04-2.97, p=0.318) to therapy with hypomethylating agents. Median follow up of the cohort was 21.6 months (range 1-102 months). Presence of STAG2 mutations was associated with decreased OS (HR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.04-5.80, p=0.041) (Figure 1A). Within the lower-risk IPSS group, STAG2 mutations were associated with an even greater impact on OS (HR = 3.32, 95%CI 1.12-9.82, p=0.030). By multivariate analysis including other prognostic variables such as cytogenetics, Hbg <8g/dL, platelets <50x109/L, ANC <0.8 x109/L or blast >10%, STAG2 mutation retained its independent adverse impact on OS (HR 2.69, 1.03-6.99, p=0.042). STAG2 mutations did not predict for shorter LFS (HR = 2.30, 95% CI 0.51-10.27, p=0.263) (Figure 1B). CONCLUSION: STAG2 mutations can be found in close to 10% patients with MDS. As previously reported, they tend to appear in patients with MDS-EB and correlate with survival outcomes. In our study, presence of STAG2 mutation was independently associated with adverse overall survival in patients with MDS, particularly in those classified as lower-risk by IPSS, but did not predict for shorter LFS. Contrary to previous reported data, STAG2 mutations did not predict for higher responses to azacitidine or decitabine. Table 1 Table 1. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Jabbour: ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy. Ravandi:Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding. Cortes:ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding. DiNardo:Novartis: Other: advisory board, Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; Agios: Other: advisory board, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Other: advisory board, Research Funding. Daver:BMS: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Otsuka: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sunesis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Kiromic: Research Funding. Konopleva:Reata Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership; Abbvie: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Stemline: Consultancy, Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Calithera: Research Funding. Kantarjian:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Pfizer Inc: Research Funding; Delta-Fly Pharma: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding.

Introduction Sleep and physical activity habits during childhood are influenced by developmental, cultural and environmental factors. Poor sleep is associated with lower immune function, physical activity levels, and psychological functioning, thus contributing to a vicious cycle of increased vulnerability during this developmental period. Regular physical activity, in turn, is associated with better sleep, improved immune function, and higher psychological well-being. There is, however, a lack of research on sleep and physical activity patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially among children from marginalized areas. Therefore, the present study has two objectives: First, it aims to fill a gap in the literature by reporting sleep and physical activity patterns among primary schoolchildren aged 6-12 years from Tanzania (Ifakara: N = 845), South Africa (Gqeberha: N = 1,287), and Côte d’Ivoire (Taabo: N = 1,027). Second, to investigate the relationship between habitual physical activity (7-day actigraphy) and sleep (parental and self-reported). Methods Thousand three-hundred and twenty children aged 5-12 years from each country were recruited. Sleep. Parents were asked to complete a few sleep-related questions regarding their child`s bed- and rise times. To assess sleep quality, children completed questions from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989). To screen for sleep disturbances, children also answered three items of the Insomnia Severity Index (Morin et al., 2011), addressing difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep and waking up too early in the morning. Physical Activity. Objective physical activity was assessed with an accelerometry (Actigraph wGT3x-BT, Shalimar, FL, USA) worn around the hip. The device was worn for 7 consecutive days to assess a full weekly period, with a sampling epoch of 15 sec (Rowlands, 2007). Time per day spent in MPA (>3 MET [metabolic equivalents of task]) and VPA (>6 MET) is determined based on the raw accelerometry counts and the ActiLife computer software, with cut-off values derived from Freedson et al. (1998). The ActiGraph accelerometrys have been validated with children (Crouter et al., 2013; Hänggi et al., 2013). Results Children assessed in Côte d’Ivoire and Tanzania showed higher levels of daily physical activity (MVPA) than those assessed in South Africa. Yet, mean group levels still exceeded the recommended amount of 60 min MVPA/day. Across all three countries, boys generally had higher MVPA levels than their female peers, and children from the poorest wealth quintile were also more active than their peers from the least poor quintile. Composite sleep health was significantly different between countries, with the highest scores reported in Tanzania, followed by Côte d’Ivoire and South Africa. After controlling for sex, it was found that MVPA significantly predicted composite sleep health among children in Tanzania (ß = 5.83, p = .002) and Côte d’Ivoire (ß = 3.41, p = .072), but not in South Africa (ß = 0.67, p > .05). Discussion/Conclusion Adequate sleep and physical activity is crucial for children’s physical and mental development. Most of our understanding of the relationship between daily physical activity and sleep patterns is based on research conducted in Western high income countries. Currently, little is known about this association in children from Sub-Saharan African, specifically primary schoolchildren living in marginalized areas in Tanzania, South Africa, and Côte d’Ivoire. Results will reveal whether research from high-income countries is generalizable to low- or middle-income countries, and inform health policy makers on points for prevention and intervention in school-based settings. References Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., & Monk, T. H. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 Crouter, S. E., Horton, M., & Bassett, D. R. (2013). Validity of ActiGraph child-specific equations during various physical activities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(7), 1403–1409. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318285f03b Freedson, P. S., Melanson, E., & Sirard, J. (1998). Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(5), 777-781. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805000-00021 Hänggi, J. M., Phillips, L. R. S., & Rowlands, A. V. (2013). Validation of the GT3X ActiGraph in children and comparison with the GT1M ActiGraph. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.05.012 Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 34(5), 601–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 Rowlands, A. V. (2007). Accelerometer assessment of physical activity in children: An update. Pediatric Exercise Science, 19(3), 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164497057002014

Introduction. The most important indicator of effective control of a rational system of measures for the prevention of bacterial diseases is the results of microbiological monitoring of the internal environment of poultry houses and their facilities. Most often, the results of microbiological studies confirm the presence of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, which includes more than 20 genera (Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Citrobacter, Yersinia, etc.), which can cause disease not only in birds, but also in humans. Most often, the bacterial infection is mixed. The leading place in the etiological structure is occupied by microorganisms of the intestinal group, which are represented by Escherichia coli and Salmonella in associations with other species of opportunistic bacteria. The consequence of this is the development of bacterial infections, which dramatically reduce the resistance of birds compared to monoinfections and adversely affect the immunobiological reactivity of the organism and remain the main cause of death of birds. Bacterial diseases of poultry occupy a significant place among the current problems of modern poultry in all countries, the most epizootic are Escherichia coli, mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis of birds [1-4]. During monitoring studies in poultry farms, cultures of Escherichia coli, staphylococci, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ornithobacteria, etc. are isolated, which significantly complicates the timely and objective diagnosis and development of control and prevention measures. The goal of the work. To substantiate the effectiveness of Zn and Ag citrates in avian bacteriosis. Materials and methods: The research was conducted in the vivarium of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Sumy NAU in compliance with ethical norms and rules of animal treatment adopted at the First National Congress of Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001) and the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals scientific purposes "(Strasbourg, 1986), 80 heads of Leghorn chickens were used for the experiment. Of the drugs used new drugs citrates - are sorbents of a new generation, which are produced by LLC "DOCTOR OSKO" Sumy. The composition of these drugs contains natural activated zeolite, silver citrate and zinc citrate. The basis is zeolite (clinoptilolite) - a natural mineral used in medicine as a selective enterosorbent. Properties of the drug: zeolite corrects mineral deficiency and performs the transport function of microelements in the body and adsorbs toxic substances from the body while maintaining the natural balance. This modification technology consists in supplementing the mineral composition of the zeolite with ions of any macro- and microelements (in the form of citrates), "placing" them in the structure of its framework. The experimental bird at the age of 24 hours was divided into 8 groups - 4 control and 4 experimental. Chickens of the first control and two experimental groups (5.6 groups) at 10 days of age were infected with E. coli 078 at a dose of LD50 2 * 109μ / cm3. Chickens of the third and two other experimental (7.8 groups) were infected with S. pullorum in the same dose. In the fifth and seventh groups, Zn citrate was given at the dose of 15 g / 250 cm3 from the first day, and in the fourth, sixth and eighth groups, Ag citrate was given at the same dose. The drugs were administered daily for 14 days, and also monitored the clinical condition of chickens up to 30 days of age. Toxicological examination of meat samples taken from slaughtered chickens was performed using a standard commercial batch of culture of colfod infusoria, made in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory documentation TU U 46.15.243-97. Results of research and discussion. Zn and Ag citrates at a dose of 15 g / 250 cm3 prevent bacteriosis, namely Escherichia coli and salmonellosis. Preservation of chickens in the experimental groups was 90-100% The toxicity of poultry meat was determined using free-living ciliates, which are most commonly used in biotesting of drugs, feeds, and feed additives. Their use is explained by the ease of penetration of the investigated dispersed solutions of a certain concentration due to the lack of selective nutritional capacity. When a single-celled organism receives a toxic substance, it becomes highly excited or less mobile, loses orientation in space, changes the shape and size of the body, resulting in impaired division functions, then it slows down and dies. Examining chicken meat for the toxicity of citrates Ag and Zn drew attention to the previously listed characteristics, which are used as the main test reactions. Studies have shown that meat from healthy poultry does not adversely affect the culture of Colpoda steinii, which indicates the absence of toxic substances in meat The meat of poultry treated with Zn and Ag citrates did not adversely affect the colpod, they remained mobile for three hours in all samples. The intensity of their growth was 90%, which indicates the absence of toxic effects of citrates. The meat of poultry infected with Escherichia coli and salmonellosis was toxic - 90% of colpods died within three hours. The meat of chickens that were infected with S. pullorum on the background of the use of Ag citrate was slightly toxic, but when using Zn was non-toxic. Conclusion. Thus, experiments have established the effectiveness of the use of Zn and Ag citrates in Escherichia coli and salmonellosis of birds, when they are used, the safety of birds is 90-100%. Poultry meat that received citrates is safe - for three hours all colpods remained mobile, and their growth rate was 90%

Al analizar los aportes sectoriales sobre la recaudación de impuestos, en este caso el análisis de la patente municipal evidenció que las organizaciones poseen escasos conocimientos sobre este tributo. Por tal razón, el objetivo del estudio es determinar su incidencia en el presupuesto de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados. La investigación posee un orden cuantitativo de alcance correlacional, pues se determinó la relación de la recaudación presupuestada frente la recaudada e ingresos totales en el año 2017. Mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson se midió la relación de las variables y se identificó una relación lineal directa. Se concluye que, si existe incidencia entre la recaudación del impuesto de patentes y el presupuesto de los municipios. De igual forma, los sectores que han contribuido en la recaudación han sido el sector financiero y comercial. Palabras Clave: patente municipal, ingresos tributarios, presupuesto. Referencias [1]G. Galarza, S. Andrade, y T. Cabezas, «Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Registro Oficial No 320,» Correos del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador. LPI. 1998. [En línea].Disponible en: https://www.correosdelecuador.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/05/LEY_DE_PROPIEDAD_INTELECTUAL.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [2]F. Cordero y F. Vergara, «Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial Descentralizado. Registro Oficial Suplemento 303 de 19-oct.-2010,» Ministerio de Gobierno. Quito, Ecuador. (COOTAD). 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2018/05/COOTAD.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [3]Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, «Reglamento del Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas. Registro Oficial Suplemento 383 de 26-nov.-2014,» 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.igualdadgenero.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Reglamento-del-Código-Orgánico-de-Planificaicón-y-Finanzas.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [4]M. Vera, y J. Martínez, «Propuesta para incrementar la recaudación del impuesto anual por patente para el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Ilustre Municipalidad del Cantón Daule.,» 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://repositorio.ulvr.edu.ec/bitstream/44000/2079/1/T-ULVR-1880.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [5]K. Talacera, «Estrategias Jurídicas y Tributarias para incrementar la recaudación del Impuesto a la Patente en el GAD Municipal de Tulcán.,» Tesis de maestría. Universidad Central del Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador. 2019. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/20209/1/T-UCE-0003-CAD-075-P.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [6]L. Villacis, «Gestión de la recaudación del impuesto a la patente municipal y su impacto en el presupuesto financiero en el GAD Municipalidad de Ambato período 2016.,» tesis de Maestría. Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Ambato, Ecuador. 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/27587/3/T4234M.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [7]T. Sanclemente, «Recaudación del impuesto de patente a los contribuyentes del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Eloy Alfaro (GADMEA),» tesis de Maestría. Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador Sede Ambato. Ambato, Ecuador. 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://repositorio.pucesa.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/1517/1/SANCLEMENTE CAMPAZ TANYA DAYANARA.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [8]G. Urgilés y K. Chávez, «Evolución de la recaudación tributaria y gasto público en el ecuador durante la ultima década,» Visión Empresarial, nº 7, pp. 139-155, 2017. [9]E. Cando, y C. Cárdenas «La correcta fijación del impuesto a la patente municipal y el derecho del contribuyente frente a la falta de homologación de leyes por la discrepancia de la ordenanza 022-2010 frente a la Constitución y el COOTAD, en el cantón Rumiñahui durante el año 201,» 2016. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/6908/3/T-UCE-0013-Ab-301.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [10]Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, «Constitución de la República del Ecuador. Registro ofcial 449 de 20 Oct. 2008,» 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2018/09/Constitucion-de-la-Republica-del-Ecuador.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [11]R. Paredes y B. Pinda, «Análisis de la Política Tributaria en la Recaudación Fiscal: caso Ecuador,» Episteme, vol. 5, nº Especial, pp. 674-688, 2018. [12] S. Domínguez, y N. Guayllas, «Determinación de la base imponible para el impuesto de patentes municipales a las actividades económicas cuyos propietarios son personas naturales no obligadas a llevar contabilidad en el cantón Cuenca.,» tesis de Maestría. Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador 2014. [13]J. Guarco, «El proceso de recaudación de las patentes municipales y su impacto en el presupuesto del Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado del cantón Riobamba durante el período 2014.,» .,» Tesis de Maestría. UNACH, Chimborazo, Ecuador. 2016. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://dspace.unach.edu.ec/bitstream/51000/1493/1/UNACH-FCP-CPA-2016-0011.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [14]Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, «Directorio de Empresas y Establecimientos 2017,» 2018. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_Economicas/DirectorioEmpresas/Directorio_Empresas_2017/Documentos_DIEE_2017/Documentos_DIEE_2017/Principales_Resultados_DIEE_2017.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [15]L. Ballesteros, «Posibilidades interactivas de R como entorno de trabajo para un análisis dinámico de datos,» 2017. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://tauja.ujaen.es/jspui/bitstream/10953.1/6767/1/Trabajo_Fin_de_Grado_.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020]. [16]M. Triola, Estadística. México. 12va Edición: Pearson Educación, 2013. [17]J. Paz, y M. Cepeda, «Historia de los Impuestos en Ecuador. Visión sobre el régimen impositivo en la historia económica nacional.,» 2015. Servicio de Rentas Internas. Quito, Ecuador. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.sri.gob.ec/web/guest/home. [Último acceso: 2020]. [18]J.Torres, «Reforma al Código Municipal en el que se encuentra la ordenanza que regula el impuesto de patentes municipales en el cantón Santo Domingo a fin de incorporar una sección que contemple el ejercicio de la facultad determinadora.,» Tesis de Maestría. UNIANDES, Santo Domingo, Ecuador. 2017. [En línea]. Disponible en: http://dspace.uniandes.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/7877/1/PIUSDAB024-2018.pdf. [Último acceso: 2020].

Introducción: La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) tiene una evolución natural hacia la pérdida de la función renal progresiva, sin embargo existe controversia si la progresión tiene un ritmo constante y predecible. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la progresión en un grupo de niños con ERC. Métodos: El presente estudio longitudinal, fue realizado en un seguimiento de menores de 16 años con diagnóstico de ERC en estadios 3 y 4 en el Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, de octubre 2014 a octubre 2015. Se midió somatometría, tensión arterial, creatinina, hemoglobina, colesterol, triglicéridos, fósforo, bicarbonato, proteinuria y progresión de ERC. Se compara la muestra entre los que presentaron progresión (P-ERC) y los que no (SP-ERC). Se presentan valores con medianas. Resultados: Participaron 35 pacientes, de 10 años de edad, 18 mujeres (54.4%), 57% con malformaciones de las vías urinarias. Seguimiento por 2.95 años, la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) fue 31.7ml/min/1.73m2. En estadio 3, 20 pacientes, de 8.7 años, 60% mujeres. En estadio 4, 15 pacientes, de 11.4 años, 66.7% hombres. La disminución de TFG fue de 6.7 ml/min/1.73m2/año, siendo de 6.6 para el estadio 3 y de 2.8 para el estadio 4. El nivel de colesterol se asoció a la progresión del daño renal (P=0.03). Otros factores no fueron significativos. En ambos grupos incrementó el número de pacientes con obesidad. (P>0.05). Conclusión: En el primer año el 50% de los pacientes tuvo P-ERC. Los pacientes en estadio 3 tienen una velocidad mayor P-ERC. La hipercolesterolemia es un factor de progresión de ERC en niños. Recibido: Julio 25, 2022 Aceptado: Septiembre 30, 2022 Publicado: Septiembre 30, 2022 Editor: Dr. Franklin Mora Bravo. Introducción La progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en niños es influenciada por una variedad de factores, algunos de los cuales pueden ser modificables como la hipertensión arterial, poteinuria, control glucémico, obesidad, dislipidemia, anemia y factores metabólicos [1]. Los niños con ERC no tienen el mismo perfil epidemiológico que los adultos y probablemente los factores modificables tengan un patrón distinto al de los adultos [2]. En lo que respecta a proteinuria en la edad pediátrica, en el proyecto Italkid evaluó pacientes con riñones hipoplásicos , dividiéndolos en 3 grupos: un grupo sin proteinuria, otro con proteinuria leve (índice proteínas/creatinina 0.2– 0.9) y el tercero con proteinuria moderada (índice proteínas/creatinina > 0.9). Se definió progresión de la ERC al deterioro de la función renal > 3 ml/min/1.73m2 por año. Los pacientes se siguieron en un promedio 3 años y medio; se observó mayor deterioro de la función renal en pacientes del grupo con proteinuria moderada con disminución de la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) de 3.61 ± 5.4 ml/min/1.73 por año, en comparación a los grupos sin proteinuria o proteinuria leve (0.16 ± 3.64 y 0.54 ± 3.67 ml/min/1.73m2 por año, respectivamente), (P < 0.0001) [3]. Sobre el control de la hipertensión en niños, en el corte realizado en el 2003 del estudio NAPRTCS, Mitsnefes et. al [4] analizaron 3,834 pacientes con edad entre 2 y 17 años con una TFG < 75 ml/min/1.73m2. El punto final del estudio se definió como el inicio de la terapia de sustitución o un deterioro de la TFG de 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 con respecto a la inicial. En los resultados se describe que los niños que presentaban hipertensión en el momento del inicio del seguimiento, tuvieron mayor proporción de deterioro que quienes tenían presión arterial normal (58% vs. 49%); mientras que al realizar el análisis multivariado, la hipertensión arterial sistólica se determinó como un factor independiente (P = 0.003) de deterioro de la función renal. Existen pocos estudios que documenten la prevalencia de dislipidemia en niños y adolescentes con ERC. Un meta-análisis de Fried et al. de un total de 362 pacientes con ERC en ensayos clínicos con número pequeño de participantes, sugiere que el tratamiento de la dislipidemia se asoció con mejoría de 1.9 ml/min de TFG, al compararse con controles sin este tratamiento [5], mientras que en un estudio realizado en el 2011 por Holl R y cols en pacientes adolescentes alemanes, suizos y austriacos se demostró que por cada 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 de disminución de la TFG, existe una correlación positiva con el incremento en colesterol, triglicéridos y colesterol no HDL, así como una correlación negativa con el colesterol HDL. En particular en los niños con TFG < 30 ml/min/1.73m2, tuvieron mayor riesgo de presentar dislipidemia [6]. Sobre la anemia como factor de progresión, un estudio multicéntrico y prospectivo de 23 adolescentes con ERC de entre los 11 y 18 años observados cada 6 meses por un período de 3 años reportó una disminución de la TFG de 5.6 ml/min/1.73m2 por año, y fue mayor la disminución en pacientes con anemia (hematocrito < 36%): 7.8 ml/min/1.73m2 (IC95%: 3.3 – 12ml/min/1.73m2) [7]. Actualmente existe evidencia que la acidosis metabólica contribuye a la progresión de la enfermedad renal en adultos y en niños [8]. Los niños con enfermedad renal crónica tienen una alta prevalencia de síndrome metabólico y obesidad, estos niños, experimentan una disminución más rápida de la función renal [9], comparada con los niños con IMC normal. Con estos antecedentes se estableció como objetivo del presente estudio el identificar los factores asociados con el deterioro de la función renal, en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad renal crónica en estadios 3 y 4 en un centro nacional de referencia pediátrica en México con un seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Materiales y métodos Diseño del estudio El presente estudio es observacional, descriptivo, de tipo longitudinal. Escenario El estudio se realizó en el departamento de nefrología en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, de México DF, México, durante el periodo de 1ro de octubre del 2014 al 1ro de octubre del 2015. Participantes Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica estadios 3 y 4 que fueron valorados en la consulta externa de la institución. Se excluyeron pacientes con trasplante renal. Se excluyeron pacientes que cumplieron la mayoría de edad, que perdieron la continuidad del control en la consulta externa. Se eliminaron casos con datos incompletos para el análisis, con historias clínicas incompletas o sin seguimiento posterior al ingreso. Variables Las variables fueron: -anemia, proteinuria en rango nefrótico, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia, hiperfosfatemia, hipertensión arterial sistólica, hipertensión arterial diastólica, etiología de la enfermedad renal crónica, obesidad, edad, sexo. Se consideró como variables de Confusión al tratamiento recibido, al tiempo de evolución de la ERC y el estadio de la ERC. La variable dependiente fue la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica. Fuentes de datos/mediciones La fuente fue indirecta, se revisó el expediente electrónico institucional, el registro de los servicios de estadística, nefrología y consulta externa. La tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) en este estudio se estimó calculando la Depuración de Creatinina con la fórmula de Schwartz update, Sesgos Con el fin de evitar posibles sesgos de entrevistador, de información y de memoria, los datos fueron custodiados durante todo el tiempo por el investigador principal con una guía y registros aprobados en el protocolo de investigación. El sesgo de observación y selección fueron evitados con la aplicación de los criterios de selección de los participantes. Se consignaron todas las variables clínicas y paraclínicas del periodo ya comentado. Dos investigadores de manera independiente analizaron cada uno de los registros por duplicado y se consignaron las variables en la base de datos una vez verificada su concordancia. Tamaño del estudio La muestra fue no probabilística, tipo censo, en donde se incluyeron todos los casos posibles del período en estudio, ya que existe una baja prevalencia de ERC en la población pediátrica que acude a la institución. Variables cuantitativas Se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Se expresaron los resultados en escala en medias y desviación estándar. Los datos categóricos como el sexo se presentan en proporciones. Análisis estadístico Se utiliza estadística no inferencial e inferencial. Análisis descriptivo: Se calcularon de acuerdo con la escala de medición de cada una de las variables, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Para las variables cualitativas se presentarán con números absolutos y porcentajes; para las variables cuantitativas, con mediana como medida de tendencia central y como medidas de dispersión los valores mínimo y máximo. Análisis inferencial: La comparación entre dos grupos para las variables cuantitativas se realizará con la prueba de U de Mann - Whitney, y la comparación de proporciones con la prueba Chi-cuadrada. No se realizó el cálculo de razón de momios (OR) para la identificación de factores relacionados con la progresión. El nivel de significancia estadística fue de P < 0.05. El paquete estadístico utilizado fue SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Resultados Participantes Se estudiaron 35 pacientes, de un total de 79 pacientes (Figura 1). Características basales de la población de estudio La mediana de edad al momento de la primera consulta fue 10 años, fueron 18 mujeres (54.4%), la mediana de seguimiento global fue de 2.95 años, se calculó una mediana de tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) estimada por talla de 31.7ml/min/1.73m2. Las malformaciones de las vías urinarias fue la etiología más común (57%): reflujo vesicoureteral, vejiga neurogénica, valvas de uretra posterior. Se clasificó a la población de estudio por la tasa de filtrado glomerular, situándose en estadio 3 o 4 de Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC). El grupo de pacientes en estadio 3 lo conformaron 20 pacientes, la mediana para la edad fue de 8.7 años, siendo un 60% del sexo femenino, la mediana de seguimiento fue de 2.8 años. El grupo de pacientes en estadio 4 estaba conformado por 15 pacientes, cuya mediana de edad fue de 11.4 años, el 66.7% fueron de sexo masculino, con una mediana de seguimiento de 3.1 años (véase tabla 1). Para ambos estadios, las malformaciones de vías urinarias fueron la etiología más frecuente. Evaluación de la función renal y velocidad de progresión La tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) tuvo una mediana global al inicio del estudio de 31.7ml/min/1.73m2, para el estadio 3 fue de 42.5ml/min/1.73m2 y del estadio 4 fue de 18 ml/min/1.73m2.En 18 pacientes (54.42%) se observó una disminución de la tasa de filtrado glomerular de más de 3 ml/min/1.73m2 por año, 11 (31.4%) pacientes no tuvieron disminución de la Depuración de Creatinina de más de 3ml/min/1.73m2 por año y en 6 pacientes (17.5%) se observó mejoría de la Depuración de Creatinina. La mediana de velocidad de progresión global de 6.7ml/min/1.73m2 por año, siendo de 6.6ml/min/1.73m2 por año para los pacientes en estadio 3 y de 2.8ml/min/1.73 por año para los que se situaban en estadio 4. Factores asociados a la progresión de la enfermedad renal Al inicio del estudio las variables no fueron diferentes entre ambos grupos (Tabla 2). Al clasificar cada factor de acuerdo al punto de corte de anormalidad, observamos que en el grupo de pacientes situados en estadio 3, el porcentaje de pacientes con hipertensión arterial tanto sistólica como diastólica era más alto con respecto al grupo que corresponde al estadio 4; por otra parte, el porcentaje que corresponde a la proteinuria nefrótica, la hipercolesterolemia y la hipertrigliceridemia era mayor en este último grupo. El porcentaje que corresponde a la anemia, la acidosis metabólica y la hiperfosfatemia eran similares para ambos grupos (véase tabla 3). Análisis por progresión de la ERC En el grupo que presentó progresión de la enfermedad renal, incrementaron la mediana de la proteinuria y los triglicéridos con respecto al inicio. Disminuyeron las medianas de las percentiles de tensión arterial sistólica y colesterol (ver tabla 4).El grupo sin progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica, presentó disminución en la mediana para los triglicéridos, para el resto de las variables identificadas no hubo una diferencia estadística (ver tabla 4). Sólo los niveles de colesterol elevados al inicio de seguimiento se asocian a la progresión del daño renal (P=0.03). Comparando los grupos que progresaron o no, de acuerdo al comportamiento de los factores con punto de corte de anormalidad, para el grupo de pacientes con progresión se observó que más pacientes tenían hipertrigliceridemia, hipercolesterolemia, acidosis metabólica e hiperfosfatemia al final de seguimiento a pesar del tratamiento instaurado. Además menos pacientes presentaron proteinuria nefrótica. Para el grupo sin progresión, disminuyó el número de pacientes con hipertensión arterial, hipertrigliceridemia, acidosis metabólica e hiperfosfatemia e incremento el número de pacientes con proteinuria nefrótica. En ambos grupos incrementó el número de pacientes con obesidad (véase tabla 5). Ninguno de los factores estudiados al inicio del estudio se asoció a progresión de ERC. Debido al tamaño de muestra no se pudo calcular el riesgo de progresión de la función renal por factor asociado al mismo. Discusión Una de las etiologías más frecuentes de la ERC en niños son las malformaciones de las vías urinarias, en este estudio fue la causa más frecuente. En las niñas la malformación más frecuente fue el reflujo vesicoureteral y en niños las valvas uretrales posteriores. Este comportamiento se podría explicar por el mecanismo de daño menos agresivo en el reflujo vesicoureteral a diferencia de las valvas uretrales posteriores, en el que gran parte del daño es en etapa intrauterina. Por lo tanto si bien hay más niñas con malformación en etapa 3, en la etapa 4 predominan los hombres. Tanto en el proyecto ItalKid [3] como en el proyecto REPIR II [1], estudiaron pacientes pediátricos desde el estadio 2 al 5, reportaron como etiología más común las malformaciones de las vías urinarias en el 53.6 y 59% respectivamente. En el North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) [4], que reúne información de la población pediátrica de Estados Unidos, México y Canadá, con ERC en estadio 3 al 5 también reportó a las uropatías como principal causa de enfermedad renal crónica (48%), también esta prevalencia ha sido reportada en Latinoamérica [10]. La mediana de la Tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) encontrada al inicio de este estudio fue de 31.7ml/min/1.73m2, siendo menor con respecto al proyecto ItalKid (41.7ml/min/1.73 m2) y proyecto REPIR II (39.5ml/min/1.73 m2), estos estudios incluyen pacientes desde el estadio 2 al 5 sin terapia de sustitución renal. En este estudio se calculó una mediana de pérdida de TFG de 6.6ml/min/1.73 m2 por año en el estadio 3. Si consideramos que estos pacientes iniciaron con una mediana de TFG de 42.ml/min/1.73, entonces podrían requerir terapia de sustitución renal en aproximadamente 3 años. En los pacientes en estadio 4 que tuvieron una mediana de TFG inicial de 18ml/min/1.73m2, se calculó una velocidad de progresión de daño renal de 2.8ml/min/1.73m2 por año y considerando que la mayor parte de los pacientes ingresan a diálisis con una TFG menor a 10ml/min/1.73, se espera que este grupo se encuentre en terapia de sustitución renal en 3 años. La proteinuria es uno de los principales factores asociados a la progresión del daño renal, condicionando inflamación intersticial y fibrosis. Ardissino y cols, [3] en el 2004 demostraron una asociación entre la progresión de la ERC y proteinuria, donde se correlacionó la proteinuria inicial, como un factor predictivo de daño renal. En este estudio, no se demostró estadísticamente ser un factor de progresión, probablemente por el bajo número de casos incluidos. La hipertensión arterial es un factor asociado a la progresión del daño renal, ya que condiciona un aumento en la presión intraglomerular que conduce hipertrofia glomerular y glomérulo esclerosis. En el presente estudio, no se logró demostrar diferencia estadística de hipertensión como factor de riesgo de progresión; este resultado es diferente a lo encontrado en el NAPRTCS23, donde participaron 3834 pacientes, de 2 a 17 años de edad, con una TFG menor a 75ml/min/1.73m2. Se identificó que el 48% de los pacientes eran hipertensos al inicio del estudio. Además de diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los pacientes hipertensos y normo tensos (58% vs 49%, respectivamente P<0.0001) con una TFG entre 50-75ml/min/1.73m2, (P<0.0001). La dislipidemia condiciona daño endotelial capilar en células mesangiales y podocitos. En pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, el patrón lipídico típico consiste en elevación de triglicéridos (TG) y descenso de la HDL-colesterol, sobre todo a partir del estadio 3. Estudios experimentales han demostrado que la dislipidemia condiciona el desarrollo de proteinuria y daño glomerular progresivo, sin la presencia de cambios hemodinámicos. En este estudio hubo mayor frecuencia de hipertrigliceridemia en los pacientes en estadio 4 en comparación del estadio 3 (40% vs 30%), lo que es consistente con la hipótesis de que a mayor daño renal hay más hiperlipidemia, aunque en el seguimiento la proporción en ambos grupos diferenciados según la progresión no hubo diferencia. Saland y cols [11] en el 2009, en el estudio CKiD, estudiaron la dislipidemia en niños con enfermedad renal crónica, incluyeron 391 menores de 16 años. Mostró alta prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia en 126 pacientes, con una mediana 106mg/dl, aumento de colesterol no HDL en 62 y reducción de HDL en 83. La disminución de la tasa de filtrado glomerular se relacionó con el aumento de los niveles de triglicéridos en un 8% en promedio (95%IC: 5%, 11%) por cada 10 ml/min/1.73m2 por disminución de la tasa de filtración glomerular. Corroboraron que la hipertrigliceridemia se asocia a la disminución del filtrado glomerular. Para este estudio no fue posible demostrarlo, debido al tamaño de muestra. Sin embargo, la mediana de triglicéridos en el grupo que presentó progresión fue mayor a lo reportado. Con respecto al colesterol en este estudio se observó que existió asociación de la progresión con cifras altas de colesterol al inicio del estudio (P=0.03), además de incremento en la frecuencia tanto en el grupo que progresó como el que no, sin embargo la proporción fue mayor la hipercolesterolemia en el grupo que progreso al inicio. Al respecto Holl R y cols [12], en el 2011, realizaron un estudio en pacientes adolescentes alemanes, suizos y austriacos se demostró que por cada 10 ml/min/1.73 m2 de disminución de la TFG, existe una correlación positiva con el incremento en colesterol, triglicéridos y colesterol no HDL, así como una correlación negativa con el colesterol HDL. En particular en los niños con TFG < 30 ml/min/1.73, tuvieron mayor riesgo de presentar dislipidemia. La hipercolesterolemia aislada inducida por dieta se asocia en diferentes modelos experimentales a daño glomerular del tipo de la glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria e insuficiencia renal progresiva. La anemia se ha relacionado con hipoxia celular, incrementa el estrés oxidativo, influyendo en el deterioro de la función renal; además de la sintomatología propia de cualquier anemia crónica, repercute en las funciones cognitivas y especialmente en el sistema cardiovascular, sobre todo contribuye al desarrollo de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda. En este estudio el 25% de los pacientes cursaron con anemia al inicio, teniendo una proporción similar en ambos grupos. Esto difiere con lo reportado en estudio NAPRTCS23, donde la prevalencia de anemia en niños fue de 73% en estadio 3, 87% en la etapa 4 y más del 93% en la etapa 5. En REPIR II [1], se reportó un 30% de pacientes con anemia, así a medida que progresaba la enfermedad aumentaba el porcentaje de anémicos siendo del 14, del 33, del 58 y del 54%, en los estadios 2, 3, 4 y 5, respectivamente. Esto es esperado ya que a medida que avanza la enfermedad renal, disminuye la masa renal y con ello la producción de eritropoyetina. La obesidad está relacionada con la aparición temprana de glomerulomegalia, alteraciones hemodinámicas del riñón hiperfiltrante y aumento de la albuminuria, manifestaciones relacionadas con el tiempo de evolución y grado de severidad, pero reversibles con una pérdida de peso. La tasa más elevada de niños con enfermedades crónicas del riñón responde a un índice más alto de obesidad infantil, además la asociación entre obesidad y proteinuria, por glomeruloesclerosis focal segmentaria en adolescentes, que podría dar lugar a importantes secuelas renales [13]. Cao y cols [14] en el 2015, estudiaron a 6852 pacientes de 20 a 79 años, para identificar si la coexistencia de síndrome metabólico es una condición necesaria para desarrollar ERC en pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad. En el seguimiento de 5 años, 776 pacientes desarrollaron ERC (TFG menor a 60ml/min/1.73). El riesgo de ERC, ajustado a proporciones de riesgo multivariable para peso normal en personas sin síndrome metabólico vs en sobrepeso fue de 1.31 (95% CI, 0.89 a 1.92) y para obesos fue de 2.39 (IC del 95%, 1.27- 4.52), siendo más alto en los pacientes con síndrome metabólico con peso normal de 1.54 (IC 95%, 1.18-3.95), 2.06 (95% CI, 1.27 a 3.36) en sobrepeso, y CI 2.77 (95%,1.42 a 4.31) en los individuos obesos con síndrome metabólico. Lo que sugiere que el sobrepeso y la obesidad, por si solos son factores de riesgo para enfermedad renal crónica, independiente de la presencia o no de síndrome metabólico. En este estudio, 10% de los pacientes eran obesos al inicio, al comparar las proporciones al inicio del estudio, se identificó mayor proporción en el grupo que progresó. Conclusiones Durante el primer año de seguimiento se observó que aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes tuvo progresión de la enfermedad renal. Los pacientes en estadio 3 tienen una velocidad mayor de deterioro de progresión de la enfermedad renal en comparación con los que se encuentran en el estadio 4 (6.6ml/min/1.73m2 vs 2.8ml/min/1.73m2).Entre los factores de progresión renal que se estudiaron el único factor que se relacionó con la progresión fue la hipercolesterolemia al inicio del seguimiento. Es posible que el tratamiento dirigido a los diferentes factores relacionados con la progresión esté relacionado con la falta de asociación de otros factores. Abreviarturas ERC: Enfermedad renal crónica. HTA: hipertensión arterial. TFG: Tasa de filtrado glomerular. Información suplementaria Materiales suplementarios no han sido declarados. Agradecimientos No aplica. Contribuciones de los autores Alma Rebeca Mota Nova: Conceptualización, Curación de datos, Análisis formal, Adquisición de fondos, Investigación, Metodología, Administración de proyecto, Recursos, Software, Escritura – borrador original. María Alejandra Aguilar Kitsu: Conceptualización, Supervisión, Validación, Visualización, Redacción: revisión y edición. Miguel Angel Villasis Keever: Metodología, validación, supervisión, redacción: Revisión y edición. Todos los autores leyeron y aprobaron la versión final del manuscrito. Financiamiento Los autores proveyeron los gastos de la investigación. Disponibilidad de datos o materiales Los conjuntos de datos generados y analizados durante el estudio actual no están disponibles públicamente debido a la confidencialidad de los participantes, pero están disponibles a través del autor correspondiente a pedido académico razonable. Declaraciones Aprobación del comité de ética y consentimiento para participar Este estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética en investigación de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatría CMNO, aprobación número R-2021-1302-077. Consentimiento para publicación No aplica cuando no se publican imágenes o fotografías del examen físico o radiografías/tomografías/resonancias de pacientes. Conflictos de interés Los autores reportan no tener conflictos de interés. Referencias Areses R, Sanahuja M, Navarro M. Epidemiología de la enfermedad renal crónica no terminal en la población pediátrica española. Proyecto REPIR II. Nefrología 2010; 30:508-17. SCIELO:S0211 García de Vinuesa S. Factores de progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica. Prevención secundaria. Nefrología 2008; 3: 17-21.SCIELO: 32352 Ardissino G, Daccò V, Testa S, Bonaudo R, Claris-Appiani A, Taioli E, Marra G, Edefonti A, Sereni F; ItalKid Project. Epidemiology of chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project. Pediatrics. 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):e382-7. DOI: 10.1542/peds.111.4.e382. PMID: 12671156. Mitsnefes M, Ho PL, McEnery PT. Hypertension and progression of chronic renal insufficiency in children: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Oct;14(10):2618-22. DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000089565.04535.4b. PMID: 14514740. Sandhu S, Wiebe N, Fried LF, Tonelli M. Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Jul;17(7):2006-16. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2006010012. Epub 2006 Jun 8. PMID: 16762986. Holl RW, Hoffmeister U, Thamm M, Stachow R, Keller KM, L'Allemand D, Widhalm K, Flechtner-Mors M, Wiegand S. Does obesity lead to a specific lipid disorder? Analysis from the German/Austrian/Swiss APV registry. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011 Sep;6 Suppl 1:53-8. DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.604325. PMID: 21905817. Furth SL, Cole SR, Fadrowski JJ, Gerson A, Pierce CB, Chandra M, Weiss R, Kaskel F; Council of Pediatric Nephrology and Urology, New York/New Jersey; Kidney and Urology Foundation of America. The association of anemia and hypoalbuminemia with accelerated decline in GFR among adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Feb;22(2):265-71. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0313-1. Epub 2006 Nov 21. PMID: 17120062 Brown DD, Roem J, Ng DK, Reidy KJ, Kumar J, Abramowitz MK, Mak RH, Furth SL, Schwartz GJ, Warady BA, Kaskel FJ, Melamed ML. Low Serum Bicarbonate and CKD Progression in Children. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Jun 8;15(6):755-765. DOI: 10.2215/CJN.07060619. Epub 2020 May 28. PMID: 32467307; PMCID: PMC7274283. Lalan S, Jiang S, Ng DK, Kupferman F, Warady BA, Furth S, Mitsnefes MM. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome, and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Children. J Pediatr. 2018 Nov;202:163-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.007. Epub 2018 Jul 2. PMID: 30041938; PMCID: PMC6203642. Piedrahita V, Flórez J, Martínez J, Prada M, Vanegas J, Vélez C, Serna L, Serrano A, Cornejo J. Causas de enfermedad renal crónica en niños atendidos en el Servicio de Nefrología Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, de Medellín, Colombia, entre 1960 y 2010Iatreia [en linea] 2011, 24 (Octubre- Diciembre). REDALYC:180522525001 Saland JM, Pierce CB, Mitsnefes MM, Flynn JT, Goebel J, Kupferman JC, Warady BA, Furth SL; CKiD Investigators. Dyslipidemia in children with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2010 Dec;78(11):1154-63. DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.311. Epub 2010 Aug 25. PMID: 20736985; PMCID: PMC3222564. Holl RW, Hoffmeister U, Thamm M, Stachow R, Keller KM, L'Allemand D, Widhalm K, Flechtner-Mors M, Wiegand S. Does obesity lead to a specific lipid disorder? Analysis from the German/Austrian/Swiss APV registry. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011 Sep;6 Suppl 1:53-8. DOI: 10.3109/17477166.2011.604325. PMID: 21905817. Gunta SS, Mak RH. Is obesity a risk factor for chronic kidney disease in children? Pediatr Nephrol. 2013 Oct;28(10):1949-56. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2353-z. Epub 2012 Nov 14. PMID: 23150030. Cao X, Zhou J, Yuan H, Wu L, Chen Z. Chronic kidney disease among overweight and obesity with and without metabolic syndrome in an urban Chinese cohort. BMC Nephrol. 2015 Jun 18;16:85. DOI: 10.1186/s12882-015-0083-8. PMID: 26084279; PMCID: PMC4471928. Nota del Editor La REV SEN se mantiene neutral con respecto a los reclamos jurisdiccionales sobre mapas publicados y afiliaciones institucionales.

Digital natives’ generation is inseparable from gadgets, less socializing, lack of creativity and being an individualist. The digital native’s generation wants things that are instant and lack respect for the process. The preoccupation of children with gadgets makes children socially alienated or known as anti-social. Preschool play an important role in the development of the digital native’s generation and in the future can help children use gadgets with parents. As it is known, the digital native’s generation is a kindergarten child. This study aims to determine the role of preschools in helping the use of gadgets in the digital native generation. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with simple random sampling technique was obtained 25 kindergarten principals in Pekanbaru City. Data was collected in the form of a questionnaire via google form. Data analysis uses percentages and is presented in the tabular form. The results of the study indicate that the role of preschools in the use of gadgets in digital native generation children in Pekanbaru City is included in the low category. Only a few preschools have organized parenting education for parents. There are almost no rules governing children's use of gadgets at home, and few preschools educate children on how to use gadgets properly. It is expected for teachers and preschools to add special programs in the curriculum to provide information about positive gadget use and parenting programs that discuss digital native generation and collaborate with parents to establish rules such as frequency, duration and content of children using gadgets. Keywords: Digital Native, Preschool, Gadgets References: Alia, T., & Irwansyah, I. (2018). Pendampingan orang tua pada anak usia dini dalam penggunaan teknologi digital [parent mentoring of young children in the use of digital technology]. Polyglot: Jurnal Ilmiah, 14(1), 65–78. Allen, K. A., Ryan, T., Gray, D. L., McInerney, D. M., & Waters, L. (2014). Social Media Use and Social Connectedness in Adolescents: The Positives and the Potential Pitfalls. The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 31(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2014.2 Berlin, A., Törnkvist, L., & Barimani, M. (2016). Content and Presentation of Content in Parental Education Groups in Sweden. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 25(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.25.2.87 Chapman, G., & Pellicane, A. (2014). Growing up social: Raising relational kids in a screen-driven world. Moody Publishers. Cho, K.-S., & Lee, J.-M. (2017). Influence of Smartphone Addiction Proneness of Young Children on Problematic Behaviors and Emotional Intelligence. Comput. Hum. Behav., 66(C), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.063 Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1988). Multiple sources of data on social behavior and social status in the school: A cross-age comparison. 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Meningkatkan pengetahuan orang tua dalam mendidik anak di era digital di Kecamatan Koto Gasib Kabupaten Siak Provinsi Riau [Increasing parental knowledge in educating children in the digital era in Koto Gasib Sub-district, Siak Regency, Riau Province]. Riau Journal of Empowerment, 3(3), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.31258/raje.3.3.183-190 Novianti, R., & Garzia, M. (2020). Penggunaan Gadget pada Anak; Tantangan Baru Orang Tua Milenial[Use of Gadgets in Children; Millennial Parents' New Challenge]. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 4(2), 1000–1010. Pediatrics, A. A. O. (2016). American Academy of Paediatrics announces new recommendations for children’s media use. Advocacy & Policy. Radesky, J. S., & Christakis, D. A. (2016). Increased Screen Time: Implications for Early Childhood Development and Behaviour. Paediatric Clinics of North America, 63(5), 827–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.006 Ransdell, S., Kent, B., Gaillard-Kenney, S., & Long, J. (2011). 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Father's involvement is something that influences the child's problematic behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether father involvement can influence children's problematic behavior. This study used the systematic literature review (SLR) method by referring to 10 valid articles published in the last 10 years with the publication years between 2013 - 2023. The finding of the literature shows that there is a significant impact of father involvement on the children's problematic behavior. The more the father is involved in the children's development, the lower the level of children's problematic behavior is. The image of a father as a mentor and motivator for early childhood can still be explored in depth. Because of the limitations of this study, this study suggests that future research can further discuss the impact of the father’s involvement in the children's problematic behavior in a specific cultural aspect by considering cross-cultural factors. This is intended to conclude the relationship between the father’s interactive situations with the impact of the father’s involvement in the children's problematic behavior. Keywords: child problematic behavior, father involvement, socio-economic status. References:Ahmed, M., Almher, H., & Abdal, B. B. (2021). Relationship between Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitude and Knowledge Sharing among Engineers in Oil and Gas Companies. IJIEM (Indonesian Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management), 2(2), 147–155. Araban, M., Montazeri, A., Stein, L. A. R., Stein, L. A. R., Stein, L. A. R., Karimy, M., & Mehrizi, A. A. H. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with disruptive behavior among Iranian students during 2015: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 46(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-020-00848-x Asri, D. N., & Suharni. (2021). Modifikasi Perilaku: Teori dan Penerapannya. Baker, C. E. (2017). Father-Son Relationships in Ethnically Diverse Families: Links To Boys’ Cognitive and Social Emotional Development in Preschool. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2335–2345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0743-3 Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General System Theory. New York: Goerge Braziller. Besnard, T., Verlaan, P., Davidson, M., Vitaro, F., Poulin, F., & Capuano, F. (2013). Bidirectional influences between maternal and paternal parenting and children’s disruptive behaviour from kindergarten to grade 2. Early Child Development and Care, 183(3–4), 515–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.711597 Braza, P., Carreras, R., Muñoz, J. M., Braza, F., Azurmendi, A., Pascual-Sagastizábal, E., Cardas, J., & Sánchez-Martín, J. R. (2013). Negative Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles as Predictors of Children’s Behavioral Problems: Moderating Effects of the Child’s Sex. 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<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">This paper presents experimental work on quasi static compression tests on aluminum AA 6063 circular and square tubes. Specimen tubes with ratio of R/t = 12 and b/t = 24 for circular and square tubes respectively were prepared and validated with several analytical model developed by previous researchers. Two definitions of flow stress were used for validate the test result, first were proposed by Abramowicz and Jones </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin; mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION { &quot;citationItems&quot; : [ { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;itemData&quot; : { &quot;DOI&quot; : &quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3167137&quot;, &quot;abstract&quot; : &quot;A self-consistent theory is presented which describes the crushing behavior of a class of thin-walled structures. Assuming a rigid-plastic material and using the condition of kinematic continuity on the boundaries between rigid and deformable zones, a basic folding mechanism is constructed. This mechanism closely reproduces all the main features of folds and wrinkles actually observed on typical crumpled sheet metal structures. Calculations based on the energy balance postulate show that two-thirds of the plastic energy is always dissipated through inextensional deformations at stationary and moving plastic hinge lines. The extensional deformations are confined to relatively small sections of the shell surface but they account for the remaining one-third of the dissipated energy. The theory is illustrated by application to the problem of progressive folding of thin-walled rectangular columns. A good correlation is obtained with existing experimental data as far as the mean crushing force and the geometry of the local collapse mode is concerned.&quot;, &quot;author&quot; : [ { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Wierzbicki&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;T.&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; }, { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Abramowicz&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;W.&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; } ], &quot;container-title&quot; : &quot;Journal of Applied Mechanics (ASME)&quot;, &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;issued&quot; : { &quot;date-parts&quot; : [ [ &quot;1983&quot; ] ] }, &quot;page&quot; : &quot;727-734&quot;, &quot;title&quot; : &quot;On the crushing mechanics of thin walled structures&quot;, &quot;type&quot; : &quot;article&quot;, &quot;volume&quot; : &quot;50&quot; }, &quot;uris&quot; : [ &quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=179d439b-63d5-4300-ac65-ecc43225d578&quot; ] } ], &quot;mendeley&quot; : { &quot;formattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Wierzbicki &amp; Abramowicz, 1983)&quot;, &quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Wierzbicki &amp; Abramowicz, 1983)&quot;, &quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Wierzbicki &amp; Abramowicz, 1983)&quot; }, &quot;properties&quot; : { &quot;noteIndex&quot; : 0 }, &quot;schema&quot; : &quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot; }<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">(Wierzbicki &amp; Abramowicz, 1983)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">, defined as mean stress between yield stress and ultimate tensile stress. Secondly, using ultimate tensile stress as flow stress. For circular tubes test result is in better agreement with the analytical model by Guillow et al. </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin; mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION { &quot;citationItems&quot; : [ { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;itemData&quot; : { &quot;DOI&quot; : &quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(01)00031-5&quot;, &quot;abstract&quot; : &quot;This paper presents further experimental investigations into axial compression of thin-walledcircular tubes, a classical problem studied for several decades. A total of 70 quasi-static tests were conducted on circular 6060 aluminium tubes in the T5, as-receivedcondition. The range of D=t considered was expanded over previous studies to D=t=10\u2013450. Collapse modes were observed for L=D610 anda mode classi?cation chart developed. The average crush force, FAV, was non-dimensionalisedandan empirical formula establishedas FAV=MP =72:3(D=t)0:32. It was foundthat test results for both axi-symmetric and non-symmetric modes lie on a single curve. Comprehensive comparisons have been made between existing theories andour test results for FAV. This has revealedsome shortcomings, suggesting that further theoretical work may be required. It was found that the ratio of FMAX=FAV increasedsubstantially with an increase in the D=t ratio. The e?ect of ?lling aluminium tubes with di?erent density polyurethane foam was also brie?y examined. ?&quot;, &quot;author&quot; : [ { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Guillow&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;S R&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; }, { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Lu&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;G&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; }, { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Grzebieta&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;R H&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; } ], &quot;container-title&quot; : &quot;International Journal of Mechanical Sciences&quot;, &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;issued&quot; : { &quot;date-parts&quot; : [ [ &quot;2001&quot; ] ] }, &quot;page&quot; : &quot;2103-2123&quot;, &quot;title&quot; : &quot;Quasi-static axial compression of thin-walled circular aluminium tubes&quot;, &quot;type&quot; : &quot;article-journal&quot;, &quot;volume&quot; : &quot;43&quot; }, &quot;uris&quot; : [ &quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8c6bee51-14aa-4333-9e6c-d81b06c0470b&quot; ] } ], &quot;mendeley&quot; : { &quot;formattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Guillow, Lu, &amp; Grzebieta, 2001)&quot;, &quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Guillow, Lu, &amp; Grzebieta, 2001)&quot;, &quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Guillow, Lu, &amp; Grzebieta, 2001)&quot; }, &quot;properties&quot; : { &quot;noteIndex&quot; : 0 }, &quot;schema&quot; : &quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot; }<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">(Guillow, Lu, &amp; Grzebieta, 2001)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB"> using ultimate tensile stress as flow stress. Meanwhile for square tubes, test result agrees better with the analytical model by Abramowicz and Jones </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-begin; mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION { &quot;citationItems&quot; : [ { &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;itemData&quot; : { &quot;DOI&quot; : &quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(84)90010-1&quot;, &quot;abstract&quot; : &quot;A series of axial crushing tests on steel circular cylindrical shells loaded either statically or dynamically is reported and compared with various theoretical predictions and e/R0irical relations. A modified version of Alexander's theoretical analysis for axis!mmetric, or concertina, deformations gives good a~t with the experimental results when the effective crushing distance is considered and provided that the influence of material strain rate sensitivity is retained in the dynamic crushing case.&quot;, &quot;author&quot; : [ { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Abramowicz&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;W.&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; }, { &quot;dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;family&quot; : &quot;Jones&quot;, &quot;given&quot; : &quot;N.&quot;, &quot;non-dropping-particle&quot; : &quot;&quot;, &quot;parse-names&quot; : false, &quot;suffix&quot; : &quot;&quot; } ], &quot;container-title&quot; : &quot;International Journal of Impact Engineering&quot;, &quot;id&quot; : &quot;ITEM-1&quot;, &quot;issue&quot; : &quot;3&quot;, &quot;issued&quot; : { &quot;date-parts&quot; : [ [ &quot;1984&quot; ] ] }, &quot;page&quot; : &quot;263-281&quot;, &quot;title&quot; : &quot;Dynamic axial crushing of circular tubes&quot;, &quot;type&quot; : &quot;article-journal&quot;, &quot;volume&quot; : &quot;2&quot; }, &quot;uris&quot; : [ &quot;http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=1a4a38b1-3c84-4481-9d9c-1bffd0888756&quot; ] } ], &quot;mendeley&quot; : { &quot;formattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Abramowicz &amp; Jones, 1984a)&quot;, &quot;plainTextFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Abramowicz &amp; Jones, 1984a)&quot;, &quot;previouslyFormattedCitation&quot; : &quot;(Abramowicz &amp; Jones, 1984a)&quot; }, &quot;properties&quot; : { &quot;noteIndex&quot; : 0 }, &quot;schema&quot; : &quot;https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json&quot; }<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">(Abramowicz &amp; Jones, 1984a)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-GB"> using flow stress as the mean stress between yield stress and ultimate tensile stress.</span></p>

Background. Elevated sodium consumption is associated with increased blood pressure, a major risk factor for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease.Objectives. To quantify the deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to high sodium intake in persons aged ≥25 years in South Africa (SA) for 2000, 2006 and 2012.Methods. Comparative risk assessment (CRA) methodology was used and population attributable fractions (PAFs) of high sodium intake, mediated through high blood pressure (BP), for cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease were estimated. This was done by taking the difference between the PAF for elevated systolic BP (SBP) based on the estimated SBP level in the population and the PAF based on the estimated SBP that would result if sodium intake levels were reduced to the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (1 g/day) according to population group and hypertension categories. A meta-regression based on data from nine national surveys conducted between 1998 and 2017 was used to estimate the prevalence of hypertension by age, sex and population group. Relative risks identified from international literature were used and the difference in PAFs was applied to local burden estimates from the second South African National Burden of Disease Study. Age-standardised rates were calculated using World Health Organization (WHO) standard population weights. The attributable burden was also estimated for 2012 using an alternative target of 2 g/day proposed in the National Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases (NSP).Results. High sodium intake as mediated through high SBP was estimated to cause 8 071 (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 6 542 - 15 474) deaths in 2012, a drop from 9 574 (95% UI 8 158 - 16 526) in 2006 and 8 431 (95% UI 6 972 - 14 511) in 2000. In 2012, ischaemic heart disease caused the highest number of deaths in persons (n=1 832), followed by haemorrhagic stroke (n=1 771), ischaemic stroke (n=1 484) and then hypertensive heart disease (n=1 230). Ischaemic heart disease was the highest contributor to deaths for males (27%), whereas for females it was haemorrhagic stroke (23%). In 2012, 1.5% (95% UI 1.3 - 2.9) of total deaths and 0.7% (95% UI 0.6 - 1.2) of total DALYs were attributed to high sodium intake. If the NSP target of <2 g/day sodium intake had been achieved in 2012, ~2 943 deaths and 48 870 DALYs would have been averted.Conclusion. Despite a slight decreasing trend since 2006, high sodium intake mediated through raised BP accounted for a sizeable burden of disease in 2012. Realising SA’s target to reduce sodium intake remains a priority, and progress requires systematic monitoring and evaluation.