Добірка наукової літератури з теми "2003 c-488"

OM OG AF H. C. ANDERSEN ANDERSEN. H.C. Andersens samlede værker. Eventyr og Historier I-111. Udgivet af Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab under redaktion af Klaus P. Mortensen. Udgivere: Laurids Kristian Fahl, Esther Kielberg, Klaus P. Mortensen, Jesper Gehlert Nielsen under medvirken af Finn Gredal Jensen. Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab/ Gyldendal 2003. 560 s. + 528 s + 488 s. Jackie Wullschlager: H.C. Andersen. En biografi. På dansk ved Pia Juul. Hans Reitzels Forlag. 2002. 504 s. Jens Andersen: Andersen. En biografi 1-2. Gyldendal 2003. 528 s. + 440 s

The spatial and temporal distribution of hantavirus and arenavirus antibody-positive wild rodents in Trentino, Italy, was studied using immunofluorescence assays (IFA) in two long-term sites trapped in 2000–2003, and six other sites trapped in 2002. The overall hantavirus seroprevalence in the bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus (n=229) screened for Puumala virus (PUUV) antibodies was 0·4%, and that for Apodemus flavicollis mice (n=1416) screened for Dobrava virus (DOBV) antibodies was 0·2%. Antibodies against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) were found in 82 (5·6%) of the 1472 tested rodents; the seroprevalence being 6·1% in A. flavicollis (n=1181), 3·3% in C. glareolus (n=276), and 14·3% in Microtus arvalis (n=7). Of the serum samples of 488 forestry workers studied by IFA, 12 were LCMV-IgG positive (2·5%) and one DOBV-IgG positive (0·2%), however, the latter could not be confirmed DOBV-specific with a neutralization assay. Our results show a widespread distribution but low prevalence of DOBV in Trentino, and demonstrate that the arenavirus antibodies are a common finding in several other rodent species besides the house mouse.

Abstract. Partitioning carbon fluxes is key to understanding the process underlying ecosystem response to change. This study used soil and canopy fluxes with stable isotopes (13C) and radiocarbon (14C) measurements in an 18 km2, 50-year-old, dry (287 mm mean annual precipitation; nonirrigated) Pinus halepensis forest plantation in Israel to partition the net ecosystem's CO2 flux into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) and (with the aid of isotopic measurements) soil respiration flux (Rs) into autotrophic (Rsa), heterotrophic (Rh), and inorganic (Ri) components. On an annual scale, GPP and Re were 655 and 488 g C m−2, respectively, with a net primary productivity (NPP) of 282 g C m−2 and carbon-use efficiency (CUE = NPP ∕ GPP) of 0.43. Rs made up 60 % of the Re and comprised 24±4 %Rsa, 23±4 %Rh, and 13±1 %Ri. The contribution of root and microbial respiration to Re increased during high productivity periods, and inorganic sources were more significant components when the soil water content was low. Comparing the ratio of the respiration components to Re of our mean 2016 values to those of 2003 (mean for 2001–2006) at the same site indicated a decrease in the autotrophic components (roots, foliage, and wood) by about −13 % and an increase in the heterotrophic component (Rh∕Re) by about +18 %, with similar trends for soil respiration (Rsa∕Rs decreasing by −19 % and Rh∕Rs increasing by +8 %, respectively). The soil respiration sensitivity to temperature (Q10) decreased across the same observation period by 36 % and 9 % in the wet and dry periods, respectively. Low rates of soil carbon loss combined with relatively high belowground carbon allocation (i.e., 38 % of canopy CO2 uptake) and low sensitivity to temperature help explain the high soil organic carbon accumulation and the relatively high ecosystem CUE of the dry forest.

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We propose a novel semiconductor laser structure. It is composed of three cascaded active sections: a Fabry-Pérot laser section sandwiched between two gain-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser sections. We have modeled this multi-section structure. The simulation results show that compared with index- and gain-coupled DFB lasers, a significant reduction in the longitudinal spatial-hole burning can be obtained with the proposed device, and that this leads to a stable single longitudinal mode operation at relatively high optical power with a SMSR exceeding 56dB. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL.A. Coldren, "Monolithic tunable diode lasers", IEEE J. Select. Topics Quant. Electron. 6, 988 (2000) CrossRef O. Kjebon, R. Schatz, S. Lourdudoss, S. Nilsson, B. Stalnacke, L. Backbom, "30 GHz direct modulation bandwidth in detuned loaded InGaAsP DBR lasers at 1.55 [micro sign]m wavelength", Electron. Lett. 33(6), 488 (1997). CrossRef N. Kim, J. Shin, E. Sim, C.W. Lee, D.-S. Yee, M.Y. Jeon, Y. Jang, K.H. Park, "Monolithic dual-mode distributed feedback semiconductor laser for tunable continuous-wave terahertz generation", Opt. Expr. 17(16), 13851 (2009). CrossRef M.J. Wallace, R. ORreilly Meehan, R.R Enright, F. Bello, D. Mccloskey, B. Barabadi, E.N. Wang, J.F. Donegan, "Athermal operation of multi-section slotted tunable lasers", Opt. Expr. 25(13), 14426 (2017). CrossRef J.E. Carroll, J.E.A. Whiteaway, R.G.S. Plumb, "Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Lasers", Distributed feedback semiconductor lasers (IEE and SPIE, 1998). CrossRef H. Ghafour-Shiraz, Distributed Feedback Laser Diodes and Optical Tunable Filters (Wiley, 2003). CrossRef D.D. Marcenac, Ph.D dissertation (University of Cambridge, 1993). DirectLink L.M. Zhang, J.E. Carroll, C. Tsang, "Dynamic response of the gain-coupled DFB laser", IEEE J. Quant. Electr. 29, 1722 (1993). CrossRef W. Li, W.-P. Huang, X. Li, J. Hong, "Multiwavelength gain-coupled DFB laser cascade: design modeling and simulation", IEEE J. Quant. Electro. 36(10), 1110 (2000). CrossRef B.M. Mehdi, H. Rachid, in Proc. 3rd Intern. Conf. on Embedded Systems in Telecomm. and Instrument., Annaba, Algeria (2016). DirectLinkC. Henry, "Theory of the linewidth of semiconductor lasers", IEEE J.Quant. Electr. QE-18, 259 (1982). CrossRef K. Takaki, T. Kise, K. Maruyama, N. Yamanaka, M. Funabashi, A. Kasukawa, "Reduced linewidth re-broadening by suppressing longitudinal spatial hole burning in high-power 1.55-/spl mu/m continuous-wave distributed-feedback (CW-DFB) laser diodes", IEEE J. Quant. Electr. 39, 1060 (2003) CrossRef

In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies. References Aboitiz, F. (1995). Working memory networks and the origin of language areas in the human brain. Medical Hypothesis, 25, 504-506. Aboitiz, F. & Garcia, R. (1977). The anatomy of language revisited. 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Abstract Abstract 2511 Poster Board II-488 Introduction: The signaling mechanisms which orchestrate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion, and proliferation of leukemic progenitor cells are not fully understood. In vivo parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment was shown to expand HSPC via activation of bone forming osteoblasts (Calvi et al., Nature, 2003). PTH induced bone remodeling via activation of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts is a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) dependent event (Okada et al., JBC, 2003; Hurley et al., BBRC, 2006). Different FGF receptors are expressed on various sub-types of HSPC and also on bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. This ligand, alone or in combination with other cytokines, promotes ex vivo expansion of both human and murine HSPC. Interestingly, bFGF mediated expansion of HSPC in vitro, in a culture of total BM cells, but not of purified Sca-1+/c-Kit+/Lineage− (SKL) murine HSPC (Yeoh et al., Stem Cells, 2006), implying that HSPC expansion by bFGF is also mediated indirectly via the microenvironment. KG1a is a human CD34+ progenitor AML cell line which harbors a mutation due to a chromosomal translocation, resulting in a constitutively active isoform of the FGF receptor (Gu et al., Blood, 2006). We used this cell line to elucidate the mechanism behind FGF mediated expansion of human CD34+ progenitors. The goal of this study is to reveal the roles of PTH and bFGF in regulation of normal and leukemic HSPC expansion in vivo and the downstream signaling machinery. Results: In order to understand how cytokines control HSPC proliferation and expansion in vivo, we repeatedly injected PTH to wild type (WT) and bFGF knock-out (KO) mice (5 injections per week) for 4 weeks. We observed that PTH administration to WT mice increased the levels of primitive SKL progenitors in the BM and spleen, decreased the percentage of G0 quiescent SKL cells, and upregulated c-Kit expression on the Lin−/Sca-1+ primitive progenitor population. Surprisingly, these effects were not observed in bFGF KO mice treated with PTH, revealing that PTH induced expansion of HSPC requires bFGF signaling. Repeated bFGF injections for only 1 week (total of 7 injections), significantly increased the numbers and frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) with only a minor effect on differentiated white blood cell numbers in the murine BM and spleen. HSPC expansion by bFGF was accompanied with splenomegaly, a phenotype resembling myelo-proliferative like diseases. In addition we found that bFGF downregulated SDF-1 and upregulated SCF expression on BM stromal cells together with upregulation of c-Kit expression on Lin−/Sca-1+ primitive progenitors. Inhibition of FGF signaling in KG1a cells using a specific FGFR inhibitor reduced STAT5 phosphorylation levels and increased the G0 quiescent cell fraction. Moreover, specific inhibitors of FGFR, JAK2 and STAT5, completely blocked human leukemic KG1a proliferation, implying for the involvement of this signaling pathway in expansion of immature human CD34+ AML cells. Conclusions: Our preliminary results reveal that bFGF is down stream of PTH induced HSPC expansion in vivo and that this ligand can expand progenitor cells in their natural BM and spleen microenvironments. bFGF rapidly mediates higher expansion of murine SKL HSPC within 1 week as compared to PTH expansion within 4 weeks. PTH and bFGF induced expansion is mediated both directly and indirectly by upregulating c-Kit receptors on HSPC and its ligand, SCF expression by stromal cells. Our in vitro experiments with malignant human KG1a cells indicate that FGF signaling activates STAT5 via JAK2 to promote expansion of both normal and leukemic progenitor cells. This activation is most probably mediated via SCF/c-Kit signaling since AML cells express high levels of these molecules (Ramenghi et al., Stem Cells, 1994) and therefore may bypass the dependency on the stromal microenvironment. Further studies will provide insights on how PTH/bFGF and their downstream mediators like c-Kit and SCF control normal and leukemic HSPC expansion and their evolving stromal microenvironments. These insights may be used for the development of drugs to inhibit expansion and survival of leukemic HSPC in patients. Moreover, they may also contribute to future development of therapeutic applications aimed at expanding normal HSPC prior to their mobilization or following clinical HSPC transplantation protocols. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). 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Solar cells based on c-Si/porous-Si/CdS/ZnxCd1-xO heterojunctions were synthesized by depositing CdS films on c-Si/porous-Si (PS) substrates by electrochemical deposition (ED). PS layers with systematically varied pore diameter (8-45 nm) and were fabricated on p-type c-Si wafers using electrochemical etching. The window layers of ZnxCd1-xO with several Zn concentrations(x=0.2; 0.4; 0.5 and 0.6) were also deposited on the CdS buffer layers by ED. The photoelectrical properties of heterojunctions were studied as functions of PS pore size and Zn content in ZnxCd1-xO. The optimal pore size and Zn contents were found to be 10 nm and x=0.6, respectively. These yielded a solar cell sample exhibiting an efficiency of 9.9%, the maximum observed in this study. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM.A.Green. "Limiting efficiency of bulk and thin-film silicon solar cells in the presence of surface recombination", Progress in Photovoltaic 7, 327 (1999). CrossRef P.Papet, O. Nichiporik, A. Kaminski et al. "Pyramidal texturing of silicon solar cell with TMAH chemical anisotropic etching", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90, 2319 (2006). CrossRef P. Vitanovet et al. "High-efficiency solar cell using a thin porous silicon layer", Thin Solid Films 297, 299 (1997). CrossRef L. Santinacci et al. "Electrochemical and optical characterizations of anodic porous n-InP(1 0 0) layers", Electrochim. Acta 56, 878 (2010). CrossRef V.Lehmann. "The Physics of Macropore Formation in Low Doped n‐Type Silicon", J. Electrochem. Soc. 140, 2836 (1993). CrossRef Bisi O et al. "Porous silicon: a quantum sponge structure for silicon based optoelectronics", Surface Science Reports 38, 1 (2000). CrossRef A.I. Raid et al. Applied Nanoscience 7, 9 (2016). CrossRef M.A. Naser et al. "Characteristics of Nanostructure Silicon Photodiode using Laser Assisted Etching", Procedia Engineering 53, 393 (2013). CrossRef D.H. Oh et al. J. Ceram. Process. Res. "Effects of a H2SO4 treatment on the optical properties in porous Si layers and electrical properties of diode devices fabricated with a H2SO4 treated porous Si layer", 9, 57 (2008). DirectLink H. Foll et al. "Formation and application of porous silicon", Materials Science and Engineering R 280, 1 (2002). CrossRef P. Granitzer et al. "Porous Silicon—A Versatile Host Material", Materials 3, 943 (2010). CrossRef G. Korotcenkov, Porous Silicon: From Formation to Application (Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2016). DirectLink V.Y. Yerokhov. "Porous silicon in solar cell structures: a review of achievements and modern directions of further use", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 3, 291 (1999). CrossRef A. Ramizy et al. "New optical features to enhance solar cell performance based on porous silicon surfaces", Appl. Surf. Science 257, 6112 (2011). CrossRef F. Ruske et al. "Large area ZnO:Al films with tailored light scattering properties for photovoltaic applications", Thin Solid Films 515, 8695 (2007). CrossRef Y. Alivov et al. "Observation of 430 nm electroluminescence from ZnO/GaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2943 (2003). CrossRef G.V. Lashkarev et al. "Properties of zinc oxide at low and moderate temperatures", Low Temp. Phys. 37, 289 (2011). CrossRef P.M. Devshette et al. "Growth and physical properties of ZnxCd1−xO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique", J. of Alloys and Compunds 463, 576 (2008). CrossRef Y. Caglar et al. "Morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdZnO films prepared by sol–gel method", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 065421 (2009). CrossRef A. Abdinov et al. "Photosensitivity of p,n-Si/n-Cd1−xZnxS heterojunctions manufactured by a method of electrochemical deposition", Thin Solid Films 480-481, 388 (2005). CrossRef A Abdinov et al. "Investigation of electrodeposited p-Si/Cd1 − xZnxS1 − ySey heterojunction solar cells", Thin Solid Films 511-512,140 (2006) CrossRef J.B. Orhan et al. "Nano-textured superstrates for thin film silicon solar cells: Status and industrial challenges", Sol. Cells 140, 344 (2015). CrossRef H.Ch. Alan et al. "Light management of tandem solar cells on nanostructured substrates", J. Photon. Energy 7, 027001 (2017) CrossRef

The use of non-prescription drugs is widespread and has a major impact on the health of the individual user and society. In 2006, the British Crime Survey reported that 10% of adults had used one or more illicit drugs in the preceding year, with 3% reporting using a Class A drug. Over 11 million people in the UK are estimated to have used an illicit drug at least once in their lifetime (35%). Drugs abused vary in their intrinsic potential to cause addiction and, with it, more regular and harmful use. Drug users are influenced by trends and fashions, adopting new compounds such as crack cocaine and experimenting with routes of ingestion. Some drugs may become less popular over time, such as LSD, while others, such as cannabis, experience a revival as more potent strains (e.g. Skunk) are developed. A problem drug user is best defined as a person whose drug taking is no longer controlled or undertaken for recreational purposes and where drugs have become a more essential element of the individual’s life. The true economic and social cost of drug use is likely to be substantially greater than the published figures, which are derived from a variety of health and crime surveys which may overlook vulnerable groups such as the homeless. The majority of non-prescription drugs used in the UK are illegal and covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The drugs most commonly abused gave rise in 2003–4 to an estimated financial cost in England and Wales of 15.4 billion pounds to the economy, with Class A drugs such as heroin and cocaine accounting for the majority of this. Some 90% of the cost is due to drug-related crime, with only 3% (£488 million) due to health service expenditure, which is mainly spent on inpatient care episodes. This still represents a major health pressure, which in 2006–7 amounted to 38 000 admissions, in England, for primary and secondary drug-related mental or behavioural problems, and over 10 000 admissions recorded for drug poisoning. Clinicians in all specialities can expect to encounter harmful drug use, especially those working in primary care, A & E, and psychiatric services. Presenting problems are protean, ranging from mood disorders, delirium, and psychosis to sepsis, malnutrition, and hepatitis. Blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C and HIV are widespread, as contaminated needles and syringes are shared by up to a quarter of problem drug users. Even smoking drugs such as crack cocaine can lead to increased transmission of hepatitis C through oral ulceration and contact with hot contaminated smoking pipes. Amongst the UK population, over half of IV drug users have hepatitis C, a quarter have antibodies to hepatitis B, and, by 2006, 4662 had been diagnosed with HIV. Non-prescription drug abuse is a leading cause of death and morbidity amongst the young adult population (those aged 16–35). In 2006 there were 1573 deaths where the underlying cause was poisoning, drug abuse, or dependence on substances controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act. The vast majority (79%) were male. Young men, in particular, are at greater risk of violent death through associated criminal activity such as drug supplying and from deliberate and accidental overdose. The male-to-female ratio for deaths associated with mental and behavioural disorder is 6:1.

AbstractThe concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) were determined in 40 pooled human milk samples from 39 countries covering all five of the United Nations regional groups. The samples were collected in the 2016–2019 exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).The median concentration of the sum of 26 PCN was 55 pg/g lipid (range 27 pg/g to 170 pg/g). Human milk from European countries showed considerably higher levels than those found in milk from countries in the African, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America/Caribbean regions. The most abundant congeners were the congener pairs PCN 52/60 and PCN 66/67 (inseparable by conventional chromatography) and to a lesser extent PCN 28/36, PCN 42, PCN 46, PCN 48, PCN 59, and PCN 69.Among other adverse biological effects, a critical response of many PCN congeners is dioxin-like toxicity. So, in addition to reporting concentrations of individual congeners, the toxic equivalents (TEQ) were also calculated in these samples, using two sets of relative effect potency (REP) values: a set that has been used in a number of human exposure studies and another set reported by Falandysz et al. (J Environ Sci Health, Part C: Environ Carcinogenesis Ecotoxicol Rev 32(3):239–272, 2014). The median PCN-TEQ concentration in human milk was 0.07 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.03 pg/g to 0.23 pg/g), when calculated using the human biomonitoring study REPs, and 0.03 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.01 pg/g to 0.10 pg/g), when calculated with other suggested REPs. The vast majority, about 90%, of this TEQ can be attributed to the PCN 66/67 congener pair. Individual REPs for PCN 66 and 67 from in vivo studies are quite different, but a chromatographic separation of these two congeners is not possible under routine GC conditions. Different approaches to estimate the uncertainties showed that the value of the REPs used is more important than the analytical problem to separate PCN 66 and PCN 67. PCN-TEQ based on the two sets of REPs differ approximately by a factor of 2.2, whereas the congener-specific determination was estimated to result in approximately 30% lower concentrations in comparison with the standard method.The assessment of PCN 66 and PCN 67 in order to obtain confirmed TEF would be most important for calculations of the dioxin-like toxicity of PCN, followed by PCN 69. Minor contributions to PCN-TEQ concentrations in human milk come from PCN 52/60, PCN 64/68, PCN 70, and PCN 73.On average, the contribution of PCN-TEQ to the cumulative TEQ (including the overall sum of toxic equivalents of PCDD, PCDF, and dioxin-like PCB [WHO2005-TEQ]) is between 1% and 2%, with a wider range of up to 5% for the 39 countries of this study. This is about an order of magnitude lower than the contribution of dioxin-like PCB to the cumulative TEQ (median 26%). In line with the observed higher total PCN concentrations, European countries also showed considerably higher levels of PCN-TEQ than found in the other regions. PCN-TEQ calculated with REPs used in human biomonitoring studies add on average about 2% to the cumulative TEQ of dioxin-like contaminants in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, and Latin American and Caribbean countries and about 4% in European countries. The corresponding contribution of PCN-TEQ calculated using the other set would be 1% in non-European countries and 2% in European countries.

(c. 2007/2008) [Trans.: Abdulbasit Kassim] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9P5C6mdWyU Although the Danish cartoons are not referenced, most likely this sermon should be associated with the various controversies about the Prophet Muhammad during the period 2006–2009. The primary subject of the sermon is the exegesis of Qur’ān 4:48–54. In his exegesis of these verses, Yusuf accentuated the theme of the polytheism of obedience and focused on the criticism of the constitution, democracy, and working with the secular government as well the schisms between his group and other Islamic groups, particularly the Salafis. In addition, Yusuf also demonstrated his admiration for the jihadists who fought in Tora Bora. There were some missing parts at the beginning and the end of the video...

Arumugam Sudalai of the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 6401) a procedure for hydrocarbon iodination. With straight chain hydrocarbons, only secondary iodination was observed. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University uncovered (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 353) a procedure for direct hydrocarbon amination, converting cyclohexane 1 into the amine 3. Justin Du Bois of Stanford University established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4513) a procedure for alkane hydroxylation, converting 4 selectively into the alcohol 6. The oxirane 8 usually also preferentially ozidizes methines, hydroxylating steroids at the C-14 position. Ruggero Curci of the University of Bari found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5614) that the substrate 7 showed some C-14 hydroxylation, but also a useful yield of the ketone 9. The authors suggested that the C-7 acetoxy group may be deactivating the C-14 C-H. C-H bonds can also be converted directly to carbon-carbon bonds. Mark E. Wood of the University of Exeter found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3400) that free-radical removal of iodine from 10 followed by intramolecular H-atom abstraction in the presence of the trapping agent 11 delivered 12 with good diastereo control. Professor Li observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6278) that under Ru catalysis, hydrocarbons such as 13 could be directly arylated. He also established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 5601) conditions for the direct aminoalkylation of hydrocarbons such as 13, to give 17. Huw M. L. Davies of Emory University converted (Synlett 2009, 151) the ester 4 to the homologated diester 19 in preparatively useful yield using the diazo ester 18, the precursor to a selective, push-pull stabilized carbene. Intramolecular bond formation to an unactivated C-H can be even more selective. Guoshen Liu of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry developed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2707) an oxidative Pd system that cyclized 20 to the seven-membered ring lactam 21 . Professor Du Bois devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008 , 130, 9220) a Rh catalyst that effected allylic amination of 22, to give 23 with substantial enantiocontrol. Dalibor Sames of Columbia University designed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 402) a remarkable cascade approach to C-H functionalization. Exposure of 24 to Lewis acid led to intramolecular hydride abstraction. Cyclization of the resulting stabilized carbocation delivered the tetrahydropyan 25 with remarkable diastereocontrol.

Masayuki Inoue of the University of Tokyo designed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3630) a linker that specifically directed C-H hydroxylation, as illustrated by oxidation of 1 to 2. Phil S. Baran of Scripps/La Jolla detailed (Nature 2009, 459, 824; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9705) some of the factors that direct reactivity in intermolecular C-H hydroxylation. Ning Jiao of Peking University devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7094) a protocol for the direct oxidation of a methylated aromatic 3 to the nitrile 4. Armando J. L. Pombeiro of TU Lisbon developed (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 2936) a procedure for C-H carboxylation, converting 5 into 6. Maurizio Fagnoni of the University of Pavia showed (Chem. Commun. 2009, 7351) that sunlight was sufficient to promote the addition of cyclohexane 7 to methyl acrylate to give 8. Jin-Quan Yu, also of Scripps/La Jolla, established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9886) conditions for the selective Pd-mediated coupling of 9 to iodobenzene to give 10. Alexei V. Novikov of the University of North Dakota demonstrated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6963; Heterocycles 2009, 78, 2531) that both diazo sulfonates such 11 and the related diazo sulfones cyclized smoothly under Rh catalysis to give the six-membered ring products. In the course of a synthesis of the Psoralea corylifolia –derived bakuchiol, the adduct from the cyclization of 11 was converted into the vinylated product 12. C-H bonds can also be activated electronically by proximal functional groups. Yong-Min Liang of Lanzhou University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 7464) that an N-aryl cyclic amine 13 could be oxidized to the syn diacetoxylated product 14. Note that the α-acetoxy group of 14 is activated for ionization and further bond formation. Yuhong Zhang of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3730) that the activated intermediate from the oxidation of 15 coupled with a silyl enol ether to deliver the coupled product 16. Bernd Plietker of the Universität Stuttgart devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5752) a Ru catalyst for the coupling of an alkyne 18 to an α,β-unsaturated ester 17 to give the diene 19. Both disubstituted alkynes and more complex α,β-unsaturated esters participated as well. Gregory K. Friestad of the University of Iowa observed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 819) that an N-vinyl amide 20 could be homologated to the ester 22.

Hideki Yorimitsu and Koichiro Ochima of Kyoto University extended (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7224) Pd-catalyzed intramolecular carboamidation to the construction of aziridines such as 3. Hamdullah Kilic of Ataturk University showed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9452) that aziridination of an allylic alcohol 4 could proceed with substantial diastereocontrol. Makoto Oba of Tokai University established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5053) a route from a serine derivative 6 to the pyroglutamate 8 and developed a protocol for the conversion of 8 to 9. David Tanner of the Technical University of Denmark found (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5032) that tetramic acids such as 8 could also be efficiently α-arylated. Koichi Mikami of the Tokyo Institute of Technology devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6073) a gold catalyst for the enantioselective cyclization of 12 to 13. Hiroaki Sasai of Osaka University effected (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9274) double intramolecular amination, converting 14 into 15 in high ee. Kyungsoo Oh of IUPUI Indianapolis observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7420) that using the same ligand, Cu catalysis gave one enantiomer of 18 and Ag catalysis gave the opposite enantiomer. Liu-Zhu Gong of the University of Science and Technology, Hefei, devised (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4946) a chiral Brønsted acid that mediated the enantioselective condensation of 19, 20, and 21 to give 22. Roderick W. Bates of Nanyang Technological University found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3706) that a gold catalyst mediated the cyclization of 23 to 24 with high diastereocontrol. Qi-Lin Zhou of Nankai University effected (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4994) the enantioselective reduction of racemic 25 under epimerizing conditions, leading to 26 with high stereocontrol. Adriaan J. Minnaard and Ben L. Feringa of the University of Groningen established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9339) conditions for the enantioselective addition of a diakyl zinc to the activated pyridine 27, to give 28 in high ee. Hiromitsu Takayama of Chiba University isolated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 8307) lycoposerramine- C 34 from Lycopodium serratum. Intrigued by preliminary studies of the biological activity but lacking material, he developed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 5554) a total synthesis, the key step of which was the intramolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization of 32 to 33.

Swadeshmukul Santra of the University of Central Florida described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 124) a simple preparation of silica nanoparticles that efficiently catalyzed the anti-Markovnikov addition of thiophenol to alkenes (illustrated) and also to alkynes. Akiya Ogawa of Osaka Prefecture University devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 624) a protocol for the photoinduced hydrophosphinylation of an alkene 3 to the phosphine oxide 4. Xavi Ribas and Miquel Costas of the University of Girona developed (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 348) a manganese catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes with 30% H2O2. Masahito Ochiai of the University of Tokushima established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1382) an iodoarene-catalyzed oxidation of an alkene 7 to the keto acid 9. If, as is likely, isolated alcohols are stable under these conditions, this will be a useful complement to RuO4 cleavage. Several methods are available for homologating unactivated alkenes. Sven Doye of the Universität Oldenburg observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1153) that a Ti catalyst could effect the addition of N-methyl aniline 10 to the alkene 3, to give the branched product 11 . The reaction also worked well in an intramolecular sense. Note that in this process, a C-H bond is also converted to a C-C bond. Kiyoshi Tomioka of Kyoto University reported (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2007) that the Suzuki coupling of the hydroboration product from 12 with the iodo alkene 13 was best supported by AsPh3. Teck-Peng Loh of Nanyang Technological University showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1372) that the homologation of an isolated alkene 15 with an acrylate ester 16 could also be carried out under oxidative conditions to give the diene 17. Weiping Su of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter found (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2341) that similar oxidative conditions effected the decarboxylative addition of an aromatic acid such as 18 to an alkene to give the substituted styrene 19. Kian L. Tan of Boston College took advantage (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2764) of a chelating ligand to direct the regioselective hydroformylation of an allylic sulfonamide 20. Isolated internal alkenes were stable under these conditions.

Yasutaka Ishii of Kansai University has developed (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 8820) a novel route to furans, using a mixed-metal catalyst to effect condensation of an aldehyde or 1,3 diketone such as 1 with an acceptor such as 2 to give the 3-furoate 3. In a complementary approach, Yong-Min Liang of Lanzhou University has found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 10276) that diazoacetate 5 will condense with an alkynyl ketone to give the 2-furoate 6. David W. Knight of Cardiff University has shown (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7709) that an alkynyl diol such as 7, readily available by dihydroxylation of the corrresponding alkenyl alkyne, cyclized to the furan on exposure to AgNO3 on silica gel. Professor Knight has also (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7906) established a route to poly-substituted pyrroles 10, by iodination of alkynyl sulfonamides such as 9. Similarly, Richard C. Larock of Iowa State University found (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 9643) that I-Cl cyclized methoximes such as 11 to the corresponding iodo isoxazole 12, and Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT uncovered (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5521) the cyclization of an enamide such as 13 with I2 to the corresponding oxazole 14. In developing a more efficient route to a new class of materials that he has named “triazolamers”, Paramjit S. Arora of New York University was able (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 7963) to effect diazo transfer to the amine 15 and subsequent condensation with 16 to give 17, without isolation of the intermediate azide. C. V. Asokan and E. R. Anabha of Mahatma Gandhi University have described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5641) the activation of a ketone 18 followed by condensation with malononitrile 19 to give the pyridine 20. Hans-Ulrich Reissig of the Freie Universität Berlin has established (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5541) a complementary three-component coupling of a nitrile 21 with the allenyl anion 22, followed by a carboxylic acid 23 to deliver the pyridine 24. Akio Saito and Yuji Hanzawa of the Showa Pharmaceutical University have reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6852) the intramolecular Rh-catalyzed cyclization of a methoxime lactone such as 25 to the pyridine 26.

Abstract Author: Euripides (ca. 485–406 b.c.e.), one of the most famous of the Athenian playwrights, wrote a number of plays that feature Greek women: Medea, Androm ache, Hecuba, Helen, Electra, Iphigenia at Aulis, and Iphigenia in Tauris. He devoted one of the last of his plays, The Bacchae (which posthumously brought him victory at the festival known as the Dionysia in 406 b.c.e.), to the origins and character of women’s worship of the Thracian god Dionysos. Modern scholars have continued to wrestle with the correspondence between Euripides’ representation of Bacchic worship, set in ancient Thebes, and practices current in the late fifth to early fourth centuries b.c.e. (including Athens and elsewhere). Much of Euripides’ description is not significantly at odds with other ancient sources. translation: W. Arrowsmith, The Bacchae, in David Grene and Richmond Lattimore, eds., Greek Tragedies, vol. 3 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). text: OCT (G. Murray, 1901–13); E. R. Dodds, Euripides’ “Bacchae,” 2d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970). additional text and translation: LCL (Arthur S. Way, 1912, vol. 3; David Kovacs, 2002). additional translations: There are many English translations of The Bacchae. Recent ones include David Franklin, Euripides’ “Bacchae”: A New Translation and Commentary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Reginald Gibbons and Charles Segal, Euripides’ “Bakhai” (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); and C. K. Williams, “The Bacchae” of Euripides: A New Version (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1990). Also of interest is G. S. Kirk, The Bacchae (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970). bibliography: Blessings, 36–49; Susan Guettel Cole, “New Evidence for the Mysteries of Dionysos,” GRBS 21 (1980): 223–38; Synnove Des Bouvrie, “Euripides’ Bakkhai and Maenadism,” Classica et Mediaevalia 48 (1997): 75–114; A. Henrichs, “Greek Maenadism from Olympias to Messalina,” HSCP 82 (1978): 121–60; Eva Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus (New York: Harper and Row, 1985); Valdis Leinieks, The City of Dionysos: A Study of Euripides’ “Bakchai” (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1996); Deborah Lyons, Gender and Immortality: Heroines in Ancient Greek Myth and Cult (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz, Anxiety Veiled: Euripides and the Traffic in Women (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993).

Yuqing Hou of Southern Illinois University found (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6362) that the peroxy ether 2 served effectively to directly transfer a methoxy group to the lithiated 1 to give 3. Wanzhi Chen of Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, showed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 7203) that pyrimidines such as 4, readily prepared from the corresponding phenol, underwent smooth Pd-catalyzed ortho acetoxylation. Trond Vidar Hansen of the University of Oslo observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6339) that simple electrophilic formylation of phenols such as 6 also proceeded with high ortho selectivity. Kyung Woon Jung of the University of Southern California optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6231) the Rh catalyst for ortho C-H insertion, converting 8 into 9. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla devised (Science 2010, 327, 315) a protocol for carboxy-directed catalytic ortho palladation that allowed subsequent Heck coupling, transforming 10 into 11. Norikazu Miyoshi of the University of Tokushima established (Chem. Lett. 2009, 38, 996) that in situ generated strontium alkyls added 1,6 to benzoic acid 13, to give, after mild oxidative workup, the 4-alkyl benzoic acid 15. Amin Zarei of Islamic Azad University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4443) that their previously developed protocol for preparing stable diazonium silica sulfates could be extended to the preparation of an aryl azide such as 17. Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12898) a Pd-mediated protocol for the conversion of aryl chlorides to the corresponding nitro aromatics. Virgil Percec of the University of Pennsylvania has also reported (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4974) the conversion of an aryl chloride to the borane, and Guy C. Lloyd-Jones has described (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7612) the conversion of phenols to the corresponding thiols. Kwang Ho Song of Korea University and Sunwoo Lee of Chonnam National University demonstrated (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6358) that the Ni-mediated homologation of aryl halides worked with a variety of primary and secondary formamides. Kwangyong Park of Chung-Ang University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9566) that Ni catalysts also mediated the coupling of Grignard reagents with the tosylate 22 not in the usual way but with the C-S bond to give 23.

Tosylates are among the least expensive, but also among the least reactive toward Pd(0) oxidative addition, of aryl sulfonates. Jie Wu of Fudan University has now devised conditions (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 9346) for the Pd-catalyzed coupling of aryl tosylates such as 1 with arene trifluoroborates. Kei Manabe of RIKEN has found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5593) that an ortho OH activates an adjacent Cl for Pd-mediated coupling, allowing the conversion of 4 to 6 . Philippe Uriac and Pierre van de Weghe of the Université de Rennes I have developed (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3623) conditions for the catalytic acylation of aryl halides with alkenyl acetates such as 8. Multi-component coupling lends itself well to diversity-oriented synthesis. As illustrated by the combination of 10 with 11 and 12 to give 13 reported (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5589) by Michael F. Greaney of the University of Edinburgh, benzynes can do double addition with high regiocontrol. For other recent references to unsymmetrical double additions to arynes, see Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5921; Chem. Commun. 2007, 2405; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 14042. C-H functionalization of arenes is of increasing importance. John F. Hartwig of the University of Illinois has described (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 757; 761) improved conditions for Ir-catalyzed meta borylation, and conditions for further coupling of the initial borate 16 to give amines such as 17. Lei Liu and Qing-Xiang Guo of the University of Science and Technology, Hefei have found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5449) that oxygen can be used as the stoichiometric oxidant in the Pd-catalyzed functionalization of H’s ortho to anilides. Two other research groups (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 6066; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5554; J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 7720) reported advances in this area. In a close competition, Jin-Quan Yu, now at Scripps/La Jolla (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3510) and Olafs Daugulis of the University of Houston (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9879) both reported that a carboxyl group can activate an ortho H for direct functionalization.

Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA), in four coastal hydrographic stations of Colombian Pacific Ocean, were analyzed. The selected hydrographic stations were: Tumaco (1°48'N-78°45'W), Gorgona island (2°58'N-78°11'W), Solano Bay (6°13'N-77°24'W) and Malpelo island (4°0'N-81°36'W). SSTA time series for 1960-2015 were calculated from monthly Sea Surface Temperature obtained from International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). SSTA time series, Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO), Arctic Oscillation index (AO) and sunspots number (associated to solar activity), were compared. It was found that the SSTA absolute minimum has occurred in Tumaco (-3.93°C) in March 2009, in Gorgona (-3.71°C) in October 2007, in Solano Bay (-4.23°C) in April 2014 and Malpelo (-4.21°C) in December 2005. The SSTA absolute maximum was observed in Tumaco (3.45°C) in January 2002, in Gorgona (5.01°C) in July 1978, in Solano Bay (5.27°C) in March 1998 and Malpelo (3.64°C) in July 2015. A high correlation between SST and ONI in large part of study period, followed by a good correlation with PDO, was identified. The AO and SSTA have showed an inverse relationship in some periods. Solar Cycle has showed to be a modulator of behavior of SSTA in the selected stations. It was determined that extreme values of SST are related to the analyzed large scale oscillations.

Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA), in four coastal hydrographic stations of Colombian Pacific Ocean, were analyzed. The selected hydrographic stations were: Tumaco (1°48'N-78°45'W), Gorgona island (2°58'N-78°11'W), Solano Bay (6°13'N-77°24'W) and Malpelo island (4°0'N-81°36'W). SSTA time series for 1960-2015 were calculated from monthly Sea Surface Temperature obtained from International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS). SSTA time series, Oceanic Nino Index (ONI), Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO), Arctic Oscillation index (AO) and sunspots number (associated to solar activity), were compared. It was found that the SSTA absolute minimum has occurred in Tumaco (-3.93°C) in March 2009, in Gorgona (-3.71°C) in October 2007, in Solano Bay (-4.23°C) in April 2014 and Malpelo (-4.21°C) in December 2005. The SSTA absolute maximum was observed in Tumaco (3.45°C) in January 2002, in Gorgona (5.01°C) in July 1978, in Solano Bay (5.27°C) in March 1998 and Malpelo (3.64°C) in July 2015. A high correlation between SST and ONI in large part of study period, followed by a good correlation with PDO, was identified. The AO and SSTA have showed an inverse relationship in some periods. Solar Cycle has showed to be a modulator of behavior of SSTA in the selected stations. It was determined that extreme values of SST are related to the analyzed large scale oscillations.

Modern turbine engine performance and life cycle requirements demand single crystal (SX) superalloy turbine airfoil and seal components. However, complex SX components, such as vane segments, can result in severe manufacturing cost challenges due to low manufacturing yield. As presented at TURBO EXPO 2002 and 2006, these requirements led to the development of CMSX-486® alloy, a grain boundary strengthened SX superalloy with improved creep-rupture strength over SX CM 186 LC® alloy. This paper will review the unique properties that make this alloy desirable, with particular attention to ongoing developments. Significant market interest has resulted in additional property evaluation, including strain-controlled low cycle fatigue testing which has produced fatigue lives similar to HIP’ed and solutioned CMSX-4® SX alloy at 1038°C. This was surprising considering the non-homogeneous microstructure of CMSX-486 alloy, which is used in the as-cast + double aged heat treat condition. Also, burner rig dynamic, cyclic oxidation and Type I hot corrosion results will be presented for CMSX-486 (SLS) [La+Y] alloy in comparison to CMSX-4, CMSX-4(SLS)[La+Y] and CMSX-486 alloys. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows residual sulfur and phosphorus in CMSX-486 (SLS) [La+Y] are tied up as Y and La carbo-sulfides and phosphides.

The Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) process is one of the most promising processes used for producing nanostructured consolidates making use of the severe plastic conditions that the powder particles experience during the extrusion. The intrinsic heat generated during extrusion in addition to 1.16 total strain imposed on the powder per pass can substitute for the elevated temperature required for sintering. The consolidation conditions of the Nanocrystalline-Micropowder (NCMP) prior to ECAE influences significantly the structural evolution and hence mechanical properties of the produced bulk product. Through the current research work, consolidation maps of hardness and density variation for NCMP Al-2124 powders hot compacts were constructed. A NCMP of about 45μm particle size and 87nm internal structure average size was used. Hot compacts of height-to-diameter (h/d) ratio of 4 were obtained by combinations of temperatures (360, 420 and 480°C), durations (30, 60, and 90 minutes), and pressures (4, 5, and 6) multiples of the yield strength (σys) of as received Al-2124. For the NCMP hot compacts, an optimal combination of compaction conditions was for 60min duration at 420-to-480°C range of temperatures, and 375–450MPa (5–6σys) range of pressure. For the 30 and 90min compaction durations the optimum properties were limited to 480°C over a stress range of 5.2 to 5.8σys. Uniformity of density along the sample’s length was achieved for NCMP hot compacts at the conditions of (6σys (450MPa), 420°C–480°C and 60 minutes), and (5σys (375MPa), 420–480°C and 90 minutes). Fully dense uniformly deformed bulk products with enhance hardness up to 178% compared to the hot compact was achieved post one-pass and 2-pass routes A and C at extrusion temperature of 235°C.

An alternate to the two-tank molten salt thermal energy storage system using supercritical fluids is presented. This technology can enhance the production of electrical power generation and high temperature technologies for commercial use by lowering the cost of energy storage in comparison to current state-of-the-art molten salt energy storage systems. The volumetric energy density of a single-tank supercritical fluid energy storage system is significantly higher than a two-tank molten salt energy storage system due to the high compressibilities in the supercritical state. As a result, the single-tank energy storage system design can lead to almost a factor of ten decrease in fluid costs. This paper presents results from a test performed on a 5 kWht storage tank with a naphthalene energy storage fluid as part of a small preliminary demonstration of the concept of supercritical thermal energy storage. Thermal energy is stored within naphthalene filled tubes designed to handle the temperature (500 °C) and pressure (6.9 MPa or 1000 psia) of the supercritical fluid state. The tubes are enclosed within an insulated shell heat exchanger which serves as the thermal energy storage tank. The storage tank is thermally charged by flowing air at >500 °C over the storage tube bank. Discharging the tank can provide energy to a Rankine cycle (or any other thermodynamic process) over a temperature range from 480 °C to 290 °C. Tests were performed over three stages, starting with a low temperature (200 °C) shake-out test and progressing to a high temperature single cycle test cycling between room temperature and 480 °C and concluding a two-cycle test cycling between 290 °C and 480 °C. The test results indicate a successful demonstration of high energy storage using supercritical fluids.

Abstract The use of the bainitic creep strength enhanced ferritic steel T/P23 has increased over the last decade in a wide range of applications including headers, superheater and reheater tubing and in waterwall tubing. Many issues have been reported in weldments of this material, such as hydrogen induced cracking, reheat cracking and stress corrosion cracking. In order to help characterize high temperature cracking phenomena, including reheat cracking, a limited number of laboratory creep crack growth tests are being conducted as part of an ongoing project. Tests were run on as-welded sections with the test specimen crack-tip located in select zones of the weldment. Test temperatures are intended to bookend the range of applications from a waterwall condition of ~482°C (900°F) to the superheat/reheat condition of 565°C (1050°F). This paper describes the results of some early testing at 482°C (900°F). The tests provided useful insight into the cracking susceptibility of the material at this temperature with respect to not only time-dependent cracking, but also fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness. The paper includes details of the test method and results, as well as findings from post-test metallographic examinations of the tested specimens.

Ferritic/martensitic steels are candidates for fast reactors because of their sodium compatibility, superior resistance to corrosion and radiation damage, including swelling, and excellent thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient. One significant limitation of any cladding material is its susceptibility to swelling at high doses. While HT9 has neutron irradiation performance data up to ∼200 dpa, dose requirements for the Traveling Wave Reactor (TWR) may be much higher. Obtaining higher-dose data will take many years, but in the interim, heavy ion irradiation could provide a useful tool toward predicting the swelling trends beyond 200 dpa. In this study, HT9 was irradiated from 440–480°C using 5 MeV Fe++ ions. The samples are compared to a portion of HT9 fuel assembly duct from FFTF, which was characterized after neutron irradiation at 440°C with an accumulated dose of 155 dpa. Comparisons are made of the void size and density using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The increase in dose from 280 dpa to 375 dpa increased void size, number density and swelling at 440°C, while swelling was generally lower at 480°C for the same helium pre-implantation conditions. Helium generally enhanced the nucleation of voids, as measured by the void density.

The effects of temperature-cycling dwell-time on the thermal-fatigue life of lead-free solder joints are investigated in this study. Emphasis is placed on the determination of creep responses and the creep strain energy density per cycle of a PBGA (plastic ball grid array) package’s lead-free solder joints subjected to various dwell times (namely, 15, 60, and 480 minutes) at peak cycling temperatures (0°C and 100°C).

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the present work, five surrogate components (n-Hexadecane, n-Tetradecane, Heptamethylnonane, Decalin, 1-Methylnaphthalene) are proposed to represent liquid phase of diesel fuel, and another different five surrogate components (n-Decane, n-Heptane, iso-Octane, MCH (methylcyclohexane), Toluene) are proposed to represent vapor phase of diesel fuel. For the vapor phase, a 5-component surrogate chemical kinetic mechanism has been developed and validated. In the mechanism, a recently updated H₂/O₂/CO/C₁ detailed sub-mechanism is adopted for accurately predicting the laminar flame speeds over a wide range of operating conditions, also a recently updated C₂-C₃ detailed sub-mechanism is used due to its potential benefit on accurate flame propagation simulation. For each of the five diesel vapor surrogate components, a skeletal sub-mechanism, which determines the simulation of ignition delay times, is constructed for species C₄-C_n. The five skeletal sub-mechanisms are coupled with the new C₂-C₃ and H₂/O₂/CO/C₁ detailed sub-mechanisms. In order to simulate soot, a semi-detailed soot model is coupled with the 5-component diesel vapor surrogate chemical kinetic mechanism. Together with a reduced NOx (oxides of nitrogen) sub-mechanism, the final version of the diesel mechanism has 119 species and 488 reactions, which are feasible currently for simulating diesel engine combustion and emissions. The reaction rate constants of the five skeletal sub-mechanisms were optimized in this work to match available experimental data of either pure fuels or fuel blends, including ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, and important species profiles in the literature. Using the new models developed in this work, simulations of the combustion and emissions of several diesel engines under typical operating conditions were carried out. The simulated in-cylinder pressures and emissions including unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and soot were compared with the experimental data, showing good agreements between simulations and experiments.</div></div>

This report describes the demonstration of technologies and procedures developed during April 2002 and May 2004 under the Joint Rapid Airfield Construction (JRAC) Program. The demonstration took place at Sicily Landing Zone (LZ) at Fort Bragg, NC, in July of 2004. The objective of the exercise was to demonstrate the procedures and technologies developed under the JRAC Program by rapidly building two parking aprons capable of supporting C-130 transport aircraft taxiing and parking operations. The exercise was conducted under continuous 24-hr operations to simulate a real-world rapid construction environment. Apron 1 (north apron) was constructed using two technologies, one-half being ACE™ Matting and the other half being a cement-polymer stabilized soil surface. Apron 2 (south apron) was constructed solely of a fiber-cement-stabilized soil system. Both aprons were treated with a polymer emulsion surface application to form a sealed surface against abrasion and water infiltration. The entire construction of both aprons required 76 hr, with Apron 1 finished in 48 hr. The construction of Apron 1 was validated by operation of a C-130 aircraft approximately 31 hr after completion with success and high praises from the aircraft flight crew on the stability and surface of the apron, as well as its dust-abating characteristics.

Avec l'augmentation attendue des activités minières dans les régions nordiques du Canada en raison de la demande mondiale de minéraux critiques, il est impératif de concevoir des méthodes nouvelles et fiables pour identifier les lacs qui peuvent être situés au-dessus des sections de sol non gelées (c.-à-d. les taliks) dans les environnements de pergélisol continu. Lorsque les taliks pénètrent complètement le pergélisol, ils peuvent permettre des interactions entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines sous le pergélisol, ce qui présente des défis importants pour les opérations minières. Ce rapport fournit des données de référence détaillées sur la température de l'eau, la conductivité et parfois des mesures de pH pour les lacs près de Rankin Inlet, au Nunavut, effectuées en avril et en septembre 2023. Cet ensemble de données alimentera nos modèles thermiques et géophysiques pour l'identification des taliks et les modèles conceptuels cryo-hydrogéologiques pour la simulation de l'écoulement hydrogéologique souterrain dans les régions de pergélisol continu. Nos résultats révèlent notamment qu'en avril, les températures de la colonne d'eau dans les bassins lentiques sélectionnés variaient de 0,1 à 2°C directement sous la couverture de glace et de 1,7 à 3,5°C à l'interface eau-sédiment. Inversement, en septembre, la colonne d'eau des bassins étudiés était isotherme. Ces profils de température suggèrent que les lacs étudiés présentent des caractéristiques indiquant des bassins polymictiques froids, la stratification hivernale étant plus prononcée avec l'augmentation de la profondeur du bassin. En outre, nos mesures de conductivité indiquent une relation salinité-densité dans la colonne d'eau des lacs. Plus précisément, les mesures effectuées directement sous la couche de glace et près du fond du lac variaient respectivement de 74 à 168 µS cm-1 et de 77 à 352 µS cm-1 en avril 2023, tandis que les conductivités de la surface et du fond du lac variaient respectivement de 44 à 111 µS cm-1 et de 73 à 488 µS cm-1 en septembre. En outre, les évaluations préliminaires des effets de la cryoconcentration sur la charge en solutés pendant les saisons de prise et de retrait des glaces indiquent une contribution potentielle aux écarts observés dans les conductivités de la colonne d'eau entre les deux saisons d'échantillonnage sur le terrain. Toutefois, il est essentiel de procéder à des analyses géochimiques supplémentaires pour valider cette hypothèse et explorer la possibilité d'autres phénomènes naturels qui pourraient expliquer ces différences.