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Статті в журналах з теми "1920s China"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 вересня 2024

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1

Zheng, Jingyun, Yingzhuo Yu, Xuezhen Zhang, and Zhixin Hao. "Variation of extreme drought and flood in North China revealed by document-based seasonal precipitation reconstruction for the past 300 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1135-2018.

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Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.

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2

Rao, Zihe. "History of protein crystallography in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (February 27, 2007): 1035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2032.

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China has a strong background in X-ray crystallography dating back to the 1920s. Protein crystallography research in China was first developed following the successful synthesis of insulin in China in 1966. The subsequent determination of the three-dimensional structure of porcine insulin made China one of the few countries which could determine macromolecular structures by X-ray diffraction methods in the late 1960s and early 1970s. After a slow period during the 1970s and 1980s, protein crystallography in China has reached a new climax with a number of outstanding accomplishments. Here, I review the history and progress of protein crystallography in China and detail some of the recent research highlights, including the crystal structures of two membrane proteins as well as the structural genomics initiative in China.

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3

Rhoads, Edward J. M. "Cycles of Cathay." Transfers 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2012.020207.

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Introduced into China in the late nineteenth century, the bicycle had to compete with a variety of alternative modes of personal transportation that for a number of years limited its appeal and utility. Thus, during the 1920s and 1930s it took a back seat to the hand-pulled rickshaw and during the 1940s to the pedicab (cycle rickshaw). It was only in the 1950s that the bicycle became the primary means of transportation for most urban Chinese. For the next four decades, as its use spread from the city to the countryside, China was the iconic “bicycle kingdom.“ Since the 1990s, however, the pedal-powered bicycle has been overtaken by the automobile (and motorcycle). Nevertheless, with the recent appearance and growing popularity of the e-bike, the bicycle may yet play an important role in China's transport modal mix. This overview history of the bicycle in China is based on a wide range of textual sources in English and Chinese as well as pictorial images.

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4

Sit, Tsui, and Erebus Wong. "China’s modernization, rural regeneration and historical agency." Argumentum 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 139–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18315/argumentum.v5i2.4952.

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Like most of the once down-trodden colonized nations, China’s key historical project of the last 150 years has been to enforce modernization. The aim and mechanism of modernization has generally been simplified as industrialization, a process China has pursued since the mid-19th century. Wen Tiejun portrays China’s development in the last 150 years as ‘the four phases of industrialization of a peasant state’ with the ultimate aim of becoming a powerful modern state to counter European and Japanese imperialism, and later the United States’ embargo during the Cold War. The first attempt was the Yang Wu Movement initiated by the Qing dynasty from 1850 to 1895; the second the industrialization policy pursued by the Republican government from 1920s to the 1940s; the third the “state primitive accumulation of capital” practiced by the Communist Party regime from the 1950s to the 1970s; and the fourth the reform and open-door policy promoted by Deng Xiaoping since the late 1970s (Wen 2001). There has been intellectual consensus on modernization calling out for radical social reform in China in the 20th century. Since the 1920s all major intellectual thought has been in agreement that China needs a thorough social overhaul. The only difference was whether the model should be American capitalism or Russian socialism. Among these radical ideas and social programs, the rural reconstruction movement during the 1920s-30s represented by Liang Shuming and James Yen was a social initiative that was much neglected. It is of particular relevance to reconsider this intellectual heritage in post-development China. We will turn to this later in this essay.

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5

Zheng, J., Z. Hua, Y. Liu, and Z. Hao. "Temperature changes derived from phenological and natural evidence in South Central China from 1850 to 2008." Climate of the Past 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2015): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1553-2015.

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Abstract. Annual temperature anomalies in South Central China from 1850 to 2008 are reconstructed by synthesizing three types of proxies: spring phenodates of plants recorded in historical personal diaries and observations, snowfall days extracted from historical archives and observed at meteorological stations, and five tree-ring width chronologies. Instrumental observation data and the leave-one-out method are used for calibration and validation. The results show that the temperature series in South Central China exhibits interannual and decadal fluctuations since 1850. The first three cold decades were the 1860s, 1890s, and 1950s, while 1893 was very likely the coldest year. Except for the three warm decades that occurred around 1850, 1870, and 1960, along with the 1920s to the 1940s, the recent warm decades of the 1990s and 2000s represent unprecedented warming since 1850.

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6

Müller-Saini, Gotelind, and Gregor Benton. "Esperanto and Chinese anarchism in the 1920s and 1930s." Language Problems and Language Planning 30, no. 2 (August 11, 2006): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.30.2.06mul.

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Esperanto in China and among the Chinese diaspora was for long periods closely linked with anarchism. This article looks at the history of the Chinese Esperanto movement after the repatriation of anarchism to China in the 1910s. It examines Esperanto’s political connections in the Chinese setting and the arguments used by its supporters to promote the language. In exploring the role played by Esperanto in interwar Chinese culture and politics, it helps to throw light on the complex relationship between language and politics in China in the first half of the twentieth century.

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7

Nakajima, Seio. "Studies of Chinese Cinema in Japan." Journal of Chinese Film Studies 1, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcfs-2021-0001.

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Abstract Japanese interests in Chinese cinema go as far back as to the 1910s, when film magazines reported on the situation of Chinese cinema. Discussions of Chinese cinema began to flourish in the 1920s, when intellectuals wrote travelogue essays on Chinese cinema, particularly on Shanghai cinema. In the mid-1930s, more serious analytical discourses were presented by a number of influential contemporary intellectuals, and that trend continued until the end of WWII. Post-War confusion in Japan, as well as political turmoil in China, dampened academic interests of Japanese scholars on Chinese cinema somewhat, but since the re-discovery of Chinese cinema in the early 1980s with the emergence of the Fifth Generation, academic discussions on Chinese cinema resumed and flourished in the 1980s and the 1990s. In the past decade or so, interesting new trends in studies of Chinese cinema in Japan are emerging that include more transnational and comparative approaches, focusing not only on film text but the context of production, distribution, and exhibition. Moreover, scholars from outside of the disciplines of literature and film studies—such as cultural studies, history, and sociology—have begun to contribute to rigorous discussions of Chinese cinema in Japan.

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8

Wang, Jian. "From Four Hundred Million to More than One Billion Consumers: A Brief History of the Foreign Advertising Industry in China." International Journal of Advertising 16, no. 4 (November 1997): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0265-0487.1997.00059.pp.x.

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As an industry and a form of mass communication, modern advertising was introduced in China from the West at the turn of the century. The 1920s and 1930s witnessed China’s first major exposure to foreign advertising and consumer culture. The 1990s may prove to be China’s second encounter with global consumer culture through the medium of advertising; only this time, its experience is more massive and far‐reaching. This article provides a capsule history of the development of the foreign advertising industry in China within the context of Chinese economy and media.

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9

Ruan, Xing. "Accidental Affinities: American Beaux-Arts in Twentieth-Century Chinese Architectural Education and Practice." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991810.

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This essay looks at the adoption of American Beaux-Arts in China. China's first architecture school was established in the 1920s in Nanjing. The Nanjing School enjoyed a prosperous time in the 1940s when a group of young architects joined the faculty. Most of them had been trained in the 1920s at the University of Pennsylvania under Paul Philippe Cret. The most prominent among them was Yang Tingbao, a star pupil of Cret's. Yang became one of the most influential architects and educators in twentieth-century China, and he remained the spiritual leader of the Nanjing School until his death in 1982. The early history of Chinese architectural education and of Yang's practice shows accidental affinities that have marked the encounters between two cultural frames. Based on a selected "thick description" of Yang's teaching and architectural works between the 1920s and 1980s, this article suggests that the Beaux-Arts method, from its early contacts to its later transformations, has corresponded to Chinese artisan traditions in a series of interesting areas. They include the process of cultivation in producing and appreciating a craft, axial planning and space perception, and close collaboration between architects and builders. Instead of underlining cultural difference, I attempt to shed some light on the entangled nuances between the universal Beaux-Arts method and the traditions of one of its adopted localities, China.

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10

Dean, Austin. "“The Shanghai Mint and U.S.–China Monetary Interactions, 1920–1933”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02501002.

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This article uses primary sources from China, Taiwan, and the United States to chronicle the history of the Shanghai Mint and u.s.–China monetary interactions during the 1920s and early 1930s. It focuses on the period immediately preceding the well-known Silver Purchase Act of 1934 and the Nationalist government’s decision to abandon the silver standard in favor of a managed currency, the fabi, in November 1935. The article highlights the importance of u.s. advisors, particularly mint technician Clifford Hewitt and Princeton University professor Edwin Kemmerer, in debates about whether China should adopt the gold-exchange standard or stay on the silver standard, as well as their role in the elimination of the silver tael (liang) as a unit of account. The article demonstrates the long-standing interest of the United States in Chinese currency reform and shows how, in the 1920s, this interest often manifested itself in the interactions between Chinese officials and conduits like Hewitt and Kemmerer, rather than monetary missions that the u.s. Congress approved as had been the case in the early 1900s. Finally, the article traces the goals of successive Chinese governments to exercise more control over the currency of modern China and the role of u.s. advisors in that process.

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11

Sinitsyn, Fedor. "Chinese Writing: Soviet Experiments of the 1920s and 1930s." ISTORIYA 14, no. 11 (133) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028827-8.

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Attempts to translate Chinese writing from a hieroglyphic basis to a phonetic one have been known since the 19th century. In the 1920s in the Soviet Union, for political, “technical” and other reasons, a course was taken to transfer hieroglyphic writing to a Latin basis. This process also affected the Chinese language. The second reason for the course towards the romanization of Chinese writing was the hope of the USSR authorities for the development of the revolutionary movement in China — the Latin alphabet was considered to be one of the “revolutionization” aspects for Chinese population. In 1929, the “Project of the Chinese alphabet on a Latinized basis” was published in the USSR. In 1931, the revised project was approved at a conference in Vladivostok. However, the subsequent introduction of the new Chinese alphabet in the USSR gradually turned into clashes “with political overtones”. The main “stumbling block” was the orientation of this alphabet towards “foreign” (“English”) standards, which some Soviet experts considered a “gross political mistake.” After gradual shift away from romanization in the USSR in 1935 and Japan’s attack on China in 1937, the romanization of Chinese writing lost its relevance. In general, the experiment with Chinese writing was an original page of “language construction” in the USSR, although in fact it ended in failure.

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12

Ma, Li, and Jin Li. "The Tragic Irony of a Patriotic Mission: The Indigenous Leadership of Francis Wei and T. C. Chao, Radicalized Patriotism, and the Reversal of Protestant Missions in China." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040175.

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Motivated by a patriotic zeal for the national salvation of China, in the 1910s, US-trained Chinese intellectuals like Francis Wei and T. C. Chao embraced a progressive version of Protestantism. While Christian colleges established by liberal missionaries during this time initially contributed greatly to nurturing a generation of intellectual elites for China, its institutionalization of progressive ideas, and its tolerance and protection of revolutionary mobilization under extraterritorial rights, also unintendedly helped invigorate indigenous revolutionary movements. Meanwhile, in the 1920s, anti-Western and anti-Christian student movements radicalized in China’s major urban centers. When the communist revolution showed more promise of granting China independence, Francis Wei and T. C. Chao became optimistic supporters. However, neither of them foresaw the reversal of China missions under the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in the 1950s.

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13

Di, Lu. "Recording fungal diversity in Republican China: Deng Shuqun's research in the 1930s." Archives of Natural History 46, no. 1 (April 2019): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0562.

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Local efforts to record fungal species in China were first motivated by the search for agricultural plant pathogens in the 1910s. Regional surveys of fungal diversity emerged in the early 1920s and led to the development of taxonomic mycology in the 1930s. Deng Shuqun (Teng Shu-ch’ün) (1902–1970), who studied at Cornell University from 1923 into 1928, contributed significantly. His papers published in the 1930s reported on more than 2,500 Chinese fungal species and varieties, while a mycological monograph published in 1939 portrayed more than 1,400 taxa. These publications, all written in English, helped to make China's fungal diversity known to the global scientific community. The circulation and distribution of Deng's publications and collections of fungi reflected the inter-war international network within which scientific specimens and information were being shared

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14

Song, Min-Ji. "Independence Movement of Im Deuk-san in China around 1920s~1940s." Historical Association for Soong-Sil 46 (June 30, 2021): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.16942/ssh.2021.46.06.06.

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15

Yi, Liu. "From Christian Aliens to Chinese Citizens: The National Identity of Chinese Christians in the Twentieth Century." Studies in World Christianity 16, no. 2 (July 2010): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2010.0003.

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Christianity used to be an alien affair in China, both culturally and politically. Since the Boxer Movement in 1900, Chinese Christians began to reflect on their own national identity. The Anti-Christian Movement in the 1920s accelerated this process, with the indigenisation movement as a key programme. It was due to the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in the 1950s that Chinese Christians finally became part of the Chinese People. This achievement was consolidated with the accommodation and reform in the 1980s: the greatest change in Christianity in twentieth-century China. In the global context, Chinese Christians not only need consider how to adapt to Chinese culture and society, but also how they will contribute to the world Christian movement.

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16

Cai, Yinuo. "Science in Transnational Settings: Knowledge Exchange in Expeditions in 1920s Republican China." Communications in Humanities Research 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/2/2022333.

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The 1920s to the 1930s in Republican China witnessed rising academic interest in exploring Chinas frontier regions, both from abroad and within the nation. This paper examines the nature of foreign exploration in China at that time and the resulting exchange of knowledge that shaped sciences development worldwide. The exchange was facilitated through an elite network of international specialists in Beijing, while Chinese academics and local residents became increasingly indispensable to foreign investigatorsthanks to their local knowledge and control over the sites. Together, they not only contributed to the establishment of indigenous scientific institutions but advanced the geology, archaeology, and paleoanthropology fields internationally. However, the nominally objective work of Western scholars often masked hegemonic inclinations, both explicit and implicit, which tended to vary according to the country sponsoring each investigator. By the late 1920s, rising Chinese objections to foreign exploration caused conflicts between imperialist motivations and nationalistic powers. Thus, it would be equally a reductionist reading of history to simply assume Republican Chinas intelligentsia were the victims of imperialist aggression or to draw a rosy picture of transnational collaboration. This paper suggests that early twentieth-century Republican China offers a rich example of the intersection of scientific internationalism, imperialism, and nationalism.

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17

SUN, Yan-hong. "Han Heung-gyo’ Independence Movement in China in the 1910s and 1920s." Journal of Korean Modern and Contemporary History 89 (June 30, 2019): 67–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29004/jkmch.2019.6.89.67.

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18

I. Pozdnyakov. "The History of Russian Emigration from China to the U.S., 1920s-1950s." International Affairs 65, no. 006 (December 31, 2019): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/iaf.56699486.

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19

Oh, Younjung. "Oriental Taste in Imperial Japan: The Exhibition and Sale of Asian Art and Artifacts by Japanese Department Stores from the 1920s through the Early 1940s." Journal of Asian Studies 78, no. 1 (February 2019): 45–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911818002498.

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From the 1920s to the early 1940s, Japanese department stores provided Japanese urban middle-class households with art and artifacts from China, Korea, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The department stores not merely sold art and artifacts from Japan's Asian neighbors but also promoted the cultural confidence to appreciate and collect them. At the same time, aspiring middle-class customers satisfied their desire to emulate the historical elite's taste for Chinese and other Asian objects by shopping at the department stores. The aesthetic consumption of Asian art and artifacts formulated a privileged position for Japan in the imperial order and presented the new middle class with the cultural capital vital to the negotiation of its social status. This article examines the ways in which department stores marketed “tōyō shumi” (Oriental taste), which played a significant role in the formation of identity for both the imperial state and the new middle class in 1920s and 1930s Japan.

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20

Lim, Jason. "The Education Concerns and Political Outlook of Lim Keng Lian (1893–1968)." Journal of Chinese Overseas 3, no. 2 (2007): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325407788639740.

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AbstractLim Keng Lian (1893–1968) was a prominent tea merchant in Singapore from the mid-1920s until his death. He also concerned himself with the educational needs of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya. During the 1930s and 1940s, he worked tirelessly to raise overseas Chinese awareness of the plight of China. As a supporter of the Kuomintang, he made his mark as a leading overseas Chinese representative in the party, remaining loyal even after the KMT's defeat in 1949. Despite his dedication to the welfare of the overseas Chinese, his foray into Chinese politics and his success in the tea business, Lim remains largely neglected in overseas Chinese studies. This article mainly traces his attempts at reforming overseas Chinese education in the 1930s, his work as a community leader among the Hokkien community in Malaya, his entry into Chinese politics as a wartime parliamentarian, and his brief stint as Deputy Chairman of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission in China.

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21

Würsig, Bernd, Thomas A. Jefferson, Gregory K. Silber, and Randall S. Wells. "Vaquita: beleaguered porpoise of the Gulf of California, México." Therya 12, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-1109.

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The vaquita (Phocoena sinus), an endemic porpoise of the Gulf of California, México, was first described scientifically in 1958, from three skulls. It is considered a sister taxon of an ancestor of the Southern Hemisphere Burmeister’s porpoise (P. spinipinnis) and spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica), a case of antitropical distribution and speciation. Vaquita in modern times seem to have existed largely in waters 10 to 30 m deep of the very northern Gulf of California, and may have already existed in relatively low numbers by the 1950s and 1960s. The external appearance of the vaquita was not described until the late 1970s, and not until the 1980s and 1990s did additional information about ecology and biology emerge. Those studies and more recent shipboard and aerial visual line transect surveys, as well as stationary and boat-towed acoustic arrays, mapped occurrence patterns and approximate numbers in greater detail than before. The first credible estimates of abundance appeared in the 1990s, with numbers in the mid-hundreds and declining. While several reasons for the decline were originally postulated, mortality due to entanglement in nets has been established as the only known cause of decline, especially due to bycatch in large-mesh gillnets set for the endangered croaker fish totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). This fish is prized in China for human consumption of its swim bladder, generally ground up for purported therapeutic purposes. An extensive, lucrative fishery for totoaba, now illegal for many decades, has existed since at least the 1920s, and has recently increased. Although there have been laudable attempts to stem or halt totoaba fishing, these have largely been unsuccessful, and as of this writing the vaquita is on the brink of extinction. However, rapid concentrated action against illegal fishing with gillnets may yet save the species, and hope (with attendant action) must be kept alive. This overview is followed by an appendix of a previously unpublished popular essay by K.S. Norris describing when, where, and how he first discovered the species, and subsequent early work relative to this newly-described porpoise.

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22

She, Xiaoling, and Mengya Li. "On the history of the Russian translation of Chinese new literature in the 1920–1930s." Neophilology, no. 3 (2022): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2022-8-3-559-570.

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The issue of literary relationship between China and Russia in the first half of the twentieth century remains relevant to contemporary Russian and Chinese literary studies. The purpose of this work is to examine the history of the Russian translation of Chinese new literature in the 1920s-1930s and explore how Soviet critics evaluated them. The paper provides a cultural-historical analysis and indicates that, in the USSR, the introduction to Chinese new literature was inextricably linked to the activities of Academician V.M. Alekseev in the 1920s, when systematic publication of the works of Soviet Orientalists was launched, and in the late 1930s, due to the persecution against the translation group, the intensity of the translation and publication of modern literary works began to wane. In the 1920s–1930s, the first translations, reviews, and literary-critical reviews appeared, most of which belonged to those who had direct contact with Chinese intelligentsia. Chinese cultural figures such as translators of Russian literature including Cao Jinghua and Xiao Can also played an important role in promoting modern Chinese literature in the USSR. Chinese new narrative prose was praised by Soviet critics for revealing a real picture of the changes in China. Much attention was paid to the thematic-ideological and ethical aspects of the works of Lu Xin and Mao Dun, who were deemed as “leaders” of modern Chinese literature in the USSR.

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23

XU, GUANGQIU. "American-British Aircraft Competition in South China, 1926-1936." Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 157–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x01003754.

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In the 1920s and 1930s China was racked by civil strife. Although the Nationalist government was established in Nanking in 1928, it exerted its power only in a small part of China, mainly in the lower Yangtze valley. When the Nanking government endeavored to unify China by force, the local warlords, who strove to maintain their own armies and bases, directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted between Nanking and the local governments until 1936.

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24

Horesh, Niv. "“Many a Long Day”: HSBC and Its Note Issue in Republican China, 1912–1935." Enterprise & Society 9, no. 1 (March 2008): 6–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700006698.

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This article utilizes the local banknote circulation volumes of HSBC, the largest foreign bank in China, as a gauge with which to explore political stability and state-building during the Republican era (1912–1935). It will challenge the prevailing view that British banks faced little resistance in China through the 1920s–1930s, and expose new archival evidence on the perception of, and mobilization against, foreign banks.

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25

Xu, Wang. "Sino-Soviet cooperation through the prism of regional features (1920s – 1950s)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 9-2 (September 1, 2022): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202209statyi30.

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The article examines the regional aspects of the evolution of Sino-Soviet cooperation. The main stages and features of the Russian / Soviet development of various Chinese provinces are considered, it is shown that, due to the dominant geopolitical factors, the closest ties were established with the territorially closest regions to Russia - Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang. It is noted that the attraction to the traditional since the 19th century. The regions of the Russian presence in China were also characteristic of Sino-Soviet cooperation in the 1950s, which were most interesting in this regard.

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26

Dodson, Peter. "Ceratopsia increase: history and trends." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 3 (March 2013): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0085.

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The taxonomic history of the Ceratopsia began in 1876 with the description of Monoclonius crassus Cope followed in 1889 by Triceratops horridus Marsh. After a peak of discovery and description in the 1910s and 1920s resulting from the Canadian dinosaur rush in the province of Alberta and the Central Asiatic Expeditions to Mongolia of the American Museum of Natural History, the study of ceratopsians declined to a low level until the 1990s, when discoveries in China, Montana, Utah, Alberta, and elsewhere, abetted by increased biostratigraphic and phylogenetic precision, led to an unprecedented resurgence of activity. Even Richard C. Fox, along with colleagues from Peking University, joined in the activity, by naming Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis. To place the activity in historical perspective, half of all known ceratopsians have been described since 2003. Despite important finds of basal ceratopsians in China, Mongolia, and Korea, North America continues to dominate ceratopsian, especially ceratopsid, diversity.

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27

Li, Kaiyi. "A FAILED CIRCULATION: THE MONTESSORI METHOD AND TEACHING MATERIALS IN REPUBLICAN CHINA (1912-1949)." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 11, no. 26 (June 28, 2018): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v11i26.9011.

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Montessori method arrived in China at the time when Chinese scholars wanted to established Chinese version kindergartens with modern and scientific teaching method and tools. Through translation and expert coming to China, Chinese scholars introduced Montessori thought into China. However, the study on Montessori method only stopped at the step of translating Montessori’s theory and trying to reshape the didactic materials. In spite of two short-lived success examples in the 1920s and 1930s, it was never large-scale applied in China. Except the expensive of the didactic tools, lacking spokesman and teachers were the main reason for the failure of the method.

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28

Gao, Selina J. "In the Shadow of War: Nationalism and Folk Studies in Wartime Beiping and Shanghai." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2024-0004.

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Abstract The discipline of folklore studies was introduced to China in the early twentieth century while the country faced a grave national crisis resulting from intense foreign pressure and a rigid political system that was incapable of adapting to the challenges of the modern world. Nationalism contributed to the rising interest in folklore from the late 1910s to early 1920s, then became the dominant theme of folklore studies thereafter. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, folklore studies spread all over the country and developed vigorously within China. However, the eruption of the War of Resistance in 1937 interrupted this revitalization process and most folklore activities came to a standstill. In wartime China, leading scholars looked to the past in part as a reaction to Japanese imperialism, but also to strengthen cultural cohesion for the nation. In Japanese-occupied areas, some scholars persisted in independent folklore investigations and writing even though most upper tier Chinese universities and leading figures in the folklore movement gradually relocated to non-occupied territory. Scholars who remained in the occupation zone often had contact with foreign-backed institutions and were able to continue working during the war years. Their research activities served the purpose of rallying the nation and fed a growing popular demand for more and deeper investigations into China’s folk traditions. This work examines the influence of nationalism on folk studies in Beiping and Shanghai, shining a light on folklorists’ activities, folklore organizations, and primary publications during China’s War of Resistance against Japan.

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29

Wang, Peng. "The Studies of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Cultures of Southern Siberia by Chinese Archaeologists in the First Half of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 23, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2024-23-5-35-44.

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Purpose. The article present the study of the cultures of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Southern Siberia by Chinese archaeologists in the first half of the 20th century and gives historiographical review of this study. The date of liberation, namely 1949, is an obvious chronological reference point for Chinese history and for the scientific development of China as well. But as for studying of Siberian cultures of Bronze and Early Iron ages in the 1950s, Chinese archaeologists simply continued previous tendencies. During this decade there was a quantitative increase in publications and even the first direct contacts were made, but external political obstacles prevented the transition of research to a higher level of quality.Results. We can state now that only the materials of Yinxu at Anyang were used by Chinese scholars for comparative analysis with Bronze Age finds from Southern Siberia. Consequently, in our investigation we address the period from 1920s to 1950s as one historiographical stage.Conclusion Nevertheless, it was in the 1950s that the foundation was laid for the subsequent rapid growth of scientific interaction in the field of archeology in general and in the study of the paleometal age of Southern Siberia in particular. The period of active research began in the late 1970s and early 1980s and continues to the present day.

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30

Borokh, Olga. "Nankai school: The experience of adapting economics to Chinese conditions in the 1920s–1930s." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 40, no. 1 (2024): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.106.

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Using the example of the activities of the Nankai Institute of Economics in the second quarter of the twentieth century, the article analyses the problem of adapting Western economic theories to the study of the Chinese economy. At the heart of the program of sinicization of economic research and education proposed by the Nankai school was the work of collecting and systematising reliable information on the Chinese economy. In the second half of the 1920s, Nankai University became a leader in China in conducting socio-economic surveys, compiling index numbers of prices, studying selected industries and rural regions. The founders of the Nankai school. He Lian and Fang Xianting were educated in economics in the United States; up until the late 1940s, the Nankai Institute of Economics was highly dependent on American grant support. This did not prevent them from setting the objectives of “knowing China” and “serving China” by combining foreign theories and methods with an understanding of the real economic situation based on reliable quantitative data. The task of “localization” of economics stimulated writing of pioneering university textbooks that explained general theoretical concepts through Chinese examples. Focus on solving China’s problems led the economists to abandon copying ready-made foreign prescriptions. During the two decades of activity in the Republican period the Nankai school made major achievements in collecting factual material on Chinese economy and adapting courses, its legacy has become an important starting point of the contemporary policy of sinicization of economics in the PRC.

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31

Guo, Ke, and Peiqin Chen. "The Changing Landscape of Journalism Education in China." Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 72, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077695817720763.

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Journalism education in China can be traced back to the U.S. tradition of the 1920s and was influenced by the Soviet model in the 1950s. Although it has become very Chinese ever since, journalism education in China fluctuates between the two lines represented by the U.S. tradition and the Soviet model. This article hopes to expound upon the current status quo of journalism education in China, including scope of journalism programs, national education system, journalism curricula, and faculty structure. As is in other countries, in this digital age, journalism education in China is undergoing dramatic changes. The article assesses these changes as Chinese journalism education adapts to a new media environment.

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32

Kovalchuk, Anton M., Mikhail A. Kovalchuk, and Evgenia M. Samsonova. "THE MECHANISM FOR PRESERVING THE RUSSIAN IDENTITY IN THE ÉMIGRÉ ENVIRONMENT OF NORTHEAST CHINA." HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE FAR EAST 20, no. 2 (2023): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2023-20-2-38-42.

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In this article, the authors tried to identify the mechanism for preserving the ethno-cultural identity of Russian emigrants who found themselves in China, more precisely in Manchuria after the revolution and civil war. The article is based an advertisement published on the pages of the newspapers "Zarya" and "Rupor" which were the most popular among the émigrés in the 1920s and 1930s.

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33

Shi, Zhongjie, Jixi Gao, Xiaohui Yang, Zhiqing Jia, Hao Guo, Aiyun Song, Jianxun Shang, et al. "Tree-ring based reconstruction of mean maximum temperatures since AD 1829." Forestry Chronicle 89, no. 02 (April 2013): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-036.

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The correlation between tree-ring widths and climate was developed using Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica after which mean maximum temperatures of June–July since 1829 were reconstructed. Results show that the transfer function of temperature explains more than 40% of the variance and that the reconstruction sequence was consistent with several reconstructed temperature variations in the region. Over the past 181 years, climate in the region has undergone eight distinct low temperature and eight high temperature periods. A high temperature period in the 1920s to 1930s is consistent with a drought that occurred in most regions of northern China. Periods of drought in the 1870s were also identified. There was no significant increase or decrease in mean maximum June–July temperatures over the last 181 years, although since the 1950s temperatures have increased gradually. A warming trend has become more pronounced since the early 1990s but temperature levels are not significantly higher than those of the 1850s. A multi-taper spectral analysis shows that there are significant periodicities of 2.4, 2.8, 4.9, 5.1 and 21.3 years in the sequence of reconstructed temperatures. Temperatures were also affected by global climate events and solar activity.

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34

Liu, Yajuan. "Environmental management of Soochow Creek in China from the 1920s–1970s: A historical perspective." Journal of Environmental Management 304 (February 2022): 114278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114278.

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35

David, Mirela. "Female Gynecologists and Their Birth Control Clinics: Eugenics in Practice in 1920s–1930s China." Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 35, no. 1 (April 2018): 32–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.200-022017.

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36

Huang, Xuelei. "The Heroic and the Banal: Consuming Soviet Movies in Pre-Socialist China, 1920s–1940s." Twentieth-Century China 39, no. 2 (2014): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcc.2014.0010.

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37

Huang, Xuelei. "THE HEROIC AND THE BANAL: CONSUMING SOVIET MOVIES IN PRE-SOCIALIST CHINA, 1920S–1940S." Twentieth-Century China 39, no. 2 (April 25, 2014): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1521538514z.00000000038.

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38

Yi, Yuan. "Crafted for Mass Production: Imported Spinning Machinery on the Shop Floor, China, 1910s–1920s." Technology and Culture 63, no. 4 (October 2022): 979–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2022.0154.

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39

Ge, Q., Z. Hao, J. Zheng, and X. Shao. "Temperature changes of the past 2000 yr in China and comparison with Northern Hemisphere." Climate of the Past Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 24, 2013): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-507-2013.

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Abstract. In this paper, we use principal components and partial least squares regression analysis to reconstruct a composite profile of temperature variations in China, and the associated uncertainties, at a decadal resolution over the past 2000 yr. Our aim is to contribute a new temperature time series to the paleoclimatic strand of the Asia2K working group, which is part of the PAGES (Past Global Changes) project. The reconstruction was developed using proxy temperature data, with relatively high confidence levels, from five locations across China, and an observed temperature dataset provided by Chinese Meteorological Administration covering the decades from the 1870s to the 1990s. Relative to the 1870s–1990s climatology, our two reconstructions both show three warm intervals during the 270s–390s, 1080s–1210s, and after the 1920s; temperatures in the 260s–400s, 560s–730s and 970s–1250s were comparable with those of the Present Warm Period. Temperature variations over China are typically in phase with those of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) after 1100, a period which covers the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age, and Present Warm Period. The recent rapid warming trend that developed between the 1840s and the 1930s occurred at a rate of 0.91° C/100 yr. The temperature difference between the cold spell (−0.74° C in the 1650s) during the Little Ice Age, and the warm peak of the Present Warm Period (0.08° C in the 1990s) is 0.82° C at a centennial time scale.

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40

Vrhovski, Jan. "Between Philosophy and Mathematics." Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 209–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.2.209-241.

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This article studies some central developments in the propagation and teaching of mathematical logic in 1930s China. Focusing on the emergence of a twofold disciplinary approach to mathematical logic, namely as a discipline studied and disseminated by Chinese philosophers on the one hand and mathematicians on the other, this paper explores one of the key turning points in the development of the academic notion of mathematical logic in China. Apart from casting some light on the teaching of mathematical logic in the framework of both philosophical as well as mathematical spheres of inquiry, this article also provides some preliminary insights into the circumstances surrounding the first systematic introduction of mathematical logic into the modern standardized system of education, which gradually took shape over the late-1920s and early 1930s in China.

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41

Lei, Qiao, and E. G. Savina. "China vocal performance art: historical analysis." Science and School, no. 1 (February 29, 2024): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/1819-463x-2024-1-140-151.

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This article is based on the analysis of the historical and cultural background that contributed to the formation of musical traditions of China, including the vocal art of the period of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, and a rather intensive development at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. In the process of analysis, special attention is paid to the factors that caused it. A number of personalities are touched upon, who at different times contributed to the formation of fundamental vocal schools. At the moment, these schools are still implementing their programs, and are a reference at the international level. In the introduction, the authors point out the strengths of modern vocal art, which were eventually formed through the accumulation of historical experience not only within China, but also Italian, Russian and European schools in general.

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42

Hwang, Dongyoun. "Beyond Independence: The Korean Anarchist Press in China and Japan in the 1920s and 1930s." Asian Studies Review 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357820701196668.

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43

FORSTER, ELISABETH. "The Buzzword ‘New Culture Movement’: Intellectual marketing strategies in China in the 1910s and 1920s." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2017): 1253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x15000414.

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AbstractThis article argues that China's New Culture Movement was not a movement, but a buzzword. It was coined by little-known intellectuals in the summer of 1919 and then used by them to sell their own, long-standing agendas. Even though they declared famous intellectuals such as Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu to be the movement's ‘centre’ and inspiration, some of them were as, if not more, important in shaping the discourses surrounding the expression ‘New Culture Movement’. Drawing upon newspapers, journals, and conference reports, this article shows this using the example of two case studies, both of which marketed their agendas as ‘New Culture Movement’: the Jiangsu Educational Association, which was a political-educational group in Jiangsu; and Chinese Christian intellectuals around the Apologetic Group in Beijing.Regarding the New Culture Movement as a buzzword addresses some puzzles about it. It explains why it has proven difficult to agree on a starting and endpoint for the New Culture Movement. It also illustrates why such a huge variety of ideas, whose complexity has become ever more evident in recent scholarship, was subsumed under the one headline of ‘New Culture Movement’.

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44

Yoon, Suk Hyun. "Beer Advertising and the Politics of National Identity in China in the 1920s and 1930s." Journal of Chinese Studies 107 (March 28, 2024): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35982/jcs.107.10.

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45

Zeitz, Peter. "Do Local Institutions Affect All Foreign Investors in the Same Way? Evidence from the Interwar Chinese Textile Industry." Journal of Economic History 73, no. 1 (March 2013): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000041.

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This article analyzes the impact of employment institutions on Japanese-, British-, and Chinese-owned textile firms in China during the 1920s and 1930s. Despite Britain's domestic position as a world productivity leader, Japanese firms enjoyed a 70 percent productivity advantage over both British and Chinese competitors. The divergent performance of Japanese and British investments in China is explained by differences in management practice. Japanese firms had domestic experience with employment institutions similar to China's and applied labor management strategies that functioned well under these institutions. British firms lacked the institutional experience necessary to adapt management strategies to Chinese institutions.

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46

SHIN, Kyu-hwan. "Smallpox Prevention and Public Healthcare in China in the 1920s and 1930s: Focusing on the Cases of Shanghai and Beijing." Korean Journal of Medical History 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2023): 727–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.727.

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Beijing and Shanghai, representative modern cities in China, witnessed the development of various urban infrastructures and quarantine systems in the 1920s and 1930s. Both cities established Health Demonstration Stations in the 1930s, as part of their implementation of modern health administration. This foundation played a pivotal role for making health administration more practical. Huang Zi-fang (1899-1940) and Hu Hung-ji (1894-1932), the inaugural directors of the health bureau in the respective cities, were both graduates of the Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health in the United States. They shared a similar view of public health. Active exchanges occurred between the heads of the health administration in the two cities who were the leading forces in the health reform, encompassing various health experiments including the Health Demonstration Station.</br>During the 1930s in China, state medicine gained prominence as the most ideal medical model for constructing a modern state. As such, the quarantine activities they promoted were also considered the most ideal model. The public health care centered on Health Demonstration Stations in the 1920s and 1930s that developed in large Chinese cities such as Beijing and Shanghai pursued similar goals by strengthening quarantine administration through free medical treatment and modern spatial control. Nonetheless, each city exhibited differences in terms of the subjects and targets of quarantine, as well as the primary bases of quarantine, which were either Health Demonstration Stations or hospitals.</br>Both municipal governments and the civilian sector led the sanitary infrastructure development. While Shanghai showed stronger development in terms of the number of vaccinations, Shanghai’s dualized quarantine system did not necessarily create a better health environment than Beijing in terms of spatial control.</br>In the 1940s, the Japanese occupation government implemented measures to inherit and further develop existing health administrations in Beijing and Shanghai. Existing international settlements were incorporated into the Japanese occupation government, and the occupation government pursued homogenization of urban space and tried to maintain the existing urban policy as much as possible to preserve the status quo. However, the intensification of the Anti-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War brought an end to the health experiment centered around the Health Demonstration Station in China in the first half of the twentieth century.

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47

Geng, Yushu. "What is Obscenity? Morality and Modernity in 1920s China." China Perspectives 2020, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.10276.

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48

Chen. "Empire of Artifacts: U.S. Epistemological Colonialism in 1920s China." Verge: Studies in Global Asias 7, no. 1 (2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/vergstudglobasia.7.1.0170.

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49

SoJung kim. "Acceptance of Russia Nihilist Hero in China during 1920s." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 70 (December 2015): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15792/clsyn..70.201512.109.

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50

Gamsa, Mark. "Sergei Tret’iakov’s Chzhungo: Reportage from China in the 1920s." Russian Literature 103-105 (January 2019): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ruslit.2019.04.006.

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