Статті в журналах: "1915-21"

1

Follprecht, Kamila, and Andrzej Gaczoł. "Tadeusz Bierczyński – Pamiętnik Legionisty 1914–1915." Krakowski Rocznik Archiwalny 26 (2020): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12332135kra.20.004.13552.

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Tadeusz Bierczyński – Journal of a Legionary 1914–1915 Bierczyński (1891–1970), a graduate of law at Jagiellonian University, led the “Falcon” unit, which set off from Wieliczka on 25 August 1914 to join the Legions forming in Krakow. He served in the 2nd Infantry Regiment, participating in the winter offensive of the II Brigade and the tough battles in Carlibaba (17–21 January 1915) and Korolówka (6–7 March 1915). During the fighting, he described the events from the life of a legionary, however, only fragments of his typed journal remain, covering events from 25 August until 21 October 1914, then from 10 January until 9 March 1915 and from 11 to 31 May 1915. They contain interesting information not only about the military activities, but also about the daily life of the legionaries, the view of the organisation of military actions, news about legionaries as well as descriptions of places in which the divisions were stationed.

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2

MacDonald, Calum. "Samuil Feinberg's Piano Sonatas." Tempo 58, no. 230 (October 2004): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298204260338.

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FEINBERG: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1, op.1 (1915)1, 2, op.2 (1915–16)2, 3, op.3 (1916)2, 4, op.6 (1918)1, 5, op.10 (1920–21)1, 6, op.13 (1923)2. 1Nikolaos Samaltanos, 2Christophe Sirodeau (pnos). BIS-CD-1413.FEINBERG: Piano Sonatas Nos. 7, op.21 (1924–28)2, 8, op.21a (1933–34)2, 9, op.29 (1939)1, 10, op.30 (1940–44)1, 11, op.40 (1952)1, 12, op.48 (1962)2. 1Nikolaos Samaltanos, 2Christophe Sirodeau (pnos). BIS-CD-1414.

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3

Bassiouni, M. Cherif. "In memoriam Giuliano Vassalli, 25 April 1915 - 21 October 2009." Revue internationale de droit pénal 80, no. 3 (2009): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ridp.803.0435.

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4

Spence, Richard. "Englishmen in New York: The SIS American Station, 1915-21." Intelligence and National Security 19, no. 3 (September 2004): 511–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268452042000316269.

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5

Tétaz, Jean-Marc. "Étude critique." Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie 153, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47421/rthph153_2_219-238.

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Cette étude critique présente et analyse la correspondance de Ernst Troeltsch durant la Première Guerre mondiale : Briefe IV (1915-1918), édité par Friedrich Wilhelm Graf avec la collaboration de Harald Haury (Kritische Gesamtausgabe, vol. 21), Berlin/Boston, W. de Gruyter, 2018.

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6

LUCKY, ANDREA, and PHILIP S. WARD. "Taxonomic revision of the ant genus Leptomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 2688, no. 1 (November 25, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2688.1.1.

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The ants of the genus Leptomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), commonly called ‘spider ants’, are distinctive members of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae and prominent residents of intact wet forest and sclerophyll habitats in eastern Australia, New Caledonia and New Guinea. This revision redresses pervasive taxonomic problems in this genus by using a combination of morphology and molecular data to define species boundaries and clarify nomenclature. Twenty-seven Leptomyrmex species are recognized and are informally split into two groups: the macro-Leptomyrmex (21 species), and its sister group, the micro-Leptomyrmex (six species). Nine subspecies are elevated to species status: L. cnemidatus Wheeler 1915, L. geniculatus Emery 1914, L. melanoticus Wheeler 1934, L. nigriceps Emery 1914, L. rothneyi Forel 1902, L. ruficeps Emery 1895, L. rufipes Emery 1895, L. rufithorax Forel 1915 and L. tibialis Emery 1895. Nineteen new synonymies are proposed (senior synonyms listed first): L. cnemidatus Wheeler 1915 = L. erythrocephalus venustus Wheeler 1934 = L. erythrocephalus brunneiceps Wheeler 1934; L. darlingtoni Wheeler 1934 = L. darlingtoni fascigaster Wheeler 1934 = L. darlingtoni jucundus Wheeler 1934; L. erythrocephalus (Fabricius 1775) = L. froggatti Forel 1910 =4 · Zootaxa 2688 © 2010 Magnolia PressL. erythrocephalus mandibularis Wheeler 1915 = L. erythrocephalus unctus Wheeler 1934 = L. erythrocephalus clarki Wheeler 1934; L. fragilis (F. Smith 1859) = L. fragilis femoratus Santschi 1932 = L. fragilis maculatus Stitz 1938 = L. wheeleri Donisthorpe 1948; L. melanoticus Wheeler 1934 = L. contractus Donisthorpe 1947; L. niger Emery 1900 = L. lugubris Wheeler 1934; L. rufipes Emery 1895 = L. quadricolor Wheeler 1934; L. rufithorax Forel 1915 = L. erythrocephalus basirufus Wheeler 1934; L. tibialis Emery 1895 = L. nigriventris hackeri Wheeler 1934; L. varians Emery 1895 = L. erythrocephalus decipiens Wheeler 1915 = L. varians angusticeps Santschi 1929; L. wiburdi Wheeler 1915 = L. wiburdi pictus Wheeler 1915. Tools for identification of the macro-Leptomyrmex species include a revised species-level key based on the worker caste, keys to males in Australia and New Guinea, full descriptions of workers, images of known workers, males and queens, and illustration of male genitalia. Phylogenetic relationships among the macroand micro- Leptomyrmex species are discussed, as is the status of a putative fossil relative.

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7

Hidrayani, Hidrayani, Aunu Rauf, S. Sosromarsono, and U. Kartosuwondo. "PREFERENSI DAN TANGGAP FUNGSIONAL PARASITOID HEMIPTARSENUS VARICORNIS (GIRAULT) (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) PADA LARVA LALAT PENGOROK DAUN KENTANG." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2009): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1915-21.

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The preference and functional response of Parasitoid Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) on host larvae of potato leafminers. The preference of Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) on host larvae of potato leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and their functional response on host abundance were studied in laboratory. The preference test was conducted by releasing a female parasitoid in a cage containing two redbean leaves, one with 2nd instar and another one with 3rd instar. The functional response test was conducted by providing 3rd instar with density 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 13 larvae per leaf. The result showed that H. varicornis had the preference on 3rd instar larvae compared to 2nd instar, either for parasitisation or paralysis. Based on logistic regression analysis it was found that the parasitoid showed type II functional response on the increase of host abundance. The searching rate (a) and handling time (Th) for paralysis were 0.038 and 1.473 based on disk equation model, and 0.076 and 2.060 on ramdom equation model. For parasitisation activity, the value of a and Th were 0.012 and 4.649 based on disk equation model, and 0.014 and 5.075 on random equation model.

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8

Hawkins, Jo. "Anzac for Sale: Consumer Culture, Regulation and the Shaping of a Legend, 1915–21." Australian Historical Studies 46, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2014.994539.

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9

Šarenac, Danilo. "Capital Punishment in the Serbian Army: The Case of Execution at Lake Plav in 1915." Tokovi istorije 31, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31212/tokovi.2023.3.sar.39-61.

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This article attempts to reconstruct the key segments of the events that took place at Lake Plav on December 25th, 1915, when 21 Serbian soldiers were executed by order of Colonel Aleksandar K. Stojšić. The source base for this research had to rely on the memoirs and recollections of contemporaries due to the limited mention of this topic in official military correspondence. This unprecedented event signaled the appearance of a new type of war related violence in the Serbian army. Besides the issues of desertion, violence and punishment in the armed forces, this article also discusses the notions of sovereignty and citizenship in times of extreme hardships of war during the Great Serbian Retreat. Many Serbian soldiers who left their units in late 1915 tried to defend themselves by saying that the “military oath” was invalid because Serbia was “abandoned” or “lost”. Such a situation forced the military authorities to try to regain their shaken authority by “negotiating discipline” under completely new circumstances.

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10

Gabrielle, L. McBath. "Sir winston churchill as a pragmatist and the troop - Withdrawal at the dardanelles campaign – 1916." i-manager's Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 1, no. 4 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jhss.1.4.17560.

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The following two-part essay will analyze critically four of the ten greatest controversies of Sir Winston Churchill's career that are based on the 2015 BBC News Magazine article of T. Heyden. Churchill, often referred to erroneously as an "opportunist", navigated his political career as a thorough pragmatist. The four controversies of his career are: a) Being “anti-union” during the Tonypandy Riots in 1910, b) Permitting the usage of “Mustard gas” against the Kurds and Afghans in 1919, c) Deploying the Royal Irish Constabulary Special Reserve (“Black and Tans”) in January 1919, and d) Indifference toward the Bengal famine in 1943. These examples were selected randomly to reflect a balance of two foreign and two domestic incidents. In the second part of this essay, Churchill was often referred to as a “political amateur”when he withdrew troops at the Dardanelles Campaign of 1916. However, the following four documents support otherwise that Churchill's assessment that the campaign in the Dardanelles was "not a civilian plan foisted by a political amateur upon reluctant officers and experts". These documents are entitled, 1. Excerpts from Churchill's Resignation Speech- 15 November 1915. 2) Excerpts from a letter from Churchill to A. B. Law (Head of the Conservative Party)- 21 May 1915. 3) Cabinet Memorandum by Churchill defending his Policy of the Dardanelles Campaign- 5 August 1915, and 4) Communique sent to Rear-Admiral J. de Robeck (of the Dardanelles Campaign)- 1917.

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11

Nowak, Mariusz. "Recenzja: Danuta Płygawko, Benedykt XV dla Polski. 90-lecie Papieskiej Kolekty 21 listopada 1915, Poznań 2005." Nasza Przeszłość 113 (June 30, 2010): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52204/np.2010.113.381-387.

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12

SOROKINA, VERA S. "Eleven new species of Spilogona Schnabl, 1911 (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Altai Mountains of Russia, with key to species." Zootaxa 4410, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4410.2.1.

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Eleven new Spilogona species: Spilogona altaica sp. nov., Spilogona antoninae sp. nov., Spilogona colorata sp. nov., Spilogona decolorata sp. nov., Spilogona improvisa sp. nov., Spilogona insolita sp. nov., Spilogona longissima sp. nov., Spilogona novgorodovana sp. nov., Spilogona platyfrons sp. nov., Spilogona tanushka sp. nov., Spilogona tara sp. nov. and a key is provided to the 53 species known from the Altai Mountains including 21 species are newly recorded for the Altai, and seven of them also represent new records from Russia: Spilogona meadei (Schnabl, 1915), Spilogona orthosurstyla Xue & Tian, 1988, Spilogona placida (Huckett, 1932), Spilogona setigera (Stein, 1907), Spilogona sororcula (Zetterstedt, 1845), Spilogona spinicosta (Stein, 1907), Spilogona stackelbergi Hennig, 1959). And four species represent new records for the Palaearctic Region: Spilogona flavinervis Huckett, 1965, Spilogona imitatrix (Malloch, 1921), Spilogona nutaka Huckett, 1965, Spilogona incerta Huckett, 1965. Three new synonymies are proposed: Spilogona impar (Stein, 1907) = Spilogona deflorata (Holmgren, 1872), Spilogona churchillensis Huckett, 1965 = Spilogona quinquesetosa (Schnabl, 1915), and Spilogona robusta Huckett, 1965 = Spilogona sordidipennis (Holmgren, 1883). The pictures of the new species are given and the male terminalia are figured. New faunistic data are given for some previously described species of Altai Spilogona.

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13

Czerep, Stanisław. "A final stage of the Masuria–Augustów operation – the Winter Battle in the Augustów Primeval Forest, 14th–21st February 1915." Studia Podlaskie, no. 18 (2010): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2009-2010.18.03.

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14

Dolidovich, O. M. "The Meeting of 21–22 November, 1915, about the Reception and Accommodation of Refugees in the Irkutsk Governorate General." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 3 (October 27, 2018): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-3-20-26.

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The article features the meeting held on November 21–22, 1915, where representatives of the authorities, municipal and public organizations discussed the issues of assistance to World War I refugees on the territory of the Irkutsk Governorate General. The study is based on the previously unstudied meeting minutes and the newspaper reports and describes the participants, the main issues, and the results of the discussion. The research made it obvious that initially the authorities did not plan to accommodate the refugees in such a remote region but were forced to redirect them farther east because the western regions were overcrowded. The cities of Eastern Siberiadid not have time to prepare for such a massive resettlement. The migrants were hastily resettled, provided with rations and medical assistance. The money, however minimal and irregular, came mostly from the government, the department of migration, the All-Russian Union ofCities, and local charitable organizations. At the meeting, it was proposed to set up a general Siberian Committee for Assistance to Refugees, to organize local refugee departments, and assign all expenses to the state.

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15

Wilson-Hodge, Colleen A., Jessica Gaskin, Steven Christe, Albert Shih, Allyn Tennant, Doug Swartz, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Ron Elsner, Jeff Kolodziejczak, and Brian Ramsey. "Calibration of the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) Hard X-ray Telescope." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 03, no. 02 (November 2014): 1440007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171714400078.

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On 2013 September 21–22, the High Energy Replicated Optics to Explore the Sun (HEROES) hard X-ray telescope flew as a balloon payload from Ft. Sumner, NM. HEROES observed the Sun, the black hole binary GRS 1915+105, and the Crab Nebula during its 27 h flight. In this paper, we describe laboratory calibration measurements of the HEROES detectors using line and continuum sources and applications of these measurements to define channel to energy (gain) corrections for observed events and to define detector response matrices. We characterize the HEROES X-ray grazing incidence optics using measurements taken in the Stray Light Facility (SLF) in Huntsville, AL, and using ray traces. We describe the application of our calibration measurements to in-flight observations of the Crab Nebula.

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16

de Vos, Marc, Panagiotis Kountouris, Lasse Rabenstein, John Shears, Mira Suhrhoff, and Christian Katlein. "Understanding the drift of Shackleton's Endurance during its last days before it sank in November 1915, using meteorological reanalysis data." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023.

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Abstract. On 5 December 1914, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew set sail from South Georgia aboard the wooden barquentine vessel Endurance, beginning the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition to cross the Antarctic continent. However, Shackleton and his crew never reached land because the vessel became beset in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea in January 1915. Endurance then drifted in the pack for 11 months, was crushed by the ice, and sank on 21 November 1915. Over many years, various predictions were made about the location of the wreck. These were based largely on navigational fixes taken by Captain Frank Worsley, the navigator of the Endurance, 3 d prior to and 1 d after the sinking of Endurance. On 5 March 2022, the Endurance22 expedition located the wreck some 9.4 km southeast of Worsley's estimated sinking position. In this paper, we describe the use of meteorological reanalysis data to reconstruct the likely ice drift trajectory of Endurance for the period between Worsley's final two fixes, at some point along which the vessel sank. Reconstructions are sensitive to choices of wind factor and turning angle, but allow an envelope of possible scenarios to be developed. A likely scenario yields a simulated sinking location some 3.5 km from the position at which the wreck finally was found, with a trajectory describing an excursion to the southeast and an anticlockwise turn to the northwest prior to sinking. Despite numerous sources of uncertainty, these results show the potential for such methods in marine archaeology.

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17

Pestrikov, Viktor. "Success Business Plan for AT&T." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 6, no. 3 (August 28, 2023): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2023.06.3.25.

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It is shown that AT&T’s purchase of patent rights to his audion from Lee de Forest in 1912 made the New York – San Francisco transcontinental telephone line project a realty. The features of the construction of this telephone line and the difficulties that arose in this case are considered. Attention is paid to the development of electrical circuits and designs of tube repeaters, as well as their installation on a telephone line. The principles of operation of tube repeaters of type 21 and 22 are analyzed. The results of the first testing of the line on July 29, 1914 are given. A memorable day was marked on January 25, 1915 – the day of the solemn launch of the transcontinental telephone line into commercial operation 25 days before the opening of the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition in San Francisco.

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18

Srinui, Khwanruan, Susumu Ohtsuka, Ephrime B. Metillo, and Masahide Nishibori. "A new species of Acartia (Copepoda, Calanoida) from the Philippines, based on morphological and molecular analyses." ZooKeys 814 (January 8, 2019): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.814.24601.

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A new species of Acartia (Odontacartia), A. (O.) edentatasp. n., was collected from Leyte Island in the Philippines. Morphologically, the new species resembles A. (O.) pacifica Steuer, 1915. The female of the new species differs from other species of the A. (O.) erythraea Giesbrecht, 1889 species group in the absence of a pair of sharp spines on the posterior border of the genital double-somite and absence of setules on the lateral margins of urosomites 1–3. Unlike other congeners of the species group, males of the new species lack fine setules along the posterior margin of the prosome. Comparison of the new species with A. (O.) pacifica by pairwise distance data for the 16S (282 bp) gene indicates that these species differ by 20–21%, while the COI gene (636 bp) indicates a difference of 16–17%. The new species seems to be a coastal, occurring in warm waters having a salinity of 33.5.

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19

Trybus, Adam. "Two of a Kind: Setting the Record Straight on Russell’s Exchange with Ladd-Franklin on Solipsism." Russell: the Journal of Bertrand Russell Studies 39 (January 25, 2020): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/russell.v39i2.4206.

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On 21 August 1912 Christine Ladd-Franklin, by then an established logician, wrote a letter to Bertrand Russell. He replied on 27 September 1912, followed by another letter on 16 November of that year. After a hiatus on his side in 1913–14, they exchanged letters again in 1915. The main topic of their conversations is solipsism: a theme that was important for Russell throughout his writings. In fact, in some of his works he famously mentions his encounters with Ladd-Franklin, hinting at a difference of opinions and her inability to see the inconsistency in what she claimed. After analysing the correspondence, with some letters resurfacing only recently, one sees a completely different picture: Russell not only does not object to what she claims, he even agrees with her! This article aims to show what really transpired as evidenced by the letters, of which seven of the extant eleven are reproduced in full with annotations.

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20

MAURER, A. M., and D. STÜRCHLER. "A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switzerland, 1998." Epidemiology and Infection 125, no. 2 (October 2000): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004495.

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An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in La Neuveville, township with 3358 inhabitants. A retrospective cohort study of 1915 participants showed that 1607 (84%) had been ill. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 28 patient faecal samples, Shigella sonnei from 21 patients and small round structured viruses (SRSV) from 6 patients. More than one pathogen was identified in eight persons. The epidemic curve was characteristic of a point-source outbreak. The risk for illness was significantly higher among persons who had drank unboiled drinking water than among those who had not (1290 [80·3%] of 1607 vs. 86 [27·9%] of 308; RR = 2·87; 95% CI 2·40–3·45). Risk increased significantly with the quantity of water consumed (P < 0·00 × 10−6). An SRSV isolate from water and one human faeces had an identical DNA sequence. The outbreak was due to a pump failure producing a spill of sewage into the groundwater. We conclude that transmission was waterborne and that measures including early warning, basic hygiene and sanitation improvements controlled this epidemic.

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Melnikov, S. "Price competition between retailers under symmetric costs." Development of Management and Entrepreneurship Methods on Transport (ONMU), no. 2 (2017): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31375/2226-1915-2017-2-21-40.

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22

Silvanska, G. M., O. V. Akimova, and O. L. Drozhzhyn. "Recreational tourism in the border regions. Danube region case of study." Development of Management and Entrepreneurship Methods on Transport (ONMU), no. 1 (2018): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31375/2226-1915-2018-1-21-30.

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23

FACCOLI, MASSIMO, GABRIELLA FRIGIMELICA, NICOLA MORI, EDOARDO PETRUCCO TOFFOLO, MARCO VETTORAZZO, and MAURO SIMONATO. "First record of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Europe." Zootaxa 2303, no. 1 (December 3, 2009): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2303.1.4.

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In early April 2009, many specimens of Ambrosiodmus (Hopkins, 1915) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a genus new to Europe, were found overwintering in a living horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in the botanic garden of Padova (NE Italy) (45°23’ N, 11° 52’ E). In October 2009, about 80 peach trees growing in an orchard close to Verona (Alpo di Villafranca, NE Italy) (45°22’ N, 10° 55’ E) were found infested by the same insect. In both cases, the insects were infesting the tree sapwood infected by honey fungus (Armillaria mellea (Vahl) Kummer). Moreover, in the first week of October one specimen was collected also in a pheromone trap baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol and set up in the international harbour of Venice (Marghera, 45°27’ N, 12° 15’ E). Subsequent morphological analyses ascribed the collected specimens to the species A. rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875), an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin. The infested trees were submitted to sanitation felling and burnt. Some infested log was placed in a transparent and ventilated plastic cage, kept under laboratory conditions (21±1 °C, 70% r.h., and L16:D8 photoperiod) waiting for insect emergence. Emerging adults were removed daily, identified and sexed by morphological features. The rearing gave several thousands of adults, with a female:male ratio of about 40:1.

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Wrzosek, Mieczysław. "Stanisław Czerep, The Great Winter Battle of the World War I. Warfare in the Masuria-Augustów region from 7th to 21st February, 1915, Białystok 2011." Studia Podlaskie, no. 19 (2011): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2011.19.19.

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25

Salaheddin, K., V. Valluvaparidasan, D. Ladhalakshmi, and R. Velazhahan. " Management of bacterial blight of cotton using a mixture of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis." Plant Protection Science 46, No. 2 (May 31, 2010): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/20/2009-pps.

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The potential of antagonistic rhizobacteria in the management of bacterial blight of cotton caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam) was evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. In this study, 93 bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of cotton were screened for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of Xam in vitro. Among them, 21 isolates were found to inhibit the in vitro growth of Xam. These isolates were identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis based on phenotypic characteristics, biochemical properties and using 16S-23S intergenic transcribed spacer-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Among the 21 isolates, the isolates P. fluorescens Pf32 and P. fluorescens Pf93 and B. subtilis B49 exhibited the maximum inhibitory activity against Xam. Talc-based powder formulations of the effective antagonistic isolates of P. fluorescens (Pf32, Pf93) and B. subtilis (B49) were developed and evaluated individually and in combination for their efficacy in the management of bacterial blight of cotton under greenhouse and field conditions. The P. fluorescens isolates Pf32 and Pf93 and Bacillus subtilis isolate B49 survived well in the talc-based formulation for more than 90 days. The application of a mixture of Pf32, Pf93 and B49 to seed, soil and foliage significantly reduced the bacterial blight incidence and increased the plant height, number of branches and number of bolls under field conditions. The plots treated with a mixture of Pf32, Pf93 and B49 recorded the maximum yield of 1915 kg/ha and 1512 kg/ha in trial I and trial II compared to 1210 kg/ha and 987 kg/ha in the untreated control, respectively.

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Martins, Ernesto Candeias. "O ideário científico-pedagógico de Faria de Vasconcelos (1880-1939) em prol duma escola nova e atual." EccoS – Revista Científica, no. 48 (March 29, 2019): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/eccos.n48.5884.

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Abordamos a figura de A. S. Faria de Vasconcelos, insígne representante do movimento da Escola Nova em Portugal, cujos princípios pedagógicos, por ele aplicados na escola de Bierges, na Bélgica, representaram a constituição do seu sistema psicopedagógico e ganharam expressão em suas obras, intervenções e realizações, com difusão na Europa e América Latina, em especial no período 1915-21. A partir de uma reflexão de caráter hermenêutico e do recurso a fontes primárias e secundárias, o texto propõe uma análise histórico-descritiva norteada pelos seguintes objetivos: i. analisar os fundamentos teório-práticos do sistema psicopedagógico, proposto por esse autor, e seus contributos à História da Educação - pedagogia contemporânea, educação popular, Movimento da Escola Nova; ii. compreender as bases pedagógicas da sua experiência em Bierges, particularmente quanto a sua inserção nos princípios do Movimento da Escola Nova e Ativa. Assim, realçamos os elementos fundamentadores da educação integral dos alunos e a ligação dos princípios pedagógicos do autor ao movimento de renovação pedagógico e à história da educação portuguesa. Concluimos com a observação de que Faria de Vasconcelos deve figurar com destaque entre os pedagogistas de primeira plana nacional e mundial.

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Caddoo, Cara. "THE BIRTH OF A NATION, POLICE BRUTALITY, AND BLACK PROTEST." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 4 (October 2015): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000420.

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On September 21, 1915, shortly before 10 p.m., a brick crashed through the glass window above the entrance of Philadelphia's Forrest Theatre. Instantly, the streets erupted into a “bloody scene” of the “wildest disorder.” Police charged with batons and revolvers. The crowd, which consisted mostly of black demonstrators, scattered. A few dashed for the building's main entrance. Hundreds more fled up Broad and Walnut Streets, the police at their heels. “Those who could not run fast enough to dodge clubs received them upon their heads.” Two protesters threw milk bottles at the patrolmen pursing them. At the corner of Walnut and Broad, someone hurled a brick at Officer Wallace Striker. On Juniper Street, either a rioter or a police officer fired shots into the air. By night's end, more than a score were injured, several arrested, and the theater defaced. Nineteen-year old Arthur Lunn, a farmer from Worcester County, Maryland, was charged with inciting the riot. Dr. Wesley F. Graham, pastor of Trinity Baptist, sustained “severe injuries.” Lillian Howard, a caterer; William A. Sinclair, the financial secretary of Douglass Hospital; and a thirty-three-year-old laborer named Lee Banks received severe lacerations.

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Wan, Miao, and Peng-xin Gao. "Solar-cycle-related Variation of Differential Rotation of the Chromosphere." Astrophysical Journal 939, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac930d.

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Abstract Solar-cycle-related variation of the solar chromospheric rotation is studied by analyzing the chromospheric rotation rate of 938 synoptic maps generated from the Ca ii K line at the Mount Wilson Observatory during the period of 1915 August 10 to 1985 July 7. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The parameters A (the equatorial rotation rate) and B (the latitudinal gradient of rotation) in the standard form of differential rotation both show a decreasing trend in the considered time frame, although A has weak statistical significance. (2) There is a significant negative correlation between the level of solar activity and parameter B, indicating that there seems to be a correlation between field strength and chromospheric differential rotation. (3) During solar cycles 15, 16, 19, 20, and 21, the southern hemisphere rotates faster, whereas in cycles 17 and 18, the northern hemisphere rotates faster. (4) There exists a significant negative correlation between the N–S asymmetry of the chromospheric rotation rate and that of solar activity, indicating that differential rotation of the chromosphere seems to be strengthened by stronger magnetic activity in a certain hemisphere. Possible explanations for the above results are given.

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Varea, Carlos, Elena Sánchez-García, Barry Bogin, Luis Ríos, Bustar Gómez-Salinas, Alejandro López-Canorea, and José Martínez-Carrión. "Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16112048.

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Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.

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Garcia-Montero, Hector. "Height, Nutritional and Economic Inequality in Central Spain, 1837–1936." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 3397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063397.

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This article analyzes the evolution of inequality in mean male height in central Spain considering the generations born from 1837 to 1915, measured in the drafts from 1858 to 1936 (n = 53,503). Mean adult height reflects a crude indicator of net nutritional status, a proxy for currently known measures of stunting and wasting. The results reveal a cycle of stagnation and decline in average height at the age of 21 for those born from the 1850s to the 1870s and a subsequent positive secular trend to exceed baseline levels. The coefficient of variation shows how inequality in height followed an opposite pattern, with an increase in the mid-nineteenth century and a subsequent decline, with an overall decline. The great migratory wave towards Latin America (1880–1930) barely affected the area studied here. The available evidence on the occupations and educational level of the recruits reveals a ranking in average height related to family background and personal income, educational level and literacy, propinquity to food and ownership and/or management of land. Therefore, socioeconomic status largely predicted adult height in Spanish men during the period. Reducing absolute poverty and increasing access to education remain cornerstones to reducing malnutrition, even in the current world.

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KARACAGİL, Ö. Kürşad. "Berlin Sefiri İbrahim Hakkı Paşa’nın I. Dünya Savaşı Hakkında Bilinmeyen İki Raporu (1916)." JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND FUTURE 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21551/jhf.1268259.

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Türk-Alman ilişkileri uzun bir tarihi geçmişe sahiptir. İlişkilerde önemli dönüm noktalarından birisi ve belki de en önemlisi, Türk tarihine, Harb-i Umumi ya da Cihan Harbi olarak geçen I. Dünya Savaşına müttefik olarak girilmesidir. Savaş içerisinde de ilişkilerin gelişmesine önem veren iki ülke, en tecrübeli bürokratlarını büyükelçi/ Sefir-i Kebir olarak görevlendirmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda, Osmanlı Devleti, Sadrazamlık dahil olmak üzere birçok üst düzey görevde bulunan, Darülfünunda verdiği dersler ve kitaplarıyla bilinen, batıyı ve batılı fikirleri iyi tanıyan İbrahim Hakkı Paşa’yı 21 Temmuz 1915’te Berlin’e Sefiri Kebir olarak atamıştır. Hakkı Paşa bu görevi Temmuz 1918 tarihine yani vefatına kadar sürdürmüştür. Makalede, İbrahim Hakkı Paşa’nın bizzat kaleme aldığı iki rapor tartışılacaktır. Raporlar, 3 ve 11 Ocak 1916 tarihlerinde yani I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ortalarında yazılmış; “mahremane” ibaresiyle Osmanlı Hariciye Nezareti yollanmıştır. Raporlar birbirini tamamlar niteliktedir. Raporlarda, I. Dünya Savaşında yaşanan gelişmeler bağlamında, ateşkes, Almanya’nın savaşa bakışı, cepheler ve burada yaşanan gelişmeler, savaşın hangi devlet ya da devletler mağlup edilirse İttifak devletlerince kazanılabileceği tartışması yapılmıştır. Hatta bazı noktalarda Almanya’ya karşı eleştiriler dahi bulunmaktadır. Dönemin Osmanlı yönetimi açısından hayati öneme sahip olan bütün bu bilgiler, bizzat Berlin’de bulunan ve savaşı Almanya’nın başkentinden müşahede etme imkânına sahip olan bir Osmanlı Sefiri gözünden ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelime: Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Almanya, Osmanlı Devleti

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32

Agee, Ernest, and Lindsey Taylor. "Historical Analysis of U.S. Tornado Fatalities (1808–2017): Population, Science, and Technology." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0078.1.

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Abstract The record of tornado fatalities in the United States for over two centuries (1808–2017) and decadal census records have been examined to search for historical trends. Particular attention has been given to the response to population growth and expansion into the tornado-prone regions of the country. The region selected includes the Tornado Alley of the central Great Plains, the Dixie Alley in the southeastern states, and the adjoining states in the Midwest that collectively encompass a 21-state rectangular region. The data record has been divided into two subintervals, Era A (1808–1915) and Era B (1916–2017), each of which consists of three equal-length periods. Era A is characterized by a growing and westward expanding population along with a basic absence of scientific knowledge, technology, and communications (for prediction, detection, and warning). This is followed by a renaissance of discovery and advancement in Era B that contributes to saving lives. The aforementioned periods are defined by a set of notable events that help to define the respective periods. A death per population index (DPI) is used to evaluate the 21 states in each era; there is a rise of mean DPI values to a maximum of 1.50 at the end of Era A and a subsequent fall to 0.21 at the end of Era B. It is also shown for all three periods in Era B that the deadliest tornado states, in ranked order, are Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Oklahoma. Suggestions are presented for ways to continue the decreasing trend in DPI, which would imply that the death rate increase is not as fast as the rate of population increase (or would even imply a decreasing death rate).

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Szymański ks., Józef. "Sprawozdanie ks. dr. Henryka Hilchena z pracy wśród robotników polskich we Francji w czasie tygodni letnich 1924 roku." Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne 118 (June 29, 2022): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/abmk.12295.

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Ksiądz dr Henryk Hilchen – kapłan archidiecezji warszawskiej. Urodził się 30 lipca 1881 roku w Warszawie. Studiował na Wydziale Chemii Politechniki Warszawskiej i na Politechnice Lwowskiej, gdzie ukończył kształcenie po dwóch latach. W 1905 roku wyjechał do szwajcarskiego Fryburga, gdzie kontynuował studia na Wydziale Prawa i Ekonomii, uwieńczone stopniem doktora nauk politycznych. We Fryburgu studiował także teologię i filozofię. W 1910 roku wrócił do kraju i wstąpił do seminarium duchownego w Warszawie. W dniu 21 grudnia 1912 roku przyjął święcenia kapłańskie. Był wikariuszem we wsi Dobre k. Stanisławowa, w Łowiczu, w Łodzi, a od lipca 1915 roku w parafii pw. Wszystkich Świętych w Warszawie. Od 1915 roku był sekretarzem generalnym Stowarzyszenia Robotników Chrześcijańskich, redaktorem organu stowarzyszeń chrześcijańskich „Pracownik Polski" (1916-1917). W 1919 roku został radnym miasta stołecznego Warszawy, redaktorem miesięcznika „Przewodnik Społeczny”, kapelanem Szkoły Podchorążych Artylerii oraz jednostki wojskowej stacjonującej na Sołaczu. W 1920 roku wyjechał do Rzymu, gdzie wstąpił do nowicjatu zakonu dominikańskiego i podjął studia teologiczne w Collegium Angelicum. Od lipca 1922 roku, na polecenie papieża Piusa XI, służył pomocą dwóm kolejnym nuncjuszom apostolskim w Polsce. Był stałym korespondentem „L’Osservatore Romano" i „L’Avvenire d'Italia". W 1929 roku został proboszczem parafii w Lesznie k. Błonia, a w 1931 roku parafii Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej w Warszawie, gdzie dokończył budowę kościoła. W 1937 roku otrzymał Złoty Krzyż Zasługi RP, zaś w następnym roku został odznaczony orderem Polonia Restituta. W tym samym roku został wybrany do Rady Miejskiej Warszawy. Przed kapitulacją stolicy był zakładnikiem gwarantującym przestrzeganie pertraktacji prezydenta Stefana Starzyńskiego z Niemcami. Aresztowany przez Niemców 3 października 1939 roku, do końca listopada był więziony na Pawiaku. Mimo zniszczenia 12 września 1944 roku kościoła i plebani podczas niemieckiego bombardowania, funkcję proboszcza formalnie pełnił do lipca 1945 roku. Jakkolwiek od czerwca tego roku został proboszczem w Międzyrzeczu. W dniu 15 października 1947 roku przy kościele Najświętszego Serca Jezusowego w Słupsku podjął się organizacji nowej parafii pw. św. Ottona. Dnia 29 listopada 1952 roku został proboszczem w Tarczynie k. Grójca. W drodze na nową placówkę, 29 stycznia 1953 roku, dostał udaru. Zmarł 20 sierpnia 1956 roku. Spoczął na Powązkach. Na bieżąco prowadził dokumentację swego życia i działalności w postaci dzienników, korespondencji, różnych notatek czy oficjalnych dokumentów. Niniejsze opracowanie egzemplifikuje jego sprawozdanie z pracy wśród robotników polskich we Francji w czasie tygodni letnich 1924 roku. Dokument oryginalny w formie maszynopisu przechowywany jest w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie, Archiwum Prymasa Polski, Akta Protektora Wychodźstwa Polskiego, Francja – PMK Varia, Dział III/15a.

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Gruzdeva, Elena N. "“I’m Doing Well in the Center of Siberian World under Strict Police Supervision…”: F.I. Knauer’s Letters from his Tomsk Exile in 1915–1917 Part 2 (letters 8–21)." Письменные памятники Востока 17, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/wmo55059.

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The article introduces the letters of the Professor of the Kiev University, Sanskrit scholar Fyodor Ivanovich (Friedrich) Knauer (18491917) sent by him to his colleague, philologist Vladimir Nikolaevich Peretz. They are now housed at the Personal Fund of V.N.Peretz in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI. Fond 1277. Inv.1. F.35). This set of letters is undoubtedly of great importance because, among other things, we have no other surviving epistolary heritage of the scholar. Revealing the authors personality, the letters (there are only 21 of them) acquaint us to some extent with his inner world. Until recently, F.I.Knauers biography, especially the years of his exile, was full of blank spots which we can finally fill. The entire sequence of events relating to Knauers arrest, up to his arrival in Tomsk and life in Siberia, is presented by him as an uninterrupted narrative. The letters give us an idea of relations between the scholar, when he was out of favor, and his colleagues, friends, common people, local and higher authorities. They provide reliable documentary evidence of the terrible misfortune of a sincere person, who fell victim to a complicated political period.

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Škrijelj, Redžep. "Volunteers from Sanjak in Galicia (1916/1917)." Historijski pogledi 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 86–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2018.1.1.86.

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Based on unpublished sources from Serbian, Turkish, Austrian and other archives, we illuminate the phenomenon of Muslim volunteers (volunteers). In this study, on the basis of archival material and the telling of contemporaries, we are talking about Bosniak warriors who were taken away to write history, but most of them did not know the geography. Namely, after the occupation of the Sandžak region (November 21, 1915), in the autumn of 1916 - the spring of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army, with the help of local ages and begs, carried out a fierce propaganda campaign, after which in the struggle against the Russians, front in Ukraine, took more than 10 thousand volunteers aged between 18 and 50 years. The occupying Austro-Hungarian authorities used the Ottoman Empire to enter the First World War on the side of the Central Powers for propaganda against the forces of Antanta, accusing them of the First World War for the destruction of Muslims, opposing the Bosniak population the illusion of the renewal of the Ottoman authorities in Sandzak. The second phase of mobilization (1917) denies the claim of "volunteers" because most of them are violently intervened. In the nation, these warriors were still known as "dwarfs". Most of them disappeared or transferred to the Middle East fronts. Every tenth captured or survived returned to homeland, which explains the vast post-war depopulation of the male population.

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36

Kivimäki, Sanna. "Archaeology and the Social Sciences." Suomen Antropologi: Journal of the Finnish Anthropological Society 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30676/jfas.v33i2.116442.

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Although aspects of the social organization of Neolithic (c. 5100–1800 calBC) hunter-fisher-gatherer societies1 in Finland have been referenced in archaeological literature since the early twentieth century (see e.g. Pälsi 1915: 108), up to the present time there has been little broad ranging analysis of the social forms of such groups. In the majority of the few case studies, Finnish-Neolithic societies have been described as generalized hunter-gatherers living in bands or, in some cases, as representatives of fairly developed tribal institutions (e.g. Halinen 2005: 104–105, 113; Seger 1982: 25, 31–32; Siiriäinen 1981: 33; for a definition of generalized hunter-gatherers, see Hayden 1997:12; the definition of band, see Service 1971b [1962]: 98, Service 1979 [1966]: 4–6; the definition of tribe, see Service 1971b [1962]: 131–132; Sahlins 1968: 15, 20–21, 24). Recently, it has been suggested (Okkonen 2003) that at least on the Middle and North Ostrobothnian coast, between about 3500–2500 calBC, the societies represented complex hunter-gatherers and were thus neither egalitarian nor stratified (Okkonen 2003: 219–226; for definitions of complex hunter-gatherers, see Arnold 1996: 78–79; Hayden 1997: 8, 11). The definition, identification and distribution of these societies have been under animated discussion in Anglo-American literature during the last few decades (see e.g. Arnold 1996; Hayden 1997; Rowley-Conwy 1998; Sassaman 2004; Zvelebil 1998).

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Pfister-Langanay, Christian. "Un médecin prisonnier de guerre en Allemagne. Les écrits de Pierre Dautrey (30 juillet 1914-21 juillet 1915) , édition établie par P. Dautrey et P. Nivet, Amiens, Encrage, 2015." Revue du Nord 416, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): XII. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdn.416.0645l.

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38

Aini, Qurrotu. "STUDY OF PENAL AND NON-PENAL APPROACH ON PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION IN INDONESIA." IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v3i2.17170.

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Criminal policy can be interpreted in the narrow sense that criminal politics is described as a whole principle and method, which is the basis of the reaction to violations of laws in the form of criminal. And in a broad sense this is the overall function of law enforcement officials, including the workings of the court and the police. While in the broadest sense it constitutes the whole policy, which is carried out through legislation and official bodies that aim to uphold the central norms of society. Factors Underlying the Occurrence of Corruption Crime: a) Lack of salary for Civil Servants compared to needs that are increasingly increasing. b) Background of Indonesian culture or culture which is the source or cause of widespread corruption. c) Poor management and less effective and efficient controls that will provide opportunities for people to corruption. d) Modernization breeds corruption. Briefly the causes of corruption include 5 (five) aspects, namely: a) Individual Aspects of Actors, b) Aspects of Organizations / institutions, c) Aspects of society, d) Aspects of law enforcement and legislation, and e) Political Aspects. Efforts to prevent corruption through legal policies with means of reasoning and non-reasoning. Penal facilities include, a) Criminal Law Book (wetboek van Strafrecht) January 1, 1918; b) WvS in the 1915 Staatblaad Number 752 dated 15 October 1915; c) Law number 74 of 1957 in conjunction with Law Number 79 of 1957, d) Provisional Constitution of 1950, e) Government Regulation in lieu of law Number 24 of 1960 concerning Investigation, Prosecution and Corruption Criminal Investigation, f) Law number 1 of 1960, g) Law Number 24 Prp of 1960 concerning Investigation, Prosecution and Corruption Criminal Investigation, h) Law Number 3 of 1971 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crime; i) MPR XI / MPR / 1998 Tap concerning the implementation of a clean and free country of corruption, collusion and nepotism; j) Law number 28 of 1999 concerning State settlements which are clean and free of KKN which includes provisions on criminalization of collusion and nepotism offenses, k) Law number 31 of 1999 concerning the eradication of criminal acts of corruption, l) Law number 20 of 2001 concerning amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes that took effect from 21 November 2001, m) Law Number 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission. Efforts to deal with non-criminal crimes can be in the form of: a) Non-criminal prevention (Prevention without punishment), b) Influencing the public's view of crime and punishment through mass media (influencing views of society on crime and punishment mass media).Keywords: corruption, reason, nonpenal

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Vale, Brenda, and Robert Vale. "House or flat?" Architectural History Aotearoa 14 (August 17, 2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v14i.7795.

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The modern argument of high density versus low density living is not new. In 1915 Florence Taylor wrote an article for the Australian journal Building, entitled "The Home - or the Flat?'" (Taylor "The Home - or the Flat?" pp 125-126), Before reading on, the reader knew from the article title that a house was a home and a flat was not. Taylor's argument was that women who lived in flats would become "flaccid and unwomanly" and fail to bear children (she was childless). She believed that "cheap and convenient suburban transport [based on "State-owned trams" which made "communication … easy and cheap"] … together with wide suburban areas offers the best solution of the healthy, prolific population." By the 1920s she had changed her opinion in favour of flats. A similar process at later dates occurred in New Zealand where in 1919 Samuel Hurst Seager used the report of the 1918 town planning conference in Brisbane to promote the garden village with its separate homes as the answer to the New Zealand housing problem. However, by 1936 in the first issue of Building Today (later Home and Building) the inner city Cintra House flats in Auckland were hailed as "... a very fine practical home for modern living" (Anon "Cintra" pp 19-21). The architect was Horace Massey and much of the fitted interior furniture that gave this practicality was designed by RGS Beatson, the newly appointed co-editor of Home and Building.

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Fleming, Susannah, Peter Gill, Caroline Jones, James A. Taylor, Ann Van den Bruel, Carl Heneghan, and Matthew Thompson. "Validity and reliability of measurement of capillary refill time in children: a systematic review." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, no. 3 (September 26, 2014): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307079.

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BackgroundMost guidelines recommend the use of capillary refill time (CRT) as part of the routine assessment of unwell children, but there is little consensus on the optimum method of measurement and cut-off time.MethodsWe searched Medline (from 1948), Embase (from 1980) and CINAHL (from 1991) to June 2014 to identify studies with information on the normal range of CRT in healthy children, the validity of CRT compared with reference standard measures of haemodynamic status, reliability and factors influencing measurement of CRT, such as body site, pressing time and temperature.FindingsWe included 21 studies on 1915 children. Four studies provided information on the relationship between CRT and measures of cardiovascular status, 13 provided data on the normal range of CRT, 7 provided data on reliability and 10 assessed the effect of various confounding factors. In children over 7 days of age, the upper limit of normal CRT is approximately 2 s when measured on a finger, and 4 s when measured on the chest or foot, irrespective of whether the child is feverish or not. Longer pressing times and ambient temperature outside 20°C–25°C are associated with longer CRT. Evidence suggests that the use of stopwatches reduces variability between observers.InterpretationWe recommend use of the following standardised CRT method of measurement: press on the finger for 5 s using moderate pressure at an ambient temperature of 20°C–25°C. A capillary refill time of 3 s or more should be considered abnormal.

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JONES, EDGAR, ADAM THOMAS, and STEPHEN IRONSIDE. "Shell shock: an outcome study of a First World War ‘PIE’ unit." Psychological Medicine 37, no. 2 (November 9, 2006): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706009329.

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Background. ‘Forward psychiatry’ was introduced by the French Army in 1915 to stem the loss of troops to base hospitals. Also known by the acronym PIE (proximity to the battle, immediacy of treatment and expectancy of recovery, including return to duty), it was subsequently used by the British and Americans in both World Wars. The US Army used PIE techniques in Korea and Vietnam. Although widely accepted as an effective intervention, forward psychiatry is not amenable to random-controlled trials and only one controlled outcome study has been conducted.Method. All 3580 soldiers with shell shock admitted to 4 Stationary Hospital between January and November 1917 were recorded. Unit details, military experience, length of stay and outcomes were analysed. Soldiers were categorized into combat, combat-support and non-combatant groups. Admissions were correlated with military operations to compare the impact of defensive and offensive phases of warfare.Results. Rates of admission for shell shock rose significantly during offensives when physical casualties escalated. Combat troops were disproportionately represented. Over 50% of admissions had less than 9 months service in France and 21% broke down within 3 months of going overseas. Less than 20% returned directly to combat units, most going to other hospitals, convalescent depots or base duties.Conclusions. Forward psychiatry was not effective in returning combat troops to fighting units but, by allocating soldiers to support roles, it prevented discharge from the armed forces. Uncertainties remain about relapses, including other routes that servicemen used to escape from a combat zone.

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ITO, Soichi, Yoko SAKAKIBARA, Masaki ENDO, and Junjiro IWAMOTO. "1915 Oscillatory Phenomena of Underexpanded Jet Impinging on Spherical Object." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2008.2 (2008): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2008.2.0_229.

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Zubair, Muhammad. "MAKNA DAN FUNGSIINSKRIPSI PADA MAKAM LAJANGIRU DI BONTOALA MAKASSAR (Study Arkeo-epigrafi) Meaning and function of the inscription in Lajangiru Cemetery Bontoala Makassar (a study arkeo-epigraphy)." Al-Qalam 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31969/alq.v17i1.98.

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Penelitian ini berangkat dari asumsi adanya pase sejarah yang penting pada masa perkembangan Islam di Makassar yang terpendam bersama berlalunya masa tersebut, sehingga untuk mengungkap kembali sejarah tersebut dibutuhkan suatu instrumen faktual yang dapat diteliti secara ilmiah dan menjadi pembuktian sejarah tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan melalui inskripsiyang terdapatpada makam Lajangiru Bontoala Makassar, dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analitis, pada kompleks makam yang terdiri dari 233 buah makam ditemukan adanya sebanyak 45 buah makam yang berusia 50 tahun ke atas, tujuh buah inskripsi yang dapat dibaca adalah; I) Ladjangiroe HAbd Madjid Wafat 22 Mar 193, 2) M.Said Attamimi Wafat'5 Agustus 1950, 3) } J L £ /V8i\^ ^ > & A ' 5 r %>\/'o 16 ^ V /*y 13401811 1921 Afey ft A (Abd'.Wadud, Ime paranakeng namate kemmisi 16 bulan 1340 18 11 1921 umuruna 78 t'aung), 4) Soelaeman Bin Mahmoed Meninggal 1/1/21-1339H, 5) H.Muchtar Luthfi Wafat Pada Peristiwa 5 Agustus 1950, 6) Inskripsi Makam Habib Imam Ali bin Abdurrahman bin Ali bin Syihab 29 Rabi'I Tsani 1333 H/16 Maret 1915 M., 7) Inskripsi Yunus bin Ali Afandi Tahun 1335 H/ 1916 M. Inskripsi tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai penghormatan bagi mereka atas iasanya dalam menyebarkan ajaran Islam pada masa pemerintahan "I Makkulau Daeng Serang Karaeng Lembangparang Sultan Husain Tuminang ri Bundu'na", Raja Gowa 1895-1906.

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Gompo, T. R., U. Pokhrel, B. R. Shah, and D. D. Bhatta. "Epidemiology of Important Poultry Diseases in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27746.

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Despite the rapidly growing poultry industry throughout Nepal, the periodic outbreaks of diseases and infections in poultry birds led to huge production loss. The aim of this study was to identify the top ten poultry diseases in Nepal and an analysis of their seasonal distributions. A cross-sectional study was performed to describe the distributions of major poultry diseases diagnosed from April 2018 to April 2019 at Central Veterinary Laboratory, Nepal. Out of 2358 observations recorded at the CVL registry at that period, only 2271 observations qualified for the final analysis. Among 2271, removing the missing values, only 1915 observations were used to describe bird characteristics such as median age and mean flock sizes. Descriptive analysis and graphical representation was performed in R studio (Version 1.0.143) and MS excel 2010 respectively. The top ten diseases identified with highest to lowest incidence were: colibacillosis 26% (584/2271), mycotoxicosis 13% (301/2271), ascites 10% (232/2271), complicated chronic respiratory disease (cCRD) 9% (196/2271), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 7% (155/2271), Newcastle disease (ND) 7% (148/2271), avian influenza (AI) 3% (76/2271), salmonellosis 2% (40/2271), infectious bronchitis 1% (33/2271), coccidiosis 1% (25/2271) and non-specific diseases accounts for 21% (481/2271). Cases of colibacillosis were predominant all year round. Mycotoxicosis was seen mostly during pre-monsoon and monsoon season. Ascites and IBD were common during spring and winter seasons. cCRD was most common during summer and winter months. AI kept changing the disease outbreak pattern but it was most common during spring and summer. The number of cases of Salmonella, IB and coccidiosis were not sufficient to provide the seasonal trend. Identification of common poultry disease and their seasonal distributions is useful in taking preventive measures such as vaccination and good management practices to minimize their incidence in the future.

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Zakharova, Elena Y., and Alexander N. Bessudnov. "Establishing of the Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow in Its Initiator’s Letters: Letters of S. M. Savelov (1903-1904) from the Fond of A. N. Nortsov in the State Archive of the Tambov Region." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2018): 902–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-902-914.

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In 2018, the 150th anniversary of Leonid Mikhailovich Savelov (1868 – 1947), prominent scholar and organizer of science, is celebrated. When Savelov lived in Voronezh, he took an interest in archaeology. Studying of this sphere of his activities has been a starting point of the research that resulted in finding his letters addressed to Alexei Nikolayevich Nortsov stored in the State Archive of the Tambov Region. A. N. Nortsov (1859 – 1922) has been recently restored as a prominent scientist and public figure of the Tambov gubernia. Collection of L.M. Savelov’s letters and postcards addressed to A.N. Nortsov contains 28 documents dating from November 1, 1901 to April 16, 1915. Though the correspondence is businesslike in character, its tenor suggests friendly relations between the addressees; the fact that has proved important for determining L. M. Savelov’s stand on several significant issues. Many letters being quite voluminous, the authors are publishing a part of the collection dedicated to one subject — establishing of the Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow. Activities of this organization, including L. M. Savelov’s role in it, have been a matter of research. Thus, after introducing L. M. Savelov’s epistolary heritage into scientific use, a fuller picture is beginning to emerge of his ‘pet project,’ which played an important role in formation of Russian genealogy as a scientific discipline. Information on establishing of the Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow is found in five letters and two short messages on postcards, four of which, deemed most informative, are being published here. All are written in Leonid Mikhailovich’s own handwriting, one bears the letterhead of the Historical and Genealogical Society. The first letter dates November 19, 1903, the last dates December 21, 1904. The text is unabridged, but the punctuation has been brought into compliance with contemporary rules.

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Fagerli, Unn-Merete, Thorsten Stühmer, Toril Holien, Randi Utne Holt, Ove Bruland, Manik Chatterjee, John Shaughnessy, et al. "Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1 (SGK1) Is a Prominent Target Gene of the Transcriptional Response to Cytokines In Multiple Myeloma and Supports the Growth of Myeloma Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1915.1915.

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Abstract Abstract 1915 Multiple myeloma is a paradigm for a malignant disease that exploits external stimuli of the microenvironment for growth and survival. A thorough understanding of the complex interactions between malignant plasma cells and their surrounding requires a detailed analysis of the transcriptional response of myeloma cells to environmental signals. We hypothesized that the intracellular signals evoked by cytokines converge and regulate transcription of a set of genes that are common targets for several growth factors and therefore constitute pivotal mediators of the tumor-promoting effects of autocrine or paracrine stimuli. To identify such targets, we determined the changes in gene expression induced by IL-6, TNFalpha, IL-21 or co-culture with bone marrow stromal cells in myeloma cell lines. Among a limited set of genes that were consistently activated in response to growth factors, a prominent transcriptional target of cytokine-induced signaling in myeloma cells was the gene encoding the serine/threonine kinase SGK1, which is a down-stream effector of PI3-kinase and highly homologous to AKT. We could demonstrate a rapid, strong and sustained induction of SGK1 in the cell lines INA-6, ANBL-6, IH-1, OH-2 and MM.1S as well as in primary myeloma cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway abolished STAT3 phosphorylation and SGK1 induction. In addition, shRNA-mediated knock-down of STAT3 reduced basal and induced SGK1 levels, demonstrating the involvement of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in SGK1 induction. Furthermore, down-regulation of SGK1 by shRNAs resulted in decreased proliferation and viability of myeloma cell lines. Our results indicate that SGK1 is a highly cytokine-responsive gene in myeloma cells promoting their growth and survival and represents an attractive candidate for further evaluation as a therapeutic target. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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SEEMAN, OWEN D., JENNIFER J. BEARD, and LANNI ZHANG. "A new Australian species of Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) from buck spinifex Triodia mitchelli (Poaceae), intraspecific variation in Eotetranychus, and the synonymy of Platytetranychus with Eotetranychus." Zootaxa 4324, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4324.3.5.

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Eotetranychus spinophilus sp. nov. is described from adults and deutonymphs collected from the spinifex grass Triodia mitchelli (Poaceae) in Queensland, Australia. The species Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley, 1890) is considered absent from Australia; all previous records are instead Eotetranychus queenslandicus Manson, 1967. A key to the six Australian species of Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931 is provided. Although our new species is classified in Eotetranychus, it also resembles some species of Schizotetranychus Trägårdh, 1915. We reaffirm previous suggestions of polyphyly within Schizotetranychus and observed that the patterns of leg striae (e.g. longitudinal striae on tibiae and tarsi III–IV) may have taxonomic value within Schizotetranychus, but that such patterns are rarely included in descriptions of spider mites. We also discuss the relationships between Eotetranychus and the closely related genera Mononychellus Wainstein, 1971, Palmanychus Baker & Tuttle, 1972 and Platytetranychus Oudemans, 1931. We show that the type species of Platytetranychus, P. gibbosus Canestrini, 1889, is an incertae sedis taxon that is not a member of the Tetranychini, and for this and other reasons, we synonymise Platytetranychus with Eotetranychus. Leg setation is reported for all six Australian species and three European species of Eotetranychus. Although each species has a characteristic leg setation, variation is common, with 51% of specimens having at least one anomaly. Asymmetrical setal losses accounted for most variation (43% of specimens), but in five specimens (9%) the loss was symmetrical. Variation in the expression of setae was found mostly in setae added in the adult (21/27 variable setae), representing about two-thirds of the total 33 adult leg setae added in Eotetranychus. We therefore stress the need for multiple specimens when describing a new species, especially if species are being separated using differences in leg setation, and particularly those setae that are added in the adult life stage.

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Chepkwony, Eunice C., George C. Gitao, Gerald M. Muchemi, and Abraham K. Sangula. "Isolation and molecular characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease virus serotype O circulated in Kenya during the period 2013-2018." German Journal of Veterinary Research 2, no. 4 (December 2022): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjvr.2022.4.0047.

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The endemicity of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Kenya has been recognized for over a century, with the first recorded cases dating back to 1915. Production of effective vaccines against incursions of infection in endemic areas is achieved by evaluating the genetic and antigenic characteristics of the circulating viruses. The present study aimed to isolate, serotype, and molecularly characterize FMDV from Kenya from 2013-2018. Isolation was done from 58 field samples on BHK-21 cells, and serotyping of the isolated viruses was carried out using antigen ELISA. Isolated viruses were also analyzed using reverse transcription PCR, and the PCR products were subjected to sequencing. Based on the quality of obtained sequence spectra, only 51 isolates were aligned using MEGA v11.0.8, employing the ClustalW algorithm. SeaView version 5.0.4 was used to edit the alignment, and MEGA 11.0.8 was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and align it with the commercially used vaccinal strains (OK77/78 and OK82/98). With a few exceptions, isolates collected over the same period and those from the same regions consistently clustered in the same lineage or closer to each other. A total of 50/51 strains belong to the East African-2 (EA-2) topotype together with the vaccine strain OK82/98. However, only one strain (1/51) isolated from Tana River county belongs to the EA-1 topotype together with the current vaccine strain (OK77/78). None of these isolates was found to belong to the EA-and EA-4 topotypes. This study emphasizes the importance of regular surveillance and characterization of circulating virus strains for developing effective vaccines against FMD. It’s proposed that future vaccine candidate strains selection could consider EA-2 topotype strains to control FMDV circulating in Kenya.

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Bouchard, Patrice, and Yves Bousquet. "Additions and corrections to “Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)”." ZooKeys 922 (March 25, 2020): 65–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.922.46367.

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Changes to the treatment of Coleoptera family-group names published by Bouchard et al. (2011) are given. These include necessary additions and corrections based on much-appreciated suggestions from our colleagues, as well as our own research. Our ultimate goal is to assemble a complete list of available Coleoptera family-group names published up to the end of 2010 (including information about their spelling, author, year of publication, and type genus). The following 59 available Coleoptera family-group names are based on type genera not included in Bouchard et al. (2011): Prothydrinae Guignot, 1954, Aulonogyrini Ochs, 1953 (Gyrinidae); Pogonostomini Mandl 1954, Merismoderini Wasmann, 1929, †Escheriidae Kolbe, 1880 (Carabidae); Timarchopsinae Wang, Ponomarenko & Zhang, 2010 (Coptoclavidae); Stictocraniini Jakobson, 1914 (Staphylinidae); Cylindrocaulini Zang, 1905, Kaupiolinae Zang, 1905 (Passalidae); Phaeochroinae Kolbe, 1912 (Hybosoridae); Anthypnidae Chalande, 1884 (Glaphyridae); Comophorini Britton, 1957, Comophini Britton, 1978, Chasmidae Streubel, 1846, Mimelidae Theobald, 1882, Rhepsimidae Streubel, 1846, Ometidae Streubel, 1846, Jumnidae Burmeister, 1842, Evambateidae Gistel, 1856 (Scarabaeidae); Protelmidae Jeannel, 1950 (Byrrhoidea); Pseudeucinetini Csiki, 1924 (Limnichidae); Xylotrogidae Schönfeldt, 1887 (Bostrichidae); †Mesernobiinae Engel, 2010, Fabrasiinae Lawrence & Reichardt, 1966 (Ptinidae); Arhinopini Kirejtshuk & Bouchard, 2018 (Nitidulidae); Hypodacninae Dajoz, 1976, Ceuthocera Mannerheim, 1852 (Cerylonidae); Symbiotinae Joy, 1932 (Endomychidae); Cheilomenini Schilder & Schilder, 1928, Veraniini Schilder & Schilder, 1928 (Coccinellidae); Ennearthroninae Chûjô, 1939 (Ciidae); Curtimordini Odnosum, 2010, Mordellochroini Odnosum, 2010 (Mordellidae); Chanopterinae Borchmann, 1915 (Promecheilidae); Heptaphyllini Prudhomme de Borre, 1886, Olocratarii Baudi di Selve, 1875, Opatrinaires Mulsant & Rey, 1853, Telacianae Poey, 1854, Ancylopominae Pascoe, 1871 (Tenebrionidae); Oxycopiini Arnett, 1984 (Oedemeridae); Eutrypteidae Gistel, 1856 (Mycteridae); Pogonocerinae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1985 (Pyrochroidae); Amblyderini Desbrochers des Loges, 1899 (Anthicidae); Trotommideini Pic, 1903 (Scraptiidae); Acmaeopsini Della Beffa, 1915, Trigonarthrini Villiers, 1984, Eunidiini Téocchi, Sudre & Jiroux, 2010 (Cerambycidae); Macropleini Lopatin, 1977, Stenopodiides Horn, 1883, Microrhopalides Horn, 1883, Colaphidae Siegel, 1866, Lexiphanini Wilcox, 1954 (Chrysomelidae); †Medmetrioxenoidesini Legalov, 2010, †Megametrioxenoidesini Legalov, 2010 (Nemonychidae); Myrmecinae Tanner, 1966, Tapinotinae Joy, 1932, Acallinae Joy, 1932, Cycloderini Hoffmann, 1950, Sthereini Hatch, 1971 (Curculionidae). The following 21 family-group names, listed as unavailable in Bouchard et al. (2011), are determined to be available: Eohomopterinae Wasmann, 1929 (Carabidae); Prosopocoilini Benesh, 1960, Pseudodorcini Benesh, 1960, Rhyssonotini Benesh, 1960 (Lucanidae); Galbini Beaulieu, 1919 (Eucnemidae); Troglopates Mulsant & Rey, 1867 (Melyridae); Hippodamiini Weise, 1885 (Coccinellidae); Micrositates Mulsant & Rey, 1854, Héliopathaires Mulsant & Rey, 1854 (Tenebrionidae); Hypasclerini Arnett, 1984; Oxaciini Arnett, 1984 (Oedemeridae); Stilpnonotinae Borchmann, 1936 (Mycteridae); Trogocryptinae Lawrence, 1991 (Salpingidae); Grammopterini Della Beffa, 1915, Aedilinae Perrier, 1893, Anaesthetinae Perrier, 1893 (Cerambycidae); Physonotitae Spaeth, 1942, Octotomides Horn, 1883 (Chrysomelidae); Sympiezopinorum Faust, 1886, Sueinae Murayama, 1959, Eccoptopterini Kalshoven, 1959 (Curculionidae). The following names were proposed as new without reference to family-group names based on the same type genus which had been made available at an earlier date: Dineutini Ochs, 1926 (Gyrinidae); Odonteini Shokhin, 2007 (Geotrupidae); Fornaxini Cobos, 1965 (Eucnemidae); Auletobiina Legalov, 2001 (Attelabidae). The priority of several family-group names, listed as valid in Bouchard et al. (2011), is affected by recent bibliographic discoveries or new nomenclatural interpretations. †Necronectinae Ponomarenko, 1977 is treated as permanently invalid and replaced with †Timarchopsinae Wang, Ponomarenko & Zhang, 2010 (Coptoclavidae); Agathidiini Westwood, 1838 is replaced by the older name Anisotomini Horaninow, 1834 (Staphylinidae); Cyrtoscydmini Schaufuss, 1889 is replaced by the older name Stenichnini Fauvel, 1885 (Staphylinidae); Eremazinae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1977 is treated as unavailable and replaced with Eremazinae Stebnicka, 1977 (Scarabaeidae); Coryphocerina Burmeister, 1842 is replaced by the older name Rhomborhinina Westwood, 1842 (Scarabaeidae); Eudysantina Bouchard, Lawrence, Davies & Newton, 2005 is replaced by the older name Dysantina Gebien, 1922 which is not permanently invalid (Tenebrionidae). The names Macraulacinae/-ini Fleutiaux, 1923 (Eucnemidae), Anamorphinae Strohecker, 1953 (Endomychidae), Pachycnemina Laporte, 1840 (Scarabaeidae), Thaumastodinae Champion, 1924 (Limnichidae), Eudicronychinae Girard, 1971 (Elateridae), Trogoxylini Lesne, 1921 (Bostrichidae), Laemophloeidae Ganglbauer, 1899 (Laemophloeidae); Ancitini Aurivillius, 1917 (Cerambycidae) and Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863 (Curculionidae) are threatened by the discovery of older names; Reversal of Precedence (ICZN 1999: Art. 23.9) or an application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will be necessary to retain usage of the younger synonyms. Reversal of Precedence is used herein to qualify the following family-group names as nomina protecta: Murmidiinae Jacquelin du Val, 1858 (Cerylonidae) and Chalepini Weise, 1910 (Chrysomelidae). The following 17 Coleoptera family-group names (some of which are used as valid) are homonyms of other family-group names in zoology, these cases must be referred to the Commission for a ruling to remove the homonymy: Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968 (Catiniidae); Homopterinae Wasmann, 1920, Glyptini Horn, 1881 (Carabidae); Tychini Raffray, 1904, Ocypodina Hatch, 1957 (Staphylinidae); Gonatinae Kuwert, 1891 (Passalidae); Aplonychidae Burmeister, 1855 (Scarabaeidae); Microchaetini Paulus, 1973 (Byrrhidae); Epiphanini Muona, 1993 (Eucnemidae); Limoniina Jakobson, 1913 (Elateridae); Ichthyurini Champion, 1915 (Cantharidae); Decamerinae Crowson, 1964 (Trogossitidae); Trichodidae Streubel, 1839 (Cleridae); Monocorynini Miyatake, 1988 (Coccinellidae); Gastrophysina Kippenberg, 2010, Chorinini Weise, 1923 (Chrysomelidae); Meconemini Pierce, 1930 (Anthribidae). The following new substitute names are proposed: Phoroschizus (to replace Schizophorus Ponomarenko, 1968) and Phoroschizidae (to replace Schizophoridae Ponomarenko, 1968); Mesostyloides (to replace Mesostylus Faust, 1894) and Mesostyloidini (to replace Mesostylini Reitter, 1913). The following new genus-group name synonyms are proposed [valid names in square brackets]: Plocastes Gistel, 1856 [Aesalus Fabricius, 1801] (Lucanidae); Evambates Gistel, 1856 [Trichius Fabricius, 1775] (Scarabaeidae); Homoeoplastus Gistel, 1856 [Byturus Latreille, 1797] (Byturidae). Two type genera previously treated as preoccupied and invalid, Heteroscelis Latreille, 1828 and Dysantes Pascoe, 1869 (Tenebrionidae), are determined to be senior homonyms based on bibliographical research. While Dysantes is treated as valid here, Reversal of Precedence (ICZN 1999: Art. 23.9) is used to conserve usage of Anomalipus Guérin-Méneville, 1831 over Heteroscelis.

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Боярко, Григорий Юрьевич. "ОБЗОР МИРОВОГО РЫНКА ВОЛЬФРАМА. ЧАСТЬ 2. ТОВАРНЫЕ ПОТОКИ СЫРЬЕВЫХ ВОЛЬФРАМОВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ". Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 334, № 5 (31 травня 2023): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2023/5/3909.

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Ссылка для цитирования: Боярко Г.Ю. Обзор мирового рынка вольфрама. Часть 2. Товарные потоки сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. – 2023. – Т. 334. – № 5. – С.37-53. Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью изучения проблем весьма изменчивого мирового рынка сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов. Цель: изучение динамики мировых товарных потоков (производства, импорта, экспорта, потребления) сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов (вольфрамовых руд и концентратов, паравольфрамата аммония, вольфрамовых отходов и скрапа); оценка критичности мирового рынка сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов. Методы: статистический, графический, логический. Результаты. Мировой рынок сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов очень сложный. Мировая добыча первичного вольфрамового сырья выросла с 4–7 тыс. т 100 % W/год в 1913–1915 гг. до 75–90 тыс. т 100 % W/год в 2011–2020 гг. с темпом прироста +2,9 %/год. Утилизация вторичного вольфрамового сырья в целом по миру выросла с 2–3 тыс. т 100 % W/год в 1970-е гг. до 14–23 тыс. т 100 % W/год в 2008–2020 гг. с темпом прироста +4,3 %/год. Доля мировой утилизации вольфрамовых отходов от суммы первичного и вторичного вольфрамового сырья увеличилась с 5–6 % в 1970-е гг. до 21 % в 2019 г. В 1970–1980-е гг. был период обычного состояния медленно растущего мирового потребления сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов с темпами прироста спроса на вольфрамовое сырье +3,4 %/год; в 1990-е гг. – значительное сокращение спроса на вольфрамовые продукты (–6,9 %/год) в военной сфере (завершение холодной войны) и смена приоритетов товаров в торговле вольфрамовым сырьем (увеличение роли торговли паравольфрамата аммония), сокращение роли России на вольфрамовом рынке (последствия стагнации российской экономики, в первую очередь, металлообработки); в 2000–2010-е гг. – бурный рост мирового спроса конечных вольфрамовых товарных продуктов и, соответственно, мирового спроса и предложения вольфрамового сырья с приростом спроса +6,4 %/год. При этом имеется тренд сокращения долей мировой торговли вольфрамовым сырьем от суммы добытого первичного и утилизированного вторичного сырья по объемам и стоимости, соответственно, с 39 и 47 % в 1970 г. до 21 и 27 % в 2020 г. Доля сырья в мировой торговле вольфрамовых продуктов сократилась с 70–80 % по объемам и 60–70 % по стоимости в 1970–1980-е гг., соответственно, до 42–55 и 15–20 % в 2010-е гг. Китай доминирует в мировом производстве, переработке и потреблении сырьевых вольфрамовых продуктов, поэтому его торговая политика по сдерживанию (квотированию) экспорта этих товаров и определяет динамику мирового рынка вольфрамового сырья. В международной торговле Китай изменил стратегию экспорта сырья на его импорт, став при этом лидером импортирования вольфрамовых концентратов. Другие промышленно развитые страны – потребители вольфрамового сырья – США, Германия, Британия, Франция, Япония и Южная Корея – стали критически зависимыми от импорта вольфрамовых сырьевых продуктов (доля импорта свыше 50 % от потребления) и будут продолжать оставаться таковыми в обозримом будущем.

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