Дисертації з теми "180105 Commercial and Contract Law"
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Ibrahim, Uzaimah. "Commodity futures contract; An analysis in Islamic commercial law." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503606.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Roux Rochelle. "The regulation of work : whither the contract of employment? : an analysis of the suitability of the contract of employment to regulate the different forms of labour market participation by individual workers." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4651.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 258-302).
The focal research question of this thesis is the relevance of the contract of employment in modern employment. In answering this question three broad areas associated with the contract are explored: (1) the evolution of the contract of employment in South Africa and the dichotomy between the contract of employment and the independent contract; (2) the forms of engagement of workers in the South African labour market; and (3) alternative regulatory models with specific reference to models that are consistent with the South African Constitution. Using a comparative approach it is shown that the contract of employment in South Africa is in a relative state of unification. However, some assumptions about its historical evolution and the influence of Roman and Roman-Dutch law are overstated, and more recent developments, such as tax legislation, arguably had a greater influence on the dichotomising of labour law. The study of the South African world of work illustrates that modern work is performed in diverse ways. After illustrating that labour law has both countervailing and social developmental roles, it is concluded that the contract of employment as traditionally understood is no longer capable of performing these roles. It is further claimed that a process of diversification (as opposed to the unification of the contract of employment) will help to redefine the contract of employment and this may extend the coverage of labour legislation to those who, bearing in mind the purpose of labour law, ought to be protected by labour laws. Finally, it is argued that the South African Constitution provides a ready paradigm within which to achieve such a process of diversification which would ultimately lead to an extension of the coverage of labour laws.
Tomkin, D. N. N. "An examination of selected instances of judicial approaches to unfair contracts." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376745.
Повний текст джерелаMboya, Meshack Kathama. "Implementing the UN Global Compact: role of the law of contract in promoting sustainability in international supply chains." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28029.
Повний текст джерелаMohd, Napiah Mohammad Deen. "The theory of the contract of agency (Al Wakalah) in Islamic law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295029.
Повний текст джерелаQutieshat, Enas M. "Traditional contract law in the electronic environment : evolution or revolution?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=158831.
Повний текст джерелаNaji, Alaa A. "Islamic Fiqh and the contract of international carriage of passengers by air." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33056.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is laid down in accordance with GOD's order to connect civilizations with each other and to benefit from each other's experience and knowledge toward a much better future for humanity.
The thesis tries to reflect upon the opinions of Islamic Fiqh with regard to the contract of international carriage of passengers by air and e-ticketing in a manner that is understandable to both Fiqh oriented and Western Law oriented readers. Therefore, it has been designed to include three major Parts where the first introduces the Western Law oriented reader to Islamic Fiqh. The Second Part introduces the Fiqh Oriented reader to the world of tickets and travel documents. Finally, the third chapter concentrates on the issue of electronic ticketing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Layton-McCann, Keryn. "The role of good faith and fairness in contract law: where do we stand in South Africa, and what can be learnt from other jurisdictions?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27461.
Повний текст джерелаCairncross-, Chinnapyel Nancy. "Can the parties to an international sale contract on CIF Incoterms varied in the oil and gas industry achieve the objective of linking the passing of ownership in the petroleum products that are sold from England to South Africa to the passing of risk in those petroleum products by indicating such intention in their contract of sale?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15184.
Повний текст джерелаAlkhadhari, Abdulwahab. "Remedies for the breach of a commercial contract for the sale of goods : a comparative analysis between the English Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Contract of Sale of Goods in Saudi Law." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/28672.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Othman, Mohammed I. O. "Good faith in contract law : with particular reference to commercial transactions in England, Scotland and selected common-law jurisdictions (Australia, South Africa and USA)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=217620.
Повний текст джерелаEdman, Anders, Andreas Prochazka, and Lena Antman. "SKÄLIGT ELLER OSKÄLIGT? : - Gränsdragningsproblem vid en marknadsrättslig bedömning av oskälighet - i avtalsvillkor på delar av bredband- och digital-TV-marknaden." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-60.
Повний текст джерелаSammanfattning
Bredbands- och digital-TV-marknaden växer kraftigt och det är av stor betydelse ur konsumentsynpunkt att företagen tillämpar skäliga avtalsvillkor. I denna uppsats granskas ett antal standardavtal utfärdade av företagen på respektive marknad. Företagen vars villkor vi analyserar är Universal Telecom, Glocalnet och Tyfon Svenska AB som tillhandahåller bredbandstjänster, samt Viasat, Boxer och Canal Digital, som levererar digital-TV. Det rör sig i dessa fall om ensidigt upprättade standardavtal där konsumenten inte har möjlighet till individuell förhandling. Syftet med uppsatsen är att bringa klarhet i hur man går tillväga vid en oskälighetsbedömning av villkor i standardavtal riktade till konsumenter samt vilken lagstiftning som till övervägande del används inom området. Vi vill även utreda om dessa avtal innehåller oskäliga avtalsvillkor samt i förekommande fall presentera vilka slags oskäliga avtalsvillkor det rör sig om.
Vid en oskälighetsbedömning skall hänsyn tas till god sed, tvingande konsumentskyddande lagstiftning, allmänna tvingande rättsprinciper, dispositiv lag samt om obalans uppkommer till följd av en avtalsbestämmelse. Avtalsvillkoren får heller inte vara vilseledande eller otydligt utformade.
De lagar som främst tillämpas på dessa marknader är AVLK, EkomL, KkL och KtjL. De två sistnämnda lagarna är dock inte direkt tillämpliga utan får tillämpas analogt.
Vid ingången av arbetet misstänkte vi att det kunde vara svårt att hitta oskäliga avtalsvillkor i så stora företag som vi faktiskt valt, men i samtliga av de granskade standardavtalen förekom oskäliga avtalsvillkor. En gemensam nämnare för företagen är att deras avtal innehöll villkor som på ett eller annat sätt oskäligt begränsade konsumentens rätt till ersättning, s.k. ansvarsbegränsningsklausuler. Alla företagen har även villkorsändringsklausuler som bedömts som oskäliga eftersom de ger näringsidkaren ensidig rätt att ändra i villkoren avseende pris, tjänst eller dylikt.
Villkor som föreskriver formkrav vid uppsägning, reklamation eller andra meddelanden återfanns i inte mindre än tre av de granskade företagen. Detta är anmärkningsvärt eftersom det med stöd av förarbetena till KkL och tidigare avgöranden har bedömts som oskäligt en längre tid. En del av de undersökta bolagen försöker utnyttja sig av force majeure-klausuler för att slippa prestera sin del av avtalet. Force majeure är omständigheter som det inte kan rådas över, exempelvis krig och naturkatastrofer. Många av företagen utvidgar innebörden till att innefatta även andra omständigheter som ligger inom kontrollsfären.
Laisné, Muriel. "L'environnementalisation du contrat de bail commercial." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2019. https://ged.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8ec4d199-7f70-412a-a2ff-08bd0bd4d906.
Повний текст джерелаFor the past few years, the commercial lease, a contract under private law, has been subject to greening, as the growing trend of being environment-minded when entering into legally binding agreements takes hold. This trend involves increased attention to environmental issues when considering commercial lease contracts and, more specifically, about the role and evolution of the contract. Therefore, we must be aware of the impact of environmental issues in and through the commercial lease agreement. Mechanically, the environment is both a disruptive and a socializing factor in the commercial lease contract. On one hand, there is a massive duty to integrate environmental information, which may involve limits and incoherence’s. Furthering this effervescence of information are issues of contaminated sites and soil causing numerous interferences throughout the life of this contract between lease agreement and environmental law (with public policy legislation on classified facilities, waste and contaminated sites and soil). On the other hand, the commercial lease captures general environmental interests through the rule of law, litigation or interest of involved parties, ultimately leading to environment protection. While the status of commercial leases has always been settled for the needs of the lessee and associated corporate structure, with an increasingly strong public policy and limited contractual freedom, this tenancy agreement is thus geared toward environment concerns. While filling a necessary social function, the lease agreement also acquires an environmental dimension. The effect of adding an environmental concern to the commercial lease is mixed : while likely to present advances for the environment, the lease agreement faces both internal and external difficulties and has a difficulty adapting its model to the environment. Consequently, adopting a resolutely environmental protection-oriented stance, we will identify and suggest perspectives. The relationship between environmental law and contract law is one of competition and complementarity, requiring a blend of economic profitability and respect for the environment. Bringing elements of respect for the environment into a commercial lease agreement is leading to a change in the philosophy of the contract. Respect for the environment forces dialogue and consultation, reassesses perspectives to the leased structure, while the commercial lease brings environmental concerns to a pragmatic model by providing it with a material understanding in structured and proven rental relationships
Jayathilaka, Herath Mudiyanselage Chathuni. "Was the Scots Common Law underlying contracts of sale unified in regard to the implied warranty of soundness?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30993.
Повний текст джерелаDufková, Marie. "Kupní smlouva podle amerického práva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75198.
Повний текст джерелаSupapa, Rattapong. "The protection of upstream energy contracts under investment treaty arbitration : a study of the interaction between contract and treaty instruments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225686.
Повний текст джерелаLim, Yew Nghee 1973. "Towards a uniform conflict of laws regime in ASEAN governing international commercial transactions : uniformization of choice of law rules in contract and tort." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33361.
Повний текст джерелаSimon, Victor. "Les échelles du Levant et de Barbarie : Droit du commerce international entre la France et l'Empire ottoman (XVIème - XVIIIème siècle)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020063.
Повний текст джерелаAfter the Ottoman Empire granted France access to selected markets starting in the 16th century, a large number of merchants of Provence established selling agents in the main trading ports of Levant. Since the Medieval period these ports had been called échelles of Levant, in the Middle East, and échelles of Barbary, in North Africa. These terms are also used to name the legal framework governing the international trade with these regions. Since then, the merchants of this marketplaces had to meet three kinds of regulations : local commercial law, regulations from the Turkish administration and regulations from the French Royal administration. French merchants developed new forms of enterprise based on the capitulations that ensured free movement of people and goods within the Ottoman territory. From the second half of the 17th century, the French royal administration tried to implement an interventionist policy in an attempt to control the trade and benefit from it
Ruangvichatron, Jumpita. "Breach of contract in international sale of goods : an evaluation of the 1980 Vienna Sales Convention and the 1994 UNIDROIT principles as compared with English law and the (US) Uniform Commercial Code." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302569.
Повний текст джерелаBueno, Díaz Odavia. "Franchising in European contract law a comparison between the main obligations of the contracting parties in the Principles of European Law on Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC), French and Spanish law." München Sellier, Europ. Law Publ, 2007. http://d-nb.info/989121801/04.
Повний текст джерелаBueno, Díaz Odavia. "Franchising in European contract law : a comparison between the main obligations of the contracting parties in the Principles of European Law on Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts (PEL CAFDC), French and Spanish law /." München : Sellier European Law Publ, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989121801/04.
Повний текст джерелаHansson, Tanja, and Anna Nilsson. "Friskrivningsklausuler i kommersiella standardavtal : En detaljstudie angående harmoniseringen av avtalsrätten inom EU." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-394.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the later half of the 20th century standard form contracts began to be used more frequently in contract situations. This trend has been consistent and in today’s world numerous commercial parties employ such contracts in their business transactions. The reasons for the extended use of standard form contracts are the benefits that can be obtained for the parties such as time efficiency, effectiveness and price advantages. Standardised contracts often regulate certain issues of the contract for example the way of delivery, remedies and complaints. The definition of such contracts is corresponding in Sweden and England as contracts containing in advance standardised terms with an aim to be used similarly in contract situations with most clients or customers.
As the usage of standard form contracts increased, the number of unfair contract terms also enhanced. Therefore, the legislative powers in Sweden and England realised that the rules concerning the freedom of contract had to be restricted and governed. As a result, the legislative powers introduced an open control device through statutory control. This was done in Sweden in 1976 with the enforcement of Section 36 of the Contracts Act, and in England the year after when UCTA came into force. The statutory control in both Sweden and England makes it possible to appraise the fairness of exemption clauses. The statutory control is not identical in the two states. UCTA only concerns exclusion clauses and limitation clauses regarding contract terms and non-contractual notices. In Sweden, on the other hand, there is a general doctrine of unfairness and Section 36 of the Contracts Act can set aside all kinds of agreements.
The statutory control is complemented by indirect means of controlling the content of a contract through non statutory methods. The non statutory methods are concerned with the incorporation, interpretation and construction of clauses in a contract. To be valid and for a party to be able to rely on a term it must have been incorporated into the contract. The rules concerning the interpretation of standard form contracts and exclusion clauses are also of great importance. In both states the approach held is that the statutory control should be used preferably over the indirect control means, though the indirect means still has a prominent role in England through common law. Both England and Sweden agree on that the weaker party in a contract situation is in a greater need of protection by the rules of law in unfair contract situations. However unfairness can only arise if the superior party has wrongfully used the exclusion clause.
Our study shows the differences between Swedish and English contract law that can result in difficulties in the harmonisation process. These differences concern the test of reasonableness of exemption clauses, the doctrine of good faith, the legal effects and to what extent the indirect means of control should be applied. The Swedish test of reasonableness may include all relevant circumstances irrespective of the time of their occurrence, before or after the entry of the contract. The courts in England are limited to circumstances that have occurred before the closure of the contract. Section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act includes a general rule of unfairness applicable to all kinds of contract terms. The rule of unfairness in the UCTA on the other hand, is only applicable to exemption clauses and indemnity clauses and there is no general rule of unfairness in English contract law. Instead the courts rely on indirect means of control, which therefore is of greater importance in English contract law. Finally, adjustments of unfair exemption clauses has a significant role in Swedish contract law, in contrast to English contract law where any adjustment is regarded as an intrusion of the freedom of contract.
To endorse one of the most important aims of the EU; a well working inner market, discussions commenced in 2001. The discussions concerned the harmonisation of the contract law within the union. The questions that arose were whether or not it was possible at all to form a European common contract law and if so, what the effects would be. An action plan was developed by the Commission and today both the EU Parliament and the Council are positive in regard to the continuing work with a reference frame. The Commission aims to pass the reference frame in 2009. Since the EU member states are diverse and have different legal systems a harmonisation of the contract law could cause difficulties. There are differences concerning legal traditions and legal values, hence the legal expertise in Europe is divided in the harmonisation question.
The following study aims to analyse the existing rules of law in Sweden and England representing two diverse legal systems existing in Europe; civil law and common law. The focus of this study regards the control of exclusion clauses in standard form contracts in both legal systems. The comparison will then be used to analyse the fundamental question if the harmonisation of contract law in the EU is feasible. Specific areas within the contract law have already been harmonised, which shows a possibility to coordinate common law and civil law. Directive 93/13/EEC on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts is one example of harmonised contract law in the EU and the principles in PECL is another example which shows that it is possible to coordinate common law and civil law. A harmonisation of the contract law will probably promote the commerce within the union and be the next step towards one of the most prominent goals of the EU, namely a well functioning common market. However, our study shows that the differences between national legislation and the differences between the legal traditions within the EU are not insignificant and a harmonisation will probably not be enforced without difficulties.
Lundberg, Sofia. "Produktansvar vid hästavel : Tillämpningsproblem i gällande rätt." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-7673.
Повний текст джерелаOrganiserad hästavel har bedrivits i Sverige sedan sekler tillbaka. Under de senaste åren har aveln ökat och effektiviserats genom användningen av artificiell insemination. I dagsläget kan ett enda ejakulat fördelas på flera ston och stona behöver inte längre transporteras långa sträckor till hingsten. Den nya tekniken har också medfört att aveln blivit mer selektiv och möjligheten att sålla bort olämpliga hingstar har ökat. Tekniken är dock inte perfekt och ibland händer det att hingstar med dolda genetiska fel används i aveln och detta kan orsaka skador och sjukdomar i stoet eller fölet.
Ur juridisk synvinkel uppkommer här en mycket intressant frågeställning: kan köparen av ett ejakulat hävda att ejakulatet är felaktigt på grund av att det innehåller anlag för genetiska sjukdomar och kan köparen i så fall få någon ersättning för de skador han lider på grund av att fölet drabbats av sjukdomen?
Rent definitionsmässigt föreligger en produktskada som avser skador på annat än den köpta varan. Produktansvarets omfattning för säljare har dock varit omdebatterat i svensk rätt och sambandet mellan köprättsliga regler och allmänna produktansvarsregler är förhållandevis oklart. Frågeställningen kompliceras också med hänsyn till den speciella typ av vara som ett ejakulat får anses utgöra och en tillämpning av gällande rätt leder till en del svårlösta tillämpningsproblem. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att belysa och diskutera dessa problem.
Frågan om ejakulatet är felaktigt får bedömas med hänsyn till vad köparen med fog kan förutsätta om ejakulatets egenskaper och eventuella användningsområde. Ejakulatet är i köprättslig mening inte felaktigt om det inte påverkar varans möjlighet att användas för sitt tilltänka användningsområde. Problemet vid köp av ejakulat är dock att köparen ofta utöver den primära avsikt med ejakulatet har en sekundär avsikt med det producerade fölet och frågan är vilket ansvar säljaren bör ha för att fölet inte går att använda till detta speciella användningsområde. Har köparen tänkt använda en vara till något speciellt krävs i allmänhet att varans lämplighet för det tilltänkta användningsområdet undersöks. Köparens möjlighet att genom en undersökning av ejakulatet kontrollera fölets lämplighet är dock väldigt begränsad och troligen föreligger därför ingen undersökningsplikt. Genom en undersökning av hingsten skulle köparen dock kunna upptäcka ärftliga fel som kan påverka avkomman men då denna undersökning inte omfattar själva varan är det tveksamt om den kan påverka parternas felansvar. Köparen bör därför inte med fog kunna förutsätta att det producerade fölet ska gå att använda till något speciellt användningsområde och således föreligger inget köprättsligt fel.
Även om ejakulatet inte anses som felaktigt föreligger ändå en produktskada och enligt utomobligatoriska skadeståndsregler och rättspraxis har säljaren ett ansvar för culpa eller garanti. Säljarens garantiansvar omfattar utöver uttryckliga garantier även ett ansvar för underförstådda garantier. När en underförstådd garanti kan anses föreligga är dock relativt oklart och kan vara svårt att avgöra. Vid hästavel kan det tänkas att en godkänd avelsvärdering kan utgöra en garanti för att ejakulatet i vart fall ska vara fritt från anlag för sådana sjukdomar som kan orsaka lidande i fölet och som är förbjudna enligt gällande avelsregler.
Garantiansvaret är dock förhållandevis osäkert och då gällande lagar är dispositiva har säljaren en stor möjlighet att begränsa omfattningen av sitt ansvar för produktskador. Med hänsyn till de problem som en tillämpning av gällande rätt medför och den osäkerhet som föreligger får det slutligen anses att köparens bästa möjlighet till att få ersättning för skador i fölet är att välja en försäkring som ger skydd även för dolda och medfödda fel.
Kornmann, Jan. "Legala förbud och dess rättsliga verkan på aktieägaravtal : En studie av ogiltighet enligt den allmänna rättsgrundsatsen då aktieägaravtal strider mot ett legalt förbud i ABL." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11276.
Повний текст джерелаInom svensk rätt saknas det lagregler för en situation där ett aktieägaravtal med vitesklausul strider mot ett legalt förbud i ABL. Anledningen till att denna situation blir problematisk är att aktieägaravtalet ses som ett separat rättsförhållande mellan aktieägarna, vilket inte binder bolaget bolagsrättsligt. Att ett aktieägaravtal inte binder aktiebolaget bolagsrättsligt hindrar dock inte aktieägarna från att ingå aktieägaravtal vilka indirekt får samma effekt som om aktiebolaget vore bundet av vad som stadgas i aktieägaravtalet. I små aktiebolag förhåller det sig ofta som så att en aktieägare antingen sitter med i styrelsen eller är verkställande direktör för aktiebolaget. Detta gör att en aktieägare, i egenskap av aktieägare, kan ingå ett aktieägaravtal med en annan aktieägare om exempelvis att denne skall fatta ett specifikt beslut i egenskap av verkställande direktör eller styrelseledamot.
I ABL finns ett antal legala förbud som stadgar vad ett bolagsorgan får respektive inte får göra. Tanken med ett legalt förbud är att det i form av tvingande lagstiftning förbjuder ett visst handlingssätt som lagstiftaren vill komma till rätta med. Komplikationen då ett aktieägaravtal står i strid med ett legalt förbud i ABL är att ABL:s regler inte är tillämpliga på aktieägaravtalet. Detta gör att aktieägaravtalet kringgår den tvingande lagstiftningen i ABL. För att komma till rätta med detta problem har lagstiftaren överlämnat åt domstolen att i varje enskilt fall där syftet med avtalet är att kringgå den tvingande lagstiftningen pröva om ett sådant avtal skall anses vara giltigt eller ej enligt en allmän rättsgrundsats.
Denna bedömning skall enligt praxis undersöka det överträda (1) förbudets syfte, (2) konsekvenserna av ogiltighetspåföljden och (3) behovet av ogiltighet som sanktion i det specifika fallet. Genom att använda sig av denna modell kan man komma fram till om ett specifikt legalt förbud i ABL skall anses inneha tillräckligt stort skyddsvärde för att ogiltighetssanktionen skall drabba aktieägaravtalet.
Dixon, William Michael. "An Examination of the Common Law Obligation of Good Faith in the Performance and Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16123/1/William_Dixon_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDixon, William Michael. "An Examination of the Common Law Obligation of Good Faith in the Performance and Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Australia." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16123/.
Повний текст джерелаDeprez, Emmanuel. "Liberté contractuelle et le droit européen." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30061.
Повний текст джерелаProblem drives to analyze what is European right of contract. First part searches the sources of European freedom of contract. The multiplicity of rules and practices allows seeing a defect of definition. The first chapter underlines that the autonomy of the will is relative because it is subjective and it evolves according to the balances in contract. It determines that this freedom is joined and is partly the result from the Romano-Germanic civil code. The second chapter allows noticing that the autonomy of the will is henceforth a very relative principle in international private law.Pluralism of the law involves that the contractual freedom is a notion without spring neither stable nor established. The European private international law is under construction and organized in a functional waySecond part studies the European contractual freedom from the point of view of the substantive law. This freedom is a relative principle in symbiosis with the necessities of protection of the parties of contract and necessities of the European business. It is about a subjective principle because of the European law and order (it contains the economic law and order, the lois de police and the classic international law and order), and because of principles in the European construction. The first chapter draws the frame and the general structure of the European contractual freedom. It participates in the business and owes respect the essential principles of the Union in the direction of objective right-law (freedom of establishment, just competition, commercial equality); it is characterized by the European principal development and by the commercial practice. Second chapter notes that the freedom is integrated into the European Union. It is functional and finds balance by corresponding with the law and order to the subjective direction (protection of the weakest parties and the fundamental rights)
Muriqi, Saranda. "Negativ avtalsbindning : i svensk marknadsrättslig praxis." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Rättsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15117.
Повний текст джерелаStechova, Katerina. "How to best 'sell' the 'best-seller' clause? : a review on whether the contract adjustment mechanism proposed by the EU draft Digital Single Market Directive can secure fair (additional) remuneration for authors and performers." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2018. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/42530.
Повний текст джерелаMaile-Zinser, Tanja. "Auswirkungen der Unmöglichkeit auf den Erfüllungsanspruch : eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung zum deutschen Recht, dem US-amerikanischen Uniform Commercial Code, dem UN-Kaufrecht, den UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, den Principles of European Contract Law und dem Vorentwurf eines Europäischen Vertragsgesetzbuchs /." Berlin : Logos-Verl, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2820899&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
Повний текст джерелаMarija, Mijatović. "Soft law као инструмент хармонизације међународног трговинског права". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100455&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Повний текст джерелаDalja harmonizacija međunarodnog trgovinskog prava je neophodna. Međutim, postavlja se pitanje kojim metodima vršiti ovaj proces. Značajan i nesumnjiv doprinos su u tom pogledu ostvarili tzv. hard law izvori (izvori tvrdog prava), pre svega međunarodne konvencije. Ipak, usled njihovih nedostataka otvoren je prostor za upotrebu alternativnih vidova normativnih metoda.Predmet analize u doktorskoj disertaciji je doprinos tzv. soft law instrumenata (instrumenata mekog prava) procesu harmonizacije međunarodnog trgovinskog prava. S obzirom na to da se radi sa teorijskog gledišta o problematičnom i neujednačeno definisanom fenomenu, istraživanje je skoncentrisano na utvrđivanje karakteristika, te prednosti i mana korišćenja ovih instrumenata. Naime, soft law akti su nesankcionisana pravila koja proizvode značajne de facto pravne efekte čime doprinose procesu harmonizacije prava na međunarodnom nivou, i značajno na nivou Evropske unije u kojoj se vrši glavnica projekata ove vrste.Centralno mesto u analizi zauzimaju Principi UNIDROIT za međunarodne trgovinske ugovore i Načela evropskog ugovornog prava, te sudska i arbitražna praksa koja se odnosi na primenu ovih propisa mekog prava.Nakon uvodnih razmatranja, rad se izlaže u dva dela. U prvom delu analizira se složenost savremenog sistema međunarodnog prava koja je posledica, između ostalog, raznolikosti normativnih tehnika koje se koriste pri njegovom stvaranju i sve većeg značaja međunarodnih organizacija u ovim procesima. Zatim se na osnovu mnoštva teorijskih stavova izlažu karakteristike, vrste, funkcije soft law akata, te poređenje sa hard law propisima. U drugom delu disertacije naglašava se potreba intenzivnije harmonizacije međunarodnog trgovinskog prava, te načini na koje se ovaj proces postiže kroz upotrebu soft law akata. Mogu se koristiti kao model izvori međunarodnim i nacionalnim legislativnim telima, kao merodavno ugovorno pravo, u postupcima pred sudovima i pogotovo arbitražama i kao važno sredstvo tumačenja i popunjavanja pravnih praznina međunarodnog uniformnog i nacionalnih prava. Na kraju, u zaključnim razmatranjima iznose se zaključci na osnovu sprovedenog istraživanja.
Further harmonization of International commercial law is necessary. However, there is a question of methods to be used during this process. So-called hard law sources, especially international conventions, had a significant and undoubtful contribution, but their flaws opened some space for using alternative means of normative methods.The subject of this dissertation’s analysis is the contribution of so-called soft law instruments to the process of harmonization of International commercial law. Considering the fact that the subject matter that is being theorized about is a difficult and an unevenly defined phenomenon, the research was focused on determining characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of using those instruments. Namely, soft law acts are non-sanctioned rules, which produce important de facto legal effects, contributing to the process of harmonization of the law at the international level, especially at the level of The European union in which the majority of this kind of projects is realized.The UNIDROIT Principles for commercial contract law and Principles of European contract law, court and arbitration practice dealing with applying those soft law regulations are the center of this analysis.After introductory considerations, this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first one, the subject of analysis is the complexity of modern international law system, which is a consequence of, among other things, diversity of normative techniques used in the making of the system, and ever growing importance of international organizations involved in those processes. After that, characteristics, types and functions of soft law acts, and their comparison to hard law regulations, are being presented, all based on a large quantity of theoretical standpoints. The second part of the dissertation emphasizes the need for intensifying the harmonization of International commercial law, and presents the ways to achieve that through using soft law acts. Those acts can be used as model sources to international and national legislation bodies, as law governing the contract, in processes before courts and especially arbitration tribunals and as an important mean of interpretation and supplement to both international uniform and national law. At the end, final considerations present conclusions about the research conducted.
Bouleghlimat, Widad. "L'arbitrage commercial international dans les pays arabes et les principes Unidroit relatifs aux contrats du commerce international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020013.
Повний текст джерелаInternational commercial arbitration is the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) the most used in the world. Which contributes in particular to make the main actor of the diffusion of a-national rules as the general principles of law, usages of international trade, or the lex mercatoria, often chosen by the arbitrators as the law applicable to the substantive of the dispute. This choice was extended to the new rules developed by private international institutions such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts. A doctrinal codification conceived as a soft law instrument, which is increasingly applied in arbitration practice. Our study shows, however, that few awards rendered in cases in which one of the parties is Arabic made a reference to UNIDROIT Principles. The explanation is not to look for in an incompatibility between them and contract law in Arab countries but in the ignorance of this doctrinal codification by Arab jurists and lawyers. Added to this, a feeling of distrust a manifestation of soft law. It is therefore necessary to consider the ways in which the UNIDROIT Principles to find their place in the law and practice of the Arab countries
Kacíř, Pavel. "Obchodní právo v Čínské lidové republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17070.
Повний текст джерелаNwafor, Ndubuisi Augustine. "Comparative and critical analysis of the doctrine of exemption/frustration/force majeure under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods, English law and UNIDROIT principles." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21805.
Повний текст джерелаPartida, Sebastian. "La convention d'arbitrage dans le droit des nouvelles puissances économiques (Chine, Inde, Brésil, Mexique)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020049.
Повний текст джерелаThe profound changes in international trade, particularly in light of the emergence of new economic powers and the acceleration of the Digital Revolution, lead us to revisit the traditional distinctions between the different national arbitration laws. While a movement of standardization of national laws has been observed in Western countries, particularly with a tendency of convergence between Common Law and Civil Law jurisdictions, what about the countries that were qualified yesterday as "emerging"? Is the same phenomenon true for the them and Do particularisms emerge? The purpose of this thesis will be to examine the specificities of four major countries - China, India, Brazil and Mexico - whose demographic and economic weight is growing in international trade day by day. Through a comparative approach, we will focus specifically on the arbitration agreement, being the keystone of arbitration law, in order to try to understand the philosophy and treatment reserved to this dispute resolution method in each of these countries. This will inevitably lead to question the current place of French law, long considered as avant-garde, and its influence in the years to come
Bramban, Bernard. "Le principe pacta sunt servanda en droit du commerce international. : Etude critique d'un principe de droit transnational." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956171.
Повний текст джерелаFouquet, Marine. "La notion de choix de la loi entre droit et management : Application aux contrats et contentieux extractifs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1G009.
Повний текст джерелаInternational contract law is a field of international law that embodies a particular relationship between States, actors of public international order, and investors, actors of private international order, whose contours and developments have been determined by changes in international economic order. Doctrines and practices of legal professionals and international trade theory have indeed largely contributed to the structuring of this field of law at the border between public international law and private international law. Private international law, through its conflict of law rules and the principle of autonomy, has long studied the question of choice of law. But today, within this normative space, crossed by diverse legal practices and uses, a paradigm reversal seems to emerge. Indeed, today international law is no longer only made up of the rules of law of States and international organizations, it is the law chosen by practitioners of international law that participates in the construction of this normative space. The object of this research project is thus to study the choices in international contracts, through the study of extractive contracts, contracts where par excellence this issue arises. This question of choice of law has long been studied in private international law, notably through the principle of autonomy. However, today other fields of law need to be analyzed. Business law, investment law, social law, for example, constitute this transnational law which seems today to be a more suitable framework for analysis. A practice-based approach, through the study of cases, was followed in order to better understand the articulation between the international strategy of firms and the legal strategies and practices followed. This original approach by legal and management sciences also allows a more global reading and adapted to current issues of international contract law which evolve in a complex and globalized environment. This angle of study of international contracts contributes to an analysis that takes into account all the parties involved in a contract, in the light of positive law
Кучмєєва, К. С. "Історія, визначення поняття, стан та перспективи розвитку лізингу в Україні та в зарубіжних країнах". Thesis, Правовий світ, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60119.
Повний текст джерелаIn the different countries leasing is regulated differently: some - special laws, others - leasing relationship at the legislative level is not resolved. In Ukraine, currently have different regulations governing this issue. This primarily Civil and Commercial Codes and the fundamental law of Ukraine "On Financial Leasing", which takes a lot of changes and amendments, in particular as regards the definition of financial leasing, its interpretation, the definition of its components, contract law and so on.
Giaoui, Franck S. "Indemnisation du préjudice économique en cas d'inexécution contractuelle : étude comparative en common law américaine, droit civil français et droit commercial international : application aux avant-contrats, atteintes à la réputation commerciale et activités sans base établie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D036.
Повний текст джерелаLaw statutes and codes lack of a precise definition of the « full compensation » principle, and a fortiori they Jack of rules for assessing compensatory damages. The legal doctrine tries to fil] in the blank by describing the different types of damages awarded, notably in the United States. Yet, the issue remains full when the Joss is certain but its valuation remains complex or uncertain. The assessment of the economic Joss and the calculation methodology for damages are considered to be only matters of facts: trial courts and judges thus retain a sovereign power, resulting in great uncertainty for the parties. Reducing judicial uncertainty requires the choice and creation of a common framework. Based on the results of an empirical law and economics analysis of several hundreds of precedent cases, the dissertation formulates simple and practical suggestions for parties looking to improve their chances of success in recouping lost profits and lost opportunities. It also evidences which improvements of the judicial systems are required in order to actually implement the current right to full compensation. More importantly the research reaches a fundamental nonnative conclusion: economic Joss, compensatory damages and hence, the calculation of the quantum granted should be considered, not as mere matters of facts but also as matters of law. Henceforth, it would be logical that the Cour de cassation ( or the highest court) advises and controls the use of calculation methodology. Each head of damages would thus be legally qualified and the principle of full compensation would be extended in order to better compensate the loss when evaluating its quantum is complex. It finally results that referenced compensatory scales can be practically developed from compiling relevant legal precedents. The introduction of such scales would benefit academics in their debates, parties in the drafting of their contracts and counsels in their pre-trial exchanges. Eventually, judges could use them as tools to assist their rulings. If those scales were to be adopted and shared, they would enable the creation of such artificial intelligence as machine learning which value - notably the predictive value - would far exceed what is perceived today
Fischer, Nicole N. [Verfasser], and Nicole N. [Verfasser] Englisch. "Die Unmöglichkeit der Leistung im internationalen Kauf- und Vertragsrecht. : Die Haftungsbefreiung des Schuldners nach Art. 79 CISG, den Vorschriften der UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts und der Principles of European Contract Law im Vergleich zum deutschen Unmöglichkeitsrecht. / Nicole N. Fischer, Nicole N. Englisch." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1238311709/34.
Повний текст джерелаDavant, Jérôme. "Les incidents liés à la protection juridique des investissements étrangers en Chine : effectivité des voies de recours." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10050.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is to bring insights into the understanding of the evolution of business law in China and in particular on the tools of investment protection used by foreigners in this country. This paper analyses the events related to the protection of foreign investments as well as the efficiency of arbitrative solutions in the case of problems
Douche-Doyette, Nathalie. "La sanction de la violation du droit de la consommation dans les contrats de consommation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0226/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe second half of the 20th century has been marked by the emergence ofconsumer society and correspondingly by the evolution of a new area of law: consumer law. This field of law can be defined as a body of rules aiming at protecting the interests of consumers and which is essentially applied in the context of consumer contracts. The legislator has not established a general system of sanctions for the violation of consumer law provisions. The sanctions are mostly criminal in nature, while the civil sanctions are those provided for by general contract law.On the basis of the existing rules this thesis aims to establish a specific system ofsanctions common to all consumer contracts. The thesis is governed by the search for adequate sanctions which would increase the effectiveness of the legal rules as well as the effectiveness of the protection of consumers. The effectiveness of the reparative function of the sanctions is analysed separately from the effectiveness of their deterrent function. This distinction is necessary, since the reparative function of sanctions is determined by the situation of the victim of the violation of the rules, whereas the deterrent function of sanctions takes into account the situation of the person responsible for the violation
Khalifa, Milad. "La protection du consommateur en droit libyen à la lumière du droit français." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G006.
Повний текст джерелаThanks to the emergence of a market economy and more recently of the technological revolution, consumer law has been significantly developed. Therefore, consumer protection was required as the means to rebalance the unequal relations between the consumer, regarded as the weaker party to the complex contractual relation, and the professional for whom the power balance is in favour.In this context, the interest of a study about consumer protection in Libyan law in the light of French law is clearer and can be approached from two angles : on the one hand, it is scientifically challenging to understand how a State like Libya, whose opening up to the world and the private sector development are very recent, integrates consumer protection into its legal system. On the second hand, comparing it with French law provides an added value, because the level of consumer protection in Libyan law has to be measured through French consumer law which is more developed. The comparative approach is relevant in this research as one of the functions of comparative law is to improve the national substantive law.Here, according to the starting hypothesis, consumer law in Libya is underdeveloped compared to French consumer law. So, the comparative approach aims to help improving consumer law in Libya if the starting hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, we studied consumer protection from the precontractual period to the after contract period including the actual contract conclusion in both legal orders.This research shows that the Libyan consumer is less protected than the French consumer. This is due, amongst others, to socio-political and economic factors, in this case, the low development of the private sector and the low level of the culture of justice which does not enable to develop case-law regarding consumer law. This study has also proved that the Libyan legislator is facing a new challenge, that is, the emergence of distance contracts, which makes consumer protection even more complex
Lin, Lih-Jen, and 林麗真. "Research on Legal Issues of Electronic Commercial Contract Under Civil Law." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06468098351938091234.
Повний текст джерела國立臺北大學
法學系
93
Electronic commerce is an emerging and popular topic. Through the development of Internet, the model of traditional business transaction has been changed. There is now comparatively more working opportunities and the development of international trade has been accelerated and truly reached the stage of a global village. Following the continuous innovation on technology, the legal issues conveying the new development on transaction, payment method and transaction structuring also become more complicated. The research on Internet’s legal issue becomes a key point for research in many countries. This thesis originates with the viewpoint of civil law. It provides further research and discussion on the regulations and questionnaires related to the electronic commerce. It focuses especially on the foreseeable problems which may develop in civil contracts related to the electronic commerce. This thesis is divided into nine chapters with content as follows: Chapter 1: A preface. Chapter 2: The types and legal regulations of the electronic commerce. This chapter classifies and explains the variously possible types of electronic commerce. It also organizes the related regulations of international organizations and all major countries Chapter 3: The establishment and validity of the contract for electronic commerce and the acknowledgement of the involving parties. It is targeted to give further explanation on all of the special characteristics involved efficacy. It also discusses the acknowledgement and capacity for actions among involving parties. Chapter 4: The transactions and the related issues of doing business electronically. This chapter essentially discusses the validity on electronically signing a contract, extending an offer, making a representation of inducement on the offering and the overall principal of validity of an electronic transaction. Does an electronic transaction done through electronic mail constitute recognition, and what about the problem with transaction error and transaction revocation? Chapter 5: The validity of electronic evidence on electronic transaction through electronic signature. In addition to the discussion on the strength of electronic evidence on electronic transaction in lawsuit, it also provides explanations on the legal correlation among electronic signature, digital signature and digital authentication. Chapter 6: The electronic contract for commerce and the consumer protection. This chapter essentially discusses the correlation between electronic commerce and consumer protection with particular emphasis on the application of consumer law for digital products. This content also mentions the similarities and dissimilarities between online auction and auction under civil law. Chapter 7: Service providers for the electronic commerce and the related contracts. This chapter divided ISP into three categories of IAP, ICP and ASP. Each category discusses the legislation and with reference to all foreign legislations and civil responsibilities. Chapter 8: The jurisdiction and the legal application for electronic commerce transactions. The application of jurisdiction and legislation to the electronic commerce is also an important issue for discussion. This chapter explores the feasibility issue on applying the traditional jurisdiction over electronic commerce. Chapter 9: Conclusion.
Chen, Yu-Jen, and 陳郁仁. "The Research on the Commercial Letter of Confirmation-focus on German Law, American Law and International Uniform Contract Law Instruments." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86298419587172219854.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
100
The commercial letter of confirmation is a conduct often used by commercial traders. By sending this kind of letter, one side of parties can confirm content of prior negotiations with the other side, or can express his intention of changing the content of the concluded contract. The conception of the commercial letter of confirmation wasn''t created by legislators, but was formed by businessmen in commercial trade fields and still persistently be developed nowadays. However, with the increase of multinational commercial trade, using the commercial letter of confirmation also brings some legal problems, which may be valuable for study of theory and practice. For example, can one side of parties conclude a contract by barely sending a commercial letter of confirmation? What is the legal effect of pure silence of addressee? If both sides of parties just append their standard terms on " their " commercial letters of confirmation, which term will gains the upper hand? Obviously, such as these problems are necessary to be in-depth studied. In Germany, the Federal Supreme Court(der Bundesgerichtshof, BGH) had tried to build “ the theory of decisive effect of the commercial letter of confirmation ”. According to it, the commercial letters of confirmation which totally fulfill the conditions given by BGH, will have decisive effect, which means both sides of parties, especially the silent one, may be bounded by the effect of conclusion or alteration of contracts. Besides, BGH has always adopted “ the last shot theory ” to solve the “ conflicting terms ” problem in cases. Similarly, regulations of the UCC of America and international uniform contract law instruments such as CISG, PICC, PECL, DCFR have already showed the trend of broadening recognition of conclusion of contracts, some international uniform contract law instruments have even often made judgments with the key point that whether the content of a commercial letter of confirmation “ materially alters ” or “ significantly deviates ” the original agreements. When talking to the issue of " the content of contract ", oppositely, there are different opinions, including the famous “ knock out rule ”. As we know, there are a lot of businessmen who have undertaken national commercial trade in Taiwan and will inevitably face the above-mentioned problems. As the result, both of law scholars and judges in Taiwan must try to find a new consideration of commercial trade and commercial contract and, most of all, establish a complete theory, which can be the basis of actual resolutions.
Han, Yong Qiang. "When West meets East: Thinking big in Singapore over good faith in commercial contract law." 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17802.
Повний текст джерелаSingapore commercial contract law has taken an Asian perspective in respect of express terms of good faith in the negotiation of contract. In general, however, it adheres to the English contract law orthodoxy regarding good faith. More specifically, Singapore, like England, does not recognize a general duty or principle of good faith and it is reluctant to imply a duty of good faith into a contract. However, as a hub of international trade and a rising forum for commercial dispute resolution, Singapore will have a stronger need to reconcile the differences in good faith in contract law between the English/Commonwealth and the European-Asian legal traditions. Conventional wisdom and international commercial law instruments in this respect are not as helpful as one would expect for such a need. Instead, to an enlightening but limited extent, the “organizing principle” approach in Bhasin v Hrynew could be useful for setting up a framework for reconciling the differences. This framework could consist of an organising principle of (honouring) reasonable expectations, a duty of honesty, and a duty of fair dealing. The framework realistically concretises good faith into the three components, all of which are essentially objective and ascertainable in specific factual matrix and are well-recognised in both common law and civil law.
HSIEH, YI-CHEN, and 謝宜真. "A Comparative Study on Contract Non-Performance in UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Taiwan Law." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63242707863721496267.
Повний текст джерела東吳大學
法律學系
104
Although the Governing Council of UNIDROIT promulgated in 1994, amended and adopted the third edition of Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in 2004 and 2010, the aforesaid Principles are not legally binding instrument under international agreement. However, the Principles above-mentioned affect many countries while drafting and revising their contract laws, and have been actually applied in daily practice. Growing with an ever-important role, the Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts. They shall be applicable when the parties have agreed in their contract as governing principles. These Principles can be used to interpret or supplement uniform law, international or domestic. In the meantime, they can serve as a model for national and international legislators. Further, the said Principles may be employed as course materials in universities and law schools, thereby promoting the teaching of contract law on a truly comparative basis. Referring to United Nation Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), Germany has revised her Law of Obligations. Following the new international trends, Japan has also revised her Law of Obligations. Our contemporary civil law study has made reference to German, Japanese as well as other international commercial contracts instruments. This paper mainly discusses the non-performance part under UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts in contrast to the relevant provisions of our Civil Code. The author hopes to furnish her suggestions towards the development of our civil law. Recent development of the contract law in international law has been towards the abrogation those three systems of impossibility of performance, delay in performance and incomplete performance of obligation. Instead, the core aims to breach of contract or violation of obligations, and such discussions towards remedial relief based on the essentiality and uncontrollable events with regard to imputed grounds, such as the recognition of force majeure.
Tsou, Chen-Yang, and 鄒鎮陽. "Research on the Commercial Contract Design from the Economic Analysis of Law Perspective: A Case Study of Material Adverse Change Clauses." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u8hdr3.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
104
From the economic analysis of law perspective, this thesis researched on the main concept of commercial contract design. To make concrete discussion, material adverse change clauses (MAC clauses) in the contract of mergers and acquisitions are discussed as an example. First of all, this thesis reviews essential principles of contract law and economic analysis of law, to draw the distinction between commercial contracts and civil contracts due to bargaining power of parties. Accordingly, this thesis claimed that the basic logic of contract design was to reduce transaction cost and promote transaction efficiency pursued by the parties in question. In the next place, this thesis surveys the existing MAC clauses in mergers and acquisitions in the practice of the United States and Taiwan. It also adopts economic analysis of law perspective to discuss what purpose and consideration were expressed in the manipulation process of MAC clauses. This thesis proved that the core of commercial contracts design is actually based on the pursuit of economic efficiency. That is to say, the major factors of commercial contract design are controlling opportunistic behaviors, arranging risk distribution mechanisms, and striking the balance of ex ante cost and ex post cost in the transaction process. Moreover, after clarifying the nucleus of commercial contract design, this thesis revisits the legal system of Taiwan with the purpose of pointing out that legislators and judicial participants shall immediately solve the problems of the lack of adjusting flexibility in contract law and the possibility of inappropriate method of contract interpretation in Taiwan. To conclude, during the process of designing commercial contracts, one should keep in mind the flexibility and allocate the responsibility of risk control carefully and skillfully. Most important of all, the parties involved in the design of commercial contracts must comprehensively consider ex ante drafting cost and ex post disputes solving cost, in order to make maximum economic efficiency to the contractual parties by consuming minimum transaction cost. In terms of the contract law system in Taiwan, no doubt shall it satisfy the need of contractual parties to pursue transactional efficiency. On the one hand, legislators ought to find and amend current contract law to lessen transaction cost in the market. On the other hand, judicial participants must interpret commercial contract appropriately so as to establish stable foundation for the business market in Taiwan. Simply put, the design of a commercial contract ought to be based on the context of the transaction that the contract is meant to be controlled. No commercial contracts shall be designed without considering how to realize the economic efficiency which the contractual parties hope to achieve.
Aguiar, Anelize. "The Law Applicable to International Trade Transactions with Brazilian Parties: A Comparative Study of the Brazilian Law, the CISG, and the American Law About Contract Formation." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29626.
Повний текст джерелаStewart, Duncan. "Trade secrets in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Law at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1307.
Повний текст джерела