Добірка наукової літератури з теми "1730-1739"

The sixteenth volume in the series presents all articles on the aurora borealis that were published in the journal of the Swedish Societas Regia Literaria et Scientiarum (now Kungl. Vetenskaps-Societeten i Uppsala) from 1730 to 1739. The articles are by the society’s secretary, the professor of astronomy in Uppsala, Anders (in Latin: Andreas) Celsius and by several other Swedish professionals and amateurs of science. In the introduction to this volume, neo-Latinist and historian of science Per Pippin Aspaas summarizes the contents of all articles dealing with the aurora and presents extracts of these texts in English translation. He also provides a short history of the society in the period and gives brief presentations of Anders Celsius, Herman Spöring, Sven Hof, Johan Göstaf Hallman, Johan Sparschuch and Nils Wallerius as auroral researchers.

DHDPS (dihydrodipicolinate synthase; EC 4.2.1.52) is the enzyme that catalyses the first unique step of lysine biosynthesis in plants and micro-organisms. As such, it has attracted much attention as a target for herbicide and anti-microbial action. DHDPS has two substrates: pyruvate and (S)-aspartate β-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA]. There are various literature reports that suggest that high levels of (S)-ASA inhibit the enzyme [Karsten (1997) Biochemistry 36, 1730–1739; Stahly (1969) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 191, 439–451], whereas others have not observed this phenomenon. We have resolved this long-running literature debate and shown unequivocally that this difference in reported behaviour can be attributed to differences in the preparation of (S)-ASA used by each researcher. DHDPS is not inhibited by its substrate; rather, the inhibition is due to an, as yet, unidentified inhibitor in preparations of the substrate generated by ozonolysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that (R)-ASA is neither an inhibitor nor a substrate of DHDPS from Escherichia coli.

Osmanlı Devleti kuruluşundan itibaren pek çok devletle karşılaşmış ve onlarla askerî, siyasî, ticarî ve diplomatik münasebetlerde bulunmuştur. Fetih politikasını batı yönünde belirleyen devletin karşısına çıkan önemli rakiplerden biri de Rusya'dır. İki ülke arasında ilk kez XV. yüzyılda başlayan münasebetlerin ilk dönemlerinde yükselme devresini yaşayan Osmanlılar, Ruslara göre her açıdan üstün durumdadır. XVI. ve XVII. yüzyıllarda bu üstünlüğünü koruyan ve bunu yaptığı savaş ve antlaşmalara yansıtan Osmanlılar, XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren eski güç ve otoritesini kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada iki devlet arasında Sultan I. Mahmud dönemindeki (1730-1754) ilişkiler, taraflar arasında yaşanan 1736-1739 Osmanlı-Rus savaşları çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti bu devrede bir önceki döneme göre önemli bir toparlanma süreci geçirmiştir. Sultan Birinci Mahmud'un saltanatının başlarında bir taraftan İran ile savaşlar devam ederken, Rusya'nın Azak ve Kırım'a saldırısıyla başlayan Osmanlı-Rus savaşları Avusturya'nın da Ruslarla ittifakı sonucu üçlü bir savaşa dönüşmüştür. 1736 yılında başlayan bu savaşlarda Osmanlı Devleti Sultan Birinci Mahmud'un başarılı politikaları sayesinde iki devlete karşı üstün gelebilmiş ve Osmanlı tarihinin son kazançlı antlaşması olan Belgrad Antlaşması'nı iki devlete ayrı ayrı imzalatmayı başarmıştır. Antlaşma ile Ruslara karşı önemli üstünlük ve avantajlar sağlandığı gibi aynı zamanda taraflar arasında 29 yıl sürecek uzun bir barış döneminin de temelleri atılmıştır.

Sephardi printers were pioneers of moveable type in the Islamic world, establishing a Hebrew printing house in Istanbul in 1493. Initially emphasizing classical religious works in Hebrew, since the eighteenth century printers have been instrumental in the development of scholarship, literature, and journalism in the vernacular of most Jews of the western Ottoman Empire: Ladino. Although most Jewish males knew the Hebrew alphabet, they did not understand Hebrew texts. Communal cultural leaders and printers collaborated in order to bring basic Jewish works to the masses in the only language they really knew. While some books in Ladino were printed as early as the sixteenth century, their percentage increased since the second quarter of the eighteenth century, following the printing of Me-’am lo’ez, by Jacob Culi (1730), and the Bible in Ladino translation by Abraham Assa (1739). In the nineteenth century the balance of Ladino printing shifted toward novels, poetry, history, and biography, sciences, and communal and state laws and regulations. Ladino periodicals, which aimed to modernize, educate, and entertain, were of special social and cultural importance, and their printing houses also served as publishers of Ladino books. Thus, from its beginnings as an agent that aimed to “Judaize” the Jews, Ladino publishing in the later period sought to modernize and entertain, while still trying to spread Judaic knowledge.

وصلَ اليهود الى مستعمرة نيويورك بعد سيطرة الانكليز عليها عام 1664 ، للحصول على حقوق أفضل من التي حصلَ عليها في ظل حكم الهولنديين للمستعمرة وتمكنوا من الحصول على تعاطف القادة الانكليز في المستعمرة ، بدءَ يهود مستعمرة نيويورك في عام 1680 ، من التجارة في المنطقة الواقعة ما بين نيويورك والباني الا انهم كانوا يواجهون بعض العوائق في تجارة التجزئة حتى عام 1690، وفي قرار لحاكم مستعمرة نيويورك دونغان عام 1686 ، اليهودي حتى يتمكن من ممارسة حرفةً والانخراط في تجارة التجزئة عليهِ الحصول على منحة انكار من حاكم المستعمرة وان يتم تجنيسهِ بموجب قانون صادر عن الجمعية التشريعية عندئذ تمرر سلطة المدينة صفة من ان يكون حراً ، وفي حلول عام 1688 ،تغيَر حال اليهود وحصلوا على حقوق حرية التجارة في المدينة، وتمكن اليهود عام 1700 من ان يديرون متاجرهم وشاركوا في تجارة التجزئة بحرية واصبح التاجر لويس موسى كومز في عام 1710 ، أول تاجر يصدر القمح الى جزر ماديرا الواقعة في المحيط الاطلسي، وفي عام 1730 إزداد عدد المهاجرين اليهود الناطقين باللغة الالمانية الى مستعمرة نيويورك ، وتطورَ تجار الشحن اليهود واصبحوا تجاراً بارزين واثرياء بعد عام 1740 ،بعد صدور قانون الجنسية الذي سمحَ لهم بممارسة التجارة في انحاء الامبراطورية البريطانية ، واصبح اليهودي آسحاق موسى في عام 1768 احد مؤسسي غرفة تجارة نيويورك ،وعمل َالتجار اليهود عمل تجاري كبير ومربح في المستعمرة اذ شارك احد التجار اليهود دانيل كومز بالتجارة مع جزر الهند الغربية وماديرا وباربادوس وكوراساو ولندن وارسل مئة وثلاثة وثلاثون سفينة الى كوراساو بين عام 1739-1772 وانظم اليهود الى المنظمة لعمل الحرفيين لاسيما نقابة الموانئ البحرية.

Abstract Wind direction kept in ships’ logbooks is a consolidated but underexploited observational source of relevant climatic information. In this paper, we present four indices of the monthly frequency of wind direction, one for each cardinal direction: Northerly (NI), Easterly (EI), Southerly (SI) and Westerly (WI), based on daily wind direction observations taken aboard ships over the English Channel. These Directional Indices (DIs) are the longest observational record of atmospheric circulation to date at the daily scale, covering the 1685–2014 period. DIs anomalies are associated with near-surface climatic signals over large areas of Europe in all seasons, with zonal indices (WI and EI) and meridional indices (NI and SI) often affecting different regions. Statistical models including all DIs are able to explain a considerable amount of European climate variability, in most cases higher than that accounted for by the North Atlantic Oscillation. As such, the DIs are able to reproduce the known European climatic history and provide new insights of certain episodes from monthly to multi-decadal time scales such as the warm winter decade of 1730–1739 or the extremely cold 1902 summer. The DIs show the potential to better constrain the atmospheric circulation response to external forcings and its associated anomalies. In particular, we provide first observational evidences of all year-round atmospheric circulation signals following the strongest tropical volcanic eruptions of the last three centuries. These signatures are more complex than previously thought and suggest that the well-reported winter warming and summer cooling cannot be simply interpreted in terms of changes in zonality.

Background Inappropriate asthma control reduces quality of life and causes increased exacerbations. Mobile health (mHealth) employs information and communication technology for surveying health-related issues. Objective This noninterventional, observational study assessed current real-world asthma control levels among Japanese patients with asthma and cough variant asthma (CVA) using the Zensoku-Log app. Methods We developed the app using the ResearchKit platform and conducted a mobile-based, self-reporting, observational survey among patients with asthma and CVA. The app was downloaded 7855 times between February 2016 and February 2018, and enabled collection of data on symptoms, comorbidities, quality of life, medications, asthma control, and adherence. Results Of the 1744 eligible participants (median age 33 years; range 20-74 years; male-to-female ratio 38.7:61.3), 50.97% (889/1744) reported unscheduled visits, 62.84% (1096/1744) reported regularly scheduled visits, 23.14% (402/1737) smoked, and 40.75% (705/1730) had pets. In addition, 91.89% (1598/1739) of participants had atopic predisposition, including allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Daily inhaled corticosteroid and oral corticosteroid treatment had been prescribed for 89.45% (1552/1735) and 22.07% (383/1735) of participants, respectively. Although an asthma control questionnaire demonstrated poor asthma control in 58.48% (1010/1727), a leukotriene receptor antagonist, theophylline, and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist had been prescribed for only 30.66% (532/1735), 15.91% (276/1735), and 4.38% (76/1735), respectively. The Adherence Starts with Knowledge 12 total score was 29. In the 421 participants who repeated the questionnaire, asthma control increased significantly between the initial and last rounds (P=.002). Conclusions Users of this mHealth app in Japan had poorly controlled asthma and may need more treatment for asthma and their comorbidities. Repeated app users demonstrated improved asthma control. Trial Registration UMIN Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000021043; https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000023913.

This article illustrates the changing shapes of knowledge in Spain in the period spanning from the Baroque (ca. 1600&ndash;1680) to the pre-Enlightenment (ca. 1730). Scepticism and the dichotomies <em>enga&ntilde;o</em> &ndash; <em>desenga&ntilde;o</em> (illusion &ndash; disillusion) and <em>ser</em> &ndash; <em>parecer</em> (reality &ndash; appearances) were at the heart of the Baroque obsession with the foundations of knowledge, which culminated in an epistemological crisis. In the pre-Enlightenment, epistemological preoccupations were directed towards <em>error</em> instead of <em>desenga&ntilde;o</em>, notably in the writings of the Benedictine monk Benito Jer&oacute;nimo Feijoo (1676&ndash;1764), who was a key figure in the divulgation of the &lsquo;new science&rsquo; and &lsquo;new philosophy&rsquo; in Spain. The epistemic value of the concept <em>desenga&ntilde;o</em> is examined here by contrasting Feijoo&rsquo;s essay on philosophical scepticism in his <em>Teatro Cr&iacute;tico Universal. Discursos varios en todo g&eacute;nero de materias, para desenga&ntilde;o de errores comunes </em>(Universal Critical Theater. Varied discourses on all kinds of matters to the disillusion of common errors, 1726&ndash;1739) with the use of scepticism in the Baroque author Francisco de Quevedo&rsquo;s <em>Sue&ntilde;os y discursos de verdades descubridoras de abusos, vicios y enga&ntilde;os, en todos los oficios y estados del mundo</em> (Dreams and discourses on truths revealing abuses, vices and deceptions in all the professions and estates of the world) published a hundred years earlier (1627).

Generally, the libraries have keeping very few old-published Armenian books or codices in Hungary. The small-sized-17th Armenian Catholic Breviary (Cisaran, Kargaworut’iwn) is an exception, which has proved the rule. At present, this Breviary is being kept at the Oriental Collection in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. According to the contemporaneous Armenian land Latin handwritings in this Breviary, the scholarship was able to follow closely behind its real fate. This ecclesiastical book was published at about the mid-17th century at the-called Polyglotta’s press in the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of Faith (Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide), the Institute of the Roman Catholic Missions at the Holy Apostolic See in Rome. At the last third of the 17th century, the Breviary was brought by Polish-born Armenian Uniate priests from Rome to Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk in Ukraine) in Poland. The Breviary in the 1720’s or in 1730’s got to the hand of Stefan Stefanowicz Roszka (1670−1739), Armenian Uniate Prelate in Stanisławów, when he was sent to Transylvania as an Apostolic Visitor in order to the control the Armenians’ daily religious life in Transylvania at the behest of the Holy Apostolic See in 1728. The Unaite Prelate brought this Breviary to the Armenian Uniate Holy Trinity Parish in Szamosújvár (Gherla, Armenopolis) as a gift. In this manner, this Breviary was kept at the Library of the Armenian Catholic Parish in Szamosújvár till the end of the Wold War II. Later on, the Breviary arrived at the National Library of Széchényi in Budapest in the late 1940’s, but, as some decades passed, it was delivered to the Oriental Collection of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in the 1960’s or in 1970’s. Therefore, in this brief article, we have attempted to investigate the past of this Breviary from church-historical point of view. Further on, this writing has aimed at summarising the historical backgrounds of the Armenian colonies in Poland and Transylvania in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. Finally, this study has been focused upon the implementation of the church-unions with Rome and the birth of the Armenian Catholic Church, resting upon the partly discovered and entirely undiscovered sources as well as analysing critically secondary literature.

Bach’s last two decades saw him gradually distancing himself from his official responsibilities and engaging more with, first, the Collegium Musicum, then the revision and codification of his major compositions. These years were darkened by disputes with his superiors around 1730 and again in the mid-1730s (the “Battle of the Prefects”); the death of a son in 1739; and a crisis involving the direction of the Collegium and published criticism of Bach’s music. Yet Bach also gained a royal title in 1736, following submission of the B-Minor Missa to the elector, and in 1747 he made a celebrated visit to the Prussian court, where his son Emanuel had become a royal chamber musician. Although afflicted during his final months with blindness, the result of a botched eye operation, Bach continued to teach and was honored by membership in Mizler’s Corresponding Society.