Дисертації з теми "030401 Biologically Active Molecules"
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Shortt, Marie Fiona. "Synthetic approaches to biologically active molecules." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282267.
Повний текст джерелаFinn, P. W. "Computer studies on biologically active molecules." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374793.
Повний текст джерелаd'Ippolito, Giuliana. "Biologically active molecules from marine microalgae." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54203/.
Повний текст джерелаTunbridge, Gemma Ann. "Efficient synthesis of biologically active small molecules." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.571862.
Повний текст джерелаGutierrez, Mauricio R. (Mauricio Roberto). "Size adjustable separation of biologically active molecules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34150.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 92-96).
Separation of biologically active molecules (BAM's) is a problem for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Current technologies addressing this problem require too many techniques, toxic additives, and time to filter desired materials. As a result, a new technology is needed. The objective of this thesis is to contribute towards the development of a new method for separating biologically active molecules in the size range of 0.5 nanometers to 500 nanometers. A normally open diaphragm valve is proposed that can control a gap formed by two flat surfaces. For accurate control of gap height, the valve was designed to ensure that the flat surfaces remain parallel during operation . Modularity was also part of design considerations to address issues of eventual biocompatibility breakdown specifically protein adsorption. Control of the gap has been achieved to increments of 1.8 nanometers.
by Mauricio R. Gutierrez.
S.M.
Perez-Powell, Isabel Rose. "From fragments of prostanoids to biologically active molecules." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707737.
Повний текст джерелаJiang, Xiaohui. "Computational and NMR studies of biologically active molecules /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9906482.
Повний текст джерелаMuller, Christophe. "The synthesis of biologically active molecules using organocobalt complexes." Thesis, Kingston University, 1997. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20608/.
Повний текст джерелаGiacomini, Elisa <1983>. "Innovative Strategies for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Small Molecules." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5537/.
Повний текст джерелаIanni, Cristina <1980>. "Synthesis of Biologically Active Small Molecules: Different Approaches to Drug Design." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6403/.
Повний текст джерелаPaula, Da Cunha Denise. "Application of MOFs in adsorption and release of biologically active molecules." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0050.
Повний текст джерелаThe last class of porous materials, organic-inorganic hybrid solids crystalline also commonly called Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) has many advantages for biomedical applications, such as large pore sizes, biodegradability and properties of medical imaging. However, it was proposed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of MOFs with different composition and structure in two different cell lines. We found that MOFs present no or very low cytotoxicity and that depends on the cell line, metal and particle size. Regarding MOFs as controlled drugs release systems, we perfomed a systematic study of the encapsulation and release of model compounds such as caffeine (cosmetics), from a series of MOFs with low toxicity, compositions and topologies different. Results showed that encapsulation and kinetics release of caffeine can be modulated by changing the composition and structure of MOFs. The last approach of this work consisted in forming patches consisting of organic-inorganic hybrid mixtures with the MIL-100 loaded with caffeine and biocompatible polymers for transdermal drug delivery. In vitro release studies showed that the hybrid patches are more effective for slow release caffeine. Studies ex vitro carried out in Ussing chamber showed a greater absorption of caffeine on the skin patch and Gel-CAF somewhat similar in the case of MIL-100-CAF-Gel compared with commercial cream caffeine
Dickinson, Niall. "The application of iminium ions to the synthesis of biologically active molecules." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/354554/.
Повний текст джерелаSpáčil, Zdeněk. "Mass Spectrometry of Biologically Active Small Molecules : Focusing on polyphenols, alkaloids and amino acids." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för analytisk kemi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-33233.
Повний текст джерелаAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Manuscript.
Patel, Pratiq A. "Functionalization of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1382064973.
Повний текст джерелаSpáčil, Zdeněk. "Mass spectrometry of biologically active small molecules focusing on polyphenols, alkaloids and amino acids /." Stockholm : Department of analytical chemistry, Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-33233.
Повний текст джерелаAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Manuscript. Härtill 5 uppsatser.
Ng, Sean. "Regioselective copper(I)-NHC-catalysed allylic oxidation reactions : application towards the total syntheses of biologically active molecules." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577144.
Повний текст джерелаMerrifield, Jonathan David. "Development of novel sensors for biologically active molecules based on the selective modification of supported phospholipid monolayers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446053.
Повний текст джерелаFriesen, Sergej [Verfasser], and Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Buchner. "Hydration and Ion Binding of Small Biologically Active Molecules: The Case of Neurotransmitters / Sergej Friesen ; Betreuer: Richard Buchner." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1203875258/34.
Повний текст джерелаSánchez, Mirna Inés Mosquera. "Interação de moléculas biologicamente ativas com filmes de Langmuir de fosfolipídios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-08112013-102613/.
Повний текст джерелаThe interaction of various bioactive substances with phospholipids monolayers has been investigated using surface pressure and surface potential isotherms, which include the pharmaceutical drugs dipyridamole (DIP), chlorpromazine (CPZ) and trifluoperazine (TFP), in addition to melatonin (MEL) and cholesterol (COL). The phospholipids employed were the zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and the anionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) spread onto ultra pure water surfaces, where the monolayers served as simple model membrane systems. Cooperativity in the interaction between phospholipid and bioactive molecules was essential to account for the large effects of expansion (up to 10% increase in area in relation to the pure phospholipid monolayer for the DIP/DPPC mixture) of the monolayers and changes in dipole moment, which occurred at very low concentrations, e.g. 0.2 - 0.4 mol% of the substance. Such large effects were observed for all 5 substances investigated, at all surface pressure regimes. At higher concentrations, the interaction behavior depended on the type of molecule and also on whether the host monolayer was DPPC or DPPG. For DPPC, the pharmaceutical drugs were expelled at varying degrees from the interface at high surface pressures, and there was a maximum drug concentration above which the effects saturated, probably because the molecules in excess were lost to the subphase. These critical concentrations were 2mol% for DIP and CPZ and 5mol% for TFP. For DIP, in particular, the results from isotherm were correlated with in situ FTIR spectroscopy and fluorescent microscopy experiments, carried out by collaborators, which allowed the precise location of the drug to be determined. There is no insertion of DIP into the hydrophobic tail region of the DPPC monolayer, with interaction taking place with the phosphate group in the zwitterion, whose small changes in orientation induced by DIP lead to the large changes in dipole moment. Because DPPG is negatively charged on a pure water surface monolayer, there is no saturation of the expansion effects with the increase in drug concentration. The increase in the effective dipole moment of the mixed monolayers are attributed to alterations in the surface charge density by adsorption of the cationic drugs, which then reduces the negative contribution of the double-layer potential as compared to the pure DPPG monolayer. The results for COL and MEL must be considered separately owing to their distinct nature, even though a cooperative behavior was also observed with large effects at low concentrations. Both COL and MEL induce changes in the DPPC monolayers up to the highest concentration employed, viz. 20mol%. For COL, a condensation effect was observed at low concentrations, which was followed by monolayer expansion at high concentrations, thus confirming previous results in the literature. All COL/DPPG monolayers were more expanded than pure DPPG, also confirming previous results from the literature. While the interaction of MEL with DPPC was essentially similar to that of COL, in spite of the fact that MEL does not form stable monolayers on its own, its interaction with DPPG was somewhat peculiar in that the effects it induced saturate at 5mol%. This also differs from the behavior of the pharmaceutical drugs. MEL is neutral over a wide range of pHs, and therefore its interaction with DPPC and DPPG monolayers must occur via dipole interaction. The same applies to COL, and this explains why the behavior of these two substances is different from the drugs (DIP, CPZ and TFP) that are charged on the water surface, in the interaction with DPPC and DPPG.
Orlando, Michele. "Modification of proteins and low molecular weight substances with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) HESylation - a new technology for polymer conjugation to biologically active molecules /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96981545X.
Повний текст джерелаEnzinger, Monika [Verfasser], and Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Amslinger. "Reactivities of biologically active small molecules: Kinetic assessment of electrophilic enones and characterization of a photoactive phosphoantigen probe / Monika Enzinger ; Betreuer: Sabine Amslinger." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218299029/34.
Повний текст джерелаJhang, Wei-Fang, and 張瑋方. "Multicomponent synthesis of potentially biologically active molecules." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96969117331603824436.
Повний текст джерела東海大學
化學系
103
This thesis describes the application of multi-component reactions (MCRs) to the synthesis of potentially biologically active molecules. The first part discusses microwave-assisted synthesis of a series of pyrano[2,3-b]pyridines derivatives using pipecolic acid, aldehyde, and coumarin as the three substrates. The second part again describes the MCR synthesis of a series of pyrrolizidine derivatives through the combinations of different proline, aldehyde, and ,-unsaturated 1,3-indenedione under microwave irradiation conditions. The third part focuses on a pseudo three component reaction of 4-chloro-3-nitrocoumarin and acetophenone to afford azepine derivatives.
Nesterenko, Vitaliy. "Synthesis of biologically active cytoprotective and anticancer small molecules /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3250303.
Повний текст джерелаSource: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: B, page: 0981. Adviser: Paul J. Hergenrother. Includes bibliographical references. Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
Govender, Dhuneshan. "Study of bismuth complexation with amino acids and biologically active molecules." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19304.
Повний текст джерелаChow, Freeman Tsz-fung. "LATCA: A library of biologically active small molecules for plant chemical genomics." 2007. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=452802&T=F.
Повний текст джерелаSriRamaratnam, Rohitha. "Application and development of methods towards the target identification of biologically-active small molecules." Thesis, 2011. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8T169HJ.
Повний текст джерелаOrlando, Michele [Verfasser]. "Modification of proteins and low molecular weight substances with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) : HESylation - a new technology for polymer conjugation to biologically active molecules / Michele Orlando." 2003. http://d-nb.info/96981545X/34.
Повний текст джерела(6611708), John A. Biechele-Speziale. "THE EFFECT OF WATER MOLECULES ON HEADGROUP ORIENTATION AND SELF-ASSEMBLY PROPERTIES OF NON-COVALENTLY TEMPLATED PHOSPHOLIPIDS." Thesis, 2019.
Знайти повний текст джерелаThe goal was to evaluate how hydration impacts self-assembly and crystallization on the surface, and
whether or not these simulations, when run sequentially, could determine the answer. It was discovered that hydrated and dehydrated surfaces behave differently, and that
headgroup orientation plays a role in the initial docking and self-assembly process of the tyrosine monomer. It was also determined that potential energy as a sole metric
for determining whether or not a specific conformation of intermolecular orientation is not entirely useful, and docking scores are likely useful metrics in discriminating between conformations with identical potential energy values.
(9760955), Ritu Chaturvedi. "Reactivities Leading to Potential Chemical Repair of Sunlight-Induced DNA Damage: Mechanistic Studies of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer (CPD) Lesions under Alkaline Conditions." Thesis, 2021.
Знайти повний текст джерелаCyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) are the predominant DNA lesions formed upon exposure of this biopolymer to sunlight. Given the potentially dire biological consequences of DNA lesions, there is a need to fully characterize their behaviour, with an eye towards understanding their complete reactivity and as a possible means to detect and quantify their presence in the genome. The work described in this dissertation describes studies of the alkaline reactivity of CPD lesions generated within dinucleotide & polynucleotide strands. It was found that CPD-TpT is generally inert under alkaline conditions at room temperature, which is in agreement with earlier studies on alkaline hydrolysis of CPD-thymine and CPD-thymidine. However, a re-evaluation of the same reaction in the presence of 18O labelled water demonstrated that, similar to other UV-induced DNA lesions containing a saturated pyrimidine ring, CPD undergoes a water addition at the C4=O group of the nucleobase leading to the formation of a hemiaminal intermediate. This intermediate, however, does not lead to hydrolysis products and completely reverts to starting material under those same conditions. Moreover, the two C4=O groups present on 3′ and 5′-thymines in a CPD molecule show different chemical reactivities, with the 3′ C4=O group having greater affinity towards water addition as compared to the one on 5′ end, a fact reflected in different rates of exchange with the incoming nucleophile leading to the hemiaminal intermediate. The 18O labelling reaction was also investigated in CPD lesions generated within oligonucleotides to probe the cause of asymmetry between the 3′ vs 5′ C4=O groups; ultimately, it was determined that the asymmetric reactivity observed to occur between the two C4=O groups was an intrinsic property of the CPD molecule and did not arise as a result of asymmetry in a dinucleotide setting.
In addition to the above studies, during the course of the investigation of the nucleophilic reactivity of CPD, a chemical reaction was observed leading to what appeared to be the rapid and total chemical reversal of CPD lesions to the original TpT (thymine-thymine dinucleotide)! This “repair” reaction occurred when CPD reacted with hydrazine, and appears facilitated by an inert atmosphere under which it rapidly proceeds to completion at room temperature.
(10010291), Samantha Mae Zeiders. "EXPLORING ANTIBIOTIC CONJUGATION TO CATIONIC AMPHIPHILIC POLYPROLINE HELICES." Thesis, 2021.
Знайти повний текст джерелаPathogenic bacteria present a critical threat to modern medicine. Therapeutic strategies to target and eliminate resilient bacteria are not advancing at the same rate as the emergence of bacterial resistance. An associated urgent concern regarding antibiotic resistance is the existence and proliferation of intracellular bacteria, which find refuge from bactericidal mechanisms by hiding within mammalian cells. Therefore, many once-successful antibiotics become ineffective through the development of resistance, or through failure to reach intracellular locations in therapeutic concentration. To overcome these challenges, the covalent combination of a conventional antibiotic with an antibiotic, cell-penetrating peptide was explored to develop dual-action antibiotic conjugates.
Herein, we utilized a strategy in conjugating the antibiotics by a cleavable linkage to cationic amphiphilic polyproline helices (CAPHs) to improve vancomycin and linezolid antibiotics. This approach enables the conjugate to penetrate cells and deliver two potent monomeric antimicrobial drugs. The vancomycin-CAPH conjugate, VanP14S, showed enhanced mammalian cell uptake compared to vancomycin, a poor mammalian cell-penetrating agent; and VanP14S was capable of cleaving and releasing two antibiotics under mimicked physiological conditions. Enhanced antibacterial activity was observed against a spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including drug-resistant strains. Further investigation revealed that this conjugate’s bactericidal activity was not entirely the result of significant membrane perturbation such as a lytic mode of action. Mammalian cell toxicity and red blood cell lysis were insignificant at relevant bactericidal concentrations below 20 µM. The current results suggest an enhanced binding to the peptidoglycan of bacteria, the target of vancomycin, although more work is needed to justify this claim. Preliminary results on VanP14GAPS, a conjugate with a more rigid CAPH, convey similar activity to VanP14S; however, moderate increases in red blood cell lysis and cytotoxicity were observed.
Regarding the LnzP14 conjugate, preliminary data reveal that the conjugate has Gram-negative activity against Escherichia coli, whereas linezolid is ineffective in killing Gram-negative bacteria. This conjugate showed significant enhancement in cellular uptake compared to the CAPH, and the release of linezolid and CAPH in physiological conditions was confirmed. Overall, arming a conventional antibiotic with an antimicrobial, cell-penetrating peptide appears to be a powerful strategy in providing novel antibiotic conjugates with the propensity to overcome the limitations in treating challenging pathogens.
(9755462), Hannah M. Simpson. "Total Synthesis of Decytospolides A and B and Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of Carambolaflavone A." Thesis, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерелаCarambolaflavone A is a natural product isolated from A. carambola with antidiabetic properties. Notably, these compound promote both insulin secretion and glucose uptake by muscle cells in hyperglycemic rats. A previous synthesis has been reported by Wang and coworkers, however this synthesis does not offer much potential for the formation of derivatives and relies on a C-glycosylation that requires heating for regio- and diastereoselectivity. Progress towards a concise synthesis has been made featuring a Lewis acid promoted highly diastereoselective substrate controlled C-glycosylation that does not require heating and a one pot oxidation of chroman to chromone utilizing DDQ. Further research is underway to complete the synthesis of this molecule by an oxidative addition to the chromone and subsequent removal of protecting groups.
(10725291), Priya Prakash. "Characterizing Microglial Response to Amyloid: From New Tools to New Molecules." Thesis, 2021.
Знайти повний текст джерелаMicroglia are a population of specialized, tissue-resident immune cells that make up around 10% of total cells in our brain. They actively prune neuronal synapses, engulf cellular debris, and misfolded protein aggregates such as the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)-associated amyloid-beta (Aβ) by the process of phagocytosis. During AD, microglia are unable to phagocytose Aβ, perhaps due to the several disease-associated changes affecting their normal function. Functional molecules such as lipids and metabolites also influence microglial behavior but have primarily remained uncharacterized to date. The overarching question of this work is, How do microglia become dysfunctional in chronic inflammation? To this end, we developed new chemical tools to better understand and investigate the microglial response to Aβ in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, we introduce three new tools. (1) Recombinant human Aβ was developed via a rapid, refined, and robust method for expressing, purifying, and characterizing the protein. (2) A pH-sensitive fluorophore conjugate of Aβ (called AβpH) was developed to identify and separate Aβ-specific phagocytic and non-phagocytic glial cells ex vivo and in vivo. (3) New lysosomal, mitochondrial, and nuclei-targeting pH-activable fluorescent probes (called LysoShine, MitoShine, and NucShine, respectively) to visualize subcellular organelles in live microglia. Next, we asked, What changes occur to the global lipid and metabolite profiles of microglia in the presence of Aβ in vitro and in vivo? We screened 1500 lipids comprising 10 lipid classes and 700 metabolites in microglia exposed to Aβ. We found significant changes in specific lipid classes with acute and prolonged Aβ exposure. We also identified a lipid-related protein that was differentially regulated due to Aβ in vivo. This new lipid reprogramming mechanism “turned on” in the presence of cellular stress was also present in microglia in the brains of the 5xFAD mouse model, suggesting a generic response to inflammation and toxicity. It is well known that activated microglia induce reactive astrocytes during inflammation. Therefore, we asked, What changes in proteins, lipids, and metabolites occur in astrocytes due to their reactive state? We provide a comprehensive characterization of reactive astrocytes comprising 3660 proteins, 1500 lipids, and 700 metabolites. These microglia and astrocytes datasets will be available to the scientific community as a web application. We propose a final model wherein the molecules secreted by reactive astrocytes may also induce lipid-related changes to the microglial cell state in inflammation. In conclusion, this thesis highlights chemical neuroimmunology as the new frontier of neuroscience propelled by the development of new chemical tools and techniques to characterize glial cell states and function in neurodegeneration.
(8755572), Casey J. Smith. "Hardware / Algorithm Integration for Pharmaceutical Analysis." Thesis, 2020.
Знайти повний текст джерела(6616715), Kwaku Kyei-Baffour. "DEVELOPMENT OF ARYL ISONITRILES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS, AND TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF 17-NOR-EXCELSINIDINE." Thesis, 2019.
Знайти повний текст джерела
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and plasmodium parasites are a huge global health problem which ultimately leads to millions of deaths annually. The emergence of strains that exhibit resistance to nearly every class of antimicrobial agents, and the inability to keep up with these resistance trends has brought to the fore the need for new therapeutic agents (antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial) with novel scaffolds and functionalities capable of targeting microbial resistance. A novel class of compounds featuring an aryl isonitrile moiety has been discovered that exhibits potent inhibitory activity against several clinically relevant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, and biological investigations have led to lead molecules that exhibit anti-MRSA inhibitory activity as low as 1 – 2 µM. The most potent compounds have also been shown to have low toxicity against mammalian cells and exhibit in vivo efficacy in MRSA skin and thigh infection mouse models.
The novel aryl isonitriles have also been evaluated for antifungal activity. This study examines the SAR of aryl isonitrile compounds and showed the isonitriles as compounds that exhibit broad spectrum antifungal activity against species of Candida and Cryptococcus. The most potent derivatives are capable of inhibiting growth of these pathogens at concentrations as low as 0.5 µM. Notably, the most active compounds exhibit excellent safety profile and are non-toxic to mammalian cells up to 256 µM.
Beyond the antibacterial and antifungal activities, structure-antimalarial relationship analysis of over 40 novel aryl isonitrile compounds has established the importance of the isonitrile functionality as an important moiety for antimalarial activity. Of the many isonitrile compounds exhibiting potent antimalarial activity, two have emerged as leads with activity comparable to that of Artemisinin. The SAR details presented in this study will prove essential for the development new aryl isonitrile analogues to advance them to the next step in the antimalarial drug discovery process.
17-nor-Excelsinidine, a zwitterion monoterpene indole alkaloid isolated from Alstonia scholaris is a subject of synthetic scrutiny. This is primarily due to its intriguing chemical structure which includes a bridged bicyclic ammonium moiety, and its anti-adenovirus and anti-HSV activity. Herein we describe a six-step total synthesis of (±)-17-nor-Excelsinidine from tryptamine. Key to the success of this synthesis is the use of palladium-catalyzed carbonylative heck lactamization methodology which built the 6, 7-membered ring lactam in one step. The resulting pentacyclic product, beyond facilitating the easy access to (±)-17-nor-Excelsinidine, could also serve as a precursor to other related indole alkaloids.