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Figler, Mária, Beata Gasztonyi, Judit Cseh, Gábor Horváth, Andrea G. Kisbenedek, Szilvia Bokor, and Tamás Decsi. "Association ofn-3 andn-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipid classes with inflammatory bowel diseases." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 6 (June 2007): 1154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507682956.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to establish the biochemical basis for dietary interventions, we investigated the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid classes in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. In this cross-sectional study thirty patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), twenty-one with Crohn disease (CD) and twenty-four controls were investigated (mean age: UC, 40·8 (sd12·1); CD, 37·6 (sd11·0); control, 31·5 (sd8·4) years). Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was determined by high-resolution capillary GLC. In plasma phospholipids, significantly higher values of eicosapentaenoic (20 : 5n-3), docosapentaenoic (22 : 5n-3) and γ-linolenic (18 : 3n-6) acids were found in control patients and patients with UC as compared to patients with CD [median % (weight by weight), controlv.UCv.CD : 20 : 5n-3, 0·09 (interquartile range (IQR) 0·05)v.0·14 (IQR 0·10)v.0·16 (IQR 0·10),P < 0·05; 22 : 5n-3, 0·14 (IQR 0·10)v.0·27 (IQR 0·16)v.0·31 (IQR 0·10),P < 0·001; 18 : 3n-6, 0·02 (IQR 0·02)v.0·03 (IQR 0·02)v.0·05 (IQR 0·03),P < 0·05]. When compared to the control, values of the principaln-3 andn-6 long-chain PUFA, arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) were significantly higher in patients with UC but not in patients with CD [median % (w/w), UCv.control: 20 : 4n-6, 8·43 (IQR 3·23)v.6·92 (IQR 2·96),P < 0·05; 22 : 6n-3, 1·22 (IQR 0·56)v.0·73 (IQR 0·39),P < 0·05]. As seen there are considerable differences between the long-chain PUFA status of patients suffering from UC or CD. The data obtained in the present study do not support the concept of eicosapentaenoic acid or DHA deficiency in patients with either UC or CD.
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Micallef, Michelle, Irene Munro, Melinda Phang, and Manohar Garg. "Plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are negatively associated with obesity." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 9 (May 19, 2009): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509382173.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between plasma n-3 PUFA composition and weight status. A total of 124 adults, stratified by weight status: healthy weight (n 21), overweight (n 40) and obese (n 63) were recruited. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measures and body composition were collected. Plasma fatty acid composition was determined by GC. BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference were inversely correlated with n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA (P < 0·05 for all) in the obese group. Obese individuals had significantly lower plasma concentrations of total n-3 PUFA, compared with healthy-weight individuals (4·53 (sd 1·11) v. 5·25 (sd 1·43) %). When subjects were pooled and stratified into quartiles of total n-3 PUFA, a significant inverse trend was found for BMI (P = 0·002), waist circumference and hip circumference (P = 0·01 and P < 0·001 respectively). Higher plasma levels of total n-3 PUFA are associated with a healthier BMI, waist circumference and hip circumference. Our findings suggest that n-3 PUFA may play an important role in weight status and abdominal adiposity.
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GIDDING, H. F., D. MAHAJAN, J. REEKIE, A. R. LLOYD, D. E. DWYER, and T. BUTLER. "Hepatitis B immunity in Australia: a comparison of national and prisoner population serosurveys." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 13 (January 20, 2015): 2813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003914.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYIn Australia, hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination is recommended for injecting drug users (IDUs), Indigenous adults and prisoners. We compared immunity to HBV in prisoners and the general population obtained from national serosurveys in 2007. Individuals with HBV surface antibody (HBsAb) positive sera were considered immune from past infection [HBV core antibody (HBcAb) positive] or from vaccination (HBcAb negative). Male prisoners aged 18–58 years had a higher HBsAb seroprevalence than the general population (46·4% vs. 39·4%, P = 0·061). Comparison of HBcAb results was possible for males aged 18–29 years. In this group, higher HBsAb seroprevalence was due to past infection (12·9% vs. 3·0%, P < 0·001), rather than vaccine-conferred immunity (35·3% vs. 43·4%, P = 0·097). All prisoner groups, but especially IDUs, those of Indigenous heritage or those with a previous episode of imprisonment had higher levels of immunity from past infection than the general population (19·3%, 33·0%, 17·1%, respectively, vs. 3·0%, P < 0·05). Indigenous prisoners, non-IDUs and first-time entrants had significantly lower levels of vaccine-conferred immunity than the general population (26·4%, 26·2% and 20·7% respectively vs. 43·4%, P < 0·05). Improving prison-based HBV vaccination would prevent transmission in the prison setting and protect vulnerable members of the community who are at high risk of both infection and entering the prison system.
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Sinclair, A. G., S. A. Edwards, S. Hoste, A. McCartney, and V. R. Fowler. "Partitioning of dietary protein during lactation in the Meishan synthetic and European White breeds of pig." Animal Science 62, no. 2 (April 1996): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800014673.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLitter size of commercial European sow lines can be increased by the introduction of genes from the highly prolific, but obese Meishan. The introduction of these genes into sow lines may necessitate different nutritional strategies for lactation. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was used to investigate the influence of breed type (Meishan synthetic 50% (M) or purebred European Landrace and Large White (W)) and parity (1 or 3) on response to dietery protein level (H = 178 g crude protein (CP) per kg 8 g lysine per kg, L = 136 g CP per kg 5 g lysine per kg over a 5-week lactation. M were lighter and fatter at farrowing than W (P < 0·001), consumed more food (M = 7·33 v.W = 6·98 (s.e.d. 0·17) kg/day, P < 0·05) but had higher maternal weight loss (M = 16·2 v.W = 11·9 (s.e.d. 1·88) kg, P < 0·05) and higher fat loss (M = 6·5 v. W = 26 (s.e.d. 077) mm P2, P < 0·001) during lactation. Litter growth rate was higher for M than for W (P < 0·005) and for H than for L (P < 0·005). Differences were found between breeds in the partitioning of food protein. Overall, higher correlations between lysine intake and litter growth rates were found in M (r = 0·55, P < 0·001) than in W (r = 0·13, P > 0·05). Lysine intake and sow weight loss were more correlated in W(r = 0·66, P < 0·001) than in M (r = 0·15), P > 0·05). Fat loss was correlated with initial fat depth in M (r = 0·61, P < 0·001) but not in W. Weaning to conception intervals showed a breed × diet interaction (loge days: ML = 1·38, MH = 1·55, WL = 1·73, WH = 1·43, s.e.d. 0·14, P < 0·05). It is concluded that M, with greater initial fat reserves, catabolize more body fat to support greater milk output. This is facilitated by provision of a high protein diet. The W sows do not utilize the extra protein for milk production but instead use it to minimize weight loss (maintain protein status of their own body) which may help prevent an extended weaning to conception interval.
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Collins, Clare E., Philip J. Morgan, Janet M. Warren, David R. Lubans, and Robin Callister. "Men participating in a weight-loss intervention are able to implement key dietary messages, but not those relating to vegetables or alcohol: the Self-Help, Exercise and Diet using Internet Technology (SHED-IT) study." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 1 (July 6, 2010): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010001916.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractObjectiveTo describe dietary changes in men participating in an obesity intervention as part of the Self-Help, Exercise and Diet using Information Technology (SHED-IT) study.DesignAn assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing Internet (n 34) v. information-only groups (n 31) with 6-month follow-up. Dietary intake assessed by FFQ, reporting usual consumption of seventy-four foods and six alcoholic beverages using a 10-point frequency scale. A single portion size (PSF) factor was calculated based on photographs to indicate usual serving sizes.SettingThe campus community of the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.SubjectsSixty-five overweight/obese men (43 % students, 42 % non-academic general staff, 15 % academic staff; mean age 35·9 (sd 11·1) years, mean BMI 30·6 (sd 2·8) kg/m2).ResultsThe average PSF decreased significantly over time (χ2 = 20·9, df = 5, P < 0·001) with no differences between groups. While both groups reduced mean daily energy intake (GLM χ2 = 34·5, df = 3, P < 0·001), there was a trend towards a greater reduction in the Internet group (GLM χ2 = 3·3, P = 0·07). Both groups reduced percentage of energy from fat (P < 0·05), saturated fat (P < 0·001) and energy-dense/nutrient-poor items (P < 0·05), with no change in dietary fibre or alcohol (P > 0·05).ConclusionsAlthough men reported some positive dietary changes during weight loss, they did not increase vegetable intakes nor decrease alcohol consumption, while saturated fat, fibre and Na intakes still exceeded national targets. Future interventions for men should promote specific food-based guidelines to target improvements in their diet-related risk factor profile for chronic diseases.
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Sinclair, A. G., J. M. Shaw, S. A. Edwards, S. Hoste, and A. McCartney. "The effect of dietary protein level on milk yield and composition and piglet growth and composition of the Meishan synthetic and European White breeds of sow." Animal Science 68, no. 4 (June 1999): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050724.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractCurrent feeding recommendations for lactating sows may be inappropriate for modern genotypes with high milk production. The introduction of the prolific but obese Meishan breed into sow lines also necessitates a review of nutrient requirements. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was used to investigate the influence of breed type (Meishan synthetic 50% (M) and purebred European White (W) on response to dietary protein level (L = 140 g crude protein (CP) per kg, 6 g lysine per kg; H = 181 g CP per kg, 9 g lysine per kg) over a 5-week lactation. Milk yield (days 5, 9, 13,17, 21 and 28), milk composition and piglet growth and body composition were measured to quantify aspects of lactational performance. M had higher litter sizes throughout lactation (P < 0·001) and produced more milk than W(M = 10·04 W = 7·85 (s.e.d. 0·521) kg/day, P < 0·001) and milk of a higher fat content (M = 79·6 W = 75·0 (s.e.d. 5·71 g/kg, P < 0·05). Total solids were not significantly different between treatments. H produced higher milk protein content than L (L = 43·0 H = 55·7 (s.e.d. 3.01) g/kg, P = 0·05). Litter growth rates showed a breed effect (P < 0·001), diet effect (P < 0·001) and a breed × diet interaction (ML = 2·41 MH = 3·21 WL = 2·07 WH = 2·07 (s.e.d. 0·658) kg/day, P < 0·001). M piglets had higher fat deposition rates (M = 37 W = 24 (s.e.d. 4.5) g/day, P < 0·05). L piglets had a lower protein (P < 0·05) and fat (P < 0·05) deposition rate compared with H piglets. Higher litter growth rates of M sows resulted from a combination of increased milk yield and f at content and this was further enhanced by additional dietary protein. W sows showed no milk yield response to dietary protein but reduced maternal tissue catabolism.
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Fisher, A. D., M. A. Crowe, D. J. Prendiville, and W. J. Enright. "Indoor space allowance: effects on growth, behaviour, adrenal and immune responses of finishing beef heifers." Animal Science 64, no. 1 (February 1997): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980001554x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe objective was to determine the daily live-weight gain, behaviour, adrenal and immune responses of finishing beef heifers housed at two different space allowances. Heifers (no. = 32) with a mean live weight of466 (s.e. 3·6) kg were assigned to either 1·5 or 3·0 m2 average individual space allowance in four slatted-floor pens (two per treatment) for a period of 104 days. On days 5, 40, 68 and 96, heifers (no. = eight per treatment, four per pen) were challenged with 1·98 i.u. ACTH per kg M0·75, and serial blood samples were analysed for plasma cortisol concentrations. The other 16 heifers were immunized against keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) on day 28, and blood samples collected on days 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 and 98 were analysed for anti-KLH immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. All heifers were blood sampled on days 0, 14, 56 and 98, and red and white blood cell numbers, packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma concentrations of creatine kinase (CK), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and urea were determined. Behavioural observations were conducted on days 8, 43, 71 and 99 by scan sampling for 24 h (10-min intervals), and continuous 4-h observations were conducted on days 100 and 101.Heifers at 1·5 m2 space allowance had a lower daily live-weight gain compared with those at 3·0 m2 (0·60 v. 0·87 (s.e. 0·04) kg; P < 0·001). Heifers at 1·5 m2 had lower pre-ACTH baseline cortisol concentrations (P < 0·05) and lower post-ACTH peak cortisol concentrations (P < 0·05). There were no effects of treatment on serum anti-KLH IgG1 or IgG2 responses (P > 0·05). Heifers at 1·5 m2 had lower plasma NEFA concentrations (P < 0·05). Red and white blood cell numbers, PCV, CK and urea were not affected by treatment (P > 0·05). The time spent lying down was lower for heifers at 1·5 m2 (10·0 v. 21·1 h/day; P < 0·05). Social interactions were fewer (P < 0·05), and incidence of head-resting behaviour was higher (P < 0·05) among heifers at 1·5 m2 compared with 3·0 m2 space allowance. In conclusion, the restricted space allowance resulted in a substantial decrease in daily live-weight gain, and changes in adrenal response and behaviour.
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Offer, N. W., M. Marsden, J. Dixon, B. K. Speake, and F. E. Thacker. "Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids,transacids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk." Animal Science 69, no. 3 (December 1999): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135772980005147x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effects of three fat supplements on milk yield and composition were measured using 12 mid-lactation in-calf Hoistein-Friesian cows in a balanced incomplete change-over design over three periods each of 3 weeks. All cows received a basal diet consisting of 36 kg/day grass silage (dry matter (DM) 270 g/kg, metabolizable energy (ME) 11·6 MJ/kg DM) and 7 kg/day o f a concentrate mixture containing (g/kg) rolled barley (501), molassed sugar-beet pulp shreds (277), soya-bean meal (208) and a standard cow mineral supplement (14). Treatments were CON (control-no supplement); LIN and FISH (250 gl day of either linseed oil or marine oil, providing approximately 0·046 of ME intake) or TOA (95 glday of tuna orbital oil, providing 0·018 of total ME intake).There were no significant effects on silage DM intake or milk yield (means 9·25 and 17·2 kg/day respectively). The FISH and TOA treatments depressed (F < 0·05) milk fat concentration (45·4, 44·6, 34·5 and 41·6 (s.e.d. 1·08) g/kg for CON, LIN, FISH and TOA respectively; note — the same treatment order is used for all results quoted). Compared with values for CON, yield of f at (glday) was significantly (F < 0·05) greater for LIN and significantly lower for FISH (739, 808, 572 and 732, s.e.d. 28·7). All three oil supplements reduced (F < 0·05) milk protein content (33·6, 32·5, 30·6 and 32·4 (s.e.d. 0·43) g/kg) but, apart from a small increase for LIN, protein yield (glday) was unaffected (545, 586, 510 and 574, s.e.d. 20·2).The concentrations (g/100 g) of short-chain fatty acids (< C14) and C16 : 0 in milk f at were lower (F < 0·05) for LIN than for the other treatments. All supplements increased the concentrations ofC18:1 (F < 0·05), the value for LIN being greater (F < 0·05) than for the other treatments (21·0, 27·2, 25·3 and 23·7, s.e.d. 0·74). The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the concentrations of long chain (< C2O) (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), (0·19, 0·17, 0·49 and 0·27, s.e.d. 0·026) but less than proportionately 0·03 of dietary intake of these acids was transferred to milk, probably because they were found to be mostly in the phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions of plasma. The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the percentages of total trans fatty acids in milk fat (1·13, 2·19, 10·26 and 3·62, s.e.d. 0·728) whilst a significant (F < 0·05) increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed only for FISH (0·16, 0·28, 1·55, and 0·52, s.e.d. 0·154). Concentrations of CLA and total trans acids in milk were highly correlated (r = 0·91, no. =36, F < 0·001) whilst trans acids in milk were inversely correlated with milk fat content (r = -0·63, no. = 36, F < 0·001) supporting the theory that milk fat depression may be caused by increased supply of trans fatty acids to the mammary gland. The health implications of these changes in milk fat composition are discussed.
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RUPA, V., R. ISAAC, G. REBEKAH, and A. MANOHARAN. "Association of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and other risk factors with acute otitis media in an unvaccinated Indian birth cohort." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 10 (March 2, 2016): 2191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000248.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYIn order to study the epidemiology of acute otitis media (AOM) and Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization in the first 2 years of life, we followed up an unvaccinated birth cohort monthly and at visits when sick, with otoscopy to detect AOM and performed nasopharyngeal swabbing to detect S. pneumoniae. Serotyping of positive cultures was also performed. Of 210 babies who were enrolled at birth, 61 (29·05%) experienced 128 episodes of AOM [relative risk 2·63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·21–5·75] with maximum incidence in the second half of the first year of life. Episodes ranged from 1 to 7 (mean 2·1 episodes). Most (86·9%) babies with AOM had a positive culture swab giving an odds ratio (OR) of 1·93 (95% CI 1·03–3·62, P = 0·041) for this association. Other risk factors identified for AOM were winter season (OR 3·46, 95% CI 1·56–7·30, P = 0·001), upper respiratory infection (OR 2·43, 95% CI 1·43–4·51, P = 0·005); residents of small households were less likely to develop AOM (OR 0·32, 95% CI 0·17–0·57, P < 0·01). Common S. pneumoniae serotypes isolated during episodes were 19, 6, 15, 35, 7, 23, 9 and 10 which indicated a theoretical coverage for pneumococcal vaccines PCV10 and PCV13 constituent serotypes of 62·8%. We conclude that AOM in Indian infants is often associated with S. pneumoniae colonization of the nasopharynx as well as other risk factors.
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McLeod, M. N., and B. R. Smith. "Eating and ruminating behaviour in cattle given forages differing in fibre content." Animal Production 48, no. 3 (June 1989): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTA study was made of the effect of fibre level in forages on eating and rumination behaviour. Eight forage diets were prepared from the leaf and stem fractions of two grasses and two legumes and were given at hourly intervals to four steers under steady-state conditions. Eating and rumination behaviour were measured automatically by recording changes in intra-oesophageal pressure.Mean voluntary intake of leaf was higher than that of the stem fractions (9·9 v. 5·6 kg/day; P < 0·001). This was associated with a shorter mean retention time in the rumen of the leaf than that of the stem fractions (21·4 v. 30·6 h; P < 0·001) and a lower concentration (g/100 g dry matter (DM)) of fibre (52-0 neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and 30·5 acid-detergent fibre (ADF) v. 68·2 NDF and 45·3 ADF). Similar values (P > 0·05) between diets were found for both the water and DM contents of the rumen (60·1 kg, 7·8 kg). Voluntary intake was not related to either.No difference was found between forage diets in the mean time (132 min) and number (18·7) of periods spent eating each day (P > 0·05). Legume leaf fractions were eaten at a faster rate (g/min) than either the grass leaf or the stem fractions. Voluntary intake was related to the rate at which food was eaten (r = 0·89; P < 0·01) but no relationship was found with the time taken to eat food (r = –0·14; P>0·05). Eating rate was related to the level of both NDF (r = –0·91; P < 0·01) and ADF (r = –0·96; P < 0·001).Differences between diets were found in rumination times (mean 425 min; P < 001), the number of boluses regurgitated during each period (27·6; P < 0·05) and during each day (485; P < 0·001), and in the weight of boluses (455 g; P < 0·05). No differences (P > 0·05) were found between diets in the mean number of rumination periods each day (17·6), the mean time spent ruminating during each period (24·3 min), the mean rate at which boluses were regurgitated (53·2 s per bolus), the interval between boluses (5·1 s), and the DM in a bolus (27·5 g). Rumination time and the number of boluses regurgitated either per period or per day were not related to the fibre content of the diet (P > 0·05).The regurgitated boluses from leaf fractions were chewed less than the stem fractions (43·7 v. 54·7 chews per bolus). The regurgitated boluses of lucerne leaf were chewed at a faster rate (1·13 chews per s; P > 0·05) than regurgitated digesta of the other diets which were chewed at similar rates (0·97 chews per s; P > 0·05). The total number of rumination chews made each day by animals given lucerne leaf (12 300) was much lower (P < 0·001) than that by animals given the other fractions (25 300). The number of chews made on each bolus was related to fibre levels in the diets (NDF, r = 0·78, P < 0·05; ADF, r = 0·91, P < 0·01).It is concluded that the voluntary intake of high-fibre diets is not always restricted by rumen fill or rumination. The ease with which forage is eaten should be investigated as a factor influencing intake of fibrous forages.
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Rhind, S. M., J. Bass, and J. M. Doney. "Pattern of milk production of East Friesland and Scottish Blackface ewes and associated blood metabolite and hormone profiles." Animal Science 54, no. 2 (April 1992): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100036898.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPatterns of milk production and circulating blood metabolite and hormone concentrations were determined throughout a 14-week lactation in groups of 10 twin-rearing East Friesland EF) and Scottish Blackface (SBF) ewes. All ewes were offered, ad libitum, a pelleted diet throughout the experiment and milk yields were measured weekly. Pooled blood samples (six samples, 20-min intervals), collected before feeding, on 1 day of each week, were assayed for plasma glucose, non-esterfied fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), albumin, total protein, insulin, growth hormone (GH), cortisol, prolactin, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). At weeks 2, 4,10, and 14, samples were collected at 20-min intervals for 8 h and assayed individually for plasma insulin, GH, cortisol, and prolactin. Mean daily intakes and milk yields of ewes were similar in the two breeds. Mean pre-feeding concentrations of most blood metabolites during the experiment were also similar in ewes of the two breeds but SBF ewes had higher plasma concentrations of 3-OHB (0·67 v. 0·43 mmol/l; P < 0·01) and total protein (73·2 v. 66·4 g/l; P < 0·001). SBF ewes had higher overall mean concentrations of insulin (9·53 v. 4·36 mU/l; P < 0·001), cortisol (7·59 v. 573 μg/l; P < 0·05), prolactin (457·1 v. 316·1 μg/l; P < 0·05), and T3(1.32 v. 1·12 μg/l; P < 0·001). GH and T4profiles were similar in the two breeds. Following the daily introduction of fresh food, there were significant increases in concentration of insulin (P < 0·001) and cortisol (P < 0·01) while there was a decrease in mean concentrations of GH (P < 0·001) and prolactin (P < 0·01). There were significant interactions between breed and feeding effects on insulin, GH, cortisol and prolactin concentrations. Patterns of milk production in ewes of these breeds were associated with changes in insulimGH ratios both before and after feeding which may be of a causal nature.
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PATTERSON, D. C., T. YAN, F. J. GORDON, and D. J. KILPATRICK. "Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating behaviour by dairy cattle." Journal of Agricultural Science 131, no. 1 (August 1998): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Four grass silages, namely unwilted and wilted silages each with and without bacterial inoculation, were prepared on each of eight harvesting occasions during the 1994 growing season (Yan et al. 1998). The four silages, made at each harvest, were offered ad libitum to 48 lactating dairy cows in a 2 (control v. additive)×2 (unwilted v. wilted)×8 (harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with 3-week experimental periods. The animals also received 6·9 kg dry matter (DM) of a concentrate supplement daily during the first period and then the allowance of the supplement was reduced by 0·43 kg DM at the start of each subsequent period. The supplement was based on barley, molasses and soyabean meal. The data presented are the mean results obtained across the eight harvests.No significant interactions were found between inoculation and wilting for silage intake, performance and silage eating behaviour. Inoculation significantly increased milk yield (2·4%, P<0·05) and lactose output in milk (2·3%, P<0·05) across the unwilted and wilted silages. These increases following inoculation in general arose equally from both the unwilted and wilted silages. However, inoculation of either the unwilted or wilted silages had no significant effects on silage DM intake, milk composition, or silage eating behaviour. Wilting significantly increased silage DM intake (20·1%, P<0·001), milk yield (2·8%, P<0·05) and the concentrations (P<0·001) and yields (P<0·01) of both fat and protein across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. The increases following wilting derived equally from both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. Wilting also significantly influenced silage eating behaviour with a significant decrease following wilting in number of meals per day (6·5%, P<0·05) and an increase in eating rate (kg DM per eating hour) (29·7%, P<0·001) across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. These results indicate that inoculation of the unwilted and wilted silages produced similar increases in milk production. Large positive responses in silage DM intake and performance were recorded following wilting with both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages.
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Ryan, Siobhan, David Gleeson, Kieran Jordan, Ambrose Furey, Kathleen O'Sullivan, and Bernadette O'Brien. "Strategy for the reduction of Trichloromethane residue levels in farm bulk milk." Journal of Dairy Research 80, no. 2 (March 11, 2013): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029913000113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High fat dairy products, such as butter and margarine can be contaminated during the milk production process with a residue called Trichloromethane (TCM), which results from the use of chlorine based detergent solutions. Although, TCM concentrations in Irish products are not at levels that are a public health issue, such contamination can cause marketing difficulties in countries to which Irish products are being exported. In an attempt to reduce such milk residues, a template procedure was developed, tried and tested on 43 farms (from 3 processing companies). This involved identifying farms with high TCM milk, applying corrective action in the form of advice and recommendations to reduce TCM and re-measuring milks from these farms. Trichloromethane in milk was measured by head-space gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The TCM reduction strategy proved successful in significantly reducing the levels in milk in the farms tested, e.g. TCM was reduced from 0·006 to the target of 0·002 mg/kg (P < 0·05). The strategy was then applied to farms who supplied milk to six Irish dairy processors with the objective of reducing TCM in those milks to a level of ⩽0·002 mg/kg. Initially, milk tankers containing milks from approximately 10–15 individual farms were sampled and analysed and tankers with high TCM (>0·002 mg/kg) identified. Individual herd milks contributing to these tankers were subsequently sampled and analysed and farms supplying high TCM identified. Guidance and advice was provided to the high TCM milk suppliers and levels of TCM of these milk supplies were monitored subsequently. A significant reduction (minimum P < 0·05) in milk TCM was observed in 5 of the 6 dairy processor milks, while a numerical reduction in TCM was observed in the remaining processor milk.
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O'Doherty, J. V., and T. F. Crosby. "Blood metabolite concentrations in late pregnant ewes as indicators of nutritional status." Animal Science 66, no. 3 (June 1998): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800009243.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn a feeding experiment β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucose, albumin, total protein, globulin and urea concentrations in the plasma of twin-bearing ewes were analysed. Mature Suffolk cross ewes were given either formic acid (FA)-treated grass silage or grasslmolassed sugar-beet pulp (MSBP) silage in late pregnancy. The experiment commenced on day 91 of pregnancy and the dietary treatments were FA-treated silage (Tl), FA-treated silage + soya-bean meal (SBM) (T2), MSBP silage (T3), MSBP silage + SBM (T4), FA-treated silage + MSBP (T5), FA-treated silage + MSBP + SBM (T6) or FA-treated silage + 150 g crude protein (CP) per kg concentrate (T7). SBM was given only in the last 22 days of pregnancy aiming for a total CP intake of 220 g per ewe per day. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture from each ewe 3 h following consumption of the morning dietary allowance on days 121, 128, 135 and 142 of pregnancy. Daily metabolizable energy (ME) intakes of 6·8, 11·4, 9·6, 12·8, 10·5, 13·7 and 14·7 (s.e. 0·58) MJ per ewe were recorded for Tl to T7 respectively over the last 3 weeks of pregnancy. Respective CP intakes of 72, 213, 110, 225, 109, 215 and 175 (s.e. 5·64) g per ewe were recorded for Tl to T7 respectively over the last 3 weeks of pregnancy. BHB concentrations (mmol/l) on day 121 of pregnancy of 1·18, 1·25, 0·52, 0·52, 0·56, 0·39 and 0·45 (s.e. 0·17), on day 128 of pregnancy of 1·17, 0·94, 0·52, 0·51, 0·72, 0·62 and 0·39 (s.e. 0·20), on day 135 of pregnancy of 1·53, 0·68, 0·68, 0·66, 0·71, 0·62 and 0·46 (s.e. 0·20) and on day 142 of pregnancy of 1·43, 0·60, 0·62, 0·56, 0·62, 0·56 and 0·63 (s.e. 0·20) were recorded for Tl to T7 respectively. There was a quadratic relationship between plasma BHB concentration and ME intake on days 121 (R2 = 0·538, P < 0·001), 128 (R2 = 0·324, P < 0·001), 135 (R2 = 0·429, P < 0·001)) and 142 (R2 = 0·344, P < 0·002) of pregnancy. There was a positive relationship between plasma glucose concentration and ME intake on day 222 (R2 = 0·208, P < 0·002), 228 (R2 = 0·203, P < 0·05), and 135 (R2 = 0·160, P < 0·02) of pregnancy. Albumin concentrations (gll) on day 128 of pregnancy of 21·8, 21·7, 23·6, 22·9, 22·5, 22·9 and 24·3 (s.e. 0-75), on day 135 of 20·9, 23·6, 24·2, 24·1, 22·4, 24·1 and 23·8 (s.e. 0·75), and on day 142 of 16·9, 22·6, 20·7, 22·2, 20·4, 22·7 and 21·1 (s.e. 1·05) were recorded for Tl to T7 respectively. Plasma albumin concentrations were significantly affected by SBM supplementation (P < 0·05). Despite the lower than generally recommended energy concentrations in T2 to T7, the concentrations of plasma BHB were within the normal range for healthy sheep.
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Kenny, D. A., M. P. Boland, M. G. Diskin, and J. M. Sreenan. "Effect of rumen degradable protein with or without fermentable carbohydrate supplementation on blood metabolites and embryo survival in cattle." Animal Science 74, no. 3 (June 2002): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052681.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractHigh intakes of dietary protein, particularly rumen degradable protein (RDP), lead to elevations in systemic concentrations of ammonia and (or) urea and these may be increased further if associated with inadequate fermentable energy intake. High systemic concentrations of ammonia and urea have been associated with reduced reproductive performance in cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of RDP and fermentable energy intake on a range of blood metabolites and on embryo survival in heifers. Oestrous synchronized, nulliparous beef heifers (no. = 162) were randomly assigned in a 2 ✕ 2 factorial designed experiment to two levels of RDP and two levels of fermentable energy. Grass silage-based diets were supplemented with either 0 (0U) or 240 (240U) g dietary urea (460 g/kg N) and these in turn with either 0 (0P) or 3 (3P) kg dry matter of molassed sugar-beet pulp pellets (MSBP) per day. The four treatments were, therefore, (1) 0U + 0P (no. = 43), (2) 0U + 3P (no. = 44), (3) 240U + 0P (no. = 40) (4) 240U + 3P (no. = 35), respectively. Systemic concentrations of ammonia, urea, insulin, glucose and progesterone were measured. Heifers were given artificial insemination (AI) and embryo survival measured by ultrasonography at 30 and again at 40 days after AI. Systemic ammonia and urea were elevated (P < 0·001) in the animals given the high RDP diets. Supplementation with MSBP reduced systemic urea in the heifers on both high and low RDP diets. Plasma ammonia concentrations were not affected by MSBP supplementation (P > 0·05). Plasma glucose was not affected by urea or MSBP treatment (P > 0·05) but was affected by day and time of sampling (P > 0·05). Plasma concentration of insulin was not affected by urea or MSBP supplementation or by day or time of sampling (P > 0·05). Plasma concentration of progesterone was not affected by diet or time of sampling (P > 0·05). The overall embryo survival rate was 62% and was not affected by dietary urea or fermentable carbohydrate or by systemic concentrations of ammonia, urea, glucose, insulin or progesterone (P > 0·05).
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Keady, T. W. J., C. S. Mayne, and M. Marsden. "The effects of concentrate energy source on silage intake and animal performance with lactating dairy cows offered a range of grass silages." Animal Science 66, no. 1 (February 1998): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800008808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA partially balanced change-over design experiment was made to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on the voluntary food intake and animal performance of 50 lactating dairy cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. The silages were also offered as the sole diet to 10 dairy cows in a partially balanced change-over design experiment. A total of five silages were prepared. Silages A, B and D and silages C and E were harvested from primary regrowths and secondary regrowths respectively of predominantly perennial ryegrass swards. Herbage was ensiled either pre-wilted or unwilted and either untreated or treated with a bacterial inoculant or formic acid based additives. For silages A, B, C, D and E, dry matter (DM) concentrations were 473, 334, 170, 170 and 256 (s.e. 4·0) g/kg, pH values 4·42, 4·01, 4·88, 4·46 and 3·91 (s.e. 0·059), ammonia-nitrogen (N) concentrations 86, 88, 289, 182 and 135 (s.e. 10·6) glkg total N and in vitro DM apparent digestibilities 0·76, 0·76, 0·75, 0·73 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·009) respectively. When offered as the sole diet DM intakes were 14·1,14·7,10·5,10·1 and 11·5 (s.e. 0·50) kg/day. Five concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein, effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and fermentable ME (FME) but using different carbohydrate sources to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. For the low and high starch concentrates, starch concentrations were 50 and 384 g/kg DM, and acid-detergent fibre concentrations were 128 and 75 g/kg DM respectively. The silages were offeredad libitumsupplemented with 10 kg concentrate per head per day. For silages A, B, C, D and E silage DM intakes were 10·6, 10·5, 8·5, 8·6 and 9·0 (s.e. 0·37) kg/day and milk yields 23·9, 28·1, 26·2, 26·1 and 25·0 (s.e. 0·76) kg/day respectively. Concentrate energy source did not influence (P > 0·05) silage DM intake, diet apparent digestibility or the yields of milk or fat plus protein. For concentrates containing 50, 131, 209, 310 and 384 g starch per kg DM, milk protein concentrations were 32·0, 32·2, 32·5, 33·0 and 33·6 (s.e. 0·13) glkg, milk fat concentrations were 44·5, 43·9, 43·8, 43·3 and 43·1 (s.e. 0·35) glkg and urinary allantoin concentrations 15·2,15·4, 17·0, 1.7·6 and 18·0 mmolll respectively. Increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P< 0·01, R2 = 0·96) and fat (P< 0·01, R2 = 0·96) concentrations respectively. There were no significant concentrate energy source × silage type interactions on silage intake or yields of milk or fat plus protein (P > 0·05). However there was a concentrate energy source × silage type interaction on milk fat yield (P > 0·05). It is concluded that, with silages of varying fermentation and intake characteristics but similar apparent digestibility, there were no concentrate energy source × silage type interactions on food intake, milk composition or milk yield. Also concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield. However increasing starch intake linearly increased milk protein concentration, probably due to increased microbial protein synthesis and decreased milk fat concentration.
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Ahn, Eun-Mi, Soo-Chul Cho, Myoungsook Lee, and Youn-Soo Cha. "Serum carnitine, triglyceride and cholesterol profiles in Korean neonates." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 2 (August 2007): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507708814.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study evaluated carnitine and lipid status of fifty Korean newborns. Each subject was assigned to two groups: one according to body weight at birth and the other according to gestational age. Serum total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower and triacylglycerols were significantly higher, by 14 %, in the low birth weight infant (LBWI, 1310–2490 g) group compared with the normal birth weight infant (NBWI, 2570–4420 g) group. Neither birth weight nor gestational age affected serum total carnitine concentrations. However, serum ASAC (acid-soluble acylcarnitine) concentrations were 43 % higher (P < 0·001) in the LBWI group compared with the NBWI group, and approximately twice as high (P < 0·05) in the 28–32 gestational age group compared with the other gestational age groups. NEC (non-esterified acyl carnitine) fractions were significantly higher in the NBWI and 28–32 week groups (P < 0·001 andP < 0·05); consequently serum acyl/NEC carnitine ratios were four times higher in the LBWI group compared with the NBWI group and 2–3 times higher in the 25–32 week age group compared with the more advanced gestational age groups. Urinary carnitine excretion, including the NEC fraction and total carnitine, was significantly higher (P < 0·001) for LBWI than for NBWI. By gestational age, NEC excretion of the 28–32 week group was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than that of the other two groups, but total carnitine excretion was not different among the groups. This study demonstrated that Korean immature and preterm newborns have higher serum triacylglycerol concentrations but lower carnitine status than NBWI. Therefore, the lower carnitine status and moderately higher triacylglycerols may suggest that LBWI in Korea might be at risk for poor carnitine status and decreased capacity to utilise fatty acids for energy.
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de Freitas Borges, Tânia, Francielle Alves Mendes, Terezinha Rezende Carvalho de Oliveira, Célio Jesus do Prado, and Flávio Domingues das Neves. "Overdenture with immediate load: mastication and nutrition." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 7 (December 6, 2010): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451000471x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lower conventional complete dentures were converted to overdentures retained by two implants with an immediately loaded bar-clip system (n 16). The masticatory performance test was carried out using ‘Optocal’ after forty chewing strokes. Nutritional condition was evaluated by means of a Mini-Nutritional-Assessment questionnaire. No individual was classified as malnourished. The masticatory performance test demonstrated a statistically significant difference before conversion (baseline) and 3 and 6 months after conversion of the lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture (paired-samples t test; P < 0·05). A statistically significant difference before and after 6 months of conversion for nutritional condition (Wilcoxon test; P < 0·05) was also observed. The association between masticatory performance and nutritional assessment demonstrated that a statistically significant difference between masticatory performance of the subgroups classified at baseline as nourished (22·43 %) and those at risk of malnutrition (3·9 %) was only evidenced before conversion (P = 0·006). After the conversion from a lower conventional complete denture to an implant-retained overdenture, at 3 months, the risk of malnutrition and nourished at baseline did not present significant differences in masticatory performance. Nonetheless, the mean masticatory performance potential was 19·86 and 31·98 % for subgroups classified at baseline as at risk of malnutrition and nourished, respectively (P = 0·187). The results before conversion were less favourable for masticatory performance and nutritional condition. The increased retention of the mandibular prosthesis allowed improvement in masticatory performance and nutritional condition.
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Kenny, D. A., M. P. Boland, M. G. Diskin, and J. M. Sreenan. "Effect of pasture crude protein and fermentable energy supplementation on blood metabolite and progesterone concentrations and on embryo survival in heifers." Animal Science 73, no. 3 (December 2001): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058471.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSeasonal milk production systems rely on heavy inputs of nitrogenous fertilizer, which typically generate pastures with a high crude protein (CP) and low fermentable energy concentration. High intake of CP, particularly in association with low rumen fermentable energy, increases systemic ammonia and urea and has been associated with reduced fertility in cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between pasture protein intake and fermentable energy supplementation on a range of blood metabolites and on embryo survival and development in cattle.Oestrous synchronized, nulliparous beef heifers (no. = 175) were randomly assigned to one of four pasture-based dietary treatments in a 2✕2 factorial study carried out over 2 years. Animals were randomly allocated to either high (85 kg nitrogen (N) per ha; HN) or low (0·0 kg N per ha; LN) N fertilized pastures and within pasture treatment were randomly allocated to receive either zero or three (+3P) kg dry matter (DM) of molassed sugar-beet pulp (MSBP) per head per day as follows: (1) HN (no. = 44), (2) HN + 3P, (no. = 43), (3) LN (no. = 44), (4) LN + 3P (no. = 44). Blood samples were collected to measure systemic concentrations of ammonia, urea, insulin, glucose and progesterone. Heifers were artificially inseminated (AI) and pregnancy diagnosis was carried out by ultrasonography 30 days after AI. Subgroups of pregnant animals across treatments were slaughtered 40 days after AI to estimate conceptus development.The HN pasture had a higher CP (P< 0·001) and lower water-soluble carbohydrate (P< 0·01) concentration. Plasma concentrations of ammonia (P< 0·05) and urea (P< 0·001) were higher in the animals on the HN pastures and were reduced (P< 0·05) by MSBP supplementation, but only in animals on the HN pastures. Embryo survival rate across treatments was high overall (71%) and not related to pasture CP concentration, fermentable energy supplementation or systemic concentrations of ammonia, urea, glucose or insulin. There was no relationship between dietary treatment or systemic metabolites and any of the estimates of conceptus development. Systemic insulin was not affected by pasture N treatment or MSBP supplementation (P> 0·05). Systemic concentrations of glucose were not affected by pasture N treatment (P> 0·05) but were increased by MSBP supplementation (P< 0·05). Systemic progesterone was not affected by pasture CP or MSBP supplementation (P> 0·05) but at day 7 after AI was positively related (P< 0·05) to embryo survival. Intake of high CP herbage elevated systemic ammonia and urea but there was no association with embryo survival rate or embryo development in heifers.
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Jones, G. P., and P. C. Garnsworthy. "The effects of dietary energy content on the response of dairy cows to body condition at calving." Animal Science 49, no. 2 (October 1989): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610003230x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTFour groups of six cows were fed from 12 weeks before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 3·23 (F) and 1·98 (T). For the first 20 weeks of lactation all cows were given 10 kg/day of isonitrogenous (180 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM)) compounds containing either a high (13·0 MJ/kg DM; HE) or a low (9·8 MJ/kg DM; LE) concentration of metabolizable energy, together with 3 kg/day molassed sugar-beet pulp and hay offered ad libitum.The mean milk yield of cows receiving compound HE (27·7 kg/day) was higher (P > 0·05) than that of cows receiving compound LE (25·6 kg/day). Cows in group FHE yielded 27·0 kg/day, compared with 25·5 kg/day for FLE (P > 0·05); cows in group THE yielded 28·4 kg/day compared with 25·17 kg/day for TLE (P <0·05). After peak lactation, milk yields were maintained better in group THE but declined at a faster rate in group TLE than in groups FHE and FLE. Neither dietary energy concentration nor condition score at calving significantly affected milk composition (butterfat 43·5, protein 29·1, lactose 50·2 g/kg). Cows receiving compound HE consumed significantly (P < 0·001) more energy (208 MJ/day) than cows receiving compound LE (188 MJ/day). Over the first 10 weeks of lactation, changes in condition were –0·83, –0·88 +0·08 and –0·25 (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05) condition score units for cows in groups FHE, FLE, THE and TLE respectively.It is concluded that with diets of high energy concentration intake is mainly limited by physiological mechanisms so that thin cows eat more than fat cows and produce similar amounts of milk. With diets of lower energy concentration, intake is limited by rumen capacity and thin cows eat the same as fat cows. This results in increased fat mobilization and a slight decrease in milk yield by cows which are fat at calving but the limited fat reserves of cows which are thin at calving are insufficient to compensate for reduced energy intake so large reductions in milk yield are observed.
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Iwasaki, Atsushi, Takayuki Saitoh, Chiaki Ushie, Norihiko Moriyama, Tomonori Takani, Hikaru Hattori, Hiroshi Handa, et al. "Polymorphisms of IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-18 Affect the Clinical Features of Multiple Myeloma in Japanese Patients." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4972.4972.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Abstract 4972 Background: The growth of plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) is dependent on a complex interplay among various cytokines, adhesion molecules and other factors in the tumor microenvironment. Several cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-17 have been shown to promote myeloma cell growth in vitro. Furthermore, several investigators have shown the increase in levels of serum IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-18 in MM patients compared with healthy donors. Although many studies have shown that the dysregulation of these cytokines can be associated with MM development, there are a few reports showing the influence of polymorphisms in cytokine genes on the risk of MM. We examined the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of these cytokines: IL-10 (rs1800870 − 1082 A/G, rs1800871 − 819 T/C, and rs1800872 − 592 A/C), IL-17A (rs2275913, −197G/A), IL-17F (rs763780, 7488 T/C), and IL-18(rs187238 −137G/C and rs1946518 −607 A/C) in MM patients, and analyzed the relationship between these SNPs and the susceptibility and clinical features. Patients and Methods: Ninety three patients [age range, 35–83 years; male/female 44/49; Durie and Salmon stage I (n=8), stage II (n=22), stage III (n=61), unknown (n=2); International staging system (ISS) 1 (n=21), 2 (n=21), 3 (n=29), unknown (n=22); IgG (n=55), IgA (n=15), IgD (n=2), non-secretory(n=3), Bence Jones(n=18)] with MM and 192 healthy race- and sex-matched healthy controls were examined. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using the DNA extraction Kit. Genotyping of IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-17F polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the genotyping of the IL-18 polymorphism was determined by the allelic specific polymerase chain reaction technique. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between the study groups using Χ2-test. The characteristics and laboratory features of MM patients with each polymorphisms were compared using Χ2-tests and student t-tests. The Kaplan-Meier method was used in the calculation of overall survival (OS). OS were compared with the log-rank test. Probability values <0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Genotype and allele frequencies of cytokines in MM patients and the control: The frequencies of genotypes of cytokines in patients with MM were as follows: AA 92. 5% and AG 7. 5% for IL-10–1082; TT 43%, TC 48. 4% and CC 8. 6% for IL-10–819; AA 43%, AC 48. 4% and CC 8. 6% for IL-10–592; AA 19. 4%, AG 40. 9% and GG 39. 8% for IL-17A-197; TT 82. 8% and TC 17. 2% for IL-17F; GG 65. 6%, GC 26. 9% and CC 7. 5% for IL-18–137; AA 35. 5%, AC 47. 3% and CC 17. 2% for IL-18–607 loci. No significant differences were observed in the allele or genotype frequencies of IL-10 and IL-17F polymorphisms between MM patients and the control group. However, patients with MM had a significantly higher frequency of the IL-18–137 CC genotype compared to the control group (7. 5% vs. 2. 2%, P<0. 05). The number of IL-18–137 C alleles among the patients with MM was also higher than in the control group (21% vs. 13. 3%, p<0. 05). Furthermore, MM patients had a significantly lower frequency of the IL-17A A/G genotype compared to the control group (40. 9% vs. 58. 7%, P<0. 01). Patients' characteristics according to cytokine polymorphisms: IL-10 592 CC genotype (high producer type) was significantly associated with advanced ISS (P=0. 03) and higher β2 microglobulin level (CC vs non CC; 9. 81±4. 78 g/dL vs. 5. 27±3. 27g/dL, p<0. 05). IL-17A-197 AA genotype (high producer type) was also significantly associated with higher bone scale (66. 6% vs 44%, p=0. 05). IL-18–137 CC or GC genotype was significantly associated with advanced ISS (P<0. 05) and lower hemoglobin level (8. 8±2. 6 mg/dL vs. 9. 9±2. 4 mg/dL, p=0. 04). Although there was no significant difference in overall survival of IL17 A, IL-17F and IL-18 polymorphisms, patients with IL-10–592 CC or IL-18–607 AA genotype showedtendency to more unfavorable survival (p=0. 07). A multivariate analysis using cox proportional hazard model demonstrated that Bence Jones protein (p=0. 001), ISS stage III (p<0. 05), the use of new drugs (p=0. 001), IL-10–592CC genotype (P=0. 005) and IL-17 AA (P=0. 00001) were independent adverse prognostic factors. Conclusion: These results indicate that cytokine polymorphisms, including IL-10, IL-17 and IL-18, are associated with prevalence and clinical feature of MM in Japanese patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Sekeres, Mikkael A., Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski, David W. Donley, David L. Grinblatt, Mohit Narang, James M. Malone, Rami S. Komrokji, et al. "A Study Comparing Dosing Regimens and Efficacy of Subcutaneous to Intravenous Azacitidine (AZA) for the Treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3797.3797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Abstract 3797 Poster Board III-733 Background AZA, the most commonly used disease-modifying therapy for MDS in the US, demonstrates a survival advantage in higher-risk (International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS] Int-2, High, or excess blasts) MDS subtypes. It was approved by the US FDA in 2004 as a 7-day per 28-day, subcutaneous (SC) regimen, based on response rates, with the 7-day intravenous (IV) route approved in 2007 based on efficacy data from the CALGB 8421 study and pharmacokinetic data. This registry allows for the evaluation of community based practices for dosing and effectiveness of IV compared with SC administration in MDS. Methods AVIDA, a prospective, longitudinal, multicenter US patient (pt), registry collects data from community-based hematology clinics on the history and management of pts with MDS treated with AZA. Interim analyses were conducted on data collected from October 2006 – May 2009 with investigator chosen regimens according to the most commonly used per pt. Responses used 2006 International Working Group criteria, quantified as hematologic improvement (HI) or better and were assessed centrally. ANCOVA models were used for dose per cycle analyses and generalized estimating equations were used for analyses of cycle delay. Cox models incorporating survival were used for multivariate analyses. Results Of 380 registry pts (median age, 75 years [range, 29-91], 104 (31%), female), 331 had MDS or oligoblastic leukemia, of whom 190 (57%) most commonly received AZA via IV and 141 (43%) by SC (both for a median of 4 cycles). Median time since MDS diagnosis was 2 months (range, 0-207), and 10% of pts had secondary MDS. Baseline bone marrow blast % was: <5% (46%); 5-10% (26%); 11-20% (14%); 21-30% (3%); and unknown (11%); IPSS cytogenetic groups were: good (61%); intermediate (10%); poor (17%); unknown (11%), with 6% and 9% of pts having a chromosome 7 and 7q abnormalities, respectively. IPSS risk groups were: Low (11%); Int-1 (36%); Int-2 (15%); High (6%); unknown (33%). ECOG performance status was: 0 (25%); 1 (53%); 2 (16%); 3 (6%). Only 17% of pts received the FDA-approved continuous 7-day dosing schedule; 51% received <7 days; 30% 7 days with breaks; and 2% >7 days. There were no significant differences between SC and IV AZA recipients for any of the above baseline parameters. At the interim analysis time point of 600 days, there were 21 deaths (15%) in the SC group and 32 deaths (17%) in the IV group. In univariate analyses, the following predicted for worse survival: black race (versus white, P = .02); higher-risk MDS (P = .02); cytogenetic abnormalities (P = .004); IPSS poor risk cytogenetic group (P = .04); low body mass index (BMI, P = .03), high blast % (P = .01)and baseline low hemoglobin (hgb, P = .007), or low platelets (plt, P = .05), all analyzed continuously. SC vs. IV dosing had no differing effect on HI rate (24% overall). In multivariate analyses, significant variables included low hgb (P = .006), low plt (P = .05), high blast % (P = .04), cytogenetic abnormalities (P = .05), and low BMI (P = .002). Delays in cycle start times (>28 days from previous cycle start) were related in multivariate analyses to higher blast % (P = .004), male gender (P = .03), dosing schedule (P = .02), a trend with IV dosing (P = .1), cytogenetic risk score (P = .1) and del (5q) (P = .09). Lower AZA doses per cycle were related in multivariate analyses to IV dosing (P = .001, on average 12 mg lower); older age (P = .01, on average .6mg less per year); BMI (P < .001), female gender (P < .001), and, as expected, dosing schedule (P = .04). Conclusions In this interim analysis of the ongoing AVIDA Registry, IV AZA appears equi-efficacious to SC, although dose, schedule, and treatment differed between groups. Though the FDA-approved continuous dosing schedule of AZA was infrequently used, this has not negatively impacted efficacy to date. In multivariate analyses, traditional IPSS predictors of survival are still relevant in pts treated with AZA. These analyses also reveal other potentially significant factors, such as low BMI, the effect of gender, and age on treatment intensity and clinical outcomes in patients receiving AZA. Disclosures: Baker: Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sullivan:Celgene: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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Jondrevillea, C., R. Hayler, and D. Feuerstein. "Replacement of zinc sulphate by microbial phytase for piglets given a maize-soya-bean meal diet." Animal Science 81, no. 1 (August 2005): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc41440077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractForty-eight pigs, weaned at 27 days of age at an average body weight of 7·55 kg were used in a 19-day experiment to investigate the influence of microbial phytase on zinc utilization and to calculate equivalency values of zinc as sulphate for microbial phytase. Eight experimental diets were formulated: a maize-soya-bean meal basal diet containing 30 mg of zinc per kg supplemented with 10, 25, 40 or 100 mg of zinc from sulphate (ZnSO4, 7H2O) per kg or with 100, 250, 500 or 750 units (U) of microbial phytase (3- phytase from Aspergillus niger, Natuphos ®) per kg. The dietary supplies of calcium and phosphorus were adjusted accounting for the release of these elements by microbial phytase. The copper concentration in the diets was 11 mg/kg. Pigs were given the basal diet for a 7-day adjustment period prior to the 19-day experimental period. At the end of the experiment, bone ash, phosphorus and calcium concentrations as well as plasma and liver copper concentrations were independent of the diet (P> 0·10). The zinc status of piglets was assessed through plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and zinc concentration, bone zinc concentration and liver zinc concentration. Plasma zinc, plasma APA and bone zinc increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·01,P< 0·001 andP< 0·001, respectively) with zinc added. These parameters also increased linearly (P< 0·001) and quadratically (P< 0·05,P< 0·001 andP< 0·05, respectively) with phytase added. Liver zinc increased quadratically (P< 0·05) with zinc added and tended to increase linearly with phytase added (P= 0·077). Linear and non-linear response equations of indicators of zinc status to zinc added and phytase added were developed and used to calculate zinc equivalency values of phytase. Non-linear models were linear plateau models for zinc added and exponential models for phytase added. Plasma APA, plasma zinc and bone zinc were maximized when zinc added reached 43, 54 and 56 mg/kg of diet, respectively. The mean function of equivalency of zinc as sulphate (Zn, mg/kg of diet) for microbial phytase (Phyt, U per kg of diet) was Zn = 49·9 − 58·3 e−0·00233Phyt. From this equation it is calculated that 250, 500, and 750 U of 3-phytase from Aspergillus niger can avoid the addition of 17, 32 and 40 mg of zinc as sulphate in a piglet diet. Zinc ingested and, in turn, zinc excreted, may be proportionately reduced by almost 0·30 by replacing 30 mg of zinc as sulphate by 500 U of phytase as Natuphos ® in a piglet maize and soya-bean meal diet formulated to contain 100 mg of zinc per kg.
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Sibbald, A. M., and S. M. Rhind. "The effect of previous body condition on appetite and associated insulin profiles in sheep." Animal Science 64, no. 2 (April 1997): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800015800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effect of previous level of body condition on appetite was studied in 47 housed Scottish Blackface ewes, which had been either thin (L: mean condition score 2·15, s.e. 0·030; no. = 24) or fat (H: mean condition score 3·15, s.e. 0·056; no. = 23) 8 weeks before the start of the experiment. The mean daily voluntary food intake (VFI) of a dried grass pellet diet was higher for the L than for the H ewes (2176 v. 1727 g dry matter per day; P < 0·001) during the first 6 weeks of the experiment (period 1). Over this time, live weights increased from 60·5 or 69·9 (s.e.d. 1·68) to 68·4 or 75·6 (s.e.d. 1·94) and condition scores increased from 2·84 or 3·16 (s.e.d. 0·057) to 3·13 or 3·38 (s.e.d. 0·071) for the L and H ewes respectively.At the end of the 6-week period, plasma insulin concentrations were measured in 10 ewes from each treatment (mean condition scores 3·15 (L) and 3·27 (H) (s.e.d. 0·091)) when fed both ad libitum and at a fixed level of 1200 g/day for consecutive 11-day periods (period 2). Mean VFI was higher for the L than for the H ewes (2191 v. 1661 g dry matter per day; P < 0·05) over the period of ad libitum feeding. There was no effect of feeding level (ad libitum v. 1200 g/day) on mean plasma insulin concentrations, but the mean basal plasma insulin concentration was higher in the H than in the L ewes (43·0 v. 29·0 mil per 1; P < 0·05). Fifteen minutes after the ingestion of a single 400 g meal, the plasma insulin concentration in the H ewes was higher than the mean prefeeding value (63·3 v. 41·7 mil per I; P<0·05) but there was no corresponding increase in the L ewes. The plasma insulin concentration 15 min after the intravenous administration of a single dose of 0·25 U per kg live weight of insulin ivas higher in the H than in the L ewes (1723 v. 1031 mil per 1; P < 0·01) but there were no differences between treatments in plasma glucose concentrations following insulin administration.It was concluded that previous body condition can affect contemporary VFI and this effect may be mediated by plasma insulin concentrations providing a long-term feedback signal to the brain. Keywords: body condition, food intake, insulin, sheep.
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Pearson, Natalie, Lauren Williams, David Crawford, and Kylie Ball. "Maternal and best friends’ influences on meal-skipping behaviours." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 5 (January 31, 2012): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451100612x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Skipping meals is particularly common during adolescence and can have a detrimental effect on multiple aspects of adolescent health. Understanding the correlates of meal-skipping behaviours is important for the design of nutrition interventions. The present study examined maternal and best friends’ influences on adolescent meal-skipping behaviours. Frequency of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner was assessed using a Web-based survey completed by 3001 adolescent boys and girls from years 7 and 9 of secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Perceived best friend and maternal meal skipping, modelling of healthy eating (eating healthy food, limiting junk food, eating fruit and vegetables) and weight watching were assessed. Best friend and maternal factors were differentially associated with meal-skipping behaviours. For example, boys and girls who perceived that their best friend often skipped meals were more likely to skip lunch (OR = 2·01, 95 % CI 1·33, 3·04 and OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·41, 2·65;P < 0·001). Boys and girls who perceived that their mother often skipped meals were more likely to skip breakfast (OR = 1·48, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·15;P < 0·05 and OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·42, 2·59;P < 0·001) and lunch (OR = 2·05, 95 % CI 1·35, 3·12 and OR = 2·02, 95 % CI 1·43, 2·86;P < 0·001). Educating adolescents on how to assess and interpret unhealthy eating behaviours that they observe from significant others may be one nutrition promotion strategy to reduce meal-skipping behaviour. The involvement of mothers may be particularly important in such efforts. Encouraging a peer subculture that promotes regular consumption of meals and educates adolescents on the detrimental impact of meal-skipping behaviour on health may also offer a promising nutrition promotion strategy.
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Savani, Bipin N., Katayoun Rezvani, Stephan Mielke, Aldemar Montero, Roger Kurlander, Charles S. Carter, Susan Leitman, Elizabeth J. Read, Richard Childs, and A. John Barrett. "Factors associated with early molecular remission after T cell-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia." Blood 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 1688–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-05-1897.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eighty patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) underwent T cell-depleted stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling, with add-back of donor T cells on days 30 to 45 and days 60 to 100 in patients in whom grade 2 or greater acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed. The outcomes for 54 patients with chronic-phase (CP) and 26 with advanced-phase (AP) disease were as follows: overall survival, 85% ± 5% versus 36% ± 10%; transplantation-related mortality (TRM), 13% ± 5% versus 43% ± 11%; and current leukemia-free survival, 76% ± 6% versus 34% ± 9%. The day-30 lymphocyte count (LC30) was strongly associated with outcome. For patients in CP with counts greater than the median of 0.30 × 109/L, survival was 100% versus 70% ± 9% (P = .003); current LFS 100% versus 56% ± 9% (P = .002); and TRM 0% versus 26% ± 8% (P = .006). Higher-than-median LC30 correlated significantly with molecular remission (MR) at 3, 6, and 12 months and with higher CD34 doses. Lymphocyte subset analysis performed in 20 patients available for phenotyping showed that LC30 was highly correlated with absolute CD56+CD3- natural killer cell numbers (NK30), which also predicted for survival and MR. CD34 cell dose, LC30, and NK30, but not day-30 CD3+ cell count, were highly correlated and were significant predictors of transplantation outcome. These results suggest that transplanted CD34 cell doses greater than 5 × 106/kg may improve outcomes by increasing the early recovery of NK cells.
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Nowak, R., I. R. Young, and I. C. McMillen. "Emergence of the diurnal rhythm in plasma melatonin concentrations in newborn lambs delivered to intact or pinealectomized ewes." Journal of Endocrinology 125, no. 1 (April 1990): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1250097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT We have monitored the 24-h profiles of plasma melatonin concentrations between birth and 10 weeks of age, in lambs which were delivered to, and suckled, either pineal-intact (control group) or pinealectomized (pinealectomized group) ewes. Between 0 and 2 weeks of age, plasma concentrations of melatonin in lambs suckling either intact or pinealectomized ewes were highest at 01.00 h. At this age, however, there was no significant difference in the mean plasma concentrations of melatonin between the entire dark and light phases in lambs in either the control group (dark, 39·7 ± 6·0 (s.e.m.) pmol/l; light, 39·5 ± 8·1 pmol/l) or the pinealectomized group (dark, 79·8 ± 43·3 pmol/l; light, 60·9 ±8·7 pmol/l). Between 3 and 4 weeks of age, however, a diurnal rhythm in plasma melatonin concentrations was clearly present in the lambs in both the control and pinealectomized groups (control group: dark, 164·1 ± 5·6 pmol/l; light 26·2 ± 2·5 pmol/l; pinealectomized group: dark, 52·7± 8·0 pmol/l; light, 19·1 ± 5·3 pmol/l; P<0·001). Between 3 and 10 weeks of age, plasma concentrations of melatonin in the dark phase were significantly (P<0·05) lower in the lambs suckling pinealectomized ewes than in the control group. In both the control lambs and lambs suckling pinealectomized ewes, the mean plasma concentrations of melatonin in the dark and light phases increased significantly (P<0·05) between 3 and 6 weeks after birth. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a clear diurnal plasma rhythm in melatonin concentrations does not emerge until 3–4 weeks of age in lambs suckling either pinealectomized or intact ewes. We have also measured lower melatonin concentrations during the dark phase in lambs suckling pinealectomized ewes when compared with lambs suckling pineal-intact ewes between 3 and 10 weeks of age. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 125, 97–102
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Ramadan, Khaled M., Joseph M. Connors, Abdulwahab J. Al-Tourah, Randy D. Gascoyne, Kevin Song, Michael J. Barnett, Stephen H. Nantel, et al. "Myeloablative Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Relapsed Composite Low and Intermediate Grade Lymphoma Is Not Superior to Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation - Reduced Relapse Risk Is Offset by Higher Treatment Related Mortality." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 3039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.3039.3039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract No reports compare autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT vs allo-SCT) for patients (pts) with relapsed (REL) composite low and intermediate grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (L/I-NHL). Fifty four pts with composite L/I-NHL (30 transformed, 16 composite(same site), 8 discordant(different sites)) who underwent allo (n=40) or auto-SCT (n=14) from Jan ‘89 to June ‘05 were evaluated (Table 1) to compare long-term results. Twenty pts (37%) (11/40 allo and 9/14 auto) are alive with median follow-up of 32 months (range 10–87). The 2 and 5-y OS for the whole group were 43% [95% confidence interval: 28–56%] and 29% [14–46%] respectively; the 2 and 5-y EFS 40% [26–53%] and 24% [11–39 %]. 5-y OS for the auto and allo-SCT were 51% and 23% respectively (p=.09)(Fig. 1). The 2 and 5-y EFS for the allo vs auto-SCT groups were 36% [24–55%] vs 54% [33–89%] and 27% vs 23% (p=0.4). Thirty four pts (63%) died; 18 (33%) with REL NHL and 16 (30%) with TRM. TRM was due to GVHD (n=7), infection (n=6), cerebral edema (n=1) and veno-occlusive disease (n=1). All but one (cerebral edema) TRM deaths occurred post allo-SCT. The cumulative incidence (CI) of TRM and REL for the whole group were 37% [17–57%] and 47% [30–64%]. The CI of TRM for allo and auto-SCT were 47% [20–74] and 8% [0–23%] respectively (p=.009)(Fig. 2). Twenty pts (37%) relapsed post SCT (14/40, 35% allo and 6/14, 43% auto). CI of REL NHL for allo and auto-SCT were 42% [23–61%] and 65% (p=.008)(Fig. 2). In conclusion EFS for composite L/I-NHL is low post auto-SCT due to a high relapse rate despite acceptable TRM. While relapse risk is significantly lower post allo-SCT, this advantage is offset by a higher TRM in these pts. Future attempts to reduce TRM while preserving the allogeneic graft vs lymphoma effect may be beneficial. Table 1. The clinicopathological characteristics of 54 patients treated with auto and allo-SCT for relapsed composite L/I-NHL Parameter Allo-SCT n=40(%) Auto-SCT n=14(%) * at diagnosis Age: Range (Median) 28–57(44) 25–59(49) M:F 2:1 1.3:1 Diagnosis Transformed lymph. 25(63) 5(36) Discordant lymph. 7(17) 1(7) Composite lymph. 8(20) 8(57) Initial Stage I/II 4(10) 6(42) III/IV 36(90) 8(58) B symptoms* 11(28) 6(43) BM involvement* 29(73) 3(21) IPI* 0–1 18(45) 11(79) 2–3 21(53) 3(21) 4–5 1(2) 0 Prior treatment CHOP 33(83) 14(100) Purine analogue 17(43) 2(14) Rituximab 12(30) 6(43) Fig 1: OS for auto/alle groups Fig 1:. OS for auto/alle groups Figure Figure
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GOKA, E. A., P. J. VALLELY, K. J. MUTTON, and P. E. KLAPPER. "Single, dual and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of hospitalization and mortality." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814000302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYRespiratory virus infections cause a significant number of hospitalization and deaths globally. This study investigated the association between single and multiple respiratory virus infections and risk of admission to a general ward, intensive care unit or death in patients aged 0–105 years (mean ± s.d. = 24·4 ± 24·1 years), from North West England, that were tested for respiratory virus infections between January 2007 and June 2012. The majority of infections were in children aged ⩽5 years. Dual or multiple infections occurred in 10·4% (1214/11 715) of patients, whereas single infection occurred in 89·6% (10 501/11 715). Rhinovirus was the most common co-infecting virus (occurring in 69·5%; 844/1214 of co-infections). In a multivariate logistic regression model, multiple infections were associated with an increased risk of admission to a general ward [odds ratio (OR) 1·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·2–1·7, P < 0·0001]. On the other hand, patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1–3 (hPIV1–3), as a single infection, had a higher risk of being admitted to a general ward (OR 1·49, 95% CI 1·28–1·73, P < 0·0001 and OR 1·34, 95% CI 1·003–1·8, P = 0·05, respectively); admitted to an intensive-care unit or dying (OR 1·5, 95% CI 1·20–2·0, P = 0·001 and OR 1·60, 95% CI 1·02–2·40, P = 0·04, respectively). This result emphasizes the importance of RSV, hPIV and mixed infections and calls for research on vaccines, drugs and diagnostic tests targeting these respiratory viruses.
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Utzschneider, Kristina M., Jennifer L. Bayer-Carter, Matthew D. Arbuckle, Jaime M. Tidwell, Todd L. Richards, and Suzanne Craft. "Beneficial effect of a weight-stable, low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index diet to reduce liver fat in older subjects." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 6 (July 31, 2012): 1096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002966.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia and can progress to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. We sought to determine whether dietary fat and saturated fat content alter liver fat in the absence of weight change in an older population. Liver fat was quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after 4 weeks on an isoenergetic low-fat/low-saturated fat/low-glycaemic index (LGI) (LSAT: 23 % fat/7 % saturated fat/GI < 55) or a high-fat/high-saturated fat/high-GI (HSAT: 43 % fat/24 % saturated fat/GI>70) diet in older subjects. In the present study, twenty subjects (seven males/thirteen females; age 69·3 (sem1·6) years, BMI 26·9 (sem0·8) kg/m2) were randomised to the LSAT diet and fifteen subjects (six males/nine females; age 68·6 (sem1·8) years, BMI 28·1 (sem0·9) kg/m2) to the HSAT diet. Weight remained stable. Liver fat decreased significantly on the LSAT diet (median 2·2 (interquartile range (IQR) 3·1) to 1·7 (IQR 1·8) %,P= 0·002) but did not change on the HSAT diet (median 1·2 (IQR 4·1) to 1·6 (IQR 3·9) %). The LSAT diet lowered fasting glucose and total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and raised TAG (P< 0·05), while the HSAT diet had no effect on glucose or HDL-cholesterol but increased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (P< 0·05). Fasting insulin and homeostasis model of insulin resistance did not change significantly on either diet, but the Matsuda index of insulin sensitivity improved on the LSAT diet (P< 0·05). Assignment to the LSATv.HSAT diet was a predictor of changes in lipid parameters but not liver fat. We conclude that diet composition may be an important factor in the accumulation of liver fat, with a low-fat/low-saturated fat/LGI diet being beneficial.
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Liu, Yun, Rong Huang, Qunying Guo, Qiongqiong Yang, Chunyan Yi, Jianxiong Lin, Xueqing Yu, and Xiao Yang. "Baseline higher peritoneal transport had been associated with worse nutritional status of incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients in Southern China: a 1-year prospective study." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 3 (July 16, 2015): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515001804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between baseline peritoneal transport types and nutritional status in Chinese continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. In the present single-centre, prospective study, incident CAPD patients were included from 15 April 2010 to 31 December 2011 and were followed up for 12 months. According to the results of baseline peritoneal equilibration test, patients were divided into lower peritoneal transport group (lower transporters) and higher peritoneal transport group (higher transporters). Nutritional status was evaluated by both subjective global assessment (SGA) and protein–energy wasting (PEW) score. The body composition parameters were assessed by body impedance analysis. A total of 283 CAPD patients were included in the study, of which 171 (60·4 %) were males with a mean age of 47·0 (sd14·9) years. Compared with lower transporters (n92), higher transporters (n181) had lower levels of serum albumin (37·1 (sd4·3)v.39·6 (sd4·3) g/l,P< 0·001), serum pre-albumin (356 (sd99)v.384 (sd90) mg/l,P= 0·035), phase angle (6·15 (sd0·39)v.6·27 (sd0·47)°,P< 0·05) and higher rate of malnutrition defined by SGA (52·5v.25·0 %,P< 0·001) and PEW score (37·0v.14·1 %,P< 0·001) at 1-year of follow-up. Baseline higher peritoneal transport, analysed by multivariate binary logistic regressions, was independently associated with malnutrition (SGA mild to moderate and severe malnutrition: OR 3·43, 95 % CI 1·69, 6·96,P< 0·01; PEW: OR 2·40, 95 % CI 1·08, 5·31,P= 0·03). It was concluded that baseline higher peritoneal transport was independently associated with worse nutritional status of CAPD patients in Southern China.
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Falconer, J., J. A. Owens, E. Allotta, and J. S. Robinson. "Effect of restriction of placental growth on the concentrations of insulin, glucose and placental lactogen in the plasma of sheep." Journal of Endocrinology 106, no. 1 (July 1985): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1060007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The effect of restricting placental growth on maternal glucose, insulin and placental lactogen was investigated in 16 ewes carrying singleton lambs. Uterine caruncles were removed from seven ewes (caruncle ewes) before pregnancy, resulting in reduced placental size and retarded intra-uterine fetal growth. The concentration of insulin in maternal plasma was similar in both control and caruncle ewes. The concentration of glucose was significantly higher in the caruncle than in the control ewes (3·26 ± 0·15 (s.e.m.) mmol/l, number of observations (n) = 9, vs 2·75 ± 0·1, n = 9, P<0·02, and 3·27 ±0·16, n = 7, vs 2·46± 0·11, n = 12, P<0·001, for the carotid artery and utero-ovarian vein respectively). The concentration of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) in the utero-ovarian vein was reduced in the caruncle compared with the control ewes (283± 65 μg/l, n = and 705±106 μg/l, n = 18, P<0·02, respectively). Restriction of placental growth by removal of endometrial caruncles similarly reduced the concentrations of oPL in maternal arterial plasma (231±54 μg/l, n = 9, and 621±96 μg/l, n = 18, P<0·002). Production of oPL by the placenta was also reduced by limiting placental growth to 30±11 μg/min, n = 8, compared with 133±43 μg/min, n = 15, P<0·05, for the controls. Production of oPL per gram of placenta in the caruncle group, although only 34% of the control value, was not reduced significantly. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that oPL may be involved in the redirection of maternal glucose during pregnancy to maximize the amount available for the fetus. J. Endocr. (1985) 106, 7–11
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Rowe, J. B., J. V. Nolan, G. de Chaneet, E. Teleni, and P. H. Holmes. "The effect of haemonchosis and blood loss into the abomasum on digestion in sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 1 (January 1988): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the abomasal parasite, Haemonchus contortus, on the pattern of digestion and nutrient utilization in Merino sheep. There were three groups of sheep: infected with H. contortus (300 larvae/kg live weight) (n 5), sham-infected by transferring blood from the jugular vein to the abomasum, and uninfected (control) sheep (n 9) which were fed daily rations equal to amounts consumed by ‘paired’ animals in the two other treatment groups. A diet containing (g/kg): lucerne (Medicago sativa) chaff 490, oat chaff 480, ground limestone 10, urea 10, and sodium chloride 10, was given in equal amounts at 3-h intervals.2. Continuous intrarumen infusions (8 d) of chromium and ytterbium were made in order to measure the flow of digesta through the rumen, duodenum and ileum with 15NH4Cl included in the infusate for the final 3 d. The loss of blood into the gastrointestinal tract was measured using 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes and the rate of irreversible loss of plasma urea was measured with reference to a single intravenous injection of [14C]urea. Samples of rumen fluid were taken for analysis of volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations.3. The infected and sham-infected sheep developed severe anaemia during the period over which digestion and metabolism measurements were made (packed cell volume 0·118 (SE 0·0042) and 0.146 (SE 0·0073) respectively). The corresponding rates of blood loss into the gastrointestinal tracts were 253 (SE 23) and 145 (SE 17) ml/d.4. The proportions of VFA in rumen fluid were altered (P < 0·05) in the infected group with a decrease in the ratio, acetate: propionate (control 3·28, infected 2·58, standard error of difference (SED)(0·21). There was also an increase in rumen fluid outflow rate (P < 0·01) from 4·05 litres/d in the control group to 5.53 litres/d in the infected group (SED) 0·43). Water intake was higher (P < 0·05) in the infected than in the control animals (2·25 and 1·84 litres/d respectively; SED 0·14).5. There was a decrease (P < 0·05) in apparent digestion of organic matter in the forestomachs of infected sheep (0·32 compared with 0·39 in the control, SED 0·02). There was also a decrease (P < 0·05) in the apparent digestion of organic matter across the whole digestive tract (0·65 control, 0·61 infected, SED 0·013).6. There was a loss of 2·6 and 1·8 g blood nitrogen/d into the gastrointestinal tract of the infected and sham-infected sheep respectively. In the infected sheep approximately 50 % of this N was accounted for as additional ammonia leaving the abomasum compared with 20% in the sham-infected group. The additional non-ammonia-N (NAN) entering the duodenum of parasitized or sham-infected animals was reabsorbed before the ileum. There was no effect of infection or sham-infection on the synthesis or digestion of microbial NAN.7. There was a higher (P < 0·001) rate of plasma urea irreversible loss in the infected sheep (8·9 control, 12·2 infected, 10·9 sham-infected, SED (control v. treated) 0·87 g N/d). This was apparently due to increased absorption of ammonia and increased urea excretion and transfer to the gut.8. The results show that in sheep infected with H. contortus there was a considerable increase in the amount of additional endogenous N entering the duodenum. Although the extra N lost into the gastrointestinal tract was reabsorbed before the digesta reached the ileum the animals suffered a net loss of amino acids since part of the reabsorbed N was in the form of ammonia and reabsorbed NAN was apparently ineffectively utilized.
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Henriques, Ana, Vânia Teixeira, Hugo FV Cardoso, and Ana Azevedo. "The influence of stunting on obesity in adulthood: results from the EPIPorto cohort." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 10 (March 15, 2018): 1819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018000460.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractObjectiveTo retrospectively investigate the association between short stature and increased sitting height ratio (SHR) – indicators of stunting – and obesity markers in adults.DesignCross-sectional evaluation of the EPIPorto cohort. Weight, height, sitting height and waist circumference were measured. Obesity was assessed for men and women through BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Short stature (women, <152 cm; men, <164 cm) and high SHR (women, ≥54·05 %; men, ≥53·25 %) were taken as stunting measures. OR with 95 % CI were computed using logistic regression models.SettingRepresentative sample of adults from EPIPorto, an adult cohort study from Porto, Portugal.SubjectsA sample of 1682 adults, aged 18–86 years, was analysed.ResultsHigher obesity prevalence was found among women (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2: 25·5v.13·3 %,P<0·001) and a higher proportion of men presented abdominal obesity (WHtR≥0·5: 80·1v.71·1 %,P<0·001). A positive association was found between short stature and obesity measures for women (multivariate-adjusted OR; 95 % CI: 1·75; 1·17, 2·62 for BMI≥30·0 kg/m2; 1·89; 1·24, 2·87 for WHtR≥0·5). Increased SHR was associated with higher likelihood of having BMI≥30·0 kg/m2in both sexes (multivariate-adjusted OR; 95 % CI: 2·10; 1·40, 3·16 for women; 1·92; 1·07, 3·43 for men) but not with WHtR≥0·5.ConclusionsDifferent growth markers are associated with obesity in adults. However, this association depends on the population and anthropometric measures used: short stature is associated with a higher risk of presenting excessive weight in women but not in men; SHR is more sensitive to detect this effect in both sexes.
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Keogh, Jennifer B., Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh, Manny Noakes, Gary A. Wittert, and Peter M. Clifton. "Long-term weight maintenance and cardiovascular risk factors are not different following weight loss on carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein in obese hyperinsulinaemic men and women." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 2 (February 2007): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507252687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to determine after 52 weeks whether advice to follow a lower carbohydrate diet, either high in monounsaturated fat or low fat, high in protein had differential effects in a free-living community setting. Following weight loss on either a high monounsaturated fat, standard protein (HMF; 50 % fat, 20 % protein (67 g/d), 30 % carbohydrate) or a high protein, moderate fat (HP) (40 % protein (136 g/d), 30 % fat, 30 % carbohydrate) energy-restricted diet (6000 kJ/d) subjects were asked to maintain the same dietary pattern without intensive dietary counselling for the following 36 weeks. Overall weight loss was 6·2 (sd 7·3) kg (P < 0·01 for time with no diet effect, 7·6 (sd 8·1) kg, HMF v. 4·8 (sd 6·6) kg, HP). In a multivariate regression model predictors of weight loss at the end of the study were sex, age and reported percentage energy from protein (R2 0·22, P < 0·05 for the whole model). Fasting plasma insulin decreased (P < 0·01, with no difference between diets), 13·9 (sd 4·6) to 10·2 (sd 5·2) mIU/l, but fasting plasma glucose was not reduced. Neither total cholesterol nor LDL-cholesterol were different but HDL was higher, 1·19 (sd 0·26) v. 1·04 (sd 0·29) (P < 0·001 for time, no diet effect), while TAG was lower, 1·87 (sd 1·23) v. 2·22 (sd 1·15) mmol/l (P < 0·05 for time, no diet effect). C-reactive protein decreased (3·97 (sd 2·84) to 2·43 (sd 2·29) mg/l, P < 0·01). Food records showed that compliance to the prescribed dietary patterns was poor. After 1 year there remained a clinically significant weight loss and improvement in cardiovascular risk factors with no adverse effects of a high monounsaturated fat diet.
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CORCORAN, M., I. VICKERS, J. MERECKIENE, S. MURCHAN, S. COTTER, M. FITZGERALD, M. MCELLIGOTT, et al. "The epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults in the post-PCV era. Has there been a herd effect?" Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 11 (June 15, 2017): 2390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYThe 7 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children in many countries. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of PCVs and potential herd-protection in older adults in Ireland. IPD notification and typing data from adults ⩾65 years of age from July 2007 to June 2016 was assessed using national surveillance data. There was a 94% reduction in PCV7 serotypes from 2007–2008 to 2015–2016, incidence rate ratio (IRR 0·05, P < 0·0001). However, there was no decline in the additional PCV13 (PCV13-7) serotypes over the same period (IRR 0·90) nor in comparison with the pre-PCV13 period 2009–2010 (IRR 0·92). The incidence of serotypes in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine only (PPV23-PCV13) and non-vaccine types (NVTs) increased significantly (IRR 2·17, P = 0·0002 and IRR 3·43, P = 0·0001 respectively). Consequently, the overall IPD incidence rate in adults has remained relatively unchanged (from 28·66/100 000 to 28·88/100 000, IRR 1·01, P = 0·9477). Serotype 19A and NVTs were mainly responsible for penicillin resistance in recent years. The decline of PCV7 serotypes indicate that the introduction of PCV7 resulted in herd-protection for adults. However, increases in PPV23-PCV13 and NVTs suggest that changes in vaccination strategy amongst older adults are needed to build on the success of PCVs in children.
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JIN, H., Y. ZHAO, X. ZHANG, B. WANG, and P. LIU. "Case-fatality risk of pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis type E: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 10 (March 4, 2016): 2098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816000418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYIt is of great concern that pregnant women with acute viral hepatitis (AVH) type E have serious consequences. This study aimed to estimate the case-fatality risk (CFR) and potential risk factors of pregnant women with AVH type E. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for studies containing data on CFR in pregnancy with AVH type E. A pooled estimate of CFR was calculated using a random-effects model. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression. We identified 47 eligible studies with a total African and Asian population of 3968 individuals. The pooled CFRs of maternal and fetal outcomes were 20·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 16·6–25·3] and 34·2% (95% CI 26·0–43·0), respectively. Compared with these, the pooled CFR was highest (61·2%) in women with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). Community-based surveys had lower pooled CFR (12·2%, 95% CI 9·2–15·6) and heterogeneity (25·8%, 95% CI 20·1–32·0) than hospital-based surveys. Univariate analysis showed that hospital-based surveying (P = 0·007), and patients in the third trimester of pregnancy or with FHF (P < 0·05), were significantly associated with CFR. Intrauterine fetal mortality (27·0%) was statistically higher than neonatal mortality (3·9%). Control measures for HEV infection would reduce feto-maternal mortality in Asia and Africa.
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FERRIS, C. P., F. J. GORDON, D. C. PATTERSON, C. S. MAYNE, and D. J. KILPATRICK. "The influence of dairy cow genetic merit on the direct and residual response to level of concentrate supplementation." Journal of Agricultural Science 132, no. 4 (June 1999): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Twenty-eight high genetic merit and 32 medium genetic merit Holstein/Friesian dairy cows with Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein) of 43·3 and 1·0 kg respectively, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment consisting of eight treatments. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), while the forage component of the diet was grass silage. Diets were offered ad libitum in the form of a complete diet. Animals remained on these concentrate regimes for a mean of 84·7 days before completing a standard 98-day grazing period. At pasture, cows received either 5·0 or 6·0 kg concentrate daily according to turnout date. There were no significant genotype×nutrition interactions for any of the variables examined during either the indoor feeding or post-turnout grazing periods (P<0·05). Outputs of milk, fat, protein and fat + protein were greater for high merit cows than for medium merit animals (P<0·001). Milk output and milk protein output responses to increasing concentrate proportion were linear for both cow genotypes (P<0·001), while high merit animals showed a linear response in terms of milk fat plus protein output (P<0·01) with these responses being statistically parallel for both merits. High merit cows had a significantly higher DM intake than medium merit animals (P<0·01). With high merit animals, concentrate proportion had little effect on body tissue reserves, while medium merit animals showed a tendency for increased condition score and backfat thickness with increasing concentrate inclusions (P<0·05). In terms of the output of milk and milk constituents during the grazing period, there were no significant residual effects from winter concentrate feed rate (P>0·05), while high merit cows continued to have higher outputs of milk and milk constituents (P<0·001). Body tissue reserves of both genotypes changed little during the grazing period. It is likely that the higher milk yields of the high merit cows can be attributed both to their higher DM intakes and their ability to partition a greater proportion of the nutrients consumed into milk rather than body tissue reserves. Although statistically both high and medium merit cows responded in a similar manner to an increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet, high merit cows did exhibit a 49% greater fat plus protein yield response during the indoor period, compared to animals of medium genetic merit, perhaps hinting at the existence of a genotype×nutrition interaction.
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Breier, B. H., P. D. Gluckman, and J. J. Bass. "Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin in the infant calf: ontogeny and influence of altered nutrition." Journal of Endocrinology 119, no. 1 (October 1988): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1190043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT The developmental pattern of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin in calves subject to different patterns of weaning was investigated from birth until the age of 6 months. Fifteen male Friesian calves were fed on whole milk (10% of body weight per day) for the first 8 weeks after birth, then allocated into three balanced groups. Group 1 was weaned at 8 weeks; group 2 was weaned at 8 weeks, returned to milk-feeding at 13 weeks to be weaned again at the age of 16 weeks; group 3 was weaned at 12 weeks. After weaning the calves were fed on concentrates and lucerne hay. At birth, circulating concentrations of IGF-I correlated with birth weight (r = 0·78, P< 0·001). There was a significant (P<0·001) fall in plasma IGF-I from birth (40·3 ± 2·5 μg/l) until 5 weeks (23·8± 1·3 μg/l), and then a gradual (P<0·01) rise until week 8 (35·0 ± 2·2 μg/l). Weaning (groups 1 and 2 after week 8) caused a significant (P<0·01) decrease in plasma IGF-I (20·5 ± 1·9 μg/l); thereafter plasma levels of IGF-I rose gradually (P<0·01) in animals fed on concentrates. The milk-fed calves (group 3) showed a progressive increase in plasma IGF-I with age until they were weaned at 12 weeks (51·0 ± 3·4 μg/l); IGF-I levels then decreased to be similar to group 1 (32·5 ± 2·1 μg/l). When group 2 was returned to milk-feeding, plasma IGF-I concentrations increased to 58·2 ±3·8 μg/l within 4 days and then continued to rise gradually until decreasing upon weaning. The age-related increase in the plasma concentration of IGF-I after 6 weeks was parallel in milk- and concentrate-fed calves. Binding of 125I-labelled bovine GH to hepatic membranes of neonatal calves was low at birth (specific binding; 1·56 ±0·29% n=3). Somatotrophic binding was apparent at 6 weeks (6·43 ±0·42%, n = 3) and increased (9·2± 1·1%, n=3) at the age of 12 weeks. Thus the early postnatal changes in plasma IGF-I may reflect the transition from GH-independent to GH-dependent IGF-I secretion. Plasma concentrations of insulin at birth correlated with IGF-I (r = 0·54, P<0·05). However, regression analysis suggested no effect of insulin on birth weight independent of IGF-I. Plasma insulin levels rose gradually until weaning and thereafter were significantly (P<0·01) higher in the milk- than concentratefed calves. Major changes in plasma concentrations of IGF-I related to monogastric (milk feeding) or ruminant (concentrate feeding) nutrition of the young calf are demonstrated. They may be mediated through changing plasma insulin concentrations. An age-dependent prepubertal rise in plasma IGF-I apparently independent of nutritional factors commenced with the appearance of functional somatotrophic receptors in the liver. J. Endocr. (1988) 119, 43–50
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Kunaratnam, Kanita, Mark Halaki, Li Ming Wen, Louise A. Baur, and Victoria M. Flood. "Mother–child dietary behaviours and their observed associations with socio-demographic factors: findings from the Healthy Beginnings Trial." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003750.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFew studies have investigated the effect of maternal factors on child eating practices. Our study aimed to explore mother–child dietary behaviours and their associations with socio-demographic factors. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from control participants (n 243) in the Healthy Beginnings Trial, which involved first-time mothers and their 2-year-old children. Mother–child dietary behaviours were assessed using short dietary questions (short FFQ) and their associations with socio-demographic factors were examined using binary logistic regression. The dietary intake of 2-year-old children was characterised by low vegetable consumption and high discretionary food intake. In multivariate analysis, lower-income mothers (<Australian $40 000 per annum) reported their child was more likely to consume less fruit (<1 serve/d) (adjusted OR (AOR): 5·83; 95 % CI 1·49, 22·80) and ate hot chips more frequently (≥2 times/week) (AOR: 4·80; 95 % CI 1·28, 18·04), compared with higher-income mothers (≥Australian $40 000 per annum). Younger mothers (<25 years) reported their child consumed more sugary drinks and soft drink (>0·5 cups/d) AOR 2·93 (95 % CI 1·03, 8·35), compared with older mothers (≥25 years). Non-Australian-born mothers reported their child consumed more fruit juice (>0·5 cups/d) AOR 2·04 (95 % CI 1·02, 4·05), sweet snacks AOR 1·96 (95 % CI 1·02, 3·76) and fast food (≥2 times/week) AOR 3·67 (95 % CI 1·29, 10·43) compared with Australian-born mothers. Significant positive correlations between maternal and child dietary intake were observed for all dietary variables except milk, with the largest association for fast foods (Pearson’s r 0·52, P<0·001). This study shows that maternal factors are associated with child dietary behaviours. Targeting young mothers (<25 years) of potential disadvantage, before commencement of early feeding practices, has the potential to improve children’s diets.
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Fonseca, A. J. M., A. A. Dias-da-Silva, and A. L. G. Lourenço. "Effects of maize and citrus-pulp supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on intake and productivity in female lambs." Animal Science 73, no. 1 (April 2001): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTwo experiments with lambs given food indoors and individually penned were designed to study the effects of different levels of ground maize and citrus pulp as supplements of a diet based on urea-treated straw (5 kg urea per 100 kg straw) offered ad libitum over a period of 16 weeks (experiment 1) or 10 weeks (experiment 2). The voluntary intake, live-weight gain (LWG), organic matter digestibility (OMD), urinary allantoin-nitrogen (UAN) excretion and acetate clearance rate were measured. The lambs were blocked on weight and randomly assigned to the treatments described below. Ruminal outflow rate of the solid and liquid phases from the rumen were also measured in experiment 2.In experiment 1, 20 female lambs from the Ile-de-France breed, with an initial live weight (LW) of 43 (s.e. 3·3) kg were used. Wheat straw (WS) was supplemented with 50 g/kg of fish meal (FM) and with 0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg of ground maize on a dry-matter (DM) basis (M0, M1, M2 and M3, respectively). In experiment 2, 25 female lambs from the Portuguese breed Churra-da-Terra-Quente, with an initial LW of 24·2 (s.e. 4·3) kg were used. The straw was offered ad libitum during 10 weeks and supplemented with 50 g/kg of FM and 0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of dried citrus pulp on a DM basis (CP0, CP1, CP2, CP3 and CP4, respectively).During the experiments, all animals were moved to metabolism cages to measure OMD and UAN excretion. Two additional incubation studies were carried out with rumen fistulated rams (experiment 1) or cows (experiment 2) given the diets described above close to the maintenance feeding level.In experiment 1 daily straw DM intake linearly decreased (P < 0·05) from 21·6 to 17·7 g/kg LW and LWG linearly increased (P < 0·05) from 51 to 154 g/day for treatments M0, M1, M2 and M3, respectively. The rate of straw DM degradation was significantly decreased (P < 0·01) by maize supplementation. Straw OMD (kg/kg) was 0·562, 0·583, 0·547 and 0·520 and UAN (mg/day) was 620, 790, 854 and 859 for treatments M0, M1, M2 and M3, respectively. Acetate clearance rate, increased (P < 0·05) as the level of maize inclusion increased.In experiment 2 daily straw DM intake was 23·3, 25·8, 24·7, 23·5 and 18·6 g/kg LW per day and LWG was –9, 28, 44, 64 and 67 g/day for treatments CP0, CP1, CP2, CP3 and CP4, respectively. Supplementation significantly increased LWG (P < 0·001) but at the 400 g/kg level depressed straw DM intake. Straw OMD linearly decreased (P < 0·05) from 0·484 (CP0) to 0·428 (CP4) g/kg and UAN (mg/day) was 181, 303, 363, 384 and 392 for treatments CP0, CP1, CP2, CP3 and CP4, respectively. Rumen outflow rate of fibre particles was unaffected by supplementation while the outflow of liquid phase tended to be increased (P < 0·10). The rate of DM degradation was significantly reduced (P < 0·01) by citrus-pulp inclusion. Acetate clearance rate was unaffected (P > 0·05) by citrus-pulp supplementation.The results of these experiments demonstrate that supplementation of urea-treated straw with ground maize up to 200 g/kg or with citrus pulp up to 300 g/kg of the diet DM increased or did not depress straw intake, increased the supply of microbial protein and have no significant effect on straw digestibility. The efficiency of utilization of absorbed energy was apparently improved by maize but not by citrus-pulp supplementation.
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Diness, Birgitte R., Cesário L. Martins, Carlitos Balé, May-Lill Garly, Henrik Ravn, Amabelia Rodrigues, Hilton Whittle, Peter Aaby, and Christine S. Benn. "The effect of high-dose vitamin A supplementation at birth on measles incidence during the first 12 months of life in boys and girls: an unplanned study within a randomised trial." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 12 (February 4, 2011): 1819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510005532.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vitamin A treatment reduces mortality during acute measles infection, and vitamin A supplementation (VAS) to children above 6 months of age may reduce the incidence of measles infection. The effect of VAS at birth on measles incidence is unknown. In a randomised placebo-controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau, normal-birth-weight newborns were randomised to 50 000 IU (15 mg) VAS or placebo. During the trial, a measles epidemic occurred. We linked data from the trial with data from the measles infection surveillance and studied the effect of VAS on the measles incidence before 12 months of age in both sexes. A total of 165 measles cases were identified among the 4183 children followed from 28 d of age. Up to 6 months of age, the incidence rate ratio of measles for VAS compared with placebo was 0·54 (95 % CI 0·25, 1·15) among boys and 1·57 (95 % CI 0·80, 3·08) among girls (test of interaction, P = 0·04). The corresponding figures at 12 months were 0·67 (95 % CI 0·43, 1·05) and 1·17 (95 % CI 0·76, 1·79) (test of interaction, P = 0·08). VAS compared with placebo tended to be associated with less measles hospitalisation or death during the first 6 months of life in boys (P = 0·06), but not in girls. VAS at birth may affect the susceptibility to measles infection during the first 6 months of life in a sex-differential manner.
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Goisser, Sabine, Eva Schrader, Katrin Singler, Thomas Bertsch, Olaf Gefeller, Roland Biber, Hermann-Josef Bail, Cornel C. Sieber, and Dorothee Volkert. "Low postoperative dietary intake is associated with worse functional course in geriatric patients up to 6 months after hip fracture." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 12 (May 20, 2015): 1940–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515001282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined the relationship between postoperative dietary intake (DI) of geriatric hip fracture (HF) patients and their functional and clinical course until 6 months after hospital discharge. In eighty-eight HF patients ≥ 75 years, postoperative DI was estimated with plate diagrams of main meals over four postoperative days. DI was stratified as >50, >25–50, ≤ 25 % of meals served. Functional status according to Barthel index (activities of daily living) and patients' mobility level before fracture, postoperatively, at discharge and 6 months later were assessed and related to DI levels. In-hospital complications were recorded according to clinical diagnosis. Associations were evaluated using χ2and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and repeated-measures ANOVA and ANCOVA. Postoperatively, 28 % of participants ate >50 %, 43 % ate >25–50 % and 28 % ≤ 25 % of meals served. Irrespective of pre-fracture functional status, patients with DI ≤ 25 % had significantly lower Barthel index scores at all times after surgery (allP< 0·05) and ANOVA revealed a significant time × DI interaction effect (P= 0·047) on development of Barthel index scores that remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Patients with DI >50 % more often had regained their pre-fracture mobility level than those with DI ≤ 25 % at discharge (>50 %: 36 %; >25–50 %: 10 %; ≤ 25 %: 0 %;P= 0·001) and 6 months after discharge (88; 87; 68 %;P= 0·087) and had significantly less complications (median 2 (25th–75th percentile 1–3); 3 (25th–75th percentile 2–4); 3 (25th–75th percentile 3–4);P= 0·012). To conclude, geriatric HF patients had very low postoperative voluntary DI and thus need specific nutritional interventions to achieve adequate DI to support functional and clinical recovery.
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FRAISE, A. P., K. MITCHELL, S. J. O’BRIEN, K. OLDFIELD, and R. WISE. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes in a major UK city: an anonymized point prevalence survey." Epidemiology and Infection 118, no. 1 (February 1997): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268896007182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An anonymized point-prevalence survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage was conducted amongst a stratified random sample of nursing home residents in Birmingham, UK, during 1994. Microbiological sampling from noses, fingers and the environment was undertaken. Information about potential risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA was gathered. MRSA was isolated from cultures of the nose or fingers of 33 of the 191 residents who took part in the study (17%) but only 1 of the 33 positive residents had a clinical infection. Although just 10 of the 87 environmental samples were MRSA positive, there was some environmental contamination in most homes. Risk factors for MRSA carriage were hospital admission within the last year (relative prevalence 2·09, 95% CI 1·13–3·88; P < 0·05) and surgical procedures within the last year (relative prevalence 4·02, 95% CI 2·18–7·43; P = 0·002). Phage-typing of the strains revealed similarities with those circulating in Birmingham hospitals. These findings suggest that the prevalence of MRSA in nursing homes in Birmingham was high, and that the strains may have originated in hospitals.
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Merritt, Victoria C., Sarah M. Jurick, Laura D. Crocker, Molly J. Sullan, McKenna S. Sakamoto, Delaney K. Davey, Samantha N. Hoffman, Amber V. Keller, and Amy J. Jak. "Associations Between Multiple Remote Mild TBIs and Objective Neuropsychological Functioning and Subjective Symptoms in Combat-Exposed Veterans." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between multiple mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) and objective and subjective clinical outcomes in a sample of combat-exposed Veterans, adjusting for psychiatric distress and combat exposure. Method In this cross-sectional study, 73 combat-exposed Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans were divided into three groups based on mTBI history: 0 mTBIs (n = 31), 1–2 mTBIs (n = 21), and 3+ mTBIs (n = 21). Veterans with mTBI were assessed, on average, 7.78 years following their most recent mTBI. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and completed self-report measures assessing neurobehavioral, sleep, and pain symptoms. Results MANCOVAs adjusting for psychiatric distress and combat exposure showed no group differences on objective measures of attention/working memory, executive functioning, memory, and processing speed (all p’s > .05; ηp2 = .00–.06). In contrast, there were significant group differences on neurobehavioral symptoms (p’s = < .001–.036; ηp2 = .09–.43), sleep difficulties (p = .037; ηp2 = .09), and pain symptoms (p < .001; ηp2 = .21). Pairwise comparisons generally showed that the 3+ mTBI group self-reported the most severe symptoms, followed by comparable symptom reporting between the 0 and 1–2 mTBI groups. Conclusions History of multiple, remote mTBIs is associated with elevated subjective symptoms but not objective neuropsychological functioning in combat-exposed Veterans. These results advance understanding of the long-term consequences of repetitive mTBI in this population and suggest that Veterans with 3+ mTBIs may especially benefit from tailored treatments aimed at ameliorating specific neurobehavioral, sleep, and pain symptoms.
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Glencross, R. G., E. C. L. Bleach, B. J. McLeod, A. J. Beard, and P. G. Knight. "Effect of active immunization of heifers against inhibin on plasma FSH concentrations, ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 1 (July 1992): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT To study the effects of immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin on gonadotrophin secretion and ovarian function, prepubertal heifers (n = 6) were actively immunized against a synthetic peptide replica of the N-terminal sequence of bovine inhibin α subunit bIα(1–29)Tyr30) coupled to ovalbumin. In contrast to ovalbumin-immunized controls (n=6), bIα(1–29)Tyr30-immunized heifers had detectable inhibin antibody titres (% binding to 125I-labelled bovine inhibin at 1:2000 dilution of plasma) of 17 ± 3% (s.e.m.) at puberty, rising to 31 ± 5% by the end of the study period 7 months later. Neither age (immunized: 295 ± 8 days; controls: 300 ± 5 days) nor body weight (immunized: 254 ± 13 kg; controls 251 ± 9 kg) at onset of puberty differed between groups. Although the difference did not reach statistical significance, mean plasma FSH concentrations recorded in inhibin-immunized heifers remained 35–40% higher than in controls throughout the 12-week period leading up to puberty (P = 0·14) and during nine successive oestrous cycles studied after puberty (P=0·10). Plasma LH concentrations did not differ between groups at any time during the study. Inhibin immunization had no effect on oestrous cycle length (immunized: 19·8±0·5 days; controls: 19·9±0·5 days). However, in comparison with controls, inhibinimmunized heifers had more medium sized (≥0·5 to <1 cm diameter) follicles during both the preovulatory (95%, P<0·001) and post-ovulatory (110%, P < 0·05 waves of follicular growth and more large (>1 cm diameter) follicles during the preovulatory wave (49%, P<0·05). In addition, the number of corpora lutea observed during the post-ovulatory phase of each cycle was significantly greater in the inhibin-immunized group (43%, P<0·01), as was the recorded incidence of cycles with multiple ovulations (19/56 in the inhibin-immunized group compared with 0/54 in controls; P<0·001). All six inhibinimmunized heifers had at least one cycle with multiple ovulation whereas none of the control heifers did so. These results support the conclusion that immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin using a synthetic peptide-based vaccine can enhance ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate in heifers. Whether this ovarian response is dependent upon the expected increase in secretion of FSH remains to be established. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 11–18
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Sander, H. J., H. M. A. Meijs-Roelofs, E. C. M. van Leeuwen, P. Kramer, and W. A. van Cappellen. "Initial ovulation rate and follicle population after injection of inhibin-neutralizing antiserum in the late-prepubertal rat." Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 2 (August 1991): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1300289.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT In late-prepubertal female rats passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin was achieved by injection of inhibin antiserum. Effects on follicle population, timing of sexual maturation, ovulation rate at first and second oestrus and serum FSH levels were studied. Rats were injected with antiserum, (non-immune) control serum from castrated sheep (castrated serum) or their IgG fractions, or with saline on day 33 or 3 or 2 days (days −3/−2) before the expected day of first ovulation, day 38·5±0·2 (n = 70). Blood was collected from different subgroups at 8, 24 and 48 h, and at first and second oestrus after injection. At necropsy, ovaries were histologically prepared for differential counting of follicles (48 h and first oestrus) and counting of corpora lutea (CL; first and second oestrus) as an index of ovulation rate. Results from rats injected with either serum or its IgG fraction were not different, as was the case when rats were injected with either castrated serum or saline. Thus, results from groups treated with antiserum and antiserum IgG were combined and labelled 'antiserum', and the castrated serum, castrated serum IgG and saline-treated groups were combined and labelled 'control'. The activity of inhibin-neutralizing antibodies in the circulation of antiserum-treated rats was reduced by 43% between 8 h and second oestrus after injection, as determined by the binding of purified bioactive radioiodinated 31 kDa bovine inhibin. After antiserum injection on day 33, more healthy antral follicles (vol. > 100 × 105 μm3, diameter > 260 μm) were present in the ovaries at 48 h (70·6 vs 54·4; P < 0·05) and at first oestrus (73·1 vs 50·8; P < 0·05) if first oestrus was reached within 5 days, but numbers were not different if first oestrus was more than 5 days after injection (52·6 vs 50·8). The number of CL after injection of antiserum on day 33 was increased at first oestrus compared with control (13·4±0·5, n = 30, vs 10·0±0·2, n = 40; P<0·001), an effect that was even more clearly present in antiserum-injected rats ovulating within 5 days (14·4±0·7, n = 20; P < 0·001). Rats injected with antiserum at days −3/−2 showed a doubling of ovulation rate at first oestrus when compared with control animals (21·5±0·8, n = 12, vs 10·5±0·2, n = 15; P < 0·001). No differences in the number of CL was seen at second oestrus. Age and body weight on the day of first ovulation were not influenced by antiserum treatment. Serum FSH was significantly (P < 0·01) increased at 8 h after antiserum injection on either day 33 or on days −3/−2 to a level of 250 and 800% of control levels respectively. Thus, injection with inhibin–neutralizing antiserum into prepubertal female rats resulted, through an increase in serum FSH concentration 8 h after injection, in the growth of additional numbers of healthy antral follicles. Supranormal ovulation rate occurred if antiserum injections were given within the last 5 days before first ovulation, with a maximal ovulation rate after injection on days −3/−2. The data support the view that, in the immature female rat during the last 5 days before the day of first ovulation, inhibin is (through its regulation of serum FSH levels) progressively involved in the control of follicle growth and ovulation rate. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 130, 289–296
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Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh, Navid, Mohammad Ali Nazari, and Abdol Ahad Shadparvar. "Genetic perspective of milk yield persistency in the first three lactations of Iranian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)." Journal of Dairy Research 84, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic parameters and genetic trends for different measures of persistency (PM) for milk yield in Iranian buffaloes using a random regression test day model. Test day records of the first three lactations of buffaloes within 715 herds comprising 43 014, 38 941 and 33 937 records, respectively, were obtained from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran during 1992 to 2012. Legendre polynomial functions were chosen to fit the lactation curves in the framework of a random regression test day model for estimating (co)variance components. Three measures of persistency were modified based on the lactation curve conditions of buffaloes: (1) The average of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for test day milk yields from day 226 to day 270 as a deviation from the average of EBVs from day 44 to day 62 (PM1), (2) A summation of contribution for each day from day 53 to day 247 as a deviation from day 248 (PM2), (3) The difference between EBVs for day 257 and day 80 (PM3). The highest heritability estimates were observed for PM2over the first three lactations (0·29, 0·80 and 0·42, respectively). Estimates of genetic correlations between persistency measures and milk yield varied from −0·48 to 0·29 (first lactation), from −0·12 to 0·48 (second lactation), and from −0·62 to 0·63 (third lactation). Estimate of genetic trend for first lactation PM2was negative (−0·0088 ± 0·0043;P< 0·05). It is essential to include milk yield persistency in the breeding goal of Iranian buffaloes along with other important traits such as milk yield or reproductive traits.
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Dixon, SG, CT Bruce, CJ Glueck, P. Wang, RK Hutchins, and RA Sisk. "ID: 40: OPHTHALMOLOGISTS SHOULD ASSESS FOR THROMBOPHILIA, A MAJOR CAUSE OF CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY AND CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION." Journal of Investigative Medicine 64, no. 4 (March 22, 2016): 944.2–945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2016-000120.65.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundThrombotic retinal vascular occlusive disease, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), are well known causes of visual loss. They are often associated with familial thrombophilia, which may predispose to other thrombotic events.Abstract ID: 40 Table 1Coagulation disorders in 77 women with retinal thrombosis (16 CRAO, 61 CRVO). Factor V LeidenPTGMTHFRPAIGHomocys- teine1Factor VIIIFactor XIProtein CProtein SFree SAntithrombin IIIAbnormal rangeTC,TTTC, TTTT4G4Gumol/L>150%>150%<73%<63%<66%<8062 Normal female controlsAge 44±12, med=432/61(3%)2/62(3%)21/61(34%)13/56(23%)0/62(0%)6/57(11%)2/55(4%)2/53(4%)4/53(8%)2/53(4%)1/52(2%)16 CRAO womenAge 52±19, med=542/16(13%)0/16(0%)7/16(44%)3/13(23%)2/16(13%)*6/16(38%)†4/16(25%)†0/16(0%)1/15(7%)4/15(27%)†0/15(0%)61 CRVO womenAge 64±17, med=638/60(13%)6/57(11%)19/61(31%)19/58(33%)16/61(26%)§§24/56(43%)§12/54(22%)††2/57(4%)1/57(2%)4/51(8%)1/54(2%)All 77 Ocular thrombosisAge 61±18, med=6110/76(13%)6/73(8%)26/77(34%)22/71(31%)18/77(23%)§§30/72(42%)§§16/70(23%)††2/73(3%)2/72(3%)8/66(12%)1/69(2%)1 dated cut point for Homocysteine high: ≥15 (11/15/08–12/2/14); ≥10.4 (after 2/3/14). *p<.05, †p<.025, ††p<.01, §p<.001, §§p<.0001, comparing with 62 normal female controls by Fisher's test.Specific aimWe compared measures of thrombophilia in 77 women with retinal vascular occlusion, 16 with CRAO (mean±SD age 52±19) and 61 with CRVO (mean±SD age 64±17), compared to 62 healthy female controls (mean±SD age 44±12) without ocular thrombosis to better delineate the role of thrombophilia in retinal vascular occlusion.ResultsOf 11 measures of thrombophilia, the 77 women with retinal vascular occlusion were more likely to have ≥1 abnormal level (90%) when compared to 62 normal female controls (44%, p<0.0001). Among the 77 women with RVO, homocysteine was elevated in 23%, compared to 0% in 62 normal female controls (p<0.0001). Factor VIII was elevated in 42%, compared to 11% in normal female controls (p<0.0001). Factor XI was elevated in 23%, compared to 4% in normal female controls (p=0.0020). Further analysis based on diagnosis of CRAO or CRVO in 77 total women with retinal vascular occlusion revealed that homocysteine was elevated in 13% of women with CRAO and in 26% of women with CRVO compared to 0% of 62 healthy normal female controls (p=0.04, <0.0001). Factors VIII and XI were elevated in 16 women with CRAO (38%, 25% [p=0.019, 0.021]) and in 61 women with CRVO (43%, 22% [p=0.0001, 0.0041]) compared to normal female controls (11%, 4%). The 16 women with CRAO were significantly more likely than normal female controls (27% vs 4%, p=0.019) to have low free protein S (<66%).ConclusionBy screening for thrombophilia in women with CRAO and CRVO who have early onset of disease, severe phenotypes, or lack typical risk factors of retinal vascular occlusion, ophthalmologists may assist in diagnosis of common familial thrombophilias. Appropriate diagnosis has relevance not only for retinal vascular occlusion, but also for obstetric and thrombotic outcomes in the probands and in their first-degree relatives.
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Hornick, J. L., C. van Eenaeme, A. Clinquart, O. Gerard, and L. Istasse. "Different modes of food restriction and compensatory growth in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls: animal performance, carcass and meat characteristics." Animal Science 69, no. 3 (December 1999): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051419.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFifty double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls were divided into five groups. The first group (control, CG) was given, on an ad libitum basis, a fattening diet based on sugar-beet pulp. In G2 and G3, fattening was interrupted 103 and 187 days, respectively after the beginning of the experiment, by approximately a 2-month period of food restriction during which the animals received a maintenance ration. The last two groups, namely G4 and G5, received for about 4 months a limited amount of the restriction diet to support growth of 0·5 and 0 kg/day, respectively, before being fattened as CG. The average daily gain was 1·48 kg/day in CG v. 1·33, 1·30, 1·43 and 1·61 kg/day during the period of ad libitum feeding in G2, G3, G4 and G5. Higher nitrogen (N) balance during compensatory growth in G2, G4 and G5 (78·8, 81·0 and 74·6 v. 53·3 g N per day in CG, P < 0·001) resulted mainly from a higher efficiency of N retention. In G3, however, compensatory growth was characterized by lower N digestibility and efficiency of N retention. Muscle proportion in the carcass was higher in G3 while fat plus connective tissue proportion was lower (P < 0·05). Muscle pH values in CG were lower than in the other groups (P < 0·01) but ether extract values were higher. The intramuscular fat of G2 and G3 was characterized by higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids.