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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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1

Settefrati, Amico, Elisabeth Aeby-Gautier, Moukrane Dehmas, Guillaume Geandier, Benoît Appolaire, Sylvain Audion, and Jerôme Delfosse. "Precipitation in a near Beta Titanium Alloy on Ageing: Influence of Heating Rate and Chemical Composition of the Beta-Metastable Phase." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.760.

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In the present study we focus on the precipitation processes during heating and ageing of β-metastable phase in the near β Ti-5553 alloy. Transformation processes have been studied using continuous high energy X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and electrical resistivity for two different states of the β-metastable phase. Microstructures have been observed by electron microscopy. Different transformation sequences are highlighted depending on both heating rate and chemical composition of the β-metastable phase. At low temperatures and low heating rates, the hexagonal ωisophase is first formed as generally mentioned in the literature. Increasing the temperature, XRD evidences the formation of an orthorhombic phase (α’’), which evolves toward the hexagonal pseudo compact α phase. For higher heating rates or for richer composition in β-stabilizing elements of the β-metastable phase, ω phase may not form and α’’ forms directly and again transforms into α phase. A direct transformation from β-metastable to a phase is observed for the highest heating rate. The formation of the metastable ωisoand α’’ phases clearly influences the final morphology of α.
2

Niinomi, Mitsuo. "Enhancement of Mechanical Biocompatibility of Titanium Alloys by Deformation-Induced Transformation." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.125.

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Metastable β-type titanium alloys are highly suitable for use as structural biomaterials applied to hard tissue, i.e., as cortical bone (hereafter, bone) replacing implants. However, their mechanical biocompatibitities, such as the Young’s modulus, strength and ductility balance, fatigue strength, resistance against fatigue crack propagation and fracture toughness, require improvenent for increased compatibility with bone. Through deformation, the metastable β-phase in a metastable β-type titanium alloy is transformed into various phases, such as α’ martensite, α” martensite, and ω-phases with exact phase depending by metastable β-phase stability. In addition, twinning is also induced by deformation. Deformation twinning effectively enhances the work hardening in the metastable β-type titanium alloy, leading to increased strength and ductility. This improvement is accompanied by with other deformation-induced transformations including the appearance of deformation-induced martensite and ω-phase transformation. The enhancement of the mechanical biocompatibility of various materials using the abovementioned deformation-induced transformation is described in this paper, for both newly developed metastable β-type Ti-Mo and Ti-Cr alloys for biomedical applications.
3

Wong, Ka-Kin, Hsueh-Chuan Hsu, Shih-Ching Wu, and Wen-Fu Ho. "A Review: Design from Beta Titanium Alloys to Medium-Entropy Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials 16, no. 21 (November 5, 2023): 7046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16217046.

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β-Ti alloys have long been investigated and applied in the biomedical field due to their exceptional mechanical properties, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Metastable β-Ti alloys have garnered interest in the realm of biomaterials owing to their notably low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the inherent correlation between a low elastic modulus and relatively reduced strength persists, even in the case of metastable β-Ti alloys. Enhancing the strength of alloys contributes to improving their fatigue resistance, thereby preventing an implant material from failure in clinical usage. Recently, a series of biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys, composed of biocompatible elements such as Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, and Mo, have been developed. Leveraging the contributions of the four core effects of high-entropy alloys, both biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys exhibit excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, albeit accompanied by an elevated elastic modulus. To satisfy the demands of biomedical implants, researchers have sought to synthesize the strengths of high-entropy alloys and metastable β-Ti alloys, culminating in the development of metastable high-entropy/medium-entropy alloys that manifest both high strength and a low elastic modulus. Consequently, the design principles for new-generation biomedical medium-entropy alloys and conventional metastable β-Ti alloys can be converged. This review focuses on the design from β-Ti alloys to the novel metastable medium-entropy alloys for biomedical applications.
4

Yin, Jin Gou, Gang Chen, Shao Yang Zhao, Ping Tan, Zheng Feng Li, Jian Wang, and Hui Ping Tang. "Titanium-Tantalum Alloy Powder Produced by the Plasma Rotating Electrode Process (PREP)." Key Engineering Materials 770 (May 2018): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.770.18.

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Microstructure of Ti-28Ta powders produced by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Phase constituent of the PREP Ti-28Ta powders was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that microstructure of the PREP Ti-28Ta powders was dependent on the powder particle sizes. Predominant martensitic α”, some metastable β and trace athermal ω phases were observed in the powders with the small diameter. While, phase constituent of the PREP Ti-28Ta powders with the large particle size was predominant metastable β, some martensitic α” and trace athermal ω. With the reduction of the powder particle size, the amount of martensitic α” increased and the metastable β decreased. The martensitic α” was formed preferentially on the metastable β grain boundaries of the PREP Ti-28Ta powders. The increase of α” phase and decrease of β with reduction of the powder particle size is attributed to the increase of the volume of the grain boundaries due to the grain refinement.
5

Prima, Frédéric, Philippe Vermaut, I. Thibon, D. Ansel, Jean Debuigne та Thierry Gloriant. "Nanostructured Metastable β-Titanium Based Alloy". Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 13 (січень 2002): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.13.307.

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6

Prima, Frédéric, Philippe Vermaut, I. Thibon, D. Ansel, Jean Debuigne та Thierry Gloriant. "Nanostructured Metastable β-Titanium Based Alloy". Materials Science Forum 386-388 (січень 2002): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.386-388.307.

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7

Gialanella, S., та L. Lutterotti. "Metastable structures in α–β′ brass". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 317-318 (квітень 2001): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(00)01374-8.

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8

Dobromyslov, A. V. "Phase Transformation in Binary Titanium-Base Alloys with Metals of the I, IV−VIII Groups." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1349.

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Martensitic β→α′(α″) transformation, β→ω transformation and eutectoid decomposition in a series of Ti-base alloys with d transition metals of Groups I, IV-VIII have been investigated using the techniques of X-ray diffraction, optical and transmission electron microscopy. Phase and structural information is given on the non-equilibrium and metastable modifications occurring in these alloys after quenching from high-temperature β-field and aging. The conditions of the orthorhombic α″-phase, ω-phase and metastable β-phase formation in binary titanium–base alloys with d-metals of V-VIII groups were investigated. It was established that the position of the alloying metal in the Periodic Table defines the presence or absence of the α″-phase in the alloy after quenching and the minimum concentration of the alloying metal necessary for formation of the α″-phase, ω-phase and metastable β-phase.
9

Bovier, Anton, Frank den Hollander, and Saeda Marello. "Metastability for Glauber Dynamics on the Complete Graph with Coupling Disorder." Communications in Mathematical Physics 392, no. 1 (March 17, 2022): 307–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-022-04351-8.

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AbstractConsider the complete graph on n vertices. To each vertex assign an Ising spin that can take the values $$-1$$ - 1 or $$+1$$ + 1 . Each spin $$i \in [n]=\{1,2,\dots , n\}$$ i ∈ [ n ] = { 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n } interacts with a magnetic field $$h \in [0,\infty )$$ h ∈ [ 0 , ∞ ) , while each pair of spins $$i,j \in [n]$$ i , j ∈ [ n ] interact with each other at coupling strength $$n^{-1} J(i)J(j)$$ n - 1 J ( i ) J ( j ) , where $$J=(J(i))_{i \in [n]}$$ J = ( J ( i ) ) i ∈ [ n ] are i.i.d. non-negative random variables drawn from a probability distribution with finite support. Spins flip according to a Metropolis dynamics at inverse temperature $$\beta \in (0,\infty )$$ β ∈ ( 0 , ∞ ) . We show that there are critical thresholds $$\beta _c$$ β c and $$h_c(\beta )$$ h c ( β ) such that, in the limit as $$n\rightarrow \infty $$ n → ∞ , the system exhibits metastable behaviour if and only if $$\beta \in (\beta _c, \infty )$$ β ∈ ( β c , ∞ ) and $$h \in [0,h_c(\beta ))$$ h ∈ [ 0 , h c ( β ) ) . Our main result is a sharp asymptotics, up to a multiplicative error $$1+o_n(1)$$ 1 + o n ( 1 ) , of the average crossover time from any metastable state to the set of states with lower free energy. We use standard techniques of the potential-theoretic approach to metastability. The leading order term in the asymptotics does not depend on the realisation of J, while the correction terms do. The leading order of the correction term is $$\sqrt{n}$$ n times a centred Gaussian random variable with a complicated variance depending on $$\beta ,h$$ β , h , on the law of J and on the metastable state. The critical thresholds $$\beta _c$$ β c and $$h_c(\beta )$$ h c ( β ) depend on the law of J, and so does the number of metastable states. We derive an explicit formula for $$\beta _c$$ β c and identify some properties of $$\beta \mapsto h_c(\beta )$$ β ↦ h c ( β ) . Interestingly, the latter is not necessarily monotone, meaning that the metastable crossover may be re-entrant.
10

Liao, Guang Yue, Shun Guo, Zhen Zhen Bao та Xin Qing Zhao. "β Stability and Mechanical Behavior of Metastable β Type TiNb Based Alloys". Materials Science Forum 747-748 (лютий 2013): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.941.

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Metastable β type TiNb based alloys of Ti-35Nb, Ti-35Nb-4Sn and Ti-42Nb-4Sn (wt. %) with different stability were prepared and thermo-mechanical treatment was carried out to investigate their microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. It was found that although the TiNb based alloy with lower stability performs lower strength in its solution state due to the stress induced martensitic transformation, they could be strengthened significantly by severe cold rolling followed by aging, remaining a relative low elastic modulus. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical test were conducted to characterize the microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of the metastable β type TiNb based alloys with different β stability. The strengthening mechanism was discussed on the basis of the cold deformation and martensitic transformation.
11

Su, Yunting, Chuanxin Liang та Dong Wang. "Composition- and temperature-dependence of β to ω phase transformation in Ti-Nb alloys". Journal of Materials Informatics 3, № 3 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jmi.2023.12.

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ω phases have shown great effects on the superelasticity and modulus of metastable β-Ti alloys. In this study, the microstructure evolution during cooling and aging for β → ω phase transformation is investigated by integrating a thermodynamic database with phase field simulations. Our CALPHAD calculations based on an available thermodynamic database give the Gibbs energies of metastable β (Nb-lean β1 + Nb-rich β2 produced via spinodal decomposition) and ω phases in Ti-Nb. Informed by the results, our phase field simulations show that the formation mechanisms of ω exhibit dependence on the composition and temperature. The ω can form in Ti-26 at.% Nb without the assistance of spinodal decomposition. Further analysis shows that the precursory spinodal decomposition in the β phase occurs in Ti-50 at.% Nb, and could induce geometrically confined ω. The novel transformation pathway could create unique morphology of ω. This study could elucidate new insights into the ω phase transformation in Ti-Nb alloys and metastable β-Ti alloys having spinodal decomposition.
12

Jayalakshmi, S., Eric Fleury, and Ki Bae Kim. "Structure–Mechanical Properties Correlation in a Hydrogenated Ti-Based In-Situ Amorphous Matrix Composite." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.459.

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Ti50Zr25Cu25 in-situ composite ribbons consisting of metastable β-Ti crystalline phase in an amorphous matrix was studied for its structural stability and mechanical properties after hydrogenation. On annealing, dissolution of the metastable β-Ti phase occurred. On hydrogenation, upto ~60 at.% hydrogen was obtained and hydrogen-induced amorphization occurred. The fracture strength of the hydrogenated composite indicated that it was mechanically stable even for high hydrogen contents.
13

Kim, Han Sol, and Won Yong Kim. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Biologically-Inspired Ti-Nb Based Alloys with Ternary Element Additions." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.647.

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Microstructures and mechanical properties including elastic modulus were investigated in terms of ternary alloying elements Si addition, Nb content variations and tensile test. Martensite structure with α'(hcp) or α"(orthorhombic) was observed in Ti-xNb-1.5at.%Si, where x=10-20at.%. The crystal structure of martensite formed from water quenching process was largely dependent upon Nb content but does not on Si content. On the basis of experimental results obtained, it is suggested that Si has an effective role to suppress the precipitation of ω phase leading to reduction in elastic modulus in the metastable β phase region. Metastable β phase region was superior to reduce the elastic modulus than stable β phase region in the present alloy system. The minimum value of elastic modulus was measured to 48GPa. We have found that stress-induced martensitic transformation takes place during the deformation in the present alloys. Within the alloys having β(bcc) phase studied Nb-poor region appeared to exhibit a dominant behavior for stress-induced martensitic transformation than Nb-rich region. This result suggests that metastable β phase is superior to stable β phase for the occurrence of stress-induced martensitic transformation in the present alloy system.
14

Zhou, Zhenhua, Jianhua Zhao, Wenkui Wang та Liling Sun. "Formation of bulk β–FeSi2by annealing rapidly solidified α–FeSi2ribbons". Journal of Materials Research 15, № 5 (травень 2000): 1045–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0149.

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Solidification of FeSi2alloy by single-roller rapid solidification technology was studied, and monophase α–FeSi2ribbons were obtained. Phase evolution of the monophase and metastable α–FeSi2ribbons during subsequent annealing was studied within situelectric resistance measurements. The results show that the metastable α–FeSi2phase transforms into the β–FeSi2phase at about 620 °C and then transforms into the α–FeSi2phase again at a higher temperature when heated. A new relatively simple method to prepare bulk β–FeSi2alloy, that is, formation of bulk β–FeSi2alloy by annealing monophase α–FeSi2alloy, is presented.
15

Gougeon, P., M. Potel та M. Sergent. "Structure of the metastable binary β-Mo15Se19". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 47, № 9 (15 вересня 1991): 1791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270191003050.

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16

McCarron, E. M. "β-MoO3: a metastable analogue of WO3". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., № 4 (1986): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c39860000336.

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17

Fanning, J. C., та S. P. Fox. "Recent Developments in Metastable β Strip Alloys". Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 14, № 6 (1 грудня 2005): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994905x75484.

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18

Chirkov, Pavel V., Roman M. Kichigin, Alexey V. Karavaev та Vladimir V. Dremov. "Direct atomistic simulations of metastable state destruction in titanium (β-α martensitic transition) caused by external influences". EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125002011.

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Large-scale classical molecular dynamics (CMD) is utilized to simulate the β→α phase transition in pure titanium. Samples with a metastable polycrystalline bcc structure are prepared using crystallization from liquid state and subsequent recrystallization at elevated temperatures. Controlling the heating-cooling regimes we prepared two different kinds of samples with coarse and fine grain structures. The metastable bcc samples were relaxed at temperatures noticeably lower than the equilibrium β-α transition temperature. During the following cooling of the samples down to room temperature, transitions to the α phase start. With the prepared metastable bcc samples of two kinds we perform the CMD study of the β→α transition under plain shock wave loading and imposed shear deformations. From the CMD simulations we obtain information about the transformation barriers, mechanisms, and kinetics. Results of CMD simulations suggest that grain boundaries hamper the hcp phase growth.
19

Fukui, Koichiro, Ayaka Mori, Masanori Mitome, and Mahoto Takeda. "The Metastable Phase Responsible for Hardenig in an Al-Mg Alloy Aged at 473K." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.123.

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The present work investigated precipitation behavior in an Al-17at%Mg alloy isothermally aged at 473K, by means of Vickers microhardness tests, DSC measurements and TEM observations. A quantitative analysis of DSC measurements revealed that the metastable β-phase precipitates mainly contribute to precipitation hardening of this alloy aged at 473K. The present STEM-EDX observations confirmed that the metastable β-phase precipitate has a layer structure with a composition similar to the stable phase (Al3Mg2).
20

Fei, Yue, Xin Nan Wang, Zhi Shou Zhu, Jun Li, Guo Qiang Shang та Li Wei Zhu. "β Grain Growth Kinetics of a New Metastable β Titanium Alloy". Materials Science Forum 747-748 (лютий 2013): 844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.844.

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Ti-Mo-Nb-Cr-Al-Fe-Si alloy is a new metastable β titanium alloy with excellent combination of strength and ductility. The β grain-growth exponent and the activation energies for β grain growth for the investigated alloy at specified temperature were computed by the kinetic equations and the Arrhenius-type equation. The rate of β grain growth decreases with elongating solution treated time and increases with the increasing solution-treated temperature. The β grain-growth exponents, n, are 0.461, 0.464 and 0.469 at 1113, 1133 and 1153K, respectively. The β grain growth activation energy is determined to be 274 KJ/mol.
21

Grosdidier, Thierry, Christophe Roubaud, Marie-Jeanne Philippe та Yves Combres. "The deformation mechanisms in the β-metastable β-Cez titanium alloy". Scripta Materialia 36, № 1 (січень 1997): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(96)00341-7.

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22

Huang, Lue, Lijun Peng, Xujun Mi, Gang Zhao, Guojie Huang, Haofeng Xie, and Wenjing Zhang. "Effect of Cold Working on the Properties and Microstructure of Cu-3.5 wt% Ti Alloy." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 8042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228042.

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Cu-Ti alloys were strengthened by β’-Cu4Ti metastable precipitation during aging. With the extension of the aging time, the β’-Cu4Ti metastable phase transformed into the equilibrium β-Cu4Ti phase. The Cu-3.5 wt% Ti(Cu-4.6 at% Ti) alloys with different processing were aged at different temperatures for various times after solution treatment at 880 °C for 1 h. The electrical conductivity of samples under different heat treatments had shown an upward trend as time increased during aging, but the hardness reached the peak value and then decreased. The hardness and electrical conductivity of the samples with 70% deformation after aging are higher tha n the samples without deformation. Deformation after aging would cause the metastable phase to dissolve into a matrix. The best combination value of conductivity and hardness is 13.88% IACS and 340.78 Hv, and the optimal heat treatment is 500 °C for 2 h + 70% deformation + 450 °C for 2 h.
23

Nunes, Aline Raquel Vieira, Sinara Borborema, Leonardo Sales Araújo, Luiz Henrique de de Almeida та Michael J. Kaufman. "Production of a Novel Biomedical β-Type Titanium Alloy Ti-23.6Nb-5.1Mo-6.7Zr with Low Young’s Modulus". Metals 12, № 10 (24 вересня 2022): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101588.

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Metastable β titanium alloys are developed for biomedical applications due to their low Young’s moduli and functional properties. These alloys can be fitted to different parts of orthopedic implants through thermomechanical processing and chemical composition control. This study aimed to produce, process, and characterize a new metastable β titanium Ti-23.6Nb-5.1Mo-6.7Zr alloy on a semi-industrial scale for orthopedic implant manufacturing, and to discuss the influence of the cold rolling and transformed phases during aging in the microstructure and mechanical properties. This alloy was produced in a vacuum arc remelting furnace (VAR) and thermomechanically processed under different conditions. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, optical, and scanning electron microscopy, and Young’s modulus (YM) and Vickers Hardness (HV) tests. Among other processing conditions, the sample that was 50% cold rolled after solution treatment, which resulted in a microstructure with β and α″ phases, had the lowest YM (~57 GPa), and the sample aged at 300 °C for 2 h had the highest HV/YM ratio (5.42). The new alloy produced in this work, processed by different routes, showed better mechanical properties than most recently developed metastable Ti-β Alloys.
24

Xing, H., A. P. Dong, and J. Huang. "Twinnability of Ti-V Binary Alloys: Simulation and Experiment." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 11092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032111092.

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Recently metastable β titanium alloys has attracted much attention due to their important application in biomaterials. In this study, the defects and mechanical properties of bcc disordered β Ti-alloys are investigated theoretically by first-principles method. The elastic moduli, generalized stacking fault energies, twinnability in β Ti-V alloys were surveyed by calculations with virtual crystal approximation. The results show that the structural stability and generalized stacking fault energy decrease with reducing valence electron number (e/a) in the β Titanium alloys. Both twinning formation energies and twinning migration energies decrease with reducing electron valance numbers, which suggests that the energy barrier for twinning formation deceases with lower structural stability. The twins in the metastable Ti-25 at.%V alloy can form near the crack tip or triggered by the high local stress during the nucleation. As the twin is thickened, the required local stress is also greatly reduced and it can grow away from the crack tip for metastable titanium alloys. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that twins are more easily observed in Ti-V alloys with relatively low electron concentrations, which confirms the theoretical conclusion that the lower the electron concentration, the easier the twin formation.
25

Zhang, Ningsi, Xin Wang, Jianyong Feng, Huiting Huang, Yongsheng Guo, Zhaosheng Li та Zhigang Zou. "Paving the road toward the use of β-Fe2O3 in solar water splitting: Raman identification, phase transformation and strategies for phase stabilization". National Science Review 7, № 6 (9 березня 2020): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa039.

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Abstract Although β-Fe2O3 has a high theoretical solar-to-hydrogen efficiency because of its narrow band gap, the study of β-Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting is elusive as a result of their metastable nature. Raman identification of β-Fe2O3 is theoretically and experimentally investigated in this study for the first time, thus clarifying the debate about its Raman spectrum in the literature. Phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was found to potentially take place under laser and electron irradiation as well as annealing. Herein, phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was inhibited by introduction of Zr doping, and β-Fe2O3 was found to withstand a higher annealing temperature without any phase transformation. The solar water splitting photocurrent of the Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 photoanode was increased by 500% compared to that of the pure β-Fe2O3 photoanode. Additionally, Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 exhibited very good stability during the process of solar water splitting. These results indicate that by improving its thermal stability, metastable β-Fe2O3 film is a promising photoanode for solar water splitting.
26

Осипов, А. В., Ш. Ш. Шарофидинов, А. В. Кремлева, Е. В. Осипова, А. М. Смирнов та С. А. Кукушкин. "Фазовые превращения в слоях оксида галлия". Письма в журнал технической физики 49, № 17 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2023.17.56078.19632.

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The three main crystalline modifications of Ga2O3, namely α-phase, ε-phase, and β-phase were grown on sapphire substrates using the hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) method. The temperatures of the substrates and the values of the precursor fluxes required to obtain each phase exclusively were determined. It was observed that the metastable ε-phase easily transforms into a stable β-phase during annealing. However, the metastable α-phase undergoes an intermediate amorphous phase during annealing, leading to flaking and collapse. This behavior arises from the excessively large increase in density (~10%) during the transformation from α-phase to β-phase, which results in significant elastic stresses and an increase in the height of the phase transition barrier.
27

Kim, Sung Jin, Hee Gon Bang, and Sang Yeup Park. "Low Temperature Synthesis of Porous Cordierite from Fly Ash." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.638.

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Cordierite is known as three different crystalline forms, such as metastable form (µ- cordierite), high temperature form (α–cordierite; indialite), and low temperature form (β-cordierite). In general, cordierite has a phase transition behavior from metastable form to high temperature form. In this study, we focused to synthesize the porous cordierite at low temperature using reaction method without metastable form. When we used a pure starting powders (Al2O3, MgO, and SiO2), metastable cordierite and Mg spinel phase was obtained during the heat treatment. However, fly ash based mixture used as a starting powder, we obtained a porous α–cordierite at low synthesis temperature through transition from sapphirine/spinel and mullite/spinel
28

Aeby-Gautier, E., A. Settefrati, F. Bruneseaux, B. Appolaire, B. Denand, M. Dehmas, G. Geandier та P. Boulet. "Isothermal α″ formation in β metastable titanium alloys". Journal of Alloys and Compounds 577 (листопад 2013): S439—S443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.02.046.

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29

Bai, Hongjie, Hao Deng, Longqing Chen, Xianbo Liu, Xiaorong Qin, Dingguo Zhang, Tong Liu, and Xudong Cui. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser-Melted Ti64 and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe." Metals 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040534.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown the ability in processing titanium alloys. However, due to the unique thermal history in AM, the microstructure of AM-fabricated parts is metastable and non-equilibrium. This work was aiming to tailor the microstructure and to improve the mechanical properties of α+β Ti-6Al-4V alloy and metastable β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloys by manipulating the post-process heat treatment. The results showed that Ti-6Al-4V exhibited a metastable α’ martensite microstructure in the as-fabricated condition, while a metastable β structure was formed in as-printed Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe. After post-process heat treatment, both lamellar and bimodal microstructures were obtained in Ti64 and Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloys. Especially, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy subjected to 950 °C annealing showed the lamellar structure with the highest fracture toughness of 90.8 ± 2.1 MPa.m1/2. The one cyclically heat-treated has excellent combined strength, ductility and fracture toughness attributed to the bimodal structure. In addition, similar observations of lamellar and bimodal microstructure appeared in the post-process heat-treated Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-1Cr-1Fe alloy. This study demonstrated that heat treatment is an effective way to tackle the non-equilibrium microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of selective laser melting (SLM)-fabricated titanium alloys.
30

Kim, Won Yong, Han Sol Kim, and Sung Hwan Lim. "Effects of Oxygen on Phase Stability and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Ti-Nb Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1377.

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The effects of oxygen content on microstructures, elastic modulus and tensile properties of quenched Ti-Nb alloys were investigated in order to design a desirable Ti based alloy through casting process. From the microstructural and phase analysis, it is evidently revealed that the volume fraction of β phase increased with increasing content of oxygen, and the occurrence of intermediate ω phase was suppressed in metastable β Ti-Nb based alloys. Martensite transformation temperature decreased with increasing content of oxygen. Therefore, it is suggested that oxygen acts to stabilize β phase rather than α stabilizer in quenched state. Yield strength increased with increasing content of oxygen without a large consumption of ductility in metastable β Ti-Nb based alloys. The variation of mechanical property was explained by the phase stability, phase formation and microstructure in correlation with oxygen and Nb content.
31

SANGUINETTI, R., M. ZANDONA, A. PIANELLI та E. GAUTIER. "Decomposition of β-metastable phase in β-Cez alloy during continuous heating". Le Journal de Physique IV 03, № C7 (листопад 1993): C7–527—C7–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1993785.

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32

Knapp, J. A., and D. M. Follstaedt. "Rapid e-beam heating for studying metastable transitions in Mn." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 6 (December 1989): 1393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.1393.

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We have used rapid e-beam heating and quenching to study metastable transitions between allotropic phases in Mn and to determine relative rates of transformation between the allotropes. The equilibrium α ⇉ β transition at 720 °C is bypassed and the metastable α ⇉ γ transition is observed to occur at a temperature (880 ± 30 °C) near that predicted thermodynamically (864 °C).
33

Kim, Won Yong. "Microstructure and Pseudoelasticity of Ti-Nb-Si Based Alloys with Biocompatible Alloying Elements." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 2151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.2151.

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We have newly designed a metastable β Ti-Nb-Si based alloy with biocompatible alloying elements without containing toxic V or Al for orthodontic applications. Microstructures and pseudoelastic behavior of β Ti-Nb-Si alloys were investigated in order to correlate the pseudoelasticity and microstructure together with martensite transformation. Nb and Si alloying to the present alloy make β phase to be stable. It is found that metastable β phase is favorable to display pseudoelastic behavior than stable or unstable β phase. Optical microscope (OM) revealed that stress-induced martensitic transformation takes place during room temperature deformation in the present alloys. Within the alloys having β (bcc) phase studied the alloy with low content of Si appeared to exhibit a dominant behavior for stress-induced martensitic transformation than that with high content of Si. After recrystallization heat treatment pseudoelasticity of the present alloy appeared to be prominent. The pseudoelastic behavior of this alloy was correlated to the stress-induced martensite transformation. Pseudoelasticity of the present alloys is hindered by the development of {001}<110> rotated cube component.
34

Matsuda, Kenji, Junya Nakamura, Yoshio Nakamura, Tatsuo Sato та Susumu Ikeno. "Crystal Structure of the β'-Phase in Al-Mg-Si-Ag Alloy". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (березень 2007): 837–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.837.

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The crystal structure of metastable phase in Ag added Al-Mg-Si alloy was investigated by comparing the β’-phases in Al-Mg-Si alloy without Ag, using images of high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). SADPs and HRTEM images obtained from metastable phase in the Ag added Al-Mg-Si alloy showed similar to those of β’-phase in Al-Mg-Si alloy without Ag and had different lattice spacings because of the effect of Ag. According to our careful analysis on obtained HRTEM images and SADPs, it includes more complicated crystal lattice of distorted hexagons.
35

Dai, Tiantian, Zanhong Deng, Shimao Wang, Xiaodong Fang та Gang Meng. "Unveiling low-temperature thermal oxidation growth of W18O49 nanowires with metastable β-W films". Nanoscale 14, № 13 (2022): 5002–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2nr00609j.

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36

Kim, Won Yong, Han Sol Kim та In Dong Yeo. "Low Elastic Modulus β Ti-Nb-Si Alloys for Biomedical Applications". Materials Science Forum 510-511 (березень 2006): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.858.

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We report on advanced β-titanium alloys having excellent biocompatibility without containing V or Al that has been known as a toxic element for human body, and on a low elastic modulus to be used in the fields of artificial joint and dental implant in the replacement of natural human bone. Martensite structure with α’ (hcp) or α”(orthorhombic) was observed in Ti-xNb-1.5at.%Si, where x=10-20at.%. The crystal structure of martensite formed from water quenching process was largely dependent upon Nb content but does not on Si content. On the basis of experimental results obtained, it is suggested that Si has an effective role to suppress the precipitation of ω phase leading to reduction in elastic modulus in the metastable β phase region. Metastable β phase region was superior to reduce the elastic modulus than stable β phase region in the present alloy system. The minimum value of elastic modulus was measured to 48GPa.
37

Ballor, JoAnn, Jonathan D. Poplawsky, Arun Devaraj, Scott Misture та Carl J. Boehlert. "Lattice Parameter Evolution during the β-to-α and β-to-ω Transformations of Iron- and Aluminum-Modified Ti-11Cr(at.%)". Crystals 14, № 2 (30 січня 2024): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14020145.

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β-titanium (β-Ti) alloys are useful in diverse industries because their mechanical properties can be tuned by transforming the metastable β phase into other metastable and stable phases. Relationships between lattice parameter and β-Ti alloy concentrations have been explored, but the lattice parameter evolution during β-phase transformations is not well understood. In this work, the β-Ti alloys, Ti-11Cr, Ti-11Cr-0.85Fe, Ti-11Cr-5.3Al, and Ti-11Cr-0.85Fe-5.3Al (all in at.%), underwent a 400 °C aging treatment for up to 12 h to induce the β-to-ω and β-to-α phase transformations. Phase identification and lattice parameters were measured in situ using high-temperature X-ray diffraction. Phase compositions were measured ex situ using atom probe tomography. During the phase transformations, Cr and Fe diffused from the ω and α phases into the β matrix, and the β-phase lattice parameter exhibited a corresponding decrease. The decrease in β-phase lattice parameter affected the α- and ω-phase lattice parameters. The α phase in the Fe-free alloys exhibited α-phase c/a ratios close to those of pure Ti. A larger β-phase composition change in Ti-11Cr resulted in larger ω-phase lattice parameter changes than in Ti-11Cr-0.85Fe. This work illuminates the complex relationship between diffusion, composition, and structure for these diffusive/displacive transformations.
38

Liu, Xiaohang, Wanqi Cui, Yunru Wang, Yihao Long, Fulin Liu, and Yongjie Liu. "Effects of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted TC4 Titanium Alloy." Metals 12, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050702.

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The effects of heat treatments on microstructure and basic mechanical properties of selective laser melted (SLM) TC4 titanium alloy were investigated in detail. The results demonstrated that a lot of acicular α/α′ and β phases exist in the SLM TC4 titanium alloy. With the increase in the aging treatment temperature, the metastable α′ phase of SLM TC4 was decomposed into α + β laths. Moreover, the α/α′ phase and β phase grew coarser, leading to a gradual decrease in strength, that is, plasticity and hardness increased and decreased, respectively. In terms of solid-solution aging treatment, the β phase was transformed into the α′ martensite phase in the solid-solution treatment, and the aging treatment induced the decomposition of the metastable α′ phase into α + β laths. The strength and hardness of SLM TC4 alloy increased as the temperature increased. The optimal mechanical properties could be obtained by water quenching after holding at 960 ℃ for 1 h and then air cooling after holding at 600 °C for 8 h.
39

Kekule, Tomáš, Hana Kudrnova, Martin Vlach, Jakub Čížek, Oksana Melikhova, Ivana Stulíková, and Bohumil Smola. "Influence of Natural Ageing on Precipitation Processes during Isochronal Annealing in MgGd Alloys." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.42.

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The Mg-10 wt. % Gd and Mg-15 wt. % Gd alloys produced by squeeze casting were solution treated at 500 °C for 8 hours and subsequently naturally aged for more than 2 months. Electrical resistivity of both materials measured at 77 K decreases, if the alloys are kept at room temperature after quenching from the solution temperature. This change accompanied by a microhardness increase almost saturates after 2 months and is caused most probably by solute atoms clustering. Phase transformations and microhardness changes were investigated during isochronal annealing in both naturally aged alloys in comparison to just solution treated ones. Electrical resistivity changes measured at 77 K were used to characterize microstructure development. Transmission electron microscopy was performed at selected states heat treated in the identical way. The Mg15Gd supersaturated solid solution isochronally annealed up to 500 °C immediately after the solution treatment decomposes into following successive phases: β ́ ́ (D019) metastable → β ́ (cbco) metastable → β (Mg5Gd) stable. All three possible orientation relationship modes of the metastable β ́ (cbco) phase existed at lower temperatures (up to 280 °C) but only one mode persists up to 330 °C. Precipitation of the β ́ (cbco) phase has not been observed in the Mg10Gd alloy annealed isochronally immediately after the solution treatment. The natural ageing does not change the precipitation sequence but concentration of Gd atoms involved in individual precipitation processes is influenced in both alloys. Peak hardening increases after natural ageing in the Mg15Gd alloy, shifts to higher temperatures and the temperature region of peak hardening extends.
40

Nakamura, Junya, Kenji Matsuda, Yoshio Nakamura, Tatsuo Sato та Susumu Ikeno. "The Effect of Ag-Addition on Crystal Structure of β'-Phase in Al-Mg-Si Alloy". Materials Science Forum 519-521 (липень 2006): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.511.

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The purpose of this study is identity the crystal structure of metastable phase in Ag added Al-Mg-Si alloy by comparing the β’-phases in Al-Mg-Si alloy without Ag, using images of high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction patterns (SADPs) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The result of SADPs and HRTEM images have been simulated and compared with images and SADPs obtained from actual precipitates. SADPs and HRTEM images obtained from metastable phase in the Ag added Al-Mg-Si alloy showed similar to those of β’-phase in Al-Mg-Si alloy without Ag and had different lattice spacings because of the effect of Ag.
41

Guo, Ai Hong, Wen Fang Cui, Yi Zhou Wu, Xiang Hong Liu та Lian Zhou. "Phase Transformation of Biomedical Metastable β Titanium Alloy during Aging". Materials Science Forum 610-613 (січень 2009): 1168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.1168.

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A kind of metastable β type Ti-30Nb-13Zr-0.5Fe (wt.%) alloy for biomedical application was newly designed and developed. In order to exam the phase transformation during aging and its effects on the mechanical properties, the alloy was β solubilized and aged at 350°C-550°C for 4 hours. The microstructures were observed by OM and TEM, and the phase structures were identified by XRD. The tensile tests were performed with various aged microstructures. The results show that a lot of ω phase precipitates during aging at 350°C, leading to the increase of strength and elastic modulus and drastic decrease of plasticity. Aging at 450°C, dot α phase uniformly precipitates from metastable β phase. The good combination of high strength 、high plasticity and low elastic modulus was obtained under this aging condition. With increasing aging temperature and aging time α precipitations coarsen and precipitation free zones (PFZ) along prior β grain boundaries form, which are the main reasons to lower the strength and plasticity.
42

Britto, Sylvia, Ieuan D. Seymour, David M. Halat, Marc F. V. Hidalgo, Carrie Siu, Philip J. Reeves, Hui Zhou, Natasha A. Chernova, M. Stanley Whittingham та Clare P. Grey. "Evolution of lithium ordering with (de)-lithiation in β-LiVOPO4: insights through solid-state NMR and first principles DFT calculations". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, № 11 (2020): 5546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00121j.

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43

Šmilauerová, Jana, Petr Harcuba, Dominik Kriegner та Václav Holý. "On the completeness of the β→ω transformation in metastable β titanium alloys". Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, № 1 (1 лютого 2017): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716020458.

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The completeness of the β→ω transformation in ω particles in a Ti–8 at.%Mo (Ti–15 wt%Mo) single crystal was investigated by measuring the X-ray diffraction maximum 20{\overline 2}2, which is forbidden in both the pure body-centred cubic β phase and the hexagonal ω phase, and also the diffraction maxima 0001, 0002 and 10{\overline 1}1, which are forbidden in the β phase and allowed in ω. From a comparison of the integrated intensities and widths of the diffraction peaks with simulations, the effective (mean) degree of the transformation was determined and the radial profile of the transformation degree in an ω particle was estimated.
44

Zheng, Yufeng, Robert E. A. Williams, Gopal B. Viswanathan, William A. T. Clark та Hamish L. Fraser. "Determination of the structure of α-β interfaces in metastable β-Ti alloys". Acta Materialia 150 (травень 2018): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.003.

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45

Lemos, Pablo S., A. Altomare, A. F. Gouveia, I. C. Nogueira, L. Gracia, R. Llusar, J. Andrés, E. Longo та Laécio S. Cavalcante. "Synthesis and characterization of metastable β-Ag2WO4: an experimental and theoretical approach". Dalton Transactions 45, № 3 (2016): 1185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt03754a.

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46

Powderly, Kelly M., Shu Guo, Hillary E. Mitchell Warden, Loi T. Nguyen та R. J. Cava. "Metastable β-NdCo2B2: A Triclinic Polymorph with Magnetic Ordering". Chemistry of Materials 33, № 16 (9 серпня 2021): 6374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c01545.

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47

Kim, Han-Sol, Sung-Hwan Lim, In-Dong Yeo та Won-Yong Kim. "Stress-induced martensitic transformation of metastable β-titanium alloy". Materials Science and Engineering: A 449-451 (березень 2007): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.329.

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48

Goldberg, Ilana G., та Jennifer A. Swift. "New Insights into the Metastable β Form of RDX". Crystal Growth & Design 12, № 2 (18 січня 2012): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201718a.

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49

Girault, E., J. J. Blandin, A. Varloteaux, M. Suéry та Y. Combres. "Low temperature superplasticity of a metastable β-titanium alloy". Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 29, № 4 (серпень 1993): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90155-l.

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50

Yoshitake, Tsuyoshi, Satoshi Mohri, Takeshi Hara та Kunihito Nagayama. "Growth of Metastable β-AlN by Pulsed Laser Deposition". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 47, № 5 (16 травня 2008): 3600–3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.47.3600.

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