Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Yunyang yi xue yuan"

Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou investigar percepções de estudantes de Odontologia quanto ao medo e à ansiedade em relação ao manejo de pacientes e ao risco de infecção por COVID-19. Materiais e métodos: Esse estudo transversal envolveu todos os alunos regularmente matriculados em Odontologia, no primeiro semestre de 2020, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Um questionário foi aplicado, coletando dados demográficos, nível de formação e perguntas relacionadas ao medo e ansiedade frente à pandemia de COVID-19. Quatro comparações de acordo com a fase da graduação (fase pré-clínica ou clínica), nível de graduação e pós-graduação e de acordo com os sexos foram feitas. Análises independentes para as comparações entre os sexos foram realizadas para os alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação (α<5%). Resultados: Foram incluídos 408 estudantes. Na graduação, mulheres relataram sentirem-se mais ansiosas ao realizar tratamento em pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 (54%) e sentem mais medo ao ouvir que a infecção tem causado mortes (92,4%), na pós-graduação, responderam ser mais nervosas para conversar com pacientes em ambientes fechados em comparações com homens (P<0,05). Alunos em fase pré-clínica possuem significativamente menor receio (65,5%), ansiedade (32,3%) e nervosismo (28,3%) do contágio do COVID-19 quando comparados com aqueles na fase clínica. Conclusões: Mulheres e alunos na fase clínica apresentam maior ansiedade e nervosismo. Descritores: Ansiedade; Estudantes de Odontologia; Medo; Infecções por Coronavírus. Referências Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. [Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020;40(2):171-176. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19- 11 March 2020. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Acesso em: 8 de novembro de 2020. Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, Bruno F, Del Buono R, Costa F, Scarlata S, Agrò FE. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020;288(2):192-206. Chen E, Lerman K, Ferrara E. Tracking Social Media Discourse About the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a Public Coronavirus Twitter Data Set. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(2):e19273. Iyer P, Aziz K, Ojcius DM. Impact of COVID-19 on dental education in the United States. J Dent Educ. 2020;84(6):718-722. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-487. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9. Machado RA, Bonan PRF, Perez DEDC, Martelli Júnior H. COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on dental education: discussing current and future perspectives. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e083. Ataş O, Talo Yildirim T. Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and clinical education of dental students about COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9575. Deery C. The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for dental education. Evid Based Dent. 2020;21(2):46-47. Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:179-186. Elani HW, Allison PJ, Kumar RA, Mancini L, Lambrou A, Bedos C. A systematic review of stress in dental students. J Dent Educ. 2014; 78(2):226-42. Sahu P. Closure of Universities Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7541. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, Adnan S, Aftab M, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z. Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2821. Talevi D, Socci V, Carai M, Carnaghi G, Faleri S, Trebbi E, di Bernardo A, Capelli F, Pacitti F. Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic. Riv Psichiatr. 2020;55(3):137-44. Mijiritsky E, Hamama-Raz Y, Liu F, Datarkar AN, Mangani L, Caplan J, Shacham A, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Shacham M. Subjective Overload and Psychological Distress among Dentists during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5074. Rymarowicz J, Stefura T, Major P, Szeliga J, Wallner G, Nowakowski M, Pędziwiatr M. General surgeons' attitudes towards COVID-19: A national survey during the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak. Eur Surg. 2020;1-6. Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1439-40. Naz N, Iqbal S, Mahmood A. Stress, anxiety and depression among the dental students of university college of medicine and dentistry Lahore; Pakistan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2017;11(4):1277-81. Waqas A, Iftikhar A, Malik Z, Aedma KK, Meraj H, Naveed S. Association of severity of depressive symptoms with sleep quality, social support and stress among Pakistani medical and dental students: A cross-sectional study. Global Psychiatry. 2019;2(2):211-20. Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W. Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med. 2020;1-10. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, Chen-Li D, Iacobucci M, Ho R, Majeed A, McIntyre RS. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55-64. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, Wu L, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu W. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287;112921. Terán E, Mayta-Tovalino F. Risk Factors, Self-perceived Stress, and Clinical Training among Dentistry Students in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(5):561-5. Uraz A, Tocak YS, Yozgatligil C, Cetiner S, Bal B. Psychological well-being, health, and stress sources in Turkish dental students. J Dent Educ. 2013:77(10):1345-55. Agius AM, Gatt G, Vento Zahra E, Busuttil A, Gainza-Cirauqui ML, Cortes ARG et al. Self-reported dental student stressors and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent Educ. 2020. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12409. Hu J, Zou H, Dai Y, Feng Z. How to keep students engaged in oral health education during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent Educ. 2020. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12420. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, Zhang B. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):e17-8. Maia BR, Dias PC. Anxiety, depression and stress in university students: the impact of COVID-19. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas). 2020;37:e200067.

Graphene-based composites have received a great deal of attention in recent year because the presence of graphene can enhance the conductivity, strength of bulk materials and help create composites with superior qualities. Moreover, the incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 can improve the catalytic efficiency of composite material. In this work, we have synthesized a composite material with the combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and Fe3O4 modified tissue-paper (mGO-PP) via a simple hydrothermal method, which improved the removal efficiency of the of methylene blue (MB) in water. MB blue is used as the model of contaminant to evaluate the catalytic efficiency of synthesized material by using a Fenton-like reaction. The obtained materials were characterized by SEM, XRD. The removal of materials with methylene blue is investigated by UV-VIS spectroscopy, and the result shows that mGO-PP composite is the potential composite for the color removed which has the removal efficiency reaching 65% in acetate buffer pH = 3 with the optimal time is 7 h. Keywords Graphene-based composite, methylene blue, Fenton-like reaction. References [1] Ma Joshi, Rue Bansal, Reng Purwar, Colour removal from textile effluents, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 29 (2004) 239-259 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/24631.[2] Kannan Nagar, Sundaram Mariappan, Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons-a comparative study, Dyes and pigments, 51 (2001) 25-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-7208(01)00056-0.[3] K Rastogi, J. N Sahu, B. C Meikap, M. N Biswas, Removal of methylene blue from wastewater using fly ash as an adsorbent by hydrocyclone, Journal of hazardous materials, 158 (2008) 531-540.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01. 105.[4] Qin Qingdong, Ma Jun, Liu Ke, Adsorption of anionic dyes on ammonium-functionalized MCM-41, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162 (2009) 133-139 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2008.05.016.[5] Mui Muruganandham, Rps Suri, Sh Jafari, Mao Sillanpää, Lee Gang-Juan, Jaj Wu, Muo Swaminathan, Recent developments in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment, International Journal of Photoenergy, 2014 (2014). http://dx. doi.org/10.1155/2014/821674.[6] Herney Ramirez, Vicente Miguel , Madeira Luis Heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation with pillared clay-based catalysts for wastewater treatment: a review, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 98 (2010) 10-26 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.004.[7] Guo Rong, Jiao Tifeng, Li Ruifei, Chen Yan, Guo Wanchun, Zhang Lexin, Zhou Jingxin, Zhang Qingrui, Peng Qiuming, Sandwiched Fe3O4/carboxylate graphene oxide nanostructures constructed by layer-by-layer assembly for highly efficient and magnetically recyclable dye removal, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6 (2017) 1279-1288 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03635.[8] Sun Chao, Yang Sheng-Tao, Gao Zhenjie, Yang Shengnan, Yilihamu Ailimire, Ma Qiang, Zhao Ru-Song, Xue Fumin, Fe3O4/TiO2/reduced graphene oxide composites as highly efficient Fenton-like catalyst for the decoloration of methylene blue, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 223 (2019) 751-757 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.11.056.[9] Guo Hui, Ma Xinfeng, Wang Chubei, Zhou Jianwei, Huang Jianxin, Wang Zijin, Sulfhydryl-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide and Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Environmental Engineering Science, 36 (2019) 81-89 https://doi. org/10.1089/ees.2018.0157.[10] Zhao Lianqin, Yang Sheng-Tao, Feng Shicheng, Ma Qiang, Peng Xiaoling, Wu Deyi, Preparation and application of carboxylated graphene oxide sponge in dye removal, International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (2017) 1301 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111301.[11] Yu Dandan, Wang Hua, Yang Jie, Niu Zhiqiang, Lu Huiting, Yang Yun, Cheng Liwei, Guo Lin, Dye wastewater cleanup by graphene composite paper for tailorable supercapacitors, ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9 (2017) 21298-21306 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05318.[12] Wang Hou, Yuan Xingzhong, Wu Yan, Huang Huajun, Peng Xin, Zeng Guangming, Zhong Hua, Liang Jie, Ren MiaoMiao, Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and application for the decontamination of wastewater and wastegas and hydrogen storage/generation, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 195 (2013) 19-40 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.009.[13] Marcano Daniela C, Kosynkin Dmitry V, Berlin Jacob M, Sinitskii Alexander, Sun Zhengzong, Slesarev Alexander, Alemany Lawrence B, Lu Wei, Tour James M, Improved synthesis of graphene oxide, ACS nano, 4 (2010) 4806-4814 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1006368.[14] Zhang Jiali, Yang Haijun, Shen Guangxia, Cheng Ping, Zhang Jingyan, Guo Shouwu, Reduction of graphene oxide via L-ascorbic acid, Chemical Communications, 46 (2010) 1112-1114 http://doi. org/10.1039/B917705A [15] Gong Ming, Zhou Wu, Tsai Mon-Che, Zhou Jigang, Guan Mingyun, Lin Meng-Chang, Zhang Bo, Hu Yongfeng, Wang Di-Yan, Yang Jiang, Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis, Nature communications, 5 (2014) 4695 https:// doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5695.[16] Wu Zhong-Shuai, Yang Shubin, Sun Yi, Parvez Khaled, Feng Xinliang, Müllen Klaus, 3D nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134 (2012) 9082-9085 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3030565.[17] Nguyen Son Truong, Nguyen Hoa Tien, Rinaldi Ali, Nguyen Nam Van, Fan Zeng, Duong Hai Minh, Morphology control and thermal stability of binderless-graphene aerogels from graphite for energy storage applications, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 414 (2012) 352-358 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.048.[18] Deng Yang, Englehardt James D, Treatment of landfill leachate by the Fenton process, Water research, 40 (2006) 3683-3694 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.009.

Herbal extract, rich with natural compounds, has been used for medicinal purpose such as treating neurological disorders such as cognitive defection for a long period of time, often without significant adverse effects. We compared AChE and BuChE – inhibition effect of total extracts and fractions of Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. with alcaloid-rich extract. Our samples were subjected under supersonic extraction with ethanol 50o as solvent and fractionally extracted with n-hexane, EtOAc and n-butanol, respectively; alcaloid-rich extract was collected simutaneously. Ellman’s method was used to assay AChE and BuChE inhibition activity. Results: Alcaloid-rich extraction proved to be the superior AChE inhibiting agent, its activity nearly 6 fold of the most active Huperzia serrata extraction with IC50 value of 7.93 (5.43-10.98) µg/ml. While the fractions as well as the total extract did not provide any BuChE inhibition activity, alcaloid-rich extract showed weak ability (IC50 at 76.67 (64.78 – 91.84) µg/ml). Overall, the superior enzyme inhibition effect of alcaloid-rich extract might open a new approach in preventing and treating neurological disorders such as alzheimer’s. Keywords Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis, alcaloid, Acetylcholinesrerase inhibitors (AChE); butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), Alzheimer. References [1] Dos Santos Picanco, Leide C et al., Alzheimer's disease: A review from the pathophysiology to diagnosis, new perspectives for pharmacological treatment, Current medicinal chemistry 25(26) (2018) 3141 - 3159. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666161213101126.[2] B.M. McGleenon, K.B. Dynan, A.P. Passmore, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease, British journal of clinical pharmacology 48(4) (1999) 471-480. https://10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00026.x.[3] Agneta Nordberg, Clive Ballard, Roger Bullock, Taher Darreh-Shori, Monique Somogyi, A review of butyrylcholinesterase as a therapeutic target in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, The primary care companion for CNS disorders 15(2) (2013). https://10.4088/PCC.12r01412.[4] N.M. Ha, V.V. Dung et al., Report on the review of Vietnam’s wildlife trade policy, 2007.[5] D.H. Bich, et al., Medicinal plants and medicinal animals in Viet Nam. Science and Technics Publishing House 1 (2011) 896-897 (in Vietnamese).[6] Jia-Sen Liu, Yuan-Long Zhu, Chao-Mei Yu, You-Zuo Zhou, Yan-Yi Han, Feng-Wu Wu, Bao-Feng Qi, The structures of huperzine A and B, two new alkaloids exhibiting marked anticholinesterase activity. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64(4) (1986) 837-839. https://doi.org/10.1139/v86-137.[7] Takuya Ohba, Yuta Yoshino et al., Japanese Huperzia serrata extract and the constituent, huperzine A, ameliorate the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice, Bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry 79(11) (2015) 1838-1844. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2015.1052773.[8] Ju-Yeon Park, Hyuck Kim et al., Ethanol Extract of Lycopodium serratum Thunb. Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced C6 Glioma Cells Migration via Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression, Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 24(11) (2018) 860-866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-017-2923-9.[9] M. Maridass, G. Raju, Investigation of phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of Huperzia species, Pharmacologyonline 3 (2009) 688-692.[10] George.L.Ellman, K.Diane Courtney, et al., A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity, Biochemical Pharmacology 7(2) (1961) 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9.[11] Paul T Francis, et al., The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a review of progress. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 66(2) (1999) 137-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137.[12] Prerna Upadhyaya, Vikas Seth, Mushtaq Ahmad, Therapy of Alzheimer’s disease: An update, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 4(6) (2010) 408-421.[13] Hachiro Sugimoto, Hiroo Ogura, et al., Research and development of donepezil hydrochloride, a new type of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, The Japanese journal of pharmacology 89(1) (2002) 7-20.[14] N.T.K. Thu, et al., Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition effect of fractions extract of Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis. The journal of Pharmeceutical 56(11) 49-53 (in Vietnamese).[15] Xiaoqiang Ma, Changheng Tan, et al, Is there a better source of huperzine A than Huperzia serrata? Huperzine A content of Huperziaceae species in China. J Agric Food Chem, 53(5) (2005)1393-8. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048193n.[16] Ya-Bing Yang, Xue-Qiong Yang, et al., A New Flavone Glycoside from Huperzia serrata. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 6(6) (2008) 408-410.[17] G.T. Ha, R.K. Wong, Y. Zhang, Huperzine a as potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an assessment on chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies, Chemistry & biodiversity 8(7) (2011) 1189-1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201000269.[18] H.Y. Zhang, X.C. Tang, Neuroprotective effects of huperzine A: new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease, Trends in pharmacological sciences 27(12) (2006) 619-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2006.10.004.[19] Y. Wang, X.C. Tang, H.Y. Zhang, Huperzine A alleviates synaptic deficits and modulates amyloidogenic and nonamyloidogenic pathways in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice, Journal of neuroscience research 90(2) (2012) 508-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.22775.[20] C.Y. Wang, et al., Huperzine A activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances the nonamyloidogenic pathway in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse model, Neuropsychopharmacology 36(5) (2011) 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.245.[21] R.K. Gordon, et al., The NMDA receptor ion channel: a site for binding of Huperzine A, Journal of applied toxicology 21(S1) (2001) S47-S51. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.805.[22] M. Rafii, et al., A phase II trial of huperzine A in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, Neurology 76(16) (2011) 1389-1394. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318216eb7b.[23] N.H. Greig, et al., A new therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease treatment: attention to butyrylcholinesterase, Current medical research and opinion 17(3) (2001)1 59-165.[24] A. Ferreira, et al., Huperzine A from Huperzia serrata: a review of its sources, chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology, Phytochemistry reviews 15(1) (2016) 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-014-9384-y.

本研究探究了香港某所國際學校中漢語作為第二語言學習者的中文交際意願。研究對象主要是香港某英基國際學校的170名漢語學習者；主要採用定量的研究方法，通過研究者的課堂觀課和學生的“自我報告”（Self-report）來搜集數據，通過五個量表（背景變量量表、心理變量量表和課堂內外漢語交際意願量表）來實現研究；研究的內容包括學生們課堂內、外漢語交際意願的總體水平以及可能存在的差異，並總結前人研究發現，在新的研究背景下對一些可能存在影響關係的背景變量（年齡、性別、漢語水平、學習漢語的社會支持、母語、性格、對待學習漢語的態度）和心理變量（學習漢語時的焦慮、動機、自我覺察的交際能力）進行數據分析并驗證假設，通過SPSS19.0來付諸實現；最終就如何提高學生的課堂內、外漢語交際意願提出教學建議。 本次研究的主要研究發現有：（1）該國際學校漢語學習者的總體漢語交際意願水平偏低，介於“較低交際意願”和“中度交際意願”之間，而且課內漢語交際意願略高於課外漢語交際意願。（2）總體來看，男生和女生之間不存在漢語交際意願上的顯著差異，但在課內，女生比男生更容易不懂就問、更關注語言知識的細節；男生比女生更願意作為發言代表來公開表達自己觀點；在課外，男生比女生更願意在校園裡與陌生人說漢語，更願意和朋友們或者陌生人上網用漢語交流。（3）預科項目（DP）和中學項目（MYP）的學生群體間不存在漢語交際意願的顯著差異。但在課堂上，DP學生比MYP的學生更願意進行公開性的漢語表達，更願意深入探討相關問題，更願意進行一些總結概括能力較強的發言。（4）DP年級學生的漢語水平和交際意願呈顯著正相關，即漢語水平高越高，課內、課外和總體的漢語交際意願越高,漢語水平越低，課內、課外和總體的漢語交際意願越低。（5）在用漢語進行“主動性發言”上的意願，漢語水平高的群體明顯高於漢語水平低的群體，說明高水平漢語學習者更願意掌握交際的主動權。（6）學習漢語社會支持較多的群體表現出明顯更高的漢語交際意願，呈顯著正相關。（7）以廣東話作為母語的學生比以英語作為母語的學生具有更高的漢語交際意願，這種差異性在課堂外比課堂內體現得更為明顯。（8）性格較外向的學生比性格較內向的學生具有更高的課內漢語交際意願。（9）喜歡學漢語的學生比不喜歡學漢語的學生具有更高的課內、課外和總體漢語交際意願。（10）總體來看，學生學習漢語的動機和自我覺察的漢語交際能力都偏高，且兩者與課內、課外和總體漢語交際意願均呈十分顯著正相關，其中動機與課外方面相關性略大，而自我覺察的交際能力與課內方面相關性略大。學生的總體焦慮水平偏低，與課內、課外和總體交際意願均呈十分顯著負相關，與課內方面相關性略大課外方面。無論是課內還是課外漢語交際意願，“自我覺察的交際能力”對漢語交際意願來說是預測性最強的心理變量。 This research investigated Chinese as second language (CSL) learner’s willingness to communicate (WTC) both inside and outside classroom in one of international schools, Hong Kong. The research objects are 170 Chinese Language B learners from an English School Foundation (ESF) international school. The main methodology adopted here was quantitative method. Classroom observations by researcher and self-reports by students were firstly done to collect background data, and then five scales were employed to do the main investigation, including a WTC Inside–the-classroom Scales (WTCIS), a WTC Outside-the-classroom Scale (WTCOS), a Language Anxiety Scale (LAS), a Motivation Scale (MS) and a Self-perceived Communicative Competence Scale (SCCS). The research objectives were to explore the general situation of CSL learners’ WTC, and the specific characteristics as well as possible differences of their WTC inside and outside the classroom; then to further examine the possible affecting variables from both background and psychological perspectives including gender, age, Chinese language proficiency, mother tongue, social support, personality and attitudes towards learning Chinese, which were regarded as background variables, and language anxiety, motivation and self-perceived communicative competence, which were regarded as psychological variables. After that, data was processed and analyzed by SPSS 19.0 for hypothesis verification. Finally, pedagogical implications on how to improve CSL learners’ WTC both inside and outside classroom were generalized from the study. 　　The major findings showed that: (1) the general WTC of CSL learners from this school were slightly on the low side, between the Lower and Middle level, and the WTC inside the classroom was comparatively higher than outside of classroom. (2) On overall WTC, there was no significant difference between male and female students. But inside the classroom, girls were more likely to ask questions and pay more attention on language details than boys, while boy were more active to be the presenters and voice out in public. Outside the classroom, boys were more willing to communicate with strangers or chat online with friends in Chinese. (3) No significant WTC difference was found between Diploma Program (DP) and Middle Years Program (MYP), but DP CSL learners showed more willingness to make public speech, to be more of an inquirer in problems, and to do more generalization in speaking. (4) Among DP group, significant positive correlation was found between language proficiency and WTC, suggesting that the more proficient CSL learners showed higher WTC, and vice versa. (5) The more proficient group were more willing to speak Chinese voluntarily than the less proficient ones, implying that the more competent language learners are more likely to the take the initiative in communication. (6) CSL learners with more social supports to learn Chinese showed higher WTC, and a significant positive correlation was found here. (7) Students with Cantonese as mother tongue had higher WTC than their English as mothertougue counterparts, and this difference was more obviously outside of classroom. (8) Extroverted students showed significantly higher WTC inside of the classroom than the introverted. (9) Students who liked learning Chinese demonstrated higher WTC than those who didn’t. (10) Students’ motivation to learn Chinese and their SPCC were both on the high side, and both correlated positively on WTC, with motivation correlated more closely on outside WTC while SPCC more on inside WTC. Students showed slight lower anxiety level in speaking Chinese. Anxiety had significant negative correlation with WTC, and it mattered more inside than outside of classroom. No matter for WTC inside or outside, SPCC was the most predictive variable among the three.
published_or_final_version
Education
Master
Master of Education

博士
臺北市立大學
中國語文學系
107
Study on Yi-Xue of Cao Yuan-Bi Summary Cao Yuan-Bi (1867-1953)’s style name is ”Gu Sun”, and his pseudonym is “Shu Yan”, another his pseudonym later is “The Resurrectional Manner Elderly”, who is from Wu County, Jiang-Su Province in China. He is an important Chinese classical scholar, who has a lot of works, and is active between the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. He was awarded the title of "Hanlin Academy" by the Qing Dynasty with a book called ＜The Interpretation of Chinese Courtesy Study＞. He was a teacher at the Two Lakes College, Cungu School in Hu-Bei Province, and also the general tutoring teacher at Canggu School in Jiang-Su Province. After the Republic of China existed, he devoted himself to the Chinese classic studies. In the "Yi" study area, he has eight volumes of "Study of Zhou Yi", twenty-eight volumes of “Zhou Yi & Zheng's Notes", and seventeen volumes of "The Interpretation and supplement of Zhou Yi’s Total Study". Also he wrote forty poems entitled "Yi" in the book named "The Narrative Poems from Resurrectional Manner Hall". His major idea is from the famous scholar “Zheng Xuan”, who is the master of the classical study and integrates all of the Chinese classical scriptures. Cao Yuan-Bi's method of governing the study "Yi" continued the Qing Dynasty's textual research and the style of learning. He summed up the examples of "Yi", and by studying the theory of Hui-Dong, Zhang Hui-Yan and Yao Pei-Zhong to get a glimpse of Zheng Xuan's "Yi" source. In his volumes of "Yi", the book "Study of Zhou Yi" is based on the ideas of Zhang Zhi-Dong's Book "Encouraging Learning". He thinks it is necessary to reserve the book for the classic study, and to use the clear examples, the keynotes, the charts, the communications, the solutions, the unraveling of doubts, and the defining of the streamlines to form the structures of the book, so he can use these items above to be the textbooks of the lectures. The book "Zhou Yi & Zheng's Notes" is the collection of the scholars’ quotes, which are from Han and Song dynasties, and to prove Zheng Xuan’s great work on the "Yi" area. "The Interpretation and Supplement of Zhou Yi’s Total Study" is that Cao Yuan-Bi feels that "Zhou Yi & Zheng's Notes" is too vast and numerous, which is not suitable for the beginners. Therefore, he took Li Ding-Zuo’s book “Zhou Yi’s Total Study” from the Tang Dynasty as the base, and adopted Sun Xing-Yan's theory of collecting the ideas from other scholars, and then added his own thoughts in this new book for the beginners to understand from the simplest to the most complicated. This doctoral dissertation is based on Cao's "Yi" books and is written by the author from the understanding of Cao’s ideas. In the chapter arrangement, except for the introduction, the author first discusses the evolution of the "Yi" study in the Qing Dynasty, in order to explore the inheritance and the thread of Cao's "Yi" thoughts. Second, the author discusses the life and writings of Cao Yuan-Bi to reach the effect of better realization for people all over the world. The third part of discussion is the origin of Cao Yuan-Bi's "Yi" study to reach better understandings. The fourth part is the analysis of the method of Cao Yuan-Bi's solution to "Yi" and the macroscopic view of Han and Song Dynasty. On the fifth part, the author talks about the correspondence between "Yi" and the other groups of the classic studies, in order to show the core values of the Chinese classical scriptures. At the end of the dissertation, the author shows the characteristics of Cao's "Yi" study to highlight the value of Cao Yuan-Bi’s thoughts.

碩士
國立成功大學
中國文學系
102
Diao Yuan Hu Ke’s Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi was one of the wenyan zhiguai fictions of short stories in Ming Dynasty. There were totally thirty stories in this book. The book was separated into two parts: the first part comprised sixteen stories and the second part included fourteen stories. Among these thirty stories, Tianfudianjulu and Dengyaoyehualu had lost their contents and only remained the titles. In the early history of Chinese literature and classical fictions, there was little discussion on Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi because it was a rare and uncommon fiction that few people would know. Nevertheless, according to the information and materials we have now, after Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi was published, more than twenty-five stories were included in the books such as Hushicuibian, Guosetianxiang, Xiuguchunrong, Wanjingqinglin, Yanjubiji, Guang Yan Yi Bian, Xu Yan Yi Bian, History of Love, Gujinqingtanwanxuan, and You han bai bian, which showed that Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi was really a popular fiction during the time. However, the original version of Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi had long been disregarded and was lost for more than four hundred years. Not until the end of twentieth century was the book re-published and re-proofread by Jilin University Press and Zhonghua Bookstore and therefore the book could be continued passing to the generation again. Thereafter, Zhonghua editorial department again tried to look for two lost stories, Tianfudianjulu and Dengyaoyehualu, inferring that “Toutaoji” in Guang Yan Yi Bian and “Dengshenyehua” in Gujinqingtanwanxuan should be the lost tales. For these reasons, when the book was republished again, the details of these two stories were given in Appendix at the end of the book. That is to say, readers now could see the complete thirty stories in Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi. The book was written by the background of Jiaxing and through the people and things in Jiaxing, Diao Yuan Hu Ke in his book used metaphors and analogies to praise and criticize on the basis of indoctrination, exhortation, and moralizing. In other words, it was really a fiction filled with local color and promoting virtues and punishing evils. There are six chapters in the thesis. The first chapter illustrates the motivation and research goals and reviews the related literary papers of Diao Yuan Hu Ke and Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi in order to see how critics has investigated it. The chapter also demonstrates the methods and outline of the thesis. Furthermore, through the identity of Diao Yuan Hu Ke, historical background, and the situation of how Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi is included in other books and the year of publication, the second chapter goes on to undertake a more complete research on and explanation for the book. The third chapter mainly focuses on the analysis of the stories in Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi. According to the synopsis of stories, the book can be divided into three kinds of topics involving love, warning, and praise in songs. The fourth chapter looks into the details of characters shaping in Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi so as to summarize the typical characters that Diao Yuan Hu Ke aims to present and moreover addresses the narrative point of view, the performance of poetry, as well as the ideological contents of the topics that the book wishes to express for its readers. The following chapter continues to discuss the situation of a historical transition that forms a bridge between earlier and later stages. It first investigates the origins of the stories in order to have the in-depth understanding of inheritance and innovation of the stories. Besides, the chapter also tried to compare the similarities and differences between the earlier and later development and extension of the stories. Then, the chapter goes on to see how Diao Yuan Hu Ke weeds through the old to bring forth the new based on the original stories of similar themes to present the different types of stories. After that, this chapter steps forward to do the research on the circumstances of how Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi could influence the writing of fictions in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty. In conclusion, according to the previous five chapters, the sixth chapter aims to summarize the results and contribution of this study, confirm the value and particularity of Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi, regard Yuan zhu zhi yu xue chuang tan yi as a link to carry on the past heritage and open up the future in the history of Chinese fictions, and moreover indicate its all-out effort to promote the local culture during the time.