Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Oem, Jae-Ku, Seong-Hee Kim, Yeon-Hee Kim, Myoung-Heon Lee e Kyoung-Ki Lee. "Reemergence of Rabies in the Southern Han River Region, Korea". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 50, n.º 3 (julho de 2014): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2013-07-177.
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Cho, Jingyeong. "Types and Changes of Top-shaped Pottery in the Taedong River-Han River Basin". Hoseo Archaeological Society 54 (28 de fevereiro de 2023): 4–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2023.54.4.
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This paper was written for the purpose of presenting an explanatory framework for the relationship with the Top-shaped pottery culture in the process of developing the Bronze Age culture in South Korea region. Accordingly, it was described based on an overall understanding of the shape and distribution aspect of the Top-shaped pottery found in the Taedong River-Han River basin.
First, a typology was conducted on the Top-shaped pottery in Pyongyang, Pyeongannam-do, and Hwanghae-do, which are the central distribution areas of the Top-shaped pottery culture.
The form was classified into jar-shaped and necked jar-shaped and individual attributes were extracted by paying attention to the shape of pottery. Next, in order to examine the progress in the shape of artifacts and features based on the order of dwellig along with the verification of the Top-shaped pottery classification, the settlement in the Taedong River basin, where dwelling overlap was confirmed, were reviewed. By aggregating pottery classification and settlement examination, the features excavated from the Top-shaped pottery were seriated, and finally, the Top-shaped pottery culture was divided into four stages.
Next, the analysis of the Top-shaped pottery in the South Korean region was conducted by paying attention to the shape of pottery and the method of processing the rim in order to understand the parallel relationship with the North Korean region. The Top-shaped pottery in South Korea region was identified from the second stage, and the gradual spread process to Yeoncheon, Ganghwa Gimpo, Incheon Bukhangang River basin could be assumed.
When paying attention to the distribution of these stages, the distribution range of the Topshaped pottery culture gradually changes, and at the same time, differences in the shape of the Top-shaped pottery are observed depending on the region. As described above, regional deviation detected in the settlement aspect of the Top-shaped pottery culture and the shape of the Top-shaped pottery is believed to reflect the character and intensity of the spread of the Top-shaped pottery culture in South Korea region.
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Kim, Kang-Rae, Sang Ki Kim, Mu-Sung Sung e Jeong-Nam Yu. "Genetic Structure and Genetic Diversity of the Endemic Korean Aucha Perch, Coreoperca herzi (Centropomidae), in Korea". Animals 13, n.º 16 (14 de agosto de 2023): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13162614.
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The Korean endemic aucha perch, Coreoperca herzi, belongs to the family Centropomidae. Thus far, studies on C. herzi have focused on mitochondrial genomes, egg development, and early life history, while studies on their genetic diversity or genetic structure are lacking. We investigated these aspects in this study using mitochondrial DNA data. Haplotypes were divided into the Hangang River, Nakdonggang River, Geumgang River, and southwest region water system populations. A translocated population, the Yangyang Namdaechun Stream, was confirmed to have originated from the Hangang River water system population based on haplotype distribution and genetic structure results. The FST of the mitochondrial DNA indicated distinct genetic differentiation in the Hangang, Nakdonggang, Geumgang, and southwest regions. According to COI and analyses, the analysis of molecular variance revealed a higher variance in the four water system groups (98.41%) than in the southwest region water system versus the Hangang River water system (80.27%) groups. This study presents basic data for conservation by providing extensive information on the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and translocation population of C. herzi.
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Kim, Sung Woo. "Decline of a Confucian Mecca: Development of Rice Farming and Regional Development in Chosŏn Korea". Journal of Korean Studies 15, n.º 1 (10 de setembro de 2010): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07311613-15-1-1.
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Abstract The object of the analysis of this article is Sŏnsan County, the most advanced agricultural region of the Chosŏn Dynasty during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. This advanced region, however, started to go downhill from the sixteenth century and declined further in the seventeenth century. The rise and fall of Sŏnsan was closely tied with its geographical and irrigation conditions. The region, located around the Naktong River, the greatest river in Kyŏngsang Province, had favorable conditions for development in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with the spread of the farming method of broadcast seeding to wet rice fields (水耕直播法) and the active development of both plains and hilly areas. But, this area faced adverse conditions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when the new farming method of transplanting rice seedlings (移秧法) was widely introduced, shifting development to more mountainous regions.
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Kim, Jong-Suk, Sun-Kwon Yoon, Minha Choi e Young-Il Moon. "A case study of regional risk assessment of river restoration projects: Nakdong River Basin, South Korea". Journal of Water and Climate Change 6, n.º 3 (19 de fevereiro de 2015): 628–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.113.
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An integrated approach to risk assessment that can pose significant challenges to mitigation and adaptation at the local or regional levels in the context of climate change was developed. First, a conceptual framework for flood risk analysis was developed based on the hydrologic hazard and the socioeconomic vulnerability of a region. Second, weighting factors for each indicator were estimated using the modified Delphi approach based on the results of a survey of an expert group. Third, geographic information system analysis described the hydrologic risk at the regional level before and after completion of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project at the Nakdong River Basin, South Korea. Finally, sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the extent of the resilience of the Nakdong River Basin based on climate change scenarios to extend the existing research. It was found that the effect of the river restoration project in the future would be insignificant in terms of risk control over regions where floods are likely to increase upon climate change. We believe that this study provides useful information for the development of scientific, effective risk management tools for consistent application in a time of changing climate.
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Se Hyun, Ahn. "Anatomy of the Republic of Korea’s Niche Strategic Engagement in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS): ROK’s Tailor-Made Strategy and its Security Policy Implication". Korean Journal of Policy Studies 34, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2019): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps34305.
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Republic of Korea’s engagement in Southeast Asia could be generally understood as its Official Development Aid (ODA) strategy in most academic interpretation. Nonetheless, this article examines not only Korea’s traditional ODA approach toward Southeast Asia but also Korea’s uniquely tailor-made strategy toward Indo-China Peninsula in particular as well as what is to be done. In other words, this article intends to take further step beyond ODA interpretation of this particular subject over this region. This study specifically provides with multi-dimensional analysis of Republic of Korea’s involvement in Mekong River Sub-region as well as its regional and global security policy implication. The main thesis of this study is that Korea had no choice but to pursue Niche diplomacy toward the region because Korea did not possess full capacity enough to compete against Japan or China. In this sense, Korea’s own development experience is very unique and perhaps the only experience that no other country in the world has possessed. This article contends that Korea’s knowledge based capacity building projects toward Greater Mekong Sub-region such as KSP, CIAT, special Master’s degree training projects, local capacity building process, and etc. will continue to increase and diversify in terms of scale and contents. Again, based upon Knowledge based capacity building projects, Korea is in the process of producing a wide range of its unique tailor- made ODA programs for each member states of GMS. Unlike Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Korea also tends to put more emphasis on creating exclusive Master’s degree Training Program which is centered on trainees of ODA Recipient countries. In this regard, Korea’s approach is aiming at strengthening discrimination by introducing a systemic evaluation system for training projects. This program will also turn out linchpin of ROK’s new strategy toward Mekong River area.
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Kim, Kang-Rae, Mu-Sung Sung e Keun-Sik Kim. "Population Structure Using Mitochondrial DNA for the Conservation of Liobagrus geumgangensis (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae), an Endemic Freshwater Fish in Korea". Fishes 9, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 2024): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050153.
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Liobagrus geumgangensis is a novel Korean fish species endemic to the Geumgang and Mangyeonggang River basins on the Korean Peninsula. During a survey of L. geumgangensis, the discovery of Liobagrus mediadiposalis as a potential threat prompted an investigation into L. geumgangensis genetic diversity and structure. Three populations of L. geumagangensis and one population of L. mediadiposalis were investigated using a 1024-bp sequence in the cytb region of mitochondrial DNA. The Mangyeonggang River of L. geumagangensis displayed the lowest haplotype diversity (Hd) within a range of 0.000–0.337, with one to two haplotypes (h). The Jecheon region of the Geumgang River for L. geumagangensis population had the highest nucleotide diversity (π) and was within the range of 0.00000–0.00066. The h of L. mediadiposalis population was 3, the range of Hd was 0.292, and π was 0.00231. Tajima’s D (D) and Fu’s Fs (F) were negative and non-significant in the LgGJ population. The genetic structure of L. geumgangensis had no shared haplotypes among the three populations. The discovery of L. mediadiposalis in the Geumgang River suggests the necessity of non-habitat conservation and population management of fish farms to conserve L. geumgangensis.
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Nguyen, Ngoc Thi, Tien Le Thuy Du, Hyunkyu Park, Chi-Hung Chang, Sunghwa Choi, Hyosok Chae, E. James Nelson, Faisal Hossain, Donghwan Kim e Hyongki Lee. "Estimating the Impacts of Ungauged Reservoirs Using Publicly Available Streamflow Simulations and Satellite Remote Sensing". Remote Sensing 15, n.º 18 (16 de setembro de 2023): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15184563.
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On the Korean Peninsula, the Imjin River is a transboundary river that flows from North Korea into South Korea. Therefore, human intervention activities in the upstream region can have a substantial impact on the downstream region of South Korea. In addition to climate impacts, there are increasing concerns regarding upstream man-made activities, particularly the operation of the Hwanggang dam located in the territory of North Korea. This study explored the feasibility of using the publicly available global hydrological model and satellite remote sensing imagery for monitoring reservoir dynamics and assessing their impacts on downstream hydrology. “Naturalized” streamflow simulation was obtained from the Group on Earth Observation (GEO) Global Water Sustainability (GEOGloWS) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Streamflow Services (GESS) model. To correct the biases of the GESS-based streamflow simulations, we employed quantile mapping using the observed streamflow from a nearby location. This method significantly reduced volume and variability biases by up to 5 times on both daily and monthly scales. Nevertheless, its effectiveness in improving temporal correlation on a daily scale in small catchments remained constrained. For the reservoir storage changes in the Hwanggang dam, we combined multiple remote sensing imagery, particularly cloud-free optical images of Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and snow-free Sentinel-1, with the area–elevation–volume (AEV) curves derived from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In assessing its hydrological impacts, the study found that overall impacts within the downstream catchment in Pilseung bridge of South Korea were generally less significant compared to the upstream Hwanggang catchment. However, there was a higher probability of experiencing water shortages during wet months due to the upstream dam’s operations. The study highlights the potential benefits of utilizing the publicly available hydrological model and satellite remote sensing imagery to supplement decision makers with important information for the effective management of the transboundary river basin in ungauged regions.
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Ahn, Young Sup, Jeong Hoon Lee, Tae Jin An, Chung Berm Park, Sung Gi Moon, Myeong Seok Kim, Joung Seok Seo e Cheol Hee Lee. "Distribution of Medicinal Plants and Vascular Plants Growing at Yangsan Region of Nakdong River, Korea". Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 20, n.º 6 (30 de dezembro de 2012): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2012.20.6.421.
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Moon, Jinah, Heejung Kim e Han-Sun Ryu. "Hydroecology of Argyroneta aquatica’s Habitat in Hantangang River Geopark, South Korea". Sustainability 14, n.º 9 (21 de abril de 2022): 4988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14094988.
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The water spider (Argyroneta aquatic) is the only known spider to live a fully aquatic life. Therefore, it has been the subject of a series of studies on various aspects of its unique biology such as its reproductive behavior, sexual dimorphism, physiology, genetics, and silk. However, there have been relatively few studies on the hydroecology of where water spiders live. The water spider habitat in Eundae-ri, Yeoncheon is the only habitat for A. aquatica, a globally rare species, in South Korea. In this region, the water level of the wetland is automatically adjusted to groundwater owing to continued drying. Here, the surface water, wetland, and groundwater near the A. aquatica habitat were studied using hydrochemical, microbiological, and correlation analyses. The hydrochemical properties—water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation reduction potential, and turbidity—of the surface water and wetland were similar. The Piper diagrams revealed that the wetlands, surface water, and most of the groundwater portrayed Ca-HCO3-type properties, whereas only areas where the water level of the wetland was controlled displayed Na-HCO3-type properties. Furthermore, the NO3 content was too low to be detected in the wetland, indicating clean and non-polluted water conditions; additionally, heavier oxygen-hydrogen isotopes were observed because these regions were climatically affected by the wetland. The dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Nitrospirae. The correlation analysis revealed that the major environmental control factors of the A. aquatica habitat were DO, temperature, and pH, and the related bacteria were Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Ro, Hyuk Jin. "Prehistoric and protohistoric sociocultural development in the North Han River region of Korea". Thesis, University of Oregon, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11766.
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xvi, 341 p. : ill. A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: KNIGHT GN855.K6 R6 1997The primary purpose of this dissertation is to reconstruct sociocultural development in the North Han River Valley in Korea during the prehistoric and proto historic periods ( ca 6000 B .C.-A.D. 300). Based on theoretical ideas about the close relationship between cultural behavior and the natural environment as well as synthetical observation of archaeological data in the North Han River Valley, I have proposed the following testable hypothesis in regard to 'sociocultural development in the North Han River Valley : that its unique ecosystem brought about a subsistence pattern unique to the region. The North Han River Valley's specific geographical formation, connected with the Lower Han River Basin by way of the river system, brought it under the crucial influence of the latter's more advanced cultural elements. The circumscribed environment derived from the distinctively developed geomophological formation of the North Han River Valley influenced autochthonous sociocultural development in the region. Enumerating the most basic factors, the affluent riverine resources of the Valley enabled Chiilmun period inhabitants be heavily dependent on riverine fishing supplemented by the hunting and gathering of wild vegetation. Riverine fishing as well as hunting and gathering richly supplemented the agrarian economy which became dominant in the Valley after the appearance ofMumun people in later prehistoric times. Due to population saturation of limited arable lands, Mumun agrarian people became increasingly circumscribed and could not evolve into a state-level society. In association with this factor, the geographical proximity of the Valley to the Lower Han River inevitably brought it under the influence of advanced cultures emerging in the Lower Han River Basin. This process, which began in the later Mumun period, actually has continued to the present, passing through the protohistoric State Formation period and Paekche kingdom.
Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Chair; Dr. Song Nai Rhee; Dr. William S. Ayres; Dr. William G. Loy; Dr. Philip Young
Livros sobre o assunto "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Ch'oe, Yŏng-ju. Mahan ŭi sŏngjang kwa taeoe kwan'gye: Yŏngsan'gang yuyŏk ŭl chungsim ŭro. Sŏul-si: Hagyŏn Munhwasa, 2020.
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Chin-yŏng, Yun, ed. Hanʼgang ŭi sŏm. Sŏul-si: Matʻi, 2008.
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Chin-yŏng, Yun, ed. Hanʼgang ŭi sŏm. Sŏul-si: Matʻi, 2008.
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Chin-yŏng, Yun, ed. Hanʼgang ŭi sŏm. Sŏul-si: Matʻi, 2008.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Jia, Shaofeng, Yu Wang, Hoaithuong Do, Boris Gojenko e Caixia Man. "Basin Governance and International Cooperation". In Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Impact of Climate Change and Human Interventions, 327–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0759-1_9.
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AbstractIntegrated basin governance means integrated water governance taking basin as the spatial unit. It deals with rules of integrated water resources management, including the establishment of governance bodies, the definition of interests and roles of stakeholders, the principles and regulations of decision-making, and the arrangement of decision-making procedures. For trans-national basins, international cooperation for integrated basin governance is necessary that is mainly embodied by basin cooperation mechanisms. The implementation of international basin cooperation depends on a number of mechanisms. There are about fifteen cooperative mechanisms in the Mekong Region divided into two groups: intra-regional mechanisms (cooperation among Mekong countries) and mechanisms between Mekong countries and non-basin partners. MRC, GMS and LMC are the three most active mechanism. Within the Lancang-Mekong River Basin, each country has particular perspectives about international basin cooperation. China is very active in Basin cooperation and has invested a lot of resource in this regard, but is sensitive to the intervention from countries outside the region. Cambodia and Laos, with most territory located within the Basin and essential or even majority of foreign investment from China, are active to diversify their international cooperation while maintaining close cooperation with China. Most of the inflow of foreign investments into Myanmar comes from Asian countries, followed by European countries and the United States, and is influenced by its domestic political situation. Thailand has been a relatively stable recipient country of foreign investment for a long time and has benefited significantly, it has now become a donor country, playing an important leading role in basin cooperation. Vietnam’s foreign investment mainly comes from Japan, Korea, and ASEAN. Vietnam plays the leading role in environmental cooperation in Lower Mekong Cooperation with the United States, and has actively participated in the “One Decade of Green Mekong” initiative in Mekong-Japan cooperation. Some countries outside the basin, such as the United States, Japan, India, Korea, India and international organizations such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, have significant influence on basin governance. Social participation in Lancang-Mekong River Basin governance plays a very important role. A variety of stakeholders, ranging from global network initiatives to local NGOs, from business enterprises to communities, have been actively engaging in the governance of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. They have adopted different strategies (e.g., scientific research, capability building, policy advocacy, and citizen engagement) to exert influence on various issues such as climate change, biodiversity, hydropower development, and sustainable livelihood, revealing overlapping and interacting mechanisms of participation. The future trend of basin cooperation is more optimistic along with the consensus strengthening and capacity building, although there may be still some interferent brought by big power competition and interest disputations.
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Park, Alyssa M. "Borderland and Prohibited Zone". In Sovereignty Experiments, 23–41. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738364.003.0002.
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This chapter discusses the history of the border region between Chosŏn Korea and Qing China, and norms of governing the territory before the nineteenth century. The region, which straddled the Tumen River, served as a military buffer for the early Chosŏn dynasty (1392-1910) to defend against “barbarian” Manchus. After the Manchus founded the Qing dynasty in China, the Qing demarcated the northeast territory of Manchuria, including the Tumen River valley, as a “prohibited zone” where settlement and commercial activity were prohibited. The Chosŏn government upheld this policy and prohibited its own people from crossing the Chosŏn-Qing border into Manchuria. The chapter shows that the policy was not strictly enforced; Koreans and others crossed into the zone to engage in trade. For the most part, however, border infractions did not worry the two governments because the region remained sparsely inhabited and their claims to territory were mutually recognized.
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Barker, Graeme. "Rice and Forest Farming in East and South-East Asia". In The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.003.0011.
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East and South-East Asia is a vast and diverse region (Fig. 6.1). The northern boundary can be taken as approximately 45 degrees latitude, from the Gobi desert on the west across Manchuria to the northern shores of Hokkaido, the main island of northern Japan. The southern boundary is over 6,000 kilometres away: the chain of islands from Java to New Guinea, approximately 10 degrees south of the Equator. From west to east across South-East Asia, from the western tip of Sumatra at 95 degrees longitude to the eastern end of New Guinea at 150 degrees longitude, is also some 6,000 kilometres. Transitions to farming within this huge area are discussed in this chapter in the context of four major sub-regions: China; the Korean peninsula and Japan; mainland South-East Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, the Malay peninsula); and island South-East Asia (principally Taiwan, the Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea). The chapter also discusses the development of agricultural systems across the Pacific islands to the east, both in island Melanesia (the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands east of New Guinea) and in what Pacific archaeologists are terming ‘Remote Oceania’, the islands dotted across the central Pacific as far as Hawaii 6,000 kilometres east of Taiwan and Easter Island some 9,000 kilometres east of New Guinea—a region as big as East Asia and South-East Asia put together. The phytogeographic zones of China reflect the gradual transition from boreal to temperate to tropical conditions, as temperatures and rainfall increase moving southwards (Shi et al., 1993; Fig. 6.2 upper map): coniferous forest in the far north; mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in north-east China (Manchuria) extending into Korea; temperate deciduous and broadleaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Huanghe (or Yellow) River and the Huai River to the south; sub-tropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle and lower valley of the Yangzi (Yangtze) River; and tropical monsoonal rainforest on the southern coasts, which then extends southwards across mainland and island South-East Asia. Climate and vegetation also differ with altitude and distance from the coast.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Yŏngsan River Region (Korea)"
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Vradiy, Sergey. "DATING THE MAP OF RUSSIA AND RECORDS OF THE LANDS LOCATED ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE RIVER". In 10th International Conference "Issues of Far Eastern Literatures (IFEL 2022)". St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063770.24.
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Two rare sources, the Map of Russia (《俄國輿地圖》) and the Records of the Lands Located on the Left Bank of the River (《江左輿地記》), are of considerable interest to those who study the 19th century history of border interactions between Russia, Korea, and China, or the history of the Korean community in the Primorskiy region of Russia. These rare documents assumed to be one of the first attempts to represent 19th century Russia by Koreans. It appeared at a time when the Korean royal court, trying to get rid of China’ centuries-old trusteeship, to limit Japan’s colonial aspirations, and to find an alternative for the encroachments from Western countries, began to strengthen its relations with Russia. The author discusses the manuscripts authorship, the probable time of its writing, while using newly found materials from archives of Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Academia Sinica (Taiwan), and evaluates the significance of the said documents.
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Won, Jong Hwa, Mi Seung Kim e Moon Kyum Kim. "Deformation-Based Behavior of X65 Gas Pipeline in Rectangular Concrete Encasement". In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64567.
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The pipelines located in cold region, offshore and under riverbed are exposed and unpredictable loads and these pipelines should be protected by assistant structures. As one manner of protecting river crossing pipelines, a rectangular concrete encasement is generally used in Korea. This paper describes behavior characteristics of underground pipelines encased in rectangular concrete box in terms of deformed radius derived from occurred hoop stress. The solution for contact pressure between steel pipeline and concrete encasement is derived from the equation of Lame’s double walled cylinder. Every FEA model adopted in this study has same pipe diameter (762mm), internal pressure and cover depth. A variable is only the thickness of concrete encasement. This problem is formulated as a shrink-fit cylinder because of the inner steel pipe expanding by internal gas pressure. In order to get a deformed radius, the interface (contact) pressure was calculated, and the local deformed radius was determined based on obtained interface pressure and hoop stress. In this data processing, peculiar ovalized shape was developed in the section of the X65 steel pipeline covered with rectangular concrete encasement. The result in terms of the rate of local diameter change describes that shoulder (±45°, ±135°) part has the largest change rate over 120% and the smallest values occurred at a bottom (±180°). By using the relation of encasement size and deformed diameter, the results make stress design for the double layer pipeline be more precise and effective.