Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Wz 100"

AbstractFour-millimeter thick A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy plates were welded by double wire metal inert gas welding (DWMW) in high welding speeds, ranging from 1100 to 1250 mm/min. The results show that a sound joint could be obtained at a high speed of 1200 mm/min using DWMW. The weld zone (WZ) in the joint showed a dendritic structure of equiaxed grains, and in the fusion zone (FZ), the microstructure existed as a fine equiaxed crystal structure about 100 µm in thickness. In the WZ adjacent to the FZ, elongated columnar crystal structure distributed along to the interface, and coarse microstructure in the heat affected zone (HAZ) were found, showing a typical rolling texture. The main precipitates in the WZ were assumed to be Fe-enriched phases, and Mg- and Zn-enriched phases. Tensile fracture generally occurred in the WZ adjacent to the FZ with a decrease in ductility, and it was consistent with the results of the microstructure analysis and hardness profile. The mean ultimate tensile strength and elongation of specimens were 302 MPa and 4.5 %, respectively.

The structural, electronic and elastic properties of orthorhombic ZnGeN2 and wurtzite (WZ)-GaN semiconductors have been studied under different pressures using first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The lattice constants (a, b and c) and energy bandgaps ([Formula: see text]) have been calculated under ambient condition. The elastic properties such as elastic stiffness constants ([Formula: see text]), shear modulus (G), bulk modulus (B), Young modulus ([Formula: see text]), B/G ratio and Poisson ratio ([Formula: see text]) have been studied at 50, 100, 110, 120, 150, 160, 180 and 190 GPa pressures for the first time as well as at 0 GPa. The calculated values of [Formula: see text] show that the ZnGeN2 and GaN are stable up to 180 and 150 GPa, respectively, and afterwards phase changes and become unstable. The band structure of ZnGeN2 reveals direct band gap behavior up to 100 GPa and becomes indirect band gap at 110 GPa. However, GaN is direct band gap up to 150 GPa and becomes indirect at 160 GPa. Comparing the results of both semiconductors, it is observed that ZnGeN2 is similar to WZ-GaN up to 100 GPa in all respect and can be used in many applications in place of WZ-GaN. The calculated values of all parameters are in reasonable agreement with the known values.

Bandgap energies in wurtzite (WZ) structured Cd xZn1 −xO alloys are known to decrease with increasing Cd content ( x). Our previous work demonstrated that WZ-Cd xZn1 −xO alloys with a high Cd content of x ∼ 0.6 and a low gap of 2 eV can be stabilized by oxygen interstitials when grown in an O-rich environment. However, such O-rich WZ-Cd xZn1 −xO alloys have poor electrical properties due to compensating native defects. In this work, we synthesized pure WZ phase Cd xZn1 −xO thin films with different Cd contents by magnetron sputtering in an oxygen-rich environment. Changes in structural, electrical, and optical properties of these O-rich wurtzite Cd xZn1 −xO after rapid thermal annealing were investigated. While alloys with a low Cd composition of 0.2 can maintain a pure wurtzite structure up to 500 °C, phase separation occurs at a lower annealing temperature of ∼400 °C for Cd-rich ( x = 0.6) films. Isochronal and isothermal annealing studies reveal the kinetics of native defects in these alloys. Highly mobile hydrogen interstitial donor defects, oxygen interstitials, and more stable cation vacancies outdiffuse sequentially as the annealing temperature increases from <300 to >400 °C. By exploiting the difference in the energy barrier between acceptor defects removal and phase separation, a pure wurtzite phase alloy with a low bandgap of 2 eV and decent electrical properties was realized by annealing O-rich WZ-Cd0.6Zn0.4O at 300 °C with an extended annealing duration of >100 s. These results demonstrate a practical way to obtain low-gap oxide semiconductors with strong optical absorption and controllable electrical conductivities.

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is necessary for sustainable and cost-effective road infrastructure construction. This research investigates the effect of the area of weak zones (WZ) on the resilient modulus (MRT) of mixtures of fresh asphalt with 20% RAP. Experimentation on fresh asphalt–RAP mixtures comprising Superpave (SP-A, SP-B) and Asphalt Institute (MS-2) gradations with 20/30, 40/50, 60/70 and 80/100 penetration grade binders was carried out. WZ were determined based on the analysis of magnified digital images of asphalt specimens obtained using optical microscopy. This study demonstrates that the 20/30 grade binder caused an increase in the MRT at 25 °C up to 1.8, 2.9 and 9.2 times for a 0.1 s load duration, and 2.4, 3.0 and 9.7 times for a 0.3 s load duration. In contrast, improvement at 40 °C was observed to be up to 1.9, 3.1 and 9.7 times for a 0.1 s load duration, and 1.9, 3.0 and 12.4 times for a 0.3 s load duration in comparison with 40/50, 60/70 and 80/100 grade binders, respectively. Experimental data were validated by factorial analysis. Power trendline equations were also developed between MRT and WZ to explain the effect of gravel particle orientation on the sustainable resilience of surface course mixtures.

Optical and electronic properties of ZB, RS and WZ structures of gallium nitride (GaN) are studied in equilibrium and under pressure using the first-principles calculation in the density functional theory (DFT) framework to obtain quantities like dielectric function, loss function, reflectance and absorption spectra, refractive index and their relation parameters. The electronic properties are studied using EV-GGA and GGA approximations and the results calculated by EV-GGA approximation were found to be much closer to the experimental results. The interband electron transitions are studied using the band structure and electron transition peaks in the imaginary part of the dielectric function; these transitions occur in three structures from N-2p orbital to Ga-4s and Ga-4p orbitals in the conduction band. Different optical properties of WZ structure were calculated in two polarization directions of (100) and (001) and the results were close to each other. Plasmon energy corresponding to the main peak of the energy-loss function in RS with the value of 26 eV was the highest one, which increased under pressure. In general, RS shows more different properties than WZ and ZB.

As a promising third generation semiconductor material, gallium nitride (GaN) has become a research hotspot in optoelectronic field nowadays. In this paper, GaN thin films were grown by radio frequency (RF) planar magnetron sputtering of a powder GaN target in a pure nitrogen atmosphere at (0.2 – 2.0) Pa, (10 - 100) W onto various substrates such as GaAs (100), Si (100), Si (111), Al2O3(0001) and glass without any buffer layer. A clear phase transition from the metastable cubic zinc-blende (c - ZB) to the stable hexagonal wurtzite (h - WZ) dependence on substrates has been found in the GaN thin films. And the phase transition of GaN films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy.

In the Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens) (Decapoda, Parastacidae), a gonochoristic species, seven different combinations of intersex individuals (with both male and female genital openings) have been described. However, to date, the genetic basis for this phenomenon has not been investigated. This study was designed to test a simple chromosome-based sex-determination model for C. quadricarinatus that assumes the male to be the homogametic (ZZ) sex. According to our model, intersex individuals that are functionally males are genetically females (WZ). Individual crosses were performed between intersex and female crayfish, with control crosses being performed between normal males and females. The control crosses yielded, in most cases, the expected 1[ratio ]1 sex ratio in the F1 progeny. Crosses between intersex individuals and females yielded a 1[ratio ]3 (male[ratio ]female) sex ratio in most crosses. According to our hypothesis, one-third of the females produced in a cross of a female with an intersex animal should be WW females. The hypothesis was tested by crossing normal males with F1 females, which were progeny of intersex fathers. These crosses yielded almost 100% females, a finding that conforms to the above-suggested sex determination model for C. quadricarinatus and the female WZ genotype of intersex individuals.

It is shown that, for a wide range of parameters, the dominant decays of gluinos with mass ≳500 GeV contain gauge bosons, W± and Z, among their decay products. The pair production of heavy gluinos at the SSC is thus characterized by events with 3–4 hard jets and pairs of gauge bosons. The cleanest signature comes from the case where both gluinos decay into Z followed by [Formula: see text] which leads to ~50–100 4-lepton + multijet events annually at the SSC. In addition, 1600 trilepton + multijet and about 6000 dilepton + multijet events may be expected from WZ and WW sources. The backgrounds to these signals are estimated to be small.

The field performance of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is improved by sex-sorting and releasing only sterile males. This can be accomplished by resource-intensive separation of males from females by morphology. Alternatively, sex-ratio biasing genetic constructs can be used to selectively remove one sex without the need for manual or automated sorting, but the resulting genetically engineered (GE) control agents would be subject to additional governmental regulation. Here we describe and demonstrate a genetic method for the batch production of non-GE males. This method could be applied to generate the heterogametic sex (XY, or WZ) in any organism with chromosomal sex determination. We observed up to 100% sex-selection with batch cultures of more than 103 individuals. Using a stringent transgene detection assay, we demonstrate the potential of mass production of transgene free males.

Identification of spectral lines from λ7700 to λ8800 has been carried out in twenty-four carbon stars: AQ And, UU Aur, W CMa, Y CVn, X Cnc, ST Cas, WZ Cas, AX Cyg, RS Cyg, U Cyg, V 460 Cyg, RY Dra, UX Dra, BL Ori, W Ori, RX Peg, Z Psc, 19 Psc, S Set, Y Tau. VY UMa, HD 137613, HD 156074, and HD 182040. The spectrograms used for this purpose were obtained at the coude foci of spectrographs attached to 100-inch reflector of Mt. Wilson, 200-inch reflector of Mt. Palomar, and 74-inch reflector of Okayama. From the microphotometric tracings of each spectrogram, it was found that the main contributors to the spectral features of the region investigated are lines of the CN Red System (A2Π-X2Σ). and lines of the C2 Phillips system (b1Πu–x1Σg) are minor ones.

It has been found by Utsumi(1985a,b) that in J-type carbon stars of C4-5 and WZ Cas(C9,2J Li), abundances of s-process elements with respect to Fe are nearly normal, while in normal carbon stars of C5-8, heavy metals are overabundant by factors of 10-100, and rare-earth elements are overabundant by a factor of about 10.In the MK system, most J-type stars are classified as C4-5,4-5 stars which show very strong C2 and CN bands. Yamashita(l972,1975) classified many C7-9 stars most of which are CS or SC stars. His classification of C7-9J stars is mainly based on Cl2C13(0,1)band at 6168 A, C13N(4,0)band at 6260 A, and LiI 6708 A line. In most of C7-9 stars, lines of s-prooess elements are greatly enhanced. It is a question if in all J-type stars abundances of s-process elements are nearly normal or not.

Male giant freshwater prawn grows faster than its female. Therefore, male mono sex culture is one of the solutions to improve aquaculture production. The all-male population of giant freshwater prawns can be produced by mating the neo-females (sex-reversed males) with the normal males. This study was aimed to identify the molecular markers related to the giant freshwater prawn sex. Specific primers were designed based on female-specific AFLP marker sequences to distinguish male and female sex on the prawns. Three locations for obtaining the Indonesian prawns in this study were Aceh, Sukabumi, and Solo. Based on the PCR analysis with MrMKn primers, 30 samples of female prawns had 100 % occurred DNA bands, while no DNA bands were obtained in all-male prawns from Solo. Nevertheless, MrMKn primers still detected 10–16 % male prawns from Sukabumi and Aceh. This indicated that MrMKn primers could not yet distinguish the male prawns for all populations. Moreover, the results suggested that the three prawn samples were different based on female-specific gene sequence. The MrMKn primers have the opportunity to be used in the selection of the female ZZ (neo-female) prawns from Solo without progeny test, so that the determination of female ZZ candidates can be identified more quickly. However, the primer still needs to be redesigned to distinguish neo-female prawns from Sukabumi and Aceh. Keyword: giant freshwater prawn, mono sex, neo-female, sex markers ABSTRAK Udang galah jantan lebih cepat tumbuh dibandingkan dengan betinanya sehingga budidaya udang galah monoseks jantan menjadi salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan produksi budidaya. Populasi monoseks jantan udang galah dapat dihasilkan dengan mengawinkan neofemales (sex-reversed males) dengan jantan normal. Sistem kromosom pada udang galah berbeda dengan ikan. Individu betina bersifat heterogametik (WZ) dan jantan homogametik (ZZ). Dalam perkembangannya, terdapat kendala dalam menentukan individu neofemale yang memiliki kromosom ZZ. Berdasarkan pendekatan sistem kromosom tersebut, maka dapat dijadikan acuan untuk membuat marka molekuler terkait kelamin udang galah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi marka molekuler terkait jenis kelamin pada udang galah. Primer spesifik didesain berdasarkan sekuen female specific AFLP marker untuk membedakan kelamin jantan dan betina pada udang galah. Tiga sumber udang galah digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu Aceh, Sukabumi, dan Solo. Berdasarkan hasil analisis PCR dengan primer MrKNn, dari 30 sampel pada kelompok udang galah betina diperoleh hasil 100% pita DNA muncul, dan tidak terdapat pita DNA pada semua udang galah jantan asal Solo. Namun demikian, primer MrMKn tersebut masih mendeteksi sebesar 10–16% pada udang galah asal Sukabumi dan Aceh. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa primer MrMKn belum dapat membedakan udang galah jantan dari semua populasi. Selain itu, dapat dikatakan bahwa ketiga udang galah uji adalah berbeda, khususnya sekuen gen spesifik betina. Primer MrMKn berpeluang digunakan dalam proses seleksi udang galah betina ZZ (neofemale) asal Solo tanpa harus melalui uji progeni sehingga penentuan kandidat betina ZZ lebih cepat teridentifikasi. Akan tetapi, primer masih perlu didesain ulang untuk membedakan neofemale asal Sukabumi dan Aceh. Kata kunci: marka kelamin, monoseks, neo-female, udang galah

Introduction: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is one of the hematological emergencies requiring early detection and treatment. The hematology laboratory plays a pivotal role in management. The correct morphological identification of APL is made even before the confirmation by the cytogenetic or molecular analysis. Automated hematology analyzers are the backbone of the hematology laboratories. Other than providing routine counts and differentials, they are also capable of producing sufficient information in the form of leucocyte cell population data (CPD) scatter plots depicting the leucocyte subpopulation. These data are primarily underutilized, particularly in assessing the lineage of various hematopoietic neoplasm. Here we analyzed the utility of leucocyte CPD and the pattern of scatter plot in Sysmex XN 1000 analyzer for the detection of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Materials and Results: We included 100 controls and 100 AML cases. Leucocyte CPD parameters were compared along with scatter plots from the WDF channel from Sysmex XN1000 analyzer were recorded and analyzed. Immunophenotyping and molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis in all but two cases, where the patients expired within a few hours of admission in the emergency. Out of a total of 100 cases, 22 were labeled as APL, 63 as AML, and 15 as AML M4/M5. Among the APL cases, in 19 cases, immune-phenotyping was done on peripheral blood, and the remaining three bone marrow aspirate samples were used. The scatter-plot analysis of APL cases showed a characteristic pattern which differentiated this entity from other acute myeloid leukemias. In the case of APL, on Side Fluorescence Light Scatter (SFL) Vs. Side scatter (SSC), the abnormal promyelocytes occupy the space above neutrophils and to monocytes' right, where the immature precursors of myeloid are usually found. In cases where the total leukocyte count was within the normal range, a hiatus between these abnormal promyelocytes and neutrophils are seen. This finding was consistent in all cases irrespective of the morphological variation. On the other hand, other variants of acute myeloid leukemias along with monoblastic leukemias, the scatter plots show the blasts in the monocytic region with extension to the ceiling. On comparison, the myeloblast and monoblasts lie more towards the y-axis than abnormal promyelocytes. All the CPD parameters were compared against the control group and the AML group. The cell population data showed a significant difference in all the parameters representing the side fluorescence, size and granulations except LY-WX (width of dispersion of side scatter) when compared to normal healthy controls. Amidst all the AML cases, APL significantly differed from other cases in NE-SFL, LY-WY, and MO-WZ. AML M4/M5 and APL also varied in LY-Y, NE-WY, NE-WZ, and MO-WY. AMLs excluding AML M4/M5 showed additional variation in MO-Y and MO-Z. Discussion: APL cases have a characteristic scatter plot patter on SFL Vs. SSC. The scatter-plot shows a tear-drop like a collection of cells. These cells have high side scatter and high lateral fluorescence owing to the large size of the cells, apple-core like the nucleus, and dense granulations. The differences in the CPD parameters among APL cases and controls and other acute myeloid leukemia can be attributed to these morphological features of the abnormal promyelocytes. Haider et al. found a significant difference between NE-SFL and other myeloid leukemia. [1] This was in corroboration with our findings. Another research done by Park et al. showed that NE-SFL and MO-WX had the highest sensitivity and specificity in differentiating APL from other AML. [2] Conclusion: We conclude that the new age automated cell counters provide numerous data that remains unexplored and can be utilized further along with the information from the scatter plots to make a rapid diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias. References: Haider R.Z., Ujjan I.U., Shamsi T.S. Cell Population Data - Driven Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Flagging Through Artificial Neural Network Predictive Modeling. Translational Oncology, 2020;13(1):11-16. Park SH, et al. Cell population data NE-SFL and MO-WX from Sysmex XN-3000 can provide additional information for exclusion of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia from other Acute Myeloid Leukemias: A Preliminary Study. Ann Lab Med 2016;36:607-610. Figure Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Welding as an energy-consuming process is inevitable as-welded joint can be subject to various loads without failure. Therefore, this paper presents the welding thermal cycle of Cr-Mo steel bar (ASTM A304) of dimensions 100 by 50 and various thicknesses of 5, 10- and 15-mm. Pure tungsten with 2% thoriated TIG electrodes sizes 1.6 mm X 175 mm, 2.4 mm X 175 mm, and 3.2 mm X 175 were used without filler materials for the welding process. A double V-groove weld joint, with a moving heat source, was employed to determine the temperature fields and transformation in the single-pass butt-welded joint. A calibration process was attached at each point of interest using a datalogger type K-type thermocouple 3-channel–LU-MTM-380SD during the welding process on the Cr-Mo steel bar. The results showed that the welding temperature became higher at the welding centreline and decreased towards the edges of the bar. An indication that a weld thermal cycle is a veritable tool, a function of heat input to access likely consequence of the welding process at both welded and parent metal portions of steel bar. Design of Experiment using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array matrix L9(3^4), Factors:4 and Runs:18 in Minitab 17 Taguchi Design Method that suited the experimental method used. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array to restrict the number of experimental runs was used for the design of the experiment (DOE). Mechanical and Microstructure tests were carried out on the samples to investigate the effect of weld heat input. The hardness test result showed that samples C15 and D15 have the highest hardness values 165.0HV and 164.0HV respectively at Base metal (BM) 20mm away from weld centreline and it was also observed that samples C15 and D15 have the highest impact values 48.53J and 48.7J respectively. The microstructure of the C15 at the weld zone WZ, which consists majorly of pearlite and less ferrite, BM shows the appearance of alpha ferrite and pearlite and heat-affected zone HAZ consists majorly of pearlite and a very small proportion of ferrite resulted in increased hardness and impact values at the HAZ.

Host resistance is an important tool in the management of black shank disease of tobacco. Race development leads to rapid loss of single-gene resistance, but the adaptation by Phytophthora nicotianae to sources of partial resistance from Beinhart 1000, Florida 301, and the Wz gene region introgressed from Nicotiana rustica is poorly characterized. In greenhouse environments, host genotypes with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance from multiple sources were initially inoculated with an aggressive isolate of race 0 or race 1 of P. nicotianae. The most aggressive isolate was selected after each of six host generations to inoculate the next generation of plants. The race 0 isolate demonstrated a continuous gradual increase in disease severity and percentage root rot on all sources of resistance except the genotype K 326 Wz/–, where a large increase in both was observed between generations 2 and 3. Adaptation by the race 0 isolate on Beinhart 1000 represents the first report of adaptation to this genotype by P. nicotianae. The race 1 isolate did not exhibit significant increases in aggressiveness over generations but exhibited a large increase in aggressiveness on K 326 Wz/– between generations 3 and 4. Molecular characterization of isolates recovered during selection was completed via double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, but no polymorphisms were associated with the observed changes in aggressiveness. The rapid adaptation to Wz resistance and the gradual adaptation to other QTLs highlights the need to study the nature of Wz resistance and to conduct field studies on the efficacy of resistance gene rotation for disease management.

e22060 Background: The contribution of inflammation to carcinogenesis has been reported. Allergic diseases are now recognized as a systemic inflammatory process. We investigated whether common allergic symptoms are associated with cancer risk. Methods: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) is a stratified probability sample of the U.S. population collected during 1988–1994. The prevalence of cancer excluding skin cancer was obtained by personal medical interview. Allergic symptoms were categorized into three categories: no symptoms (NO), rhinitis/conjunctivitis without wheezing (RC), and wheezing (WZ). Other risk factors for cancer were defined by NHANES III questionnaire and results of physical examination. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios of cancer according to the existence of allergic symptoms adjusted for other possible confounding variables considering complicated sampling methods and weights. Results: 4,558 female adults were selected out of 5076 female adults aged ≥40 years who participated in both interview and physical examination. Cancer was present in 7.41% (n=301). 36.3% (n=1,893) of subjects did not have any allergic symptoms (NO), 47.6% (n=1,979) showed RC, and 16.2% (n=726), WZ. The prevalence of cancer was 5.43% in NO, 7.63% in RC, and 11.23 in WZ (p=0.006). Unadjusted odds ratios of cancer were 1.44 (95% CI: 0.99–2.08, p=0.053) in RC and 2.20 (1.27–3.80, p=0.006) in WZ compared with NO. Odds ratios are 1.49 (1.00–2.22, p=0.048) in RC and 2.08 (1.11–3.89) in WZ adjusting for age, race, education, income, asthma, COPD, C-reactive protein, obesity, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and menopausal status. In subgroup analysis, adjusted odds ratios of breast cancer were 1.89 (1.04–3.42, p=0.037) in RC and 2.08 (0.90–4.78, p=0.084) in WZ, while other cancers showed no statistically significant associations. Conclusions: Common allergic symptoms, even symptoms of allergic rhinitis of conjunctivitis, may be associated with increased risk of cancer in female adults. It supports the hypothesis that systemic inflammation mediators may trigger or promote cancer development in all parts of the body. However, prospective studies are required to validate our findings. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Ultrasonic frequency pulse assisted TIG welding (UFP-TIG) experiments were conducted to join Inconel 690 alloy (IN690) by adding Inconel 718 alloy (IN718) as the filler. The effect of the filler on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and ductility dip cracking (DDC) susceptibility of IN690 joints were investigated. The results show that a variety of precipitates, including MC-type carbide and Laves phases, are formed in the weld zone (WZ), which are uniformly dispersed in the interdendritic region and grain boundaries (GBs). The increase in the thickness of the IN718 filler facilitates the precipitation and growth of Laves phases and MC carbides. However, the formation of Laves phases in the WZ exhibits a lower bonding force with the matrix and deteriorates the tensile strength of IN690 joints. Due to the moderate content of Laves phases in the WZ, the IN690 joint with 1.0 mm filler reaches the maximum tensile strength (627 MPa), which is about 96.5% of that of the base metal (BM). The joint with 1.0 mm filler also achieves the highest elongation (35.4%). In addition, the strain-to-fracture tests indicate that the total length of cracks in the joint with the IN718 filler decreases by 66.49% under a 3.8% strain. As a result, the addition of the IN718 filler significantly improves the mechanical properties and DDC resistance of IN690 joints.

Most nematodes have XO male/XX female sex determination. C. elegans is anomalous, having XX hermaphrodites rather than females. The hermaphrodite condition appears to result from the modification of a basic male/female sex-determination system, which permits both spermatogenesis and oogenesis to occur within a female soma. This modification is achieved by a germ-line-specific control acting at one step in a cascade of autosomal regulatory genes, which respond to X-chromosome dosage and direct male, female, or hermaphrodite development. Mutations of one of these genes can be used to construct artificial strains with ZZ male/WZ female sex determination. Primary sex determination normally depends on the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, as in Drosophila, and there appear to be multiple sites on the X chromosome that contribute to this ratio. Also, as in Drosophila, X-chromosome expression is compensated to equalize gene activity in XX and XO animals. Interactions between dosage compensation and sex determination are described and discussed.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent form of Non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma that remains incurable with present therapies. Derived from germinal center B cells, FL B cells experience ongoing hypermutation of the immunoglobulin variable region gene. In addition, Michael Green, et al (PNAS; 2015), reported the presence of numerous somatic mutations to include those of the chromatin-modifying genes. These mutations accumulate over the course of the disease and play an important role in regulating gene transcription, B cell development and immune interactions. Furthermore, FL tumors maintain a resemblance to primary lymphoid follicles, and as such, present with a number of infiltrating immune cells, especially T cells, the numbers of which vary from patient to patient. The close association and interaction of these immune cells with the tumor B cells play an important part in determining the disease biology (Dave SS, et al. N Engl J Med; 2004). For instance, tumor B cells, through cell-cell contact with these immune cells and/or through secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as TGF-b and IL-10, induce T cell exhaustion and apoptosis as well as suppressive T cell phenotypes (FoxP3+ T Regulatory cells) thus evading immune eradication (Yang Z-Z, et al. Blood 2007 and Ai WZ, et al. IntJ Cancer; 2009). They also promote their own survival and proliferation through their interaction with resident T follicular helper cells via CD40L/CD40 interactions (Ame'-Thomas P, et al. Blood; 2005). As a corollary to an ongoing clinical trial, we received fine needle aspirates (FNAs) of easily accessible tumors from 14 patients with FL prior to any treatment. 6 of these patients had samples taken from a second site simultaneously. All samples were processed within 24 hours into a single-cell suspension; red blood cells were lysed. Cells were then stained with antibodies to delineate T, B, NK, dendritic, and myeloid cells, as well as their subsets. Antibodies against activation antigens, T cell exhaustion, inhibition and function were also used to characterize these cells. Finally, the cells were run on a 17-parameter LSRII (Becton Dickinson) and data analyzed via Cytobank, a web-based data storage and analysis tool. PURPOSE: To better understand the biology of FL as represented by protein expression by the tumor cells and the immune cells that make up the microenvironment. We will especially look to evaluate the heterogeneity inherent in FL by flow cytometry across patients as well as within any one individual. RESULTS: Each sample is stained with 4 panels of antibodies, 13 antibodies each, allowing us to measure over 100 cell subsets. A quick preview of all data shows that there is a high variability between patients in the percentage of T cells within the microenvironment (37.7% + 16.6% of all cells collected from all samples). This variability is represented by the differences in the CD4 T cell compartment (27.6 + 12.9%) and to a lesser degree in the CD8 compartment (7.7 + 3.7%). To note, this variability in T cells does not correlate with time from diagnosis to sample collection which ranged from 3.4 years to approximately 5 months. Also, this is in contrast to the similar percentage of CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing PD-1 (55.5 + 8.8% and 46.0 + 8.9%, respectively) across patients. Notably, there is much less variability from site to site within each patient then between patients as demonstrated by Figure 1 where Site A and Site B are 2 separate lesions within each patient listed, sampled at the same time. Since FL presumably begins in a single site in the body and then becomes disseminated, the fact that a characteristic relationship exists between tumor cells and immune cells wherever the disease is found implies a mutual interdependence of the tumor cells in each case and their immune host component. CONCLUSION: Follicular lymphoma is a very heterogeneous disease as would be expected by the diversity of mutations seen at the genomic level. This heterogeneity is also apparent in the microenvironment from one patient to another. Conversely, different tumor sites within each patient have a characteristic and fixed relationship to their immune microenvironment. The emergence of novel therapies for FL, including checkpoint antibodies such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 and small molecules such as Ibrutinib, will be informed by understanding the differences as well as the similarities in each case of FL. Disclosures Levy: Kite Pharma: Consultancy; Five Prime Therapeutics: Consultancy; Innate Pharma: Consultancy; Beigene: Consultancy; Corvus: Consultancy; Dynavax: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding.

Diversity of the X-ray observations of dwarf nova are still not fully understood. I review the X-ray spectral characteristics of dwarf novae during the quiescence in general explained by cooling flow models and the outburst spectra that show hard X-ray emission dominantly with few sources that reveal soft X-ray/EUV blackbody emission. The nature of aperiodic time variability of brightness of dwarf novae shows band limited noise, which can be adequately described in the framework of the model of propagating fluctuations. The frequency of the break (1-6 mHz) indicates inner disk truncation of the optically thick disk with a range of radii (3.0-10.0)×109 cm. The RXTE and optical (RTT150) data of SS Cyg in outburst and quiescence reveal that the inner disk radius moves towards the white dwarf and receeds as the outburst declines to quiescence. A preliminary analysis of SU UMa indicates a similar behaviour. In addition, I find that the outburst spectra of WZ Sge shows two component spectrum of only hard X-ray emission, one of which may be fitted with a power law suggesting thermal Comptonization occuring in the system. Cross-correlations between the simultaneous UV and X-ray light curves (XMM −Newton) of five DNe in quiescence show time lags in the X-rays of 96-181 sec consistent with travel time of matter from a truncated inner disk to the white dwarf surface. All this suggests that dwarf novae and other plausible nonmagnetic systems have truncated accretion disks indicating that the disks may be partially evaporated and the accretion may occur through hot (coronal) flows in the disk.

7××× aluminum alloy is a metal with a high tendency to weld cracks. In the welding process, 7××× aluminum alloy wire was seldom used but low strength matching 4××× and 5××× aluminum alloy wire was used for joining, which had poor mechanical properties of welded joints. In this paper, a self-designed low copper 7A48 wire containing scandium was used as filler material for metal inert gas (MIG) welding of 4 mm thick A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy plates. The results show that the A7N01-T4 MIG welded joints were obtained with good seam formation and no crack formation. The equiaxed dendrites in the weld zone were found. The precipitated phases were primarily Mg-rich and Zn-rich, forming a typical 7××× aluminum alloy structure. In the fusion zone, fine equiaxial crystals were found, with a width of about 100 μm. In the heat-affected zone, grains growth occurred and the precipitated phase was dissolved or aggregated. The hardness of the WZ reached 81.7% of that of the base material and the softening of the WZ was not significant. The average tensile strength and elongation of the specimens were 364.9 MPa and 17.5%, respectively. The tensile fracture occurred in WZ and the fracture was dominated by microporous aggregation shear fractures with localized cleavage fractures occurring.

Abstract We study single top quark production in association with a WZ pair at the LHC in the context of the Standard Model (SM) and the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). A significant advantage of tWZ compared to other EW top production processes is its sensitivity to unitarity-violating behaviour induced in its 2 → 2 sub-amplitudes through modified EW interactions. At NLO in QCD, tWZ interferes with t$$ \overline{t} $$ t ¯ Z and t$$ \overline{t} $$ t ¯ and a method to meaningfully separate it from these overlapping processes needs to be employed. In order to define tWZ production for total rates and differential distributions, we consider the approaches proposed in the literature for similar cases and find that diagram-removal procedures provide reliable results both for the SM and the SMEFT in a suitably defined phase-space region. We provide robust results for total and differential cross sections for tWZ at 13 TeV, including the six relevant dimension-6 operators ($$ \mathcal{O} $$ O tW,$$ \mathcal{O} $$ O tZ,$$ \mathcal{O} $$ O tG,$$ {\mathcal{O}}_{\varphi Q}^{\left(-\right)} $$ O φQ − ,$$ {\mathcal{O}}_{\varphi Q}^{(3)} $$ O φQ 3 ,$$ \mathcal{O} $$ O φt), also matching short-distance events to parton shower.

The goal of this work is to investigate the interface microstructure of the cold metal transfer (CMT) welded dissimilar (AA6061 sheet-galvanized steel sheet) joint at maximum tensile strength (TS) by optimizing the welding parameters using response surface methodology. To attain maximum strength, CMT process variables like voltage (V), current (I), and wire feed rate (WFR) are used to rotate against the output response. The optimized dissimilar joint exhibited a sound appearance without any visible defects and better TS of 141 Mpa as the voltage of 13.9 volts, current of 100 amps, and WFR of 6.2 m/min was given as input. Furthermore, the third intermetallic compound formed at the weld interface at optimized conditions due to controlled heat input was found to be well-controlled and less than 9 um. The weld interface and base metal on the aluminium side of the joints fabricated under various conditions showed larger grains than on the steel side. In addition, the optimized joint was performed to evaluate the corrosion rate, and the results showed 6.8 µA/cm2. The fracture morphology of the joint reveals that the Fe2Al5 compound layer on the aluminium WZ was where joint fractures were most often seen. The aluminium particles on the steel side were found to be unaffected and were observed in the majority of the dissimilar joints at the WZ owing to the intact bonding between the aluminium particles and steel matrix.

Abstract In this work, by using the machine learning methods, we study the sensitivities of heavy pseudo-Dirac neutrino N in the inverse seesaw at the high-energy hadron colliders. The production process for the signal is pp → ℓ → 3ℓ + $$ {E}_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $$ E T miss , while the dominant background is pp → WZ → 3ℓ + $$ {E}_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $$ E T miss . We use either the Multi-Layer Perceptron or the Boosted Decision Tree with Gradient Boosting to analyse the kinematic observables and optimize the discrimination of background and signal events. It is found that the reconstructed Z boson mass and heavy neutrino mass from the charged leptons and missing transverse energy play crucial roles in separating the signal from backgrounds. The prospects of heavy-light neutrino mixing |VℓN|2 (with ℓ = e, μ) are estimated by using machine learning at the hadron colliders with $$ \sqrt{s} $$ s = 14 TeV, 27 TeV, and 100 TeV, and it is found that |VℓN|2 can be improved up to $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (10−6) for heavy neutrino mass mN = 100 GeV and $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (10−4) for mN = 1 TeV.

In order to study the characteristics of streamer discharge in sub-millimeter gap, an experimental system and an image acquisition system of positive and negative polarity streamer discharge in the gap of 100-500μm at atmospheric pressure are built, and the initial breakdown voltage and breakdown images of positive and negative polarity streamer discharge in the gap of 100-500μm are collected, and the fractal dimension of the experimental discharge images is calculated by MATLAB. The experimental analysis shows that the air breakdown discharge at the gap of 100-500μm still conforms to the stream theory, and the polarity effect between the breakdown voltage of positive and negative streamers and the fractal dimension of the discharge image is obvious. The influence of space charge and photoionization on the meandering degree and coverage of the discharge channel in stream theory increases with the increase of the gap, and jumps at 300μm.The fractal simulation of positive and negative streamer discharge with a gap of 500μm is established by using WZ model based on fractal theory in MATLAB. It is found that the development probability index <i>η</i> is inversely proportional to the fractal dimension, and the discharge development probability index <i>η</i> is smaller in positive streamer than in negative streamer under the same discharge condition.

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important fruit tree widely cultivated in China. Yield losses are usually serious due to different diseases among which anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) is one of the most damaging (He et al, 2019). This disease was found in Yunnan, China and an average incidence of 56.7% diseased leaves was recorded in21 orchards surveyed in July2021. The disease lesions on leaves were circular, angular or oval (7.2-15.6 mm), with whitish center and brown outer area surrounded by a yellow halo; irregular spots or blight areas formed later. It can also infect fruits forming pale-brown, circular and sunken spots before harvest and rot of stored fruits. Diseased leaves were sampled from orchards in Ximeng (N117.78oE39.89o) and Ninger (E101.04oN23.05o) counties of Yunnan for fungal isolation; three and five pure isolates were recovered from Ximeng (LWTJ1-LWTJ3) and Ninger (LB4-LB8) samples, respectively, by plating disinfested tissue (surface-sterilized with 2% NaClO3) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) followed by hyphal tip purification and incubation at 25oC. Two repeated tests following Koch’s postulates were conducted to verify pathogenicity of the eight isolates. In each test, three healthy seedlings per isolate were sprayed with conidia suspenson (2.26×105cfu/mL) until runoff from leaves while control plants were sprayed with sterile water. The plants were kept in the dark at RH100 for 24 h in a black box and then in a growth chamber (28oC, RH>90% and lighting 12h/d). Detached fruits were inoculated with mycelial discs on the puncture-wound surface. Anthracnose symptoms developed on all seedlings and fruits inoculated with LWTJ2 or LB4 isolates, which were re-isolated from lesions of inoculated leaf/fruit, completing Koch’s postulates. Control plants were healthy and symptomless. LWTJ2 and LB4 isolates were morphologically the same: the colonies on PDA were circular, pale-white, with cottony surface and readily forming orange conidium masses. The hyphae were hyaline, septate, branched mostly in near right angles. The conidia were hyaline, one-celled, smooth-walled, cylindrical with round ends, 9.8-17.5 (av.13.8) μm×4.4-6.5 (5.6) μm. The teleomorph was not observed in culture or on orchard trees. The morphological characters were consistent with those of C. siamense described by Weir et al (2012). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) was amplified from the two isolates by PCR and sequenced (1990) and were 545 bp in length (OL963924 & OL413460). BLAST analysis showed that both were 100% identical and they shared 99.08% identity with C. siamense WZ-365 from the ITS region (MN856443).The Tub2 (788 bp, ON637119) and Cal (768 bp, ON622249) genes (Weir et al, 2012) of LB4 were also obtained and they shared closest identity (99.45% & 100%) with those of C. siamense WZ-365 as well. Phylogenetic tree (neighbor-joining) analysis of the concatenated sequence of ITS, Tub2 and Cal genes of LB4 and those of related Colletotrichum spp. showed that LB4 clustered IN the same end-branch with C. siamense ICMP18578 (Bootstrap sup. = 98%). Thus, C. siamense was identified as the pathogen of wax apple anthracnose in Yunnan. It caused anthracnose on other crops as oranges and cacao (Azad et al, 2020). Also, C. fructicola and C. syzygicola were identified as pathogens of wax apple anthracnose in Thailand (Al-Obaidi et al, 2017). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing wax apple anthracnose in China.

usarium wilt disease is a major biotic factor limiting watermelon production in the derived savanna agroecology of southeast Nigeria. The study hypothesized that variety could interact with the fungicide spraying regime to improve the agronomic performance of watermelon (Citrulus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum and Nakai). The objectives of the study were: to assess the effect of fungicide spraying regimes on disease incidence, severity, and agronomic performance of three watermelon varieties; and to identify and characterize the fungal causal organism of Fusarium wilt of watermelon in the derived savanna agroecology of southeast Nigeria. Three varieties of watermelon (Jubaly, red diamond, and sweet sangaria) and four fungicide spraying regimes (No spray, weekly, bi-weekly, and tri-weekly spray) were evaluated for agronomic performance, and disease incidence and severity in a 3 × 4 factorial in a randomized complete block design replicated thrice. Data were collected on phenological, growth and yield indices, and disease incidence and severity. Analysis of variance was done using Genstat 16th edition and GraphPad Prism 9 was used to construct the graphs. Variety significantly affected agronomic traits as well as disease incidence and severity. The Jubaly variety performed better than other varieties in most of the growth and yield parameters measured despite recording higher disease incidence and severity scores. Weekly application of fungiforce recorded the lowest disease incidence (16.67, 16.67, and 50%) and severity (6.7, 6.7, and 10%) at 9, 10, and 11 weeks after planting, respectively. The interaction effect of the Jubaly variety and weekly spray was consistently higher in vine length, node number, fruit number, and fruit yield. Morphological isolation and identification of the fungal causal organism showed the presence of Fusarium species. Further molecular characterization by DNA extraction from the Fusarium isolate and sequencing using the Sanger sequencing method confirmed the presence of Fusarium equiseti. The basic local alignment search tool result showed 94–100% similarity with F. equiseti strain WZ-98 from the NCBI Gene bank. The organism was identified as F. equiseti based on the Phylogeny.

Abstract A search for pair production of squarks or gluinos decaying via sleptons or weak bosons is reported. The search targets a final state with exactly two leptons with same-sign electric charge or at least three leptons without any charge requirement. The analysed data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Multiple signal regions are defined, targeting several SUSY simplified models yielding the desired final states. A single control region is used to constrain the normalisation of the WZ + jets background. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of several supersymmetric models featuring R-parity conservation or R-parity violation, yielding exclusion limits surpassing those from previous searches. In models considering gluino (squark) pair production, gluino (squark) masses up to 2.2 (1.7) TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the collider phenomenology of charged Higgs bosons in the context of a generic Beyond Standard Model scenario with extended gauge and scalar sectors. In such scenarios, the charged Higgs boson can decay via the $$W^{'}Z/ WZ^{'}$$ W ′ Z / W Z ′ channels. We formulate a search strategy for the $$H^{\pm }$$ H ± in the channel $$\sigma (g b \rightarrow H^{\pm }t){\mathcal{B}\mathcal{R}}(H^{\pm } \rightarrow W' Z)$$ σ ( g b → H ± t ) B R ( H ± → W ′ Z ) considering the interesting cascade decay chain $$H^{\pm } \rightarrow W^{'} Z \rightarrow W^{\pm } Z Z$$ H ± → W ′ Z → W ± Z Z . We find that the charged Higgs can be discovered in final states with multiple hard leptons and/or b-quarks which future LHC experiments with sufficiently large luminosity ($${\mathcal {L}} = 1000~\text {fb}^{-1}$$ L = 1000 fb - 1 and above) can probe. We then study the phenomenological implications of our findings in the context of a generic toy model with a $$H^{\pm }$$ H ± as well as in a more realistic electroweak symmetry breaking scenario.

Mobile In many countries, more people have mobile phones than they do fixed-line phones. Mobile phones are one of the fastest growing technologies ever, outstripping even the internet in many respects. With the advent and widespread deployment of digital systems, mobile phones were used by an estimated 1, 158, 254, 300 people worldwide in 2002 (up from approximately 91 million in 1995), 51. 4% of total telephone subscribers (ITU). One of the reasons for this is mobility itself: the ability for people to talk on the phone wherever they are. The communicative possibilities opened up by mobile phones have produced new uses and new discourses (see Katz and Aakhus; Brown, Green, and Harper; and Plant). Contemporary soundscapes now feature not only voice calls in previously quiet public spaces such as buses or restaurants but also the aural irruptions of customised polyphonic ringtones identifying whose phone is ringing by the tune downloaded. The mobile phone plays an important role in contemporary visual and material culture as fashion item and status symbol. Most tragically one might point to the tableau of people in the twin towers of the World Trade Centre, or aboard a plane about to crash, calling their loved ones to say good-bye (Galvin). By contrast, one can look on at the bathos of Australian cricketer Shane Warne’s predilection for pressing his mobile phone into service to arrange wanted and unwanted assignations while on tour. In this article, I wish to consider another important and so far also under-theorised aspect of mobile phones: text. Of contemporary textual and semiotic systems, mobile text is only a recent addition. Yet it is already produces millions of inscriptions each day, and promises to be of far-reaching significance. Txt Txt msg ws an acidnt. no 1 expcted it. Whn the 1st txt msg ws sent, in 1993 by Nokia eng stdnt Riku Pihkonen, the telcom cpnies thought it ws nt important. SMS – Short Message Service – ws nt considrd a majr pt of GSM. Like mny teks, the *pwr* of txt — indeed, the *pwr* of the fon — wz discvrd by users. In the case of txt mssng, the usrs were the yng or poor in the W and E. (Agar 105) As Jon Agar suggests in Constant Touch, textual communication through mobile phone was an after-thought. Mobile phones use radio waves, operating on a cellular system. The first such mobile service went live in Chicago in December 1978, in Sweden in 1981, in January 1985 in the United Kingdom (Agar), and in the mid-1980s in Australia. Mobile cellular systems allowed efficient sharing of scarce spectrum, improvements in handsets and quality, drawing on advances in science and engineering. In the first instance, technology designers, manufacturers, and mobile phone companies had been preoccupied with transferring telephone capabilities and culture to the mobile phone platform. With the growth in data communications from the 1960s onwards, consideration had been given to data capabilities of mobile phone. One difficulty, however, had been the poor quality and slow transfer rates of data communications over mobile networks, especially with first-generation analogue and early second-generation digital mobile phones. As the internet was widely and wildly adopted in the early to mid-1990s, mobile phone proponents looked at mimicking internet and online data services possibilities on their hand-held devices. What could work on a computer screen, it was thought, could be reinvented in miniature for the mobile phone — and hence much money was invested into the wireless access protocol (or WAP), which spectacularly flopped. The future of mobiles as a material support for text culture was not to lie, at first at least, in aping the world-wide web for the phone. It came from an unexpected direction: cheap, simple letters, spelling out short messages with strange new ellipses. SMS was built into the European Global System for Mobile (GSM) standard as an insignificant, additional capability. A number of telecommunications manufacturers thought so little of the SMS as not to not design or even offer the equipment needed (the servers, for instance) for the distribution of the messages. The character sets were limited, the keyboards small, the typeface displays rudimentary, and there was no acknowledgement that messages were actually received by the recipient. Yet SMS was cheap, and it offered one-to-one, or one-to-many, text communications that could be read at leisure, or more often, immediately. SMS was avidly taken up by young people, forming a new culture of media use. Sending a text message offered a relatively cheap and affordable alternative to the still expensive timed calls of voice mobile. In its early beginnings, mobile text can be seen as a subcultural activity. The text culture featured compressed, cryptic messages, with users devising their own abbreviations and grammar. One of the reasons young people took to texting was a tactic of consolidating and shaping their own shared culture, in distinction from the general culture dominated by their parents and other adults. Mobile texting become involved in a wider reworking of youth culture, involving other new media forms and technologies, and cultural developments (Butcher and Thomas). Another subculture that also was in the vanguard of SMS was the Deaf ‘community’. Though the Alexander Graham Bell, celebrated as the inventor of the telephone, very much had his hearing-impaired wife in mind in devising a new form of communication, Deaf people have been systematically left off the telecommunications network since this time. Deaf people pioneered an earlier form of text communications based on the Baudot standard, used for telex communications. Known as teletypewriter (TTY), or telecommunications device for the Deaf (TDD) in the US, this technology allowed Deaf people to communicate with each other by connecting such devices to the phone network. The addition of a relay service (established in Australia in the mid-1990s after much government resistance) allows Deaf people to communicate with hearing people without TTYs (Goggin & Newell). Connecting TTYs to mobile phones have been a vexed issue, however, because the digital phone network in Australia does not allow compatibility. For this reason, and because of other features, Deaf people have become avid users of SMS (Harper). An especially favoured device in Europe has been the Nokia Communicator, with its hinged keyboard. The move from a ‘restricted’, ‘subcultural’ economy to a ‘general’ economy sees mobile texting become incorporated in the semiotic texture and prosaic practices of everyday life. Many users were already familiar with the new conventions already developed around electronic mail, with shorter, crisper messages sent and received — more conversation-like than other correspondence. Unlike phone calls, email is asynchronous. The sender can respond immediately, and the reply will be received with seconds. However, they can also choose to reply at their leisure. Similarly, for the adept user, SMS offers considerable advantages over voice communications, because it makes textual production mobile. Writing and reading can take place wherever a mobile phone can be turned on: in the street, on the train, in the club, in the lecture theatre, in bed. The body writes differently too. Writing with a pen takes a finger and thumb. Typing on a keyboard requires between two and ten fingers. The mobile phone uses the ‘fifth finger’ — the thumb. Always too early, and too late, to speculate on contemporary culture (Morris), it is worth analyzing the textuality of mobile text. Theorists of media, especially television, have insisted on understanding the specific textual modes of different cultural forms. We are familiar with this imperative, and other methods of making visible and decentring structures of text, and the institutions which animate and frame them (whether author or producer; reader or audience; the cultural expectations encoded in genre; the inscriptions in technology). In formal terms, mobile text can be described as involving elision, great compression, and open-endedness. Its channels of communication physically constrain the composition of a very long single text message. Imagine sending James Joyce’s Finnegan’s Wake in one text message. How long would it take to key in this exemplar of the disintegration of the cultural form of the novel? How long would it take to read? How would one navigate the text? Imagine sending the Courier-Mail or Financial Review newspaper over a series of text messages? The concept of the ‘news’, with all its cultural baggage, is being reconfigured by mobile text — more along the lines of the older technology of the telegraph, perhaps: a few words suffices to signify what is important. Mobile textuality, then, involves a radical fragmentation and unpredictable seriality of text lexia (Barthes). Sometimes a mobile text looks singular: saying ‘yes’ or ‘no’, or sending your name and ID number to obtain your high school or university results. Yet, like a telephone conversation, or any text perhaps, its structure is always predicated upon, and haunted by, the other. Its imagined reader always has a mobile phone too, little time, no fixed address (except that hailed by the network’s radio transmitter), and a finger poised to respond. Mobile text has structure and channels. Yet, like all text, our reading and writing of it reworks those fixities and makes destabilizes our ‘clear’ communication. After all, mobile textuality has a set of new pre-conditions and fragilities. It introduces new sorts of ‘noise’ to signal problems to annoy those theorists cleaving to the Shannon and Weaver linear model of communication; signals often drop out; there is a network confirmation (and message displayed) that text messages have been sent, but no system guarantee that they have been received. Our friend or service provider might text us back, but how do we know that they got our text message? Commodity We are familiar now with the pleasures of mobile text, the smile of alerting a friend to our arrival, celebrating good news, jilting a lover, making a threat, firing a worker, flirting and picking-up. Text culture has a new vector of mobility, invented by its users, but now coveted and commodified by businesses who did not see it coming in the first place. Nimble in its keystrokes, rich in expressivity and cultural invention, but relatively rudimentary in its technical characteristics, mobile text culture has finally registered in the boardrooms of communications companies. Not only is SMS the preferred medium of mobile phone users to keep in touch with each other, SMS has insinuated itself into previously separate communication industries arenas. In 2002-2003 SMS became firmly established in television broadcasting. Finally, interactive television had arrived after many years of prototyping and being heralded. The keenly awaited back-channel for television arrives courtesy not of cable or satellite television, nor an extra fixed-phone line. It’s the mobile phone, stupid! Big Brother was not only a watershed in reality television, but also in convergent media. Less obvious perhaps than supplementary viewing, or biographies, or chat on Big Brother websites around the world was the use of SMS for voting. SMS is now routinely used by mainstream television channels for viewer feedback, contest entry, and program information. As well as its widespread deployment in broadcasting, mobile text culture has been the language of prosaic, everyday transactions. Slipping into a café at Bronte Beach in Sydney, why not pay your parking meter via SMS? You’ll even receive a warning when your time is up. The mobile is becoming the ‘electronic purse’, with SMS providing its syntax and sentences. The belated ingenuity of those fascinated by the economics of mobile text has also coincided with a technological reworking of its possibilities, with new implications for its semiotic possibilities. Multimedia messaging (MMS) has now been deployed, on capable digital phones (an instance of what has been called 2.5 generation [G] digital phones) and third-generation networks. MMS allows images, video, and audio to be communicated. At one level, this sort of capability can be user-generated, as in the popularity of mobiles that take pictures and send these to other users. Television broadcasters are also interested in the capability to send video clips of favourite programs to viewers. Not content with the revenues raised from millions of standard-priced SMS, and now MMS transactions, commercial participants along the value chain are keenly awaiting the deployment of what is called ‘premium rate’ SMS and MMS services. These services will involve the delivery of desirable content via SMS and MMS, and be priced at a premium. Products and services are likely to include: one-to-one textchat; subscription services (content delivered on handset); multi-party text chat (such as chat rooms); adult entertainment services; multi-part messages (such as text communications plus downloads); download of video or ringtones. In August 2003, one text-chat service charged $4.40 for a pair of SMS. Pwr At the end of 2003, we have scarcely registered the textual practices and systems in mobile text, a culture that sprang up in the interstices of telecommunications. It may be urgent that we do think about the stakes here, as SMS is being extended and commodified. There are obvious and serious policy issues in premium rate SMS and MMS services, and questions concerning the political economy in which these are embedded. Yet there are cultural questions too, with intricate ramifications. How do we understand the effects of mobile textuality, rewriting the telephone book for this new cultural form (Ronell). What are the new genres emerging? And what are the implications for cultural practice and policy? Does it matter, for instance, that new MMS and 3rd generation mobile platforms are not being designed or offered with any-to-any capabilities in mind: allowing any user to upload and send multimedia communications to other any. True, as the example of SMS shows, the inventiveness of users is difficult to foresee and predict, and so new forms of mobile text may have all sorts of relationships with content and communication. However, there are worrying signs of these developing mobile circuits being programmed for narrow channels of retail purchase of cultural products rather than open-source, open-architecture, publicly usable nodes of connection. Works Cited Agar, Jon. Constant Touch: A Global History of the Mobile Phone. Cambridge: Icon, 2003. Barthes, Roland. S/Z. Trans. Richard Miller. New York: Hill & Wang, 1974. Brown, Barry, Green, Nicola, and Harper, Richard, eds. Wireless World: Social, Cultural, and Interactional Aspects of the Mobile Age. London: Springer Verlag, 2001. Butcher, Melissa, and Thomas, Mandy, eds. Ingenious: Emerging youth cultures in urban Australia. Melbourne: Pluto, 2003. Galvin, Michael. ‘September 11 and the Logistics of Communication.’ Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies 17.3 (2003): 303-13. Goggin, Gerard, and Newell, Christopher. Digital Disability: The Social Construction of Digital in New Media. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. Harper, Phil. ‘Networking the Deaf Nation.’ Australian Journal of Communication 30. 3 (2003), in press. International Telecommunications Union (ITU). ‘Mobile Cellular, subscribers per 100 people.’ World Telecommunication Indicators <http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/> accessed 13 October 2003. Katz, James E., and Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge U P, 2002. Morris, Meaghan. Too Soon, Too Late: History in Popular Culture. Bloomington and Indianapolis: U of Indiana P, 1998. Plant, Sadie. On the Mobile: The Effects of Mobile Telephones on Social and Individual Life. < http://www.motorola.com/mot/documents/0,1028,296,00.pdf> accessed 5 October 2003. Ronell, Avital. The Telephone Book: Technology—schizophrenia—electric speech. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1989. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Goggin, Gerard. "‘mobile text’" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0401/03-goggin.php>. APA Style Goggin, G. (2004, Jan 12). ‘mobile text’. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0401/03-goggin.php>