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Mandres, Marinel. "Ich bin Italiano: The Internment of Trentini, Tirolesi, and Triestini in Canada during the First World War Marinel Mandres". Italian Canadiana 36, n.º 1 (3 de outubro de 2022): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ic.v36i1.39377.
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Citizenship, rather than ethnicity, determined the treatment of immigrants during Canada’s first national internment operations (1914–20). Italians were concurrently treated as friends and enemies. Those born in Italy were “friendly” aliens. Those born in Austria (Trentino, Tyrol, and Trieste) were declared “enemy” aliens and subjected to monitoring, arrest, and internment. Personal narratives are constructed for most of the fifty-one interned Italians. Many of them rebuilt their lives in Canada. The goals of this article are to (1) establish the identities and narratives of internees, (2) determine why and where they were interned, (3) relate their experiences during and after internment, and (4) determine whether any organizations intervened on their behalf. Thematic headings include (1) pre-1914 immigration and settlement of Italians from Austria, (2) wartime predicament of Italians, (3) initiatives of diplomats and ethnic organizations, (4) internee narratives, and (5) aftermath of internment.
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Tayko, Louie Jed. "Gabriel Marcel’s Existential Phenomenological Method as basis for Ecumenical Dialogue". Scientia - The International Journal on the Liberal Arts 12, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.57106/scientia.v12i1.140.
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Dialogue has been part of the movement of the Church in understanding its faith in the context of the present situation where she is now living, and that is the world. She is now in a world where everyone has found through their expression of faith in different religions, which resembles a similarity in values and faith. So the Church formulated elements wherein they can share their differences and similarities to adhere to the prayer of Jesus to the Father that “all may be in one”; yet we face the fact that this is no longer important because of the theological components that are present. In an attempt to revitalize this ecumenism, the research incorporates the existential philosophical method of Gabriel Marcel, the primary and secondary reflection. The researcher plans to achieve this by first exposing Gabriel Marcels Existential Phenomenological Method. Second, exposing some themes of the Church in doing Ecumenical Dialogue, and lastly to emerge the two to form a new perspective in Ecumenical Dialogue. In spiritual ecumenism, dialogues of love, truth, and life are all possible if only we open our minds to what is essential (primary reflection) in these elements and make them our individual values (secondary reflection). References “Articles A-Z | 1914-1918-Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1).” Encyclopedia.1914-1918-Online.net, encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/pdf/1914-1918-Online-post-war_societies_france-2015-01-22.pdf.. Accessed 22 Nov. 2022.“Catechism of the Catholic Church.” Vatican.va, 1992, www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM.College, Newman Theological. “The Challenges of Ecumenism.” Faith Seeking Understanding, 29 Aug. 2017, ntcpresident.wordpress.com/2017/08/29/the-challenges-of-ecumenism/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.“Color Photos of the French Army during the Great War, 1914-1918 - Rare Historical Photos.” Https://Rarehistoricalphotos.com/, 28 July 2021, rarehistoricalphotos.com/color-photos-french-army-great-war/#:~:text=The%20Great%20War%20ended%20at.. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.“Document of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, “the Bishop and Christian Unity: An Ecumenical Vademecum.”” Press.vatican.va, 12 Apr. 2020, press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2020/12/04/201205a.html. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.“Ecumenical | USCCB.” Www.usccb.org, www.usccb.org/committees/ecumenical-interreligious-affairs/ecumenical.“Effects of World War I on France.” SchoolWorkHelper, schoolworkhelper.net/effects-of-world-war-i-on-france/.. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.Husserl, Edmund, and Dorion Cairns. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Dordrecht, Springer-Science + Business Media, B.V, 1960.Marcel, Gabriel | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. iep.utm.edu/marcel/.. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.Ogundele, Adesewa Christiana. ““An Essay on Gabriel Marcel’s Existentialism.”” ResearchGate, 8 Sept. 2018.Pope Francis. “Evangelii Gaudium: Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today’s World (24 November 2013) | Francis.” Www.vatican.va, 24 Nov. 2013, www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html.Pope John Paul II. “To Representatives of the Ecumenical Commissions of the Episcopal Conferences and of the Synods of the Eastern Catholic Churches (May 15, 1993) | John Paul II.” Www.vatican.va, 15 May 1933, www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1993/may/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19930515_ecumenical-commissions.html. Accessed 13 Dec. 2022.Secretariat for Non-Christians. The Attitude of the Church toward Followers of Other Religions: Reflections and Orientations on Dialogue and Mission. 10 May 1984, www.cam1.org.au/Portals/66/documents/Dialogue-Mission-1984.pdf.Sweetman, Brendan. “Gabriel Marcel | French Philosopher and Author.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Dec. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Gabriel-Honore-Marcel.Treanor, Brian, and Brendan Sweetman. “Gabriel (-Honoré) Marcel (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).” Stanford.edu, 2016, plato.stanford.edu/entries/marcel/.“Unitatis Redintegratio.” Www.vatican.va, 21 Nov. 1964, www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_unitatis-redintegratio_en.html.Wyatt, C.S. Gabriel Marcel Creative Existentialism. 25 Apr. 2022, www.tameri.com/csw/exist/marcel.shtml..
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Rostislavleva, Natalia V. "RUSSIAN CIVILIAN PRISONERS IN GERMANY (1914-1918). REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE DOCUMENTS IN THE SAXON MAIN STATE ARCHIVE". History and Archives 5, n.º 3 (2023): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2023-5-3-123-136.
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The article considers the informative value of the documents in the Saxon Main State Archive (Dresden, Germany) about persecution and restrictions during the First World War against the “enemy aliens”, subjects of the Russian Empire. The main idea in the documents of the archive funds is the rationale for the need of civilian captivity to ensure national security. The archive funds contain information about how the persecution of “enemy aliens” began in Germany, reveal the specifics in the situation with such categories of civilian captives as the interned and confined ones. The documents illustrate the position that the policy of internment is a mirror policy. It depends on the decisions of the government of the Russian Empire in regard to German subjects, who were deported and interned on the territory of Russia. There is an important information is contained on possible ways of humanitarian support for Russian civilian prisoners. The analysis of documents confirms that the least studied segment of the phenomenon of civilian captivity during the First World War is their repatriation
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu. "Obtaining Russian citizenship by subjects of enemy countries during World War I, 1914-1918: ethnicity or loyalty". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2024): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2024-1-205-218.
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The article examines the conditions and features of the naturalization process in Russia of "enemy aliens" during the First World War. In Russian and foreign historiography since the 1990s, this issue has not been closely considered. The authors mainly pay attention to the mass expulsions of enemy subjects to remote provinces from front-line areas, accusations of the latter of espionage in favor of the enemy, restrictions on rights. The researchers conclude that the dominance of ethnic and religious criteria for admission to citizenship of the Russian Empire: the presence of Slavic origin or belonging to the Christian faith for citizens of the Ottoman Empire. Such conclusions are mainly based on an analysis of the laws and orders of the military and civilian authorities of the first months of the war. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the process of granting citizenship not only on the basis of an analysis of the normative acts of the beginning of the war, but also documents of the subsequent period, which reflected the change in the positions of the ruling elite on the issue of Russian citizenship. The article uses petitions from "enemy foreigners", documents of the Council of Ministers and the Ministry of Internal Affairs to assess the course of discussion of petitions and the reasons for making positive or negative decisions. These are documents of the Russian State Historical Archive, the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Central State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg. The analysis of the documents of the Fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (RGIA) based on the results of consideration of the petitions of enemy subjects allowed us to conclude about the number of positive decisions and provide new statistical data on the number of enemy subjects who received Russian citizenship in 1914-1915. The mass transfer of interned foreigners to remote Russian provinces created a huge number of problems for state bodies in the center and on the ground. Naturalization of "enemy foreigners" in the empire allowed tokeep valuable specialists at their jobs, to prevent the closure of enterprises owned by "hostile foreigners". The granting of Russian citizenship during the war increasingly depended on subjective factors: the personal support of officials. With the development of military operations, the granting of citizenship increasingly depends not on nationality, but on the loyalty of the Russian Empire confirmed by recommendations.
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Vemic, Mirceta. "Mass mortality of Serbian prisoners of war and interned civilians in Austro-Hungarian camps during the First World War 1914-1918". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n.º 147 (2014): 201–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1447201v.
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This paper discusses the massive use of camps by the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War, 1914-1918, in order to achieve its war aims, being the most prominent country of the Central Powers. The camps were founded for each nation separately. There were at least 300 camps, out of which ten were large. There were captivated Serbian prisoners of war, but unlike other nations, there were also Serbian civilians interned, which was prohibited by Geneva conventions. In these camps, there was a mass mortality of Serbian inmates aged 1 to 101 years. The final number of imprisoned and killed Serbs has not been determined, but it is considered to be much higher than the estimated number accepted at the peace conference in Versailles. From the previous research the main causes of their suffering can be seen. These are hunger, inadequate housing of the inmates, the location of the camps, heavy forced labor, poor hygiene and health care, illness and disease, punishment and looting of detainees, etc. All camps operated by the same principle and achieved the same war results: the mass mortality of the imprisoned people. Given that the camps were massively opened during the Second World War by the same countries, it is clear that from the beginning they were planned and designed as the most efficient means of genocide against the Serbs.
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu, Natalia V. Rostislavleva e Hannes Boсk. "Families of “Enemy Foreigners” in Russia and Germany in the Days of the First World War 1914–18". Herald of an archivist, n.º 1 (2022): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-214-228.
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The article considers an aspect of the history of civil captivity during World War I which, by itself, had not been previously studied — i.e., influence of the internment policy on the situation of “enemy foreigners” families. Until recently, the historiography addressed only the situation of civilian prisoners, men of military age, while the situation of their families was only mentioned. Drawing on documents from the Russian and German archives, as well as on the published sources, including legislative acts, petitions of individuals, memoirs and diaries, a comparative analysis has been carried out of the policy of the authorities in Russia and Germany towards hostile state citizens and their family members. It is concluded that, although the policy of internment in Russia and Germany was not directed strictly against this group of enemy subjects, its very course had a significant impact on their situation. The formation of legal foundations of internment in the Russian Empire is considered. The article shows the changed approaches to internment of enemy subjects under the influence of situation at the front and situation of the individual front-line territories. It has been established that in a number of cases, it was required to deport from front-line areas not only men liable for military service — citizens of states fighting with Russia, but also their family members. In Germany, the rules for internment were unclear, but the established practice also affected the situation of women and children. In both states, when interning men of military age, family members often followed them to camps and places of deportation. The proximity of cultural, economic, and family ties between the citizens of Russia and Germany on the brink of the First World War resulted in a conflict between nationality and citizenship. Russian citizens in Germany, despite being of German origin, became hostile foreigners. The article analyzes the situation of interned family members in German camps. In some cases, there were organized schools for children. A wide variety of reasons caused the breakdown of family ties: different citizenship of family members, loss of loved ones in displacement, internment of some family members, while other remained at their place of residence. It is concluded that there are similarities, as well as differences in the methods of internment in Russia and Germany, which in both cases negatively affected the situation of the families of hostile state citizens.
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KAMINSKA, Oksana. "PARTICIPATION OF SIDOR HOLUBOVYCH IN SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES IN THE GALICIAN LANDS DURING THE WORLD WAR I". Skhid, n.º 2(3) (27 de dezembro de 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2021.2(3).248231.
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The civic-political activity of Sydor Golubovych during the World War I was analyzed in the article based on the complex study of archive sources, periodicals and scientific literature. His role in the political organizations in Vienna during his emigration period in 1914-1915-s and after his return to L’viv in 1915-1918-s was determined. Namely, the prerequisites of reorganization of the Main Ukrainian Council into the Common Ukrainian Council, problem of political struggle among different party groups within the political circles in Galicia and Bukovina were highlighted. The main aspects of Golubovych’s activity in the Common Ukrainian Council (CUC) were revealed, within the council his main attention was drawn to the issues of the “Military bank” creation, issues related to the Ukrainian refugees, migrant workers, internees from Galicia and Bukovina, who according to the official data were 90 thou in different parts of Austria, Germany and Czech Republic. Moreover, it is mentioned that S. Golubovych was a participant of the political actions for autonomy of Ukrainian schooling, separate Ukrainian university opening in L’viv, transformation of the STC into the Ukrainian academy of science, etc. It was found that after his return to L’viv in August 1915, S. Golubovych as a member of the L’viv’s delegation of the CUC and member of the Regional Credit Union (RCU) was predominantly responsible for the problems of region’s restoration after the military actions. Simultaneously, the main attention was drawn to the busy social activity, namely he was included into the senior council at Stavropigijskyi institute – former Moscow-oriented institution transferred to the Ukrainians by the Austrian governor general Kollard, and was a founder and editor of the newspaper “Ukrayinsʹke slovo” that was the main media source in Galicia. Furthermore, during 1917-1918-s the politician frequently visited Ternopol’s region where he endeavored to keep close contacts with his electorate.A role of S. Golubovych was described before the November events of 1918, where he as a figure of the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) and member of the Ukrainian Parliamentary Representation (UPR) participated in meetings and demonstrations’ organization devoted to the independence proclamation of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), peace treaty agreement in Brest-Lytovsk, was actively involved in implementation of so called “viche week” organized to support the autonomy demands of the Eastern Galicia as a separate Ukrainian territory within the Austrian monarchy, etc.
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Marsenić, Miloš, e Saša Stanojević. "Digital resources in history teaching with reference to the European project Europeana". Зборник радова Филозофског факултета у Приштини 50, n.º 4 (2020): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp50-28944.
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The development of new technologies and the information society has accelerated changes in everyday life and modern teaching. Information and communication technologies (ICT) better motivate students to learn. In order to better preserve historical sources, they are digitized and thus protected, hence researchers can access the source faster and at a less cost. The possibilities of using the Internet in teaching are vast. It is necessary for schools to have computers, as well as for teachers and students to be motivated to use new electronic sources. Many websites have original historical material, from written and printed sources to audio-visual ones. We can call all this material digital resources (materials, sources, electronic historical sources). Teachers need to create engaging and imaginative teaching materials. However, a critical approach and caution in working with materials from the internet is essential. It is the teacher's responsibility to recommend verified sites and documents. Much of the material on the Internet has been posted with the conscious intention of spreading inaccurate data. The possibilities of ICT are great in history studies, as well. It is possible to modernize teaching at all levels of studies, but the financial capabilities of schools do not allow the possibility of keeping up with those innovations. One of the web portals that can be used for teaching purposes with its digitized content is Europeana. It is a database of the cultural and historical heritage of Europe, through which it is possible to search the digitized material of institutions. The Europeana portal is a broad project that provides free access to tens of millions of digital units. One of the most important collections within this portal is dedicated to the First World War and is called Europeana 1914-1918.
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B, CHINTHU I. "Educational Progress in Travancore: Review on the Role of Travancore Royal Family in Higher Education". GIS Business 14, n.º 3 (21 de junho de 2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4668.
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“Education is the basic tool for the development of consciousness and the reconstitution of society” -Mahatma Gandhi.
In Kerala formal and higher education started much earlier than rest of the Indian states. Educational initiatives made the state the most literate one and placed it as well ahead in gender and spatial equity. During the initial phase of educational expansion, education got its prominence for its intrinsic worthiness and played the role of enlightenment and empowerment. Kerala has occupied a prominent place on the educational map of the country from its ancient time. Though there is no clear picture of the educational system that prevailed in the early centuries of the Christian Era, the Tamil works of the Sangam age enable us to get interesting glimpses of the educational scene in Tamilakam including the present Kerala[i]. The standards of literacy and education seem to have been high. The universal education was the main feature of sangam period.
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Evolution and Growth of Cyber Crimes: An Analys on the Kerala Scenario
S S KARTHIK KUMAR
Crime is a common word that we always hereof in this era of globalization. Crimes refer to any violation of law or the commission of an act forbidden by law. Crime and criminality have been associated with man since time immemorial.
Cyber crime is a new type of crime that occurs in these years of Science and Technology. There are a lot of definitions for cyber crime. It is defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. In addition, cyber crime also includes traditional crimes that been conducted with the access of Internet. For example hate crimes, telemarketing Internet fraud, identity theft, and credit card account thefts. In simple word, cyber crime can be defined as any violence action that been conducted by using computer or other devices with the access of internet.
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Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine
SAJITHA M
Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body. The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases. The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[i]
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Re-Appraising Taxation in Travancore and It's Caste Interference
REVATHY V S
Travancore , one of the Princely States in British India and later became the Model State in British India carried a significant role in history when analysing its system of taxation. Tax is one of the chief means for acquiring revenue and wealth. In the modern sense, tax means an amount of money imposed by a government on its citizens to run a state or government. But the system of taxation in the Native States of Travancore had an unequal character or discriminatory character and which was bound up with the caste system. In the case of Travancore and its society, the so called caste system brings artificial boundaries in the society.[i]
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Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore
SAFEED R
In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.
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Denezhuk, Artem Naskidovich, e Andrey Sergeevich Mikaelian. "WORLD WAR I 1914-1918". News of scientific achievements, n.º 6 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-18-20.
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Ivanova, Natalia. "Petrograd: First World War (19141918)". Cahiers Bruxellois Brusselse Cahiers XLVI, n.º 1E (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/brux.046e.0159.
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Nolan, Cathal J. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". International History Review 34, n.º 3 (setembro de 2012): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.718125.
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Kahn, Marcel-Francis. "The World War I (1914–1918) and rheumatology". Joint Bone Spine 81, n.º 5 (outubro de 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.04.015.
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Gregory, Dr Adrian. "Civilians in a world at war, 1914–1918". First World War Studies 4, n.º 2 (outubro de 2013): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2013.843885.
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M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (6 de fevereiro de 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.
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During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.
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Salevouris, Michael. "Bourne, Britain And The Great War, 1914-1914". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 17, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1992): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.17.1.41-42.
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"War," said Thomas Paine, "involves in its progress such a train of unforseen and unsupposed circumstances that no human wisdom can calculate the end." History is replete with examples of wars that didn't exactly go as planners planned, but one conflict above all, the "Great War" of 1914-1918, has been responsible for our contemporary fear of the "unforseen and unsupposed circumstances" of war. The short, heroic, victorious war that most Europeans foresaw in August, 1914, became an unimaginable tragedy that buried a generation in the mud of the western front. It is, therefore, not surprising that books on World War I continue to flow from the presses.
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Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium". TDR/The Drama Review 61, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.
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Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.
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Gregory, Adrian. "1914–1918: The History of the First World War". English Historical Review 120, n.º 488 (1 de setembro de 2005): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei347.
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Hummel, H. C. "Grahamstown 1914-1918: Four wartime themes". New Contree 28 (26 de junho de 2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v28i0.640.
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This study of Grahamstown during World War I illustrates four themes which serve to demonstrate the essentially British, frontier, commercial and martial attitudes that went into its making. Wartime conditions exacerbated the social and economic problems of white Grahamstown and its black population. In so volatile a community the hyper-charged atmosphere of wartime unleashed a strident Germanophobia. There were also two days of protest by blacks to which most whites reacted with alarm. The concluding episode of the article deals with the effects of the Spanish influenza epidemic on Grahamstown during the last weeks of the war.
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Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 10, n.º 1 (março de 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.
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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.
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Denyssov, V. N. "World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918". Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.
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Turda, Marius. "The Biology of War: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918". Austrian History Yearbook 40 (abril de 2009): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000186.
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Much has been written concerning the impact of World War I on the development of eugenic thinking, especially in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries. This has led historians to examine not only specific eugenic movements, but also the international nexus of institutional collaboration, personal affinities, and transfer of ideas. If before 1914, eugenicists from various countries were united in their quest to improve society by biological means—a form of internationalism culminating in the First International Congress on Eugenics organized in 1912 in London—during World War I, many of them engaged in national politics, devising eugenic methodologies to serve the ideological imperatives of their own countries rather than the proclaimed universalism of the prewar years.
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Honcar, B. "American diplomacy and the outbreak of 1914-1918 World War". Україна дипломатична, Вип. 15 (2014): 633.
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Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918". German History 7, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635548900700204.
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Farrar, L. L. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918". History: Reviews of New Books 26, n.º 3 (abril de 1998): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528124.
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Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918". German History 7, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.2.226.
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Speransky, A. "Uralian arsenal of the First world war 1914–1918 years". Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 16, n.º 4 (2016): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh160417.
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Showalter, Dennis, e Holger H. Herwig. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 61, n.º 4 (outubro de 1997): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954103.
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Lyubovets, Nadiia. "The First World War 1914-1918 in a Memoir Representation". Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, n.º 64 (14 de outubro de 2022): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.64.196.
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Simonenko, E. S. "Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)". Nauchnyi dialog 11, n.º 8 (30 de outubro de 2022): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-436-452.
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The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.
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Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918". New England Quarterly 91, n.º 2 (junho de 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.
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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.
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Lowry, Bullitt. "Novels Of The Two World Wars". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 20, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1995): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.20.1.29-32.
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Television is filling the airwaves with programs about World War II and continuing to note the first installment of that war, the Great War of 1914-1918. Because I teach histories of World War I and World War Il, students regularly ask me to recommend novels covering those epochal events. Although I do not let novels substitute for weightier tomes of required reading in my courses, I believe fiction helps to illuminate what was really going on during those years.
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Vörös, Boldizsár. "Children’s War Games and Toys in Hungary, 1914–1918". Historical Studies on Central Europe 3, n.º 1 (31 de julho de 2023): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2023-1.07.
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Children’s games are accurate reflections of a community’s culture with its values, norms and expectations. The Hungarian games of the World War I period were also such expressions both in regard to children’s play activities (which they were able to pursue without toys, with toys they made themselves, or with those produced by official manufacturers) and the products of toy manufacturing companies. In this study, numerous games (for example, group battles, board games produced by manufacturers and put into commercial circulation, etc.) are discussed and analysed. At the same time, the various views on games by pedagogical experts and contributors to children’s magazines published at the time are also discussed. My research has revealed that not only do these games demonstrate some peculiarities of the World War I (for example, the war’s impact upon the most diverse areas of life) but that the War itself brought into prominence certain features of such games and carried into effect their latent possibilities (for example, war games becoming especially brutal). Beyond the scope of research on games and toys, on a more general note this study shows that cultural phenomena can react to radical historical changes.
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Van Velthoven, Harry. "'Amis ennemis'? 2 Communautaire spanningen in de socialistische partij 1919-1940. Verdeeldheid. Compromis. Crisis. Eerste deel: 1918-1935". WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, n.º 1 (4 de abril de 2018): 27–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i1.12007.
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Na de Eerste Wereldoorlog en de invoering van het enkelvoudig stemrecht voor mannen werd de socialistische partij bijna even groot als de katholieke. De verkiezingen verscherpten de regionale en ideologische asymmetrie. De katholieke partij behield de absolute meerderheid in Vlaanderen, de socialistische verwierf een gelijkaardige positie in Wallonië. Nationaal werden coalitieregeringen noodzakelijk. In de Kamer veroverden zowel de socialisten als de christendemocratische vleugel een machtsbasis, maar tot de regering doordringen bleek veel moeilijker. Die bleven gedomineerd door de conservatieve katholieke vleugel en de liberale partij, met steun van de koning en van de haute finance. Eenmaal het socialistische minimumprogramma uit angst voor een sociale revolutie aanvaard (1918-1921), werden de socialisten nog slechts getolereerd tijdens crisissituaties of als het niet anders kon (1925-1927, 1935-1940). Het verklaart een toenemende frustratie bij Waalse socialisten. Tevens bemoeilijkte hun antiklerikalisme de samenwerking van Vlaamse socialisten met christendemocraten en Vlaamsgezinden, zoals in Antwerpen, en dat gold ook voor de vorming van regeringen. In de BWP waren de verhoudingen veranderd. De macht lag nu gespreid over vier actoren: de federaties, het partijbestuur, de parlementsfractie en eventueel de ministers. De eenheid was bij momenten ver zoek. In 1919 was het Vlaamse socialisme veel sterker geworden. In Vlaanderen behaalde het 24 zetels (18 meer dan in 1914) en werd het met 25,5% de tweede grootste partij. Bovendien was de dominantie van Gent verschoven naar Antwerpen, dat met zes zetels de vierde grootste federatie van de BWP werd. Het aantrekken van Camille Huysmans als boegbeeld versterkte haar Vlaamsgezind profiel. In een eerste fase moest Huysmans nog de Vlaamse kwestie als een vrije kwestie verdedigen. Zelfs tegen de Gentse en de Kortrijkse federatie in, die de vooroorlogse Vlaamsgezinde hoofdeis – de vernederland-sing van de Gentse universiteit – hadden losgelaten. Naar 1930 toe, de viering van honderd jaar België, was de Vlaamse beweging opnieuw sterker geworden en werd gevreesd voor de electorale doorbraak van een Vlaams-nationalistische partij. Een globale oplossing voor het Vlaamse probleem begon zich op te dringen. Dat gold ook voor de BWP. Interne tegenstellingen moesten overbrugd worden zodat, gezien de financiële crisis, de sociaaleconomische thema’s alle aandacht konden krijgen. Daarbij stonden de eenheid van België en van de partij voorop. In maart 1929 leidde dit tot het ‘Compromis des Belges’ en een paar maanden later tot het minder bekende en radicalere partijstandpunt, het ‘Compromis des socialistes belges’. Voortbouwend op de vooroorlogse visie van het bestaan van twee volken binnen België, werd dit doorgetrokken tot het recht op culturele autonomie van elk volk, gebaseerd op het principe van regionale eentaligheid, ten koste van de taalminderheden. Voor de Vlaamse socialisten kwam dit neer op een volledige vernederlandsing van Vlaanderen, te beginnen met het onderwijs en de Gentse universiteit. Niet zonder enige tegenzin ging een meerderheid van Waalse socialisten daarmee akkoord. In ruil eisten zij dat in België werd afgezien van elke vorm van verplichte tweetaligheid, gezien als een vorm van Vlaams kolonialisme. Eentalige Walen hadden in Wallonië en in nationale instellingen (leger, centrale besturen) recht op aanwerving en carrière zonder kennis van het Nederlands, zoals ook de kennis ervan als tweede landstaal in Wallonië niet mocht worden opgelegd. De betekenis van dit interne compromis kreeg in de historiografie onvoldoende aandacht. Dat geldt ook voor de vaststelling dat beide nationale arbeidersbewegingen, de BWP vanuit de oppositie, in 1930-1932 mee de invoering van het territorialiteitsbeginsel hebben geforceerd. Een tussentijdse fase C uit het model van Miroslav Hroch.________‘Frenemies’? 2Communitarian tensions in the Socialist Party 1919-1940. Division, Compromise. Crisis. Part One: 1918-1935After the First World War and the introduction of simple universal male suffrage, the Socialist Party was almost as large as the Catholic Party. Elections sharpened the regional and ideological asymmetry. The Catholic Party maintained an absolute majority in Flanders; the Socialists acquired a similar position in Wallonia. Coalition gov-ernments were a necessity at the national level. In the Chamber, both the Socialists and the Christian Democratic wing of the Catholics had a strong base of power, but entering in the government turned out to be much more difficult. Governments remained dominated by the conservative wing of the Catholic Party and by the Liberal Party, with support from the king and high finance. Once the Socialist minimum program had been accepted out of fear of a social revolution in the years 1918-1921, the Socialists were only tolerated in government during crises or in case there was no other possibility (1925-1927, 1935-1940). This explains an increasing frustration among Walloon Socialists. At the same time, Flemish Socialists’ anticlericalism hindered their cooperation with Christian Democrats and members of the Flemish Movement, as in Antwerp, and that also held true for the forming of national governments.In the Belgian Workers’ Party (BWP), balance had changed. Power now lay spread among four actors: the federations, the party administration, the parliamentary faction, and sometimes, government ministers. Unity was sometimes hard to find. In 1919 Flemish socialism became much stronger. In Flanders it took 25 seats (18 more than in 1914) and, with 25.5% of the vote, was the second-largest party. In addition, the centre of gravity moved from Ghent to Antwerp, which with six seats became the fourth-largest federation in the BWP. Camille Huysmans’s appeal as the figurehead strengthened its profile with regard to the Flemish Movement. At first, Huysmans had to defend the treatment of the Flemish Question as a matter of individual conscience for party members, even against the Ghent and Kortrijk federations, which had abandoned the foremost pre-war demand of the Flemish Movement, the transformation of the University of Ghent into a Dutch-language institution. As 1930, the centenary of Belgium, approached, the Flemish Movement became stronger once again and an electoral breakthrough by a Flemish nationalist party was feared. An overall solution to the Flemish problem was pressing, also in the BWP. Internal divisions needed to be bridged in order to give full attention to socioeconomic questions, in light of the financial crisis. The unity of Belgium and of the party came first and foremost. In 1929 this led to the ‘Compromis des Belges’ (Compromise of the Belgians) and a few months later to the lesser-known but more radical position of the party, the ‘Compromise of the Belgian Socialists’. Building on the pre-war vision of the existence of two peoples within Belgium, this point of view was imbued with the right of each people to cultural autonomy, based on the principle of regional monolingualism, at the expense of linguistic minorities. For Flemish socialists this came down to a full transformation of Flanders into a Dutch-speaking society, beginning with education and the University of Ghent. The majority of Walloon socialists went along with this, though not without some reluctance. In return, they demanded the elimination of any form of required bilingualism in Belgium, which they saw as a form of Flemish colonialism. In Wallonia and in national institutions (the army, the central administration), monolingual Walloons had a right to be recruited and have a career without a knowledge of Dutch, just as knowledge of Dutch as a second national language was not supposed to be imposed in Wallonia. The significance of this internal compromise has received insufficient attention in the historiography. The same observation applies to the finding that both national workers’ movements – the BWP from the ranks of the opposition – forced the introduction of the principle of territoriality in 1930-1932: an interim phase C of Miroslav Hroch’s model.
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Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918". Диалог со временем, n.º 79(79) (20 de agosto de 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.
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В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.
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Woodward, David R. "The Great War, 1914-1918, and: Who's Who in World War One (review)". Journal of Military History 67, n.º 4 (2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0341.
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Clavin, Patricia. "The Economic Consequences of the War and the Peace". Current History 113, n.º 766 (1 de novembro de 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.766.324.
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Ruszała, Kamil. "Fellow Citizens or Aliens? Galician Refugees during the First World War in Hungary". Prace Historyczne 148, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2021): 795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.051.14027.
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The outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918) forced the countless civilians to leave their homes and to become war refugees. This topic has remained largely unexplored by the historians. The number of refugees from the multinational Galicia in the years 1914–1918 was large in many parts of the former Austria-Hungary, which finds its reflection in archival materials scattered over various archives and over an extensive territory. This paper presents the issue of the Galician war refugees who found themselves in the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. It also outlines the general problem of emigration as well as describes relations between the refugees and the local people. It was not only due to antagonisms but also due to the administrative decisions of the Hungarian authorities that the Galician refugees remained alien to the locals, despite the fact they all were citizens of the same Habsburg Monarchy.
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Sabancı, Zeynep, e Somer Alp Şimşeker. "A NEW TYPE OF WARFARE: Chemical Filling Facilities in Istanbul, 1914–1918". Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 28, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/icon.2023.2.03.
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In the total war era, states committed their scientific research to rapidly changing warfare conditions, making the management of war the primary goal of contemporary states. The weakness of primary weapons in neutralising the enemy (or enemies) was obvious from the beginning of the First World War. Constantly changing war strategies, integration of civilians into warfare, and the growing sense of impotence as the war proceeded longer than expected, prompted a return to the components of violence. Although research into the use of different chemicals, gases, and suffocating substances in weapons was not something new, its successful employment climaxed during the First World War. This study provides an analysis of the employment of chemical weapons during the First World War and revisits the scarce arguments on whether the Ottomans had taken part in producing chemical weapons. The primary focus here is the gasfilling facilities established in Istanbul under the supervision of German efforts for military purposes. Additionally, the unanticipated extraordinary effects of the use of chemical weapons, the strategies employed to cause attrition in trenches, and its effects on the Ottoman army are within the scope of this article.
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ERMACORA, MATTEO. "Assistance and Surveillance: War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 16, n.º 4 (novembro de 2007): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004110.
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AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.
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Grdina, Igor. "Activism, Meditation and Contemplation: Music and the First World War". Musicological Annual 53, n.º 2 (27 de novembro de 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.53.2.5-21.
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The paper discusses the turn from activism to contemplation in the works of many music creators during the First World War. It also discusses the reasons why the reception of music during the conflict of 1914–1918 was the most restricted so far, prohibiting the performance of works by creators from enemy countries.
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Begum, Imrana. "The Muslims of India and the First World War 1914-1918". International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research 5 (1 de março de 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2371-1655.2019.05.01.
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GELFAND, LAWRENCE E. "Through the Prism of Seven Decades: The World War, 1914?1918". Diplomatic History 14, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00079.x.
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Siebrecht, Claudia. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". European History Quarterly 42, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412440082x.
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Fischer, Christopher. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918 (review)". Journal of World History 23, n.º 2 (2012): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0038.
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Monger, David. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". Journal of Contemporary History 47, n.º 3 (julho de 2012): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009412440542c.
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Samson, Anne. "The End of the 1914–1918 War in Africa". Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, n.º 27/3 (17 de setembro de 2018): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.27.3.05.
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The end of the First World War in Africa occurred at different times across the continent as the German colonies capitulated and surrendered to the allied forces between 26 August 1914 and 25 November 1918. The experience of each territory was indicative of its colonial development and local conditions. As the war inched across the landscape so people moved between states of peace and conflict, all caught up in some aspect either directly or through the provision of food and other materials. This chapter explores different experiences across the continent and the legacy of the discussions at Versailles. ERRATUM Anne Samson and the editors of Anglica: An International Journal for English Studies wish to apologize to George Ndakwena Njung for the misspelling of his name in the in-text references and the references section (90, 92, 110).
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Shevchenko, V. "The Great War of 1914-1918 and Ukraine: Historical Memory and Commemoration". Problems of World History, n.º 8 (14 de março de 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-7.
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The First World War was a turning point in the development of civilization. Ukraine was at the center of this global conflict. Some of the largest and bloodiest offensive operations took place on itslands (East Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn), and the population was forced to fight on both sides of the front. Nevertheless, for many years the national public and professional researchers has beenoverlooked the War. In this paper, the Great War of 1914-1918 was been considered in the light of the historical memory of Ukrainian society and commemorative practices. In Eastern Halychyna, which was part of Poland after the War, there were intensive efforts to preserve the burials of war victims. In the Ukrainian state, the first steps to perpetuate the memory of the victims were made under the Hetman P. Skoropadskyi. Soviet authorities systematically «supplanted» the memory of the First World War from the mass consciousness, so that it was «forgotten».With changing approaches to the coverage of the historical past in independent Ukraine, interest towards the events of 1914-1918 has increased, and the process of perpetuating and commemoratingthem was intensified. Now, the restoration of the historical truth about the First World War and its preservation require the constructive interaction of the state, public organizations, specialists fromdifferent fields of knowledge.
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Pirnat, Jani. "Animals in the Years 1914–1918 as Part of War Propaganda". Instinct, Vol. 4, no. 1 (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m6.071.art.
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The article focuses on examples of also using animals for war propaganda. Photography served to justify animal drafting, to keep up the military morale, and to show how cruel the enemy was. The animal ‘heroes’ of the newspapers– horses, dogs and pigeons – illustrate the attitude of humankind toward animalkind in the first industrial and technological war that showed the vulnerability and the nonsense of using animals on the fronts. Keywords: animals in war, First World War, photography, propaganda images of animals, representation of animals, surveillance
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Hlibiščuk, Mykola. "Prvá svetová vojna a Ukrajina : transnacionálna perspektíva". Acta historica Neosoliensia 26, n.º 2 (2 de fevereiro de 2024): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/ahn.2023.26.02.119-128.
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The article deals with the prospects of research of history of Ukraine throughout the years of the First World War from the perspective of transnational aspect. This educational approach has been a dominant one in Western historical study nowadays. However, in Ukrainian historiography, it has not received such popularity and influence yet. The author tries to demonstrate research prospects of usage of several scientific achievements of Western historians, depicting the connection with Ukraine in the First World War. In particular, this is the Ukrainian issue in international relations in 1914–1918, the history of Ukrainian cities during the First World War, the refugees from Ukrainian lands, violence during the War period 1914–1918, propaganda. On the one hand, these particular stories and plots from the War time show us the need of additional educational investigations done by Ukrainian historians. On the other hand, they convincingly demonstrate the value of Ukrainian narrative of the Great War, that significantly complements transnational history of this global confrontation since the beginning of the last century. Moreover, it outlines the potential perspective of a large-scale scientific project, namely – the rethinking of Eastern European history of the First World War, where the scientists from European countries would be involved.