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1

Denezhuk, Artem Naskidovich, e Andrey Sergeevich Mikaelian. "WORLD WAR I 1914-1918". News of scientific achievements, n.º 6 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-18-20.

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2

Ivanova, Natalia. "Petrograd: First World War (1914–1918)". Cahiers Bruxellois – Brusselse Cahiers XLVI, n.º 1E (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/brux.046e.0159.

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Nolan, Cathal J. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". International History Review 34, n.º 3 (setembro de 2012): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.718125.

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4

Kahn, Marcel-Francis. "The World War I (1914–1918) and rheumatology". Joint Bone Spine 81, n.º 5 (outubro de 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.04.015.

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5

Gregory, Dr Adrian. "Civilians in a world at war, 1914–1918". First World War Studies 4, n.º 2 (outubro de 2013): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2013.843885.

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6

M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (6 de fevereiro de 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.

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During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.
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7

Salevouris, Michael. "Bourne, Britain And The Great War, 1914-1914". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 17, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1992): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.17.1.41-42.

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"War," said Thomas Paine, "involves in its progress such a train of unforseen and unsupposed circumstances that no human wisdom can calculate the end." History is replete with examples of wars that didn't exactly go as planners planned, but one conflict above all, the "Great War" of 1914-1918, has been responsible for our contemporary fear of the "unforseen and unsupposed circumstances" of war. The short, heroic, victorious war that most Europeans foresaw in August, 1914, became an unimaginable tragedy that buried a generation in the mud of the western front. It is, therefore, not surprising that books on World War I continue to flow from the presses.
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8

Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium". TDR/The Drama Review 61, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.

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Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.
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9

Gregory, Adrian. "1914–1918: The History of the First World War". English Historical Review 120, n.º 488 (1 de setembro de 2005): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei347.

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10

Hummel, H. C. "Grahamstown 1914-1918: Four wartime themes". New Contree 28 (26 de junho de 2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v28i0.640.

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This study of Grahamstown during World War I illustrates four themes which serve to demonstrate the essentially British, frontier, commercial and martial attitudes that went into its making. Wartime conditions exacerbated the social and economic problems of white Grahamstown and its black population. In so volatile a community the hyper-charged atmosphere of wartime unleashed a strident Germanophobia. There were also two days of protest by blacks to which most whites reacted with alarm. The concluding episode of the article deals with the effects of the Spanish influenza epidemic on Grahamstown during the last weeks of the war.
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11

Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 10, n.º 1 (março de 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.

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This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.
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12

Denyssov, V. N. "World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918". Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.

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13

Turda, Marius. "The Biology of War: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918". Austrian History Yearbook 40 (abril de 2009): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000186.

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Much has been written concerning the impact of World War I on the development of eugenic thinking, especially in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries. This has led historians to examine not only specific eugenic movements, but also the international nexus of institutional collaboration, personal affinities, and transfer of ideas. If before 1914, eugenicists from various countries were united in their quest to improve society by biological means—a form of internationalism culminating in the First International Congress on Eugenics organized in 1912 in London—during World War I, many of them engaged in national politics, devising eugenic methodologies to serve the ideological imperatives of their own countries rather than the proclaimed universalism of the prewar years.
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14

Honcar, B. "American diplomacy and the outbreak of 1914-1918 World War". Україна дипломатична, Вип. 15 (2014): 633.

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15

Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918". German History 7, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635548900700204.

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16

Farrar, L. L. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918". History: Reviews of New Books 26, n.º 3 (abril de 1998): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528124.

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17

Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918". German History 7, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/7.2.226.

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18

Speransky, A. "Uralian arsenal of the First world war 1914–1918 years". Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series «Social Sciences and the Humanities» 16, n.º 4 (2016): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ssh160417.

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19

Showalter, Dennis, e Holger H. Herwig. "The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 61, n.º 4 (outubro de 1997): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954103.

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20

Lyubovets, Nadiia. "The First World War 1914-1918 in a Memoir Representation". Naukovì pracì Nacìonalʹnoï bìblìoteki Ukraïni ìmenì V Ì Vernadsʹkogo, n.º 64 (14 de outubro de 2022): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/np.64.196.

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21

Simonenko, E. S. "Naval Policy of Canada during First World War (1914—1918)". Nauchnyi dialog 11, n.º 8 (30 de outubro de 2022): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-8-436-452.

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The activities of the Navy Ministry of Canada during the First World War are analyzed in the article. For the first time in Russian historiography, the main directions of Canada’s maritime policy are formulated within the framework of the government’s military course during the First World War. The sources for the study were the debates of the House of Commons of the Canadian Parliament, publications in the Canadian press, the military series of historical and statistical collections and journalism of those years. The state of Canadian naval bases and ports, as well as the features of the development of the shipbuilding industry of the dominion during the war years is characterized. It is proved that during the war years, Canada’s maritime policy was determined by the British Admiralty and developed in two directions: imperial and national. The development of the imperial direction of maritime policy was carried out in the interests of Great Britain. It provided for the recruitment of Canadian volunteers for service in the Royal Navy and the development of a shipbuilding industry for the needs of the British Navy. The national direction of maritime policy provided for the protection of Canadian coasts and territorial waters, for which the infrastructure of Canadian naval bases and ports was actively used. To perform patrol and escort functions, state and private vessels were involved not only for military, but also for civilian purposes.
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22

Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918". New England Quarterly 91, n.º 2 (junho de 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.

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Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.
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23

Lowry, Bullitt. "Novels Of The Two World Wars". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 20, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1995): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.20.1.29-32.

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Television is filling the airwaves with programs about World War II and continuing to note the first installment of that war, the Great War of 1914-1918. Because I teach histories of World War I and World War Il, students regularly ask me to recommend novels covering those epochal events. Although I do not let novels substitute for weightier tomes of required reading in my courses, I believe fiction helps to illuminate what was really going on during those years.
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24

Vörös, Boldizsár. "Children’s War Games and Toys in Hungary, 1914–1918". Historical Studies on Central Europe 3, n.º 1 (31 de julho de 2023): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2023-1.07.

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Children’s games are accurate reflections of a community’s culture with its values, norms and expectations. The Hungarian games of the World War I period were also such expressions both in regard to children’s play activities (which they were able to pursue without toys, with toys they made themselves, or with those produced by official manufacturers) and the products of toy manufacturing companies. In this study, numerous games (for example, group battles, board games produced by manufacturers and put into commercial circulation, etc.) are discussed and analysed. At the same time, the various views on games by pedagogical experts and contributors to children’s magazines published at the time are also discussed. My research has revealed that not only do these games demonstrate some peculiarities of the World War I (for example, the war’s impact upon the most diverse areas of life) but that the War itself brought into prominence certain features of such games and carried into effect their latent possibilities (for example, war games becoming especially brutal). Beyond the scope of research on games and toys, on a more general note this study shows that cultural phenomena can react to radical historical changes.
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25

Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918". Диалог со временем, n.º 79(79) (20 de agosto de 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.

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В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.
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Woodward, David R. "The Great War, 1914-1918, and: Who's Who in World War One (review)". Journal of Military History 67, n.º 4 (2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0341.

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Clavin, Patricia. "The Economic Consequences of the War and the Peace". Current History 113, n.º 766 (1 de novembro de 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2014.113.766.324.

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Ruszała, Kamil. "Fellow Citizens or Aliens? Galician Refugees during the First World War in Hungary". Prace Historyczne 148, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2021): 795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.051.14027.

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The outbreak of the First World War (1914–1918) forced the countless civilians to leave their homes and to become war refugees. This topic has remained largely unexplored by the historians. The number of refugees from the multinational Galicia in the years 1914–1918 was large in many parts of the former Austria-Hungary, which finds its reflection in archival materials scattered over various archives and over an extensive territory. This paper presents the issue of the Galician war refugees who found themselves in the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen. It also outlines the general problem of emigration as well as describes relations between the refugees and the local people. It was not only due to antagonisms but also due to the administrative decisions of the Hungarian authorities that the Galician refugees remained alien to the locals, despite the fact they all were citizens of the same Habsburg Monarchy.
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Sabancı, Zeynep, e Somer Alp Şimşeker. "A NEW TYPE OF WARFARE: Chemical Filling Facilities in Istanbul, 1914–1918". Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology 28, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11590/icon.2023.2.03.

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In the total war era, states committed their scientific research to rapidly changing warfare conditions, making the management of war the primary goal of contemporary states. The weakness of primary weapons in neutralising the enemy (or enemies) was obvious from the beginning of the First World War. Constantly changing war strategies, integration of civilians into warfare, and the growing sense of impotence as the war proceeded longer than expected, prompted a return to the components of violence. Although research into the use of different chemicals, gases, and suffocating substances in weapons was not something new, its successful employment climaxed during the First World War. This study provides an analysis of the employment of chemical weapons during the First World War and revisits the scarce arguments on whether the Ottomans had taken part in producing chemical weapons. The primary focus here is the gasfilling facilities established in Istanbul under the supervision of German efforts for military purposes. Additionally, the unanticipated extraordinary effects of the use of chemical weapons, the strategies employed to cause attrition in trenches, and its effects on the Ottoman army are within the scope of this article.
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ERMACORA, MATTEO. "Assistance and Surveillance: War Refugees in Italy, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 16, n.º 4 (novembro de 2007): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004110.

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AbstractThis article deals with the forms of assistance given to refugees in Italy during the First World War. The entire subject has been neglected because of the dominant myth of a victorious nation. The Italian situation was peculiar because of the high level of migration and the multi-ethnic origin of people in the border areas. By pinpointing the pattern of relocation in Italy during the war this article seeks to explain the policies pursued by the state and by aid agencies, the rationale behind that aid and the continuities and discontinuities in the assistance given to the refugees. Significant political, juridical and social issues evolved around the image of the refugee, including the protection that the state owed to its citizens.
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Grdina, Igor. "Activism, Meditation and Contemplation: Music and the First World War". Musicological Annual 53, n.º 2 (27 de novembro de 2017): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.53.2.5-21.

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The paper discusses the turn from activism to contemplation in the works of many music creators during the First World War. It also discusses the reasons why the reception of music during the conflict of 1914–1918 was the most restricted so far, prohibiting the performance of works by creators from enemy countries.
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Begum, Imrana. "The Muslims of India and the First World War 1914-1918". International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research 5 (1 de março de 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/2371-1655.2019.05.01.

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GELFAND, LAWRENCE E. "Through the Prism of Seven Decades: The World War, 1914?1918". Diplomatic History 14, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00079.x.

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Siebrecht, Claudia. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". European History Quarterly 42, n.º 2 (abril de 2012): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691412440082x.

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35

Fischer, Christopher. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914-1918 (review)". Journal of World History 23, n.º 2 (2012): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2012.0038.

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36

Monger, David. "Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". Journal of Contemporary History 47, n.º 3 (julho de 2012): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009412440542c.

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Samson, Anne. "The End of the 1914–1918 War in Africa". Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, n.º 27/3 (17 de setembro de 2018): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.27.3.05.

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The end of the First World War in Africa occurred at different times across the continent as the German colonies capitulated and surrendered to the allied forces between 26 August 1914 and 25 November 1918. The experience of each territory was indicative of its colonial development and local conditions. As the war inched across the landscape so people moved between states of peace and conflict, all caught up in some aspect either directly or through the provision of food and other materials. This chapter explores different experiences across the continent and the legacy of the discussions at Versailles. ERRATUM Anne Samson and the editors of Anglica: An International Journal for English Studies wish to apologize to George Ndakwena Njung for the misspelling of his name in the in-text references and the references section (90, 92, 110).
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Shevchenko, V. "The Great War of 1914-1918 and Ukraine: Historical Memory and Commemoration". Problems of World History, n.º 8 (14 de março de 2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-7.

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The First World War was a turning point in the development of civilization. Ukraine was at the center of this global conflict. Some of the largest and bloodiest offensive operations took place on itslands (East Halychyna, Bukovyna, Volyn), and the population was forced to fight on both sides of the front. Nevertheless, for many years the national public and professional researchers has beenoverlooked the War. In this paper, the Great War of 1914-1918 was been considered in the light of the historical memory of Ukrainian society and commemorative practices. In Eastern Halychyna, which was part of Poland after the War, there were intensive efforts to preserve the burials of war victims. In the Ukrainian state, the first steps to perpetuate the memory of the victims were made under the Hetman P. Skoropadskyi. Soviet authorities systematically «supplanted» the memory of the First World War from the mass consciousness, so that it was «forgotten».With changing approaches to the coverage of the historical past in independent Ukraine, interest towards the events of 1914-1918 has increased, and the process of perpetuating and commemoratingthem was intensified. Now, the restoration of the historical truth about the First World War and its preservation require the constructive interaction of the state, public organizations, specialists fromdifferent fields of knowledge.
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Pirnat, Jani. "Animals in the Years 1914–1918 as Part of War Propaganda". Instinct, Vol. 4, no. 1 (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m6.071.art.

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The article focuses on examples of also using animals for war propaganda. Photography served to justify animal drafting, to keep up the military morale, and to show how cruel the enemy was. The animal ‘heroes’ of the newspapers– horses, dogs and pigeons – illustrate the attitude of humankind toward animalkind in the first industrial and technological war that showed the vulnerability and the nonsense of using animals on the fronts. Keywords: animals in war, First World War, photography, propaganda images of animals, representation of animals, surveillance
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Hlibiščuk, Mykola. "Prvá svetová vojna a Ukrajina : transnacionálna perspektíva". Acta historica Neosoliensia 26, n.º 2 (2 de fevereiro de 2024): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24040/ahn.2023.26.02.119-128.

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The article deals with the prospects of research of history of Ukraine throughout the years of the First World War from the perspective of transnational aspect. This educational approach has been a dominant one in Western historical study nowadays. However, in Ukrainian historiography, it has not received such popularity and influence yet. The author tries to demonstrate research prospects of usage of several scientific achievements of Western historians, depicting the connection with Ukraine in the First World War. In particular, this is the Ukrainian issue in international relations in 1914–1918, the history of Ukrainian cities during the First World War, the refugees from Ukrainian lands, violence during the War period 1914–1918, propaganda. On the one hand, these particular stories and plots from the War time show us the need of additional educational investigations done by Ukrainian historians. On the other hand, they convincingly demonstrate the value of Ukrainian narrative of the Great War, that significantly complements transnational history of this global confrontation since the beginning of the last century. Moreover, it outlines the potential perspective of a large-scale scientific project, namely – the rethinking of Eastern European history of the First World War, where the scientists from European countries would be involved.
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Ovčina, Ismet, e Muamera Smajić. "Dani prikupljanja uspomena iz Prvog svjetskog rata u Bosni i Hercegovini = Europeana 194-1918 / Days of Collecting Memories From the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Bosniaca 21, n.º 21 (dezembro de 2016): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37083/bosn.2016.21.50.

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Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka BiH pridružila se projektu Europeana 1914–1918 s ciljem obilježavanja stogodišnjice Prvog svjetskog rata. Projekat je podrazumijevao organizovanje Dana prikupljanja na koje su gra-đani BiH imali priliku donijeti priče, predmete, slike vezane za ove događaje i svojim uspomenama doprinijeti bogaćenju velikog panevropskog arhiva u svrhu očuvanja kulturno-historijskog naslijeđa. = National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the project Europeana 1914–1918 with the aim of celebration of the centenary from beginning of the World War I. The project implied the organization of Collection Days at which the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina had the opportunity to bring stories, objects, images related to World War I and with their memories contribute to enrichment of large pan-European archive for the preservation of cultural heritage.
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Marimuthu, Jayakumary. "KESAN PERANG DUNIA PERTAMA (1914-1918) TERHADAP NEGERI-NEGERI MELAYU BERSEKUTU (NNMB)". SEJARAH 30, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2021): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no1.4.

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The outbreak of World War I in 1914 appears to have been dragged Malaya,particularly Federated Malays States (FMS) into the mire of the war itself. Various implications have emerged out of it and hence, influenced the development of the political, economic and social sectors of FMS. Therefore, this paper will be analyzing the changes that took place in FMS from 1914 to 1918. In addition, this paper also will be looking on how the British dealt with the issues and problems occurred during the World War I in FMS within the time frame. Based on historical theme, this research depends on qualitative method. This research uses materials and resources obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Library of Malaysia, Main Library of University of Malaya (MU), Tun Sri Lanang Library of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Sultan Abdul Samad Library of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Hamzah Sendut Library of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The study revealed and found that indeed the First World War had a negative impact on the political, economic and social sectors in FMS duringthis war. In fact, it also showed that the British managed to address the issues and problems that occurred through the cooperation of all parties in the FMS.
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Overto, John. "War and Economic Development: Settlers in Kenya, 1914–1918". Journal of African History 27, n.º 1 (março de 1986): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029212.

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The First World War is perhaps the least studied period in the historiography of European settlement in Kenya. This paper reverses the previously held view of settler economic decline and disarray. Despite apparent problems of shipping shortages, closure of markets and loss of white manpower, settler products were grown and exported in ever-increasing quantities during the war years. The grain and livestock industries were stimulated by new wartime markets whilst plantation crops, chiefly sisal and coffee, continued the impetus of pre-war activity and substantial new planting took place. Prosperity and development, not reversal and decline, were the keynotes of the settler wartime economy. With this new evidence and understanding, it is possible to re-interpret much of the early history of colonial Kenya. The fundamental vulnerability and stuttering growth of white settlement before 1914 gave way to the gradual assertion of the settler economy over the African, with state support, during and after the war. But this assertion and growth was founded upon abnormal economic circumstances: on cheap and available labour, insatiable markets and a pre-occupied colonial state. The post-war crises of labour and market contraction, and the pre-eminence of the settler sector after 1920, therefore must be traced to this accelerated and artificial growth in the settler economy in 1914–18.
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R, SAFEED. "Second World War and Its Repercussions: Impetus on Poverty in Travancore". GIS Business 14, n.º 3 (20 de junho de 2019): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v14i3.4672.

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In the first half of the twentieth century the world witnessed two deadliest wars and it directly or indirectly affected the countries all over the world. The First World War from 1914-1918 and the Second World War from 1939-1945 shooked the base of the socio-economic and political structure of the entire world. When compared to the Second World War, the First World War confined only within the boundaries of Europe and has a minimal effect on the other parts of the world. The Second World War was most destructive in nature and it changed the existing socio-economic and political setup of the world countries.
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KOVALENKO, Tetiana. "Memory of the First World War in the monumental art of Poland". Problems of slavonic studies 70 (2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/sls.2021.70.3735.

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Background. The article deals with the reflection of the First World War of 1914–1918 in the monumental art of Poland. Therefore, memorial buildings and monuments are not only the realization of the creative plan of artists, i.e. their authors, but also a re-flection of a political course of the state, the experience gained, hopes, expectations, losses of people. That is why they allow us to understand the memory of the First World War in Poland. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study how the events of the First World War are reflected in the monumental art of Poland, and on this basis to consider the for-mation of historical memory, past and present practices of commemoration of the tragic events of 1914–1918. Results. The heroes and the memory of the victims of the First World War are re-spected in Poland, which in particular can be observed in the improvement of memorial complexes, memorials and other similar constructions. At the same time, the memory of the global military conflict is identified primarily with the restoration of independence. For most Poles, November 11, 1918 is associated not so much with the end of the Great War of 1914–1918 as with the birth of the Second Polish Republic of 1918–1939. Thus, the heroes of the military conflict are seen as the fighters for independence. On the other hand, the monumental buildings reflect the difficult path to independence, i.e. the division of Polish lands on the eve of the First World War and the difficulties in the establishing borders after its end. The First World War of 1914–1918 remains an important period in history. Commemorative practices, in general, coincide with those conducted in Western European countries, and, at the same time, they are mostly visible in the above position. Key words: the First World War, monumental art, Poland, memory, places of memory, commemoration. 1915: War, Province, Man: Ukrainian-Polish Accents, 2016. Materials of the Interna-tional Scientific Symposium, Kharkiv, 17 kvitnya 2015 r. (Polish Almanac, iss. 8). Kharkiv: Majdan. (In Ukrainian) 90 Years Ago, the Remains of an Unnamed Defender of Lviv were Buried in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 2016 [online] Available at: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/90-lat-temu-w-grobie-nieznanego-zolnierza-zlozono-szczatki-bezimiennego-obroncy-lwowa [Ac-cessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Baczkowski, M. i Ruszała, K., red., 2016. The Military Experiences of the Great War. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. (In Polish) Collingwood, R. G., 1996. The Idea of History. Kyyiv, Osnovy. Available at: http://litopys.org.ua/colin/colin.htm [Accessed 01 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Girzyński, Z. i Kłaczkow, J., red., 2018. Legions and their Influence on the Polish Cause in the Years 1914–1918. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. (In Polish) Hrycak, Ya., 2011. Passions for Nationalism. Old Story in a New Way. Kyyiv: Krytyka. Available at: https://uamoderna.com/images/biblioteka/Hrytsak_Strasti.PDF [Accessed 02 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Jamrozek-Sowa, A., Ożóg, Z. i Wal, A., red., 2016. World War I in Literature and other Cultural Texts: Reinterpretations and Additions. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. (In Polish) Kamionowska, J., 2019. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw – what is its History? [online] J. Kamionowska. Available at: https://histmag.org/Grob-Nieznanego-Zolnierza-w-Warszawie-jaka-jest-jego-historia-12135 [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Kowalski, W., 2016. 86 Years Ago, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was Established [online] W. Kowalski. Available at: https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/86-lat-temu-powstal-grob-nieznanego-zolnierza [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Kyrydon, A., 2011. “Memory masks” in the Conditions of Public Breaks. Kyyivs"ka starovyna, 2, pp. 161–170. (In Ukrainian) Lwówek Śląski. Monument to the Victims of World War I, 2021 [online]. Available at: http://www.polskaniezwykla.pl/web/place/26278,lwowek-slaski-pomnik-ofiar-i-wojny-swiatowej.html [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to “Peowiak”, Małachowski Square, 2021. Fundacja “Warszawa1939.pl” [online]. Fundacja “Warszawa1939.pl”. Available at: http://www.warszawa1939.pl/ obiekt/pomnik-peowiaka [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to Peowiak, 2021. „e-kartka z Warszawy” [online]. “e-kartka z War-szawy”. Available at: http://ekartkazwarszawy.pl/kartka/pomnik-peowiaka/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to the Legions, 2021. Retropedia Radomia [online] Retropedia Radomia. Available at: http://www.retropedia.radom.pl/pomnik-czynu-legionow/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Monument to the Victims of World War I in Wrocław, 2021 [online]. Available at: https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/g11lglg1_4d [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Nahorna, L., 2012. Historical Memory: Theories, Discourses, Reflections. Kyyiv: IPiEND im. I. F. Kurasa NAN Ukrayiny. (In Ukrainian) Nora, P., 1989. Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire. Representa-tions. Special Issue: Memory and Counter-Memory, 25. Available at: https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ARCH230/PierreNora.pdf [Accessed 01 August 2021] Nora, P., 2005. Universal Triumph of Memory. Neprikosnovennyj zapas, 2. Available at: https://magazines.gorky.media/nz/2005/2/vsemirnoe-torzhestvo-pamyati.html [Ac-cessed 01 August 2021] (In Russian) Obelisk on Kaim Hill, 2009 [online]. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193129/http://www.cmentarze.jasonek.pl/cmentarz.php?id=500 [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Osiej, D., 2019. Unveiling of the Monument to the Legionnaire in Radom – August 1930 [online]. Available at: https://www.cozadzien.pl/radom/odsloniecie-pomnika-legionisty-w-radomiu-sierpien-1930/60609 [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish) Piskun, V. M., 2011. Historical Memory and Commemoration as a Way to Unite the Community: Ukrainian Realities in the Past and Today. National and historical memory, 1. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ntip_2011_1_9 [Accessed 02 August 2021]. (In Ukrainian) Polovynchak, Yu. M., 2018. Commemorative Practices in Modern Information Space. Library Science. Documentation. Informology. 2. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/bdi_2018_2_15 [Accessed 02 August 2021] (In Ukrainian) Roman Kosmala. Artist’s Website, 2021 [online]. Available at: http://romankosmala.com/roman-kosmala/biografia/ [Accessed 03 August 2021]. (In Polish) Seniów, J., 2004. On the Way to Independence: the Krakow Press against the Polish Legions during World War I (1914–1918). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. (In Polish) Snopko, J., 2008. The Finale of the Epic of the Polish Legions 1916–1918. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2008. (In Polish) Szlanta, P., 2016. The Great Polish-Polish War. Poles in the Ranks of the Partitioning Armies during World War I. Outline of the Problem. W: Baczkowski, M. i Ruszała, K., red. Doświadczenia żołnierskie Wielkiej Wojny. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ss.51–76. (In Polish) The First World War and the Problems of State Formation in Central and Eastern Eu-rope (to the 90th anniversary of the end of the First World War), 2009. Materials of the In-ternational Scientific Conference, Chernivci, 29–30 zhovtnya 2008 r.). Chernivci: Cher-nivec"kyj nacional"nyj universytet im. Yuriya Fed"kovycha. (In Ukrainian) The Peoples of the World and the Great War of 1914–1918, 2015. Materials of All-Ukrainian Scientific Conference, Vinnycya, 3–4 kvit. 2015 r. Vinnycya: Nilan. (In Ukraini-an) Wrocław: Consecration of the Monument to the Victims of World War I, 2007 [online]. Available at: https://www.ekai.pl/wroclaw-poswiecenie-pomnika-ofiar-i-wojny-swiatowej/ [Accessed 04 August 2021]. (In Polish)
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Osman, Mugtaba, e Andrew C. Parnell. "Effect of the First World War on suicide rates in Ireland: an investigation of the 1864–1921 suicide trends". BJPsych Open 1, n.º 2 (outubro de 2015): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000539.

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SummarySince the proposition of the social integration theory by émile Durkheim, macro-sociological changes have been speculated to affect suicide rates. This study investigates the effect of the First World War on Irish suicide rates. We applied an interrupted time series design of 1864–1921 annual Irish suicide rates. The 1864–1913 suicide rates exhibited a slow-rising trend with a sharp decline from the year 1914 onwards. The odds for death by suicide for males during the 1914–1918 period was 0.811 (95% CI 0.768–0.963). Irish rates of suicide were significantly reduced during the First World War, most notably for males.
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Hudgins, Nicole. "Art and Death in French Photographs of Ruins, 1914-1918". Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 42, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2016): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2016.420304.

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The avalanche of ruin photography in the archives, albums, publications, and propaganda of World War I France challenges us to understand what functions such images fulfilled beyond their use as visual documentation. Did wartime images of ruin continue the European tradition of ruiniste art that went back hundreds of years? Or did their violence represent a break from the past? This article explores how ruin photography of the period fits into a larger aesthetic heritage in France, and how the depiction of ruins (religious, industrial, residential, etc.) on the French side of the Western Front provided means of expressing the shock and grief resulting from the unprecedented human losses of the war. Using official and commercial photographs of the period, the article resituates ruin photography as an aesthetic response to war, a symbol of human suffering, and a repository of rage.
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Slobodianiuk, Mykhailo. "Ukraine in Geopolitics of Leading States during World War I (1914—1918)". Ukrainian Studies, n.º 2(71) (23 de julho de 2019): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(71).2019.170672.

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Gillis, Stacy. "Women’s Poetry and the First World War (1914–1918) by Argha Banerjee". Modernism/modernity 22, n.º 1 (2015): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mod.2015.0014.

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Stapleton, Tim. "Views of the First World War in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 1914–1918". War & Society 20, n.º 1 (maio de 2002): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924702791201953.

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