Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Working class – Scotland – Glasgow"
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Holligan, Christopher, e Robert McLean. "Violence as an Environmentally Warranted Norm amongst Working-Class Teenage Boys in Glasgow". Social Sciences 7, n.º 10 (22 de outubro de 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100207.
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This study aimed to contribute to knowledge about contexts of violent assault perpetrated by white working-class teenage boys in Scotland. Despite studies exploring Scotland’s adolescent street gangs, there remains a gap in research where the collateral damage caused by gangs to others of the same class, age, and gender has gone unrecognized. Drawing upon insights from qualitative interviews with young, male, former offenders in Scotland we found that violence contained a strategic logic designed to foster bonding to a delinquent group, whilst offering a celebrity status and manliness. The co-presence of a violent culture worsened the likelihood of ameliorating mentalities associated with anti-social behaviors, which appear endemic to masculinity. That context of violence is associated with the criminal offending of boys who, though they may not be gang members, were nevertheless ‘contaminated’ by the aggressive shadow cast by the protest masculinity of gang-conflicted territories in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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SMYTH, JAMES J. "RESISTING LABOUR: UNIONISTS, LIBERALS, AND MODERATES IN GLASGOW BETWEEN THE WARS". Historical Journal 46, n.º 2 (junho de 2003): 375–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0300298x.
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This article examines the co-operation between unionists and liberals in inter-war Glasgow. As with the parliamentary challenge of labour, unionists and liberals were confronted at the local level also. The usual response was some sort of municipal alliance or pact. In Scotland, where unionist support for continuing links with liberals was particularly pronounced, this took the form of specific ‘moderate’ parties created to contest local elections. This strategy was markedly successful in keeping labour out of office. The moderates secured their majority in Glasgow by completely dominating the middle-class wards and winning a number of working-class seats. Moderate success is examined through the essential unity of the middle-class vote, the more limited local franchise, and religious sectarianism. However, it became increasingly difficult for the moderates to satisfy both their middle-class and working-class supporters. The sudden emergence of a militant protestant party in the depths of the depression provided a temporary vehicle of protest, which split the moderate vote and allowed labour in to power in 1933.
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McKinney, Stephen J. "Working conditions for Catholic teachers in the archdiocese of Glasgow in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century". Innes Review 71, n.º 1 (maio de 2020): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2020.0245.
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The Education (Scotland) Act, 1918, was a key point in the process towards full state funding for Catholic schools in Scotland. There has been important research on the political and ecclesial negotiations that led to the Act and into the conditions of the Act that preserved the denominational identity of the Catholic schools. This article examines the working conditions of Catholic teachers leading up to the Act and focuses on several themes, primarily in relation to the Archdiocese of Glasgow: school accommodation, the roll, and class sizes; the impact of disease, sickness and death; the working conditions for pupil-teachers; and, the major focus of the article, the remuneration for Catholic teachers.
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Phillips, Jim. "Labour Market in Crisis: The Moral Economy and Redundancy on the Upper Clyde, 1969–72". Scottish Historical Review 101, n.º 1 (abril de 2022): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2022.0548.
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The Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) work-in of 1971–2 is examined here within a moral-economy analysis of the longer history of deindustrialisation. Working-class expectations of security and voice in Scotland were cultivated by the management of industrial job losses from the late 1950s onwards. Labour governments were more trusted custodians of this moral economy than Conservative governments. Edward Heath’s Conservative government, elected in 1970, violated the moral economy by allowing unemployment to accelerate, with particularly punishing effects in Glasgow. A labour market crisis materialised in 1970 before UCS went into liquidation in 1971. This article revisits an academic survey of men who took voluntary redundancy from UCS in 1969 and 1970, before market conditions deteriorated. Their unexpected experience of downward occupational mobility transgressed the moral economy and was a previously-unremarked factor in the mobilisation of the work-in against further job losses. The episode widened the political gulf between Scotland and England. Conservative policy-makers were discredited in working-class communities in Scotland before Margaret Thatcher and her governments embarked on their reckless management of deindustrialisation from 1979.
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Alrayes, Fadi Mumtaz, e Anan J. Lewis Alkass Yousif. "Social Mobility in James Kelman’s A Disaffection". Al-Adab Journal, n.º 134 (15 de setembro de 2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v0i134.882.
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Though social mobility in the post-industrial society of Scotland has helped changing social class structure, Scottish working class still suffers from cultural devaluation. That is to say, in a post-industrial society, knowledge is not really the main human capital. The purpose of this study is to explore Kelman’s untraditional cultural and social representation of the Scottish working class individual and his everyday experiences. Based on the novelist’s individualization of the Scottish working class characters, the study argues that in the post-industrial times in which social mobility can be achieved, contemporary societies like Glasgow still suffers from class division and cultural fragmentation. This article discusses Kelman’s novel A Disaffection (1989), exploring the character of Patrick Doyle, a bitter and alienated schoolteacher whose portrayal raises questions about the role of education in social mobility, issues of cultural and class estrangement, which form a major factor in reconstructing or deconstructing the working class identity.
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Wight, Daniel. "Boys' Thoughts and Talk about Sex in a Working Class Locality of Glasgow". Sociological Review 42, n.º 4 (novembro de 1994): 703–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1994.tb00107.x.
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This paper analyses data on sexuality from ethnographic research and from group discussions and in-depth interviews with 58 14–16 year old males in two schools. The research was carried out in a working class locality (Brockhill) in Glasgow, Scotland. Fourteen to sixteen year old boys in Brockhill lead homosocial lives and learn about sex and develop their sexual identities almost entirely from males. Heterosexuality is taken-for-granted as the cultural norm. There is considerable ambivalence about heterosexual sex, however, because of the gulf between male and female worlds, the inconsistencies between the dominant norm of teenage male sexuality and the boys' own personal experiences and emotions, and the vulnerability of their sexual identities. Although most boys conform to the convention of talking about sex in a way that objectifies women and focuses on male gratification, this discourse does not always reflect their more private views, particularly amongst those most familiar with girls. Several of these latter respondents expressed frustration with the passive role to which girls usually conform. There is a strong sense of the social construction of sexuality, but resignation to the idea that existing norms are inevitable.
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Brotherston, Dylan. "Reconceptualising Barriers to Engagement with Climate Change". Groundings Undergraduate 15 (15 de maio de 2024): 323–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/groundingsug.15.136.
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This paper contributes to the discourse on climate change by emphasising the imperative for inclusive engagement, particularly at the intersection of socio-economic challenges and climate impacts in Glasgow, Scotland. Despite recent shifts towards a ‘Just Transition’ and increased public engagement efforts, working-class voices remain marginalised. To address this gap, the paper first reviews existing literature on Climate Change Communication (CCC), examining some of the competing conceptualisations of barriers and public engagement and their policy implications, and more specifically, participatory policymaking and its role in engagement. Through doing so, the central debates of how public engagement with climate change ought to be pursued will be established, and to what degree this can be understood in the context of developing engagement with working-class people. Subsequently, it proposes a novel framework synthesising insights from Lorenzoni, Sutton, and Tobin utilising an ecological Marxist perspective that aims to address barriers to climate change engagement among the working class.
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Taylor, Yvette. "‘Negotiation and Navigation - an Exploration of the Spaces/Places of Working-class Lesbians’". Sociological Research Online 9, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2004): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.887.
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This article draws upon my research on working-class lesbians, which explores the relationship between class, sexuality and social exclusion. Research participants were drawn mainly from Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Highlands), with smaller samples in Yorkshire and Manchester; in total fifty-three women took part, most being interviewed individually, others as part of three focus groups, and a couple in ‘paired’ interviews. The significance of sexuality and class position is highlighted across various social sites from family background and schooling to work experiences and leisure activities. The women's own identifications, understandings and vivid descriptions point to the continued salience of class as a factor in shaping life experiences. This article focuses primarily on the women's ‘sense of place’ and their relations to the often devalued territories that they inhabit. The relationship between sexual identity and class has received little academic attention - here the ‘gaps’ in the literature pertaining to ‘lesbian and gay’ space, and to (de-sexualised) class space, will be identified. By including empirical data I offer a picture of the ways in which classed spaces is sexualised and sexualised space is classed and suggest that space is constitutive of identity in terms of where it places people, both materially and emotionally.
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Raeburn, Fraser. "‘Fae nae hair te grey hair they answered the call’: International Brigade Volunteers from the West Central Belt of Scotland in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–9". Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 35, n.º 1 (maio de 2015): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2015.0142.
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Despite making up over ten per cent of the British volunteers in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936-9), Scots from Glasgow and the surrounding districts have been overlooked in many accounts of the British involvement in the conflict. In seeking to explain the disproportionate numbers of volunteers from this region, the influence of factors such as economic conditions, political structures and institutions, ideology and community are examined with reference to individuals’ decisions to volunteer in Spain. It is argued that as well as the more severe impact of the inter-war slump in the region, it was Glasgow's distinctive working-class cultures, which placed great importance on grassroots political communities, with an emphasis on social as well as political connections, that led to Communist Party recruitment efforts being especially successful.
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Lawson, Robert. "‘Don’t even [θ/f/h]ink aboot it’". English World-Wide 35, n.º 1 (21 de fevereiro de 2014): 68–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.1.05law.
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As a relatively new phenomenon in the phonology of Scottish English, TH-fronting has surprised sociolinguists by its rapid spread in the urban heartlands of Scotland. While attempts have been made to understand and model the influence of lexical effects, media effects and frequency effects, far less understood is the role of social identity. Using data collected as part of an ethnographic study of a high school in the south side of Glasgow, Scotland, this article addresses this gap in the literature by considering how TH-fronting is patterned across three all-male, working-class, adolescent Communities of Practice, and how this innovative variant is integrated within a system of the more established variants [θ] and [h]. Drawing on recent work on linguistic variation and social meaning, the article also explores some of the social meanings of (θ), particularly those variants which previous research has reported as being associated with ‘toughness’, and suggests how these meanings are utilised in speakers’ construction of social identity.
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Innes, Sue, e Linda McKie. "‘Doing What is Right’: Researching Intimacy, Work and Family Life in Glasgow, 1945-1960". Sociological Research Online 11, n.º 2 (julho de 2006): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1256.
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Understanding discursive shifts over the twentieth century in relation to family roles, paid work and care is essential to any critical review of contemporary family theory and policies. This paper charts aspects of these shifts. An analysis of case records of the Royal Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (RSSPCC), 1945 to 1960 is presented. Based upon these data we reflect upon the construction of the working-class family in the West of Scotland and draw upon one case study to illustrate issues further. This post-war period was one of rapid social and technological change. It is commonly perceived as a period of segregated gender roles, and in the UK a predominant male-breadwinner family model. The RSSPCC case records suggest that family lives and forms, particularly for those on low incomes, were diverse throughout this period. Although prosecutions for cruelty and neglect are dominant in perceptions of the society, most of its work was in material assistance, advice and surveillance. This latter aspect is considered in this paper.
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Potocki, Piotr. "The origins of the Catholic Social Guild in Scotland: ‘We have not attacked the Socialists professedly’". Innes Review 69, n.º 2 (novembro de 2018): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2018.0172.
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The activities of John Wheatley's Catholic Socialist Society have been analysed in terms of liberating Catholics from clerical dictation in political matters. Yet, beyond the much-discussed clerical backlash against Wheatley, there has been little scholarly attention paid to a more constructive response offered by progressive elements within the Catholic Church. The discussion that follows explores the development of the Catholic social movement from 1906, when the Catholic Socialist Society was formed, up until 1918 when the Catholic Social Guild, an organisation founded by the English Jesuit Charles Plater, had firmly established its local presence in the west of Scotland. This organisation played an important role in the realignment of Catholic politics in this period, and its main activity was the dissemination of the Church's social message among the working-class laity. The Scottish Catholic Church, meanwhile, thanks in large part to Archbishop John Aloysius Maguire of Glasgow, became more amenable to social reform and democracy.
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Logue, Mike. "Patrick MacGill: A Path to Socialism Shared with Jack London". Estudios Irlandeses, n.º 17 (17 de março de 2022): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24162/ei2022-10645.
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Until relatively recently the works of the early twentieth-century Irish novelist Patrick MacGill have been neglected by literary commentators. MacGill made his reputation, initially, through his poetry that was centred on the hard lives and conditions of the ‘Navvy’ – the itinerant labourers of the British industrial world. He subsequently published two novels that record the conditions of the Irish migrant agricultural and industrial labourers in Scotland, namely The Children of the Dead End and The Rat-Pit, establishing his reputation as a social commentator of the lower reaches of the working class. Several literary commentators such as Jack Mitchell (1982), Seamus Deane (1985), Owen Dudley Edwards (1986), and Terry Phillips (2010), have considered these early works to have a socialist view while others, Lochlinn McGlynn (1944), and Joe Mulholland (1972) have admired the descriptive skills and the realism in his writings. This article considers their points and places in context MacGill’s education in socialism in Greenock and Glasgow around 1909 and highlights examples where his socialist views are manifestly visible outside his novels. Patrick MacGill and Jack London were writers whose early literary works are formed of their experiences in the lower layers of the working class. In this article, the similarities in the formative years of MacGill and those of Jack London are exposed showing a striking commonality in their experiences that leads them both to socialism and to record those experiences in literature.
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Humes, Walter. "‘Radical’ and ‘respectable’ traditions in Scottish adult education: The divergent pathways of John Maclean (1879–1923) and William Boyd (1874–1962)". Journal of Adult and Continuing Education 24, n.º 2 (novembro de 2018): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477971418816470.
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This paper uses the personal histories of two men, born in the same decade and both involved in the field of adult education in Scotland, to illustrate contrasting responses to the social and political changes taking place in the early 20th century. In methodological terms, it draws on recent writing on the relationship between biography and history. Both men came from working class backgrounds, attended Glasgow University and considered becoming church ministers. But both retreated from a religious vocation, one retaining his faith, the other rejecting it completely and replacing it with political ideology. Their very different types of involvement in adult education are described and analysed, noting in particular their opposing views on the Workers’ Educational Association. Possible reasons for their divergent pathways are explored in the final section. How much can be attributed to family background, individual psychology, networks of associates, attitudes to existing institutions, and a desire to promote greater social justice? How successful were their efforts to encourage community development (in one case) and class consciousness (in the other)? Why has one become a folk hero of the political left while the other, notwithstanding a strong public profile during his lifetime and a distinguished academic career which gained him international recognition, has been consigned to historical footnotes? While no definitive conclusions can be drawn, the analysis serves to illustrate the complex connections between personal biography and social history.
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Bratton, Jacky. "Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850–1914. By Paul Maloney. Studies in Popular Culture. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2003; pp. 240. $24.95 paper." Theatre Survey 46, n.º 1 (maio de 2005): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004055740531009x.
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Paul Maloney's study of Victorian and Edwardian Glasgow's entertainment is part of the series Studies in Popular Culture, under the general editorship of Jeffrey Richards, and it benefits from the protocols of its social-history methodology. His approach to the halls has a welcome freedom from the constraints that dog theatre scholars whose disciplines have equipped them with subliminally insistent literary and musical criteria. Maloney is able to acknowledge the stereotypical, misogynistic, jingoist materials used by music-hall performers but still understand them as functional expressions of working-class attitudes that are counterhegemonic. In his argument, manner and style are read as signifiers before words, articulated positions, and character types. He asserts of Scottish music hall that “[a]s a popular entertainment format it did not articulate its social agenda but embodied it in its functioning and culture” (50). This is an important insight, one that not only circumvents the impasse presented to textual analysis by the bland and unrevealing songs and other materials that survive on the page, but also chimes with the latest research in the history of performance, which is beginning to emphasize the historicism of the embodied. We move toward the possibility of historical and theatrical methodologies jumping together, independently of literary judgments, and producing previously unavailable nuance and fresh insight.
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Checkland, Olive, e R. A. Cage. "The Working Class in Glasgow, 1750-1914." Economic History Review 41, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1988): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597346.
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Gavin, Amanda. "Casualties of Industrialisation in Glasgow". Groundings Undergraduate 10 (1 de novembro de 2017): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/groundingsug.10.185.
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The Victorian era saw the colossal growth of Glasgow as an industrial city; some prospered but many more suffered the ravages of industrial capitalism. This paper will focus on a figure that came to symbolise the social dislocation of this era - the ‘prostitute’. The definition of the ‘prostitute’ far exceeded a meaning of ‘sex worker’ and encompassed a meaning of a working class woman who subverted middle class norms without necessarily being sexually active. We will explore who the ‘prostitute’ was in practise and argue that ‘juvenile delinquents’ were politically ‘prostitutes’. We will draw parallels between preventative industrial schools and adult reformatories such as Magdalene Homes, arguing that they had the same functionality. The paper aims to highlight the resistance of working class women to these attempts at social control and ultimately concludes that they retained a morality that was distinctly their own.
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Plant, E., e C. de Lima Hutchison. "Biological recording at Hamiltonhill Claypits Local Nature Reserve, Glasgow, Scotland". Glasgow Naturalist 28, n.º 1 (2023): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37208/tgn28119.
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Hamiltonhill Claypits is a popular Local Nature Reserve, situated in the north of Glasgow. The mosaic of habitats at the site has given rise to a plethora of species (766 species recorded as of December 2022), with ecological monitoring of the site taking place from 2001. In 2021, the site reopened after infrastructural work, and species recording has continued with renewed vigour. This paper briefly describes the habitat mosaic of the Claypits, previous recording that has taken place there, and plans for future recording by the recently established Ecological Working Group.
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Pesskin, Annie. "An interview with an inspiring lawyer who is pursuing “smart justice”". International Journal of Forensic Psychotherapy 4, n.º 1 (25 de julho de 2022): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ijfp.v4n1.2022.52.
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This interview describes the hard work of a criminal lawyer, Iain Smith, working in Glasgow, Scotland who has been campaigning to make sure that offenders who have a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are given “smart justice” rather than ineffective and often punitive sentences by judges which lead to recividism and ruined lives.
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Gray, Linsay, e Alastair H. Leyland. "A multilevel analysis of diet and socio-economic status in Scotland: investigating the ‘Glasgow effect’". Public Health Nutrition 12, n.º 9 (setembro de 2009): 1351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980008004047.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate differences between dietary habits in Glasgow and those in the rest of Scotland and the role that socio-economic factors have in explaining these.DesignData on age, sex, area deprivation, social class, educational qualifications, economic activity, health board region, postcode sector area and informants’ usual intake of foods covering sugary foods, snacks, fibre, starch, meat, fish, spreading fats, dairy products, salt, dietary supplements, fruit and vegetables were available from the 1995, 1998 and 2003 Scottish Health Surveys. Multilevel logistic regression was used to model the relationship between diet and living in Greater Glasgow compared with elsewhere in Scotland, unadjusted and adjusted for age, survey year and socio-economic factors, accounting for the clustering within postcode sector area.SettingScotland.SubjectsSubjects comprised 11 075 male and 14 052 female respondents.ResultsLower consumption of high-fibre bread and potatoes/pasta/rice (among men and women), of cakes (men) and of cereals, meat, skimmed/semi-skimmed milk and green vegetables (women) in Glasgow was explained by socio-economic factors, as was higher consumption of non-diet soft drinks among women; lower consumption of ice cream, bread, cereals, meat and green vegetables (men) and high butter and salt consumption (women) in Greater Glasgow were not.ConclusionAssociations between unhealthy eating and deprivation accounted for much of the tendency of people in Glasgow to have poor diets. Policies are needed to encourage improvements in diet in Glasgow and more effort is required to reduce social inequalities in eating habits. Glasgow’s poor diet will remain unless problems associated with poverty are tackled.
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Walker, Graham. "The Orange Order in Scotland Between the Wars". International Review of Social History 37, n.º 2 (agosto de 1992): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000111125.
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SummaryThis paper focuses on the theme of religious conflict within the working class in inter-war Scotland. It pays particular attention to the Protestant working class of the industrial lowlands and to the role of the exclusively Protestant secret society of Irish origin, the Orange Order. It attempts to explain why the inter-war period saw an upsurge in membership of sectarian organisations like the Orange Order and their activities; and at the same time was notable for a broadening of Labour Party support among the working class which transcended religious divisions. It argues that sectarian and class loyalties often went together and in some ways reinforced each other. The Orange Order leadership's Conservative politics is stressed but it is contended that the Order's appeal to the working class was to a large extent based on issues such as education and mixed marriages and perceived Irish Catholic immigration, issues which did not break down neatly into party political terms. It is argued that the Orange Order's social role was of great significance in this period of economic austerity and mass unemployment.
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Kift, Dagmar. "The Unspeakable Events at the Glasgow Music Halls, 1875". New Theatre Quarterly 11, n.º 43 (agosto de 1995): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00009106.
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The history of the music hall has for the most part been written as the history of the London halls. In Dagmar Kift's book, The Victorian Music Hall and Working-Class Culture (the German edition of which was reviewed in NTQ 35, and which is due to appear in English from Cambridge University Press), she attempts to redress the balance by setting music-hall history within a national perspective. Arguing that between the 1840s and the 1890s the halls catered to a predominantly working-class and lower middle-class audience of both sexes and all ages, she views them as instrumental in giving these classes a strong and self-confident identity. The sustaining by the halls of such a distinct class-awareness was one of their greatest strengths – but was also at the root of many of the controversies which surrounded them. The music-hall image of the working class – with its sexual and alcohol-oriented hedonism, its ridicule of marriage, and its acceptance of women and young people as partners in work as in leisure – was in marked contrast to most so-called Victorian values. The following case study from Glasgow documents the shift of music-hall opposition in the 1870s away from teetotallers of all classes attacking alcohol consumption towards middle-class social reformers objecting to the entertainment itself. Dagmar Kift, who earlier published an essay on the composition of music-hall audiences in Music Hall: the Business of Pleasure (Open University Press), is curator of the Westphalian Industrial Museum in Dortmund.
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Young, Jenny, e Austyn Snowden. "A J curve of interprofessional change: co-locating non-health partners in an oncology unit". British Journal of Nursing 29, n.º 3 (13 de fevereiro de 2020): S10—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.3.s10.
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Background: Internationally, clinicians face increased demand, pressure on resources and unmet patient needs. A community social support service was co-located within cancer clinics in Glasgow, Scotland to help address some of these needs. Aim: To analyse the impact of the service on clinical staff and to propose an explanatory theory of change. Method: Qualitative exploratory design, using thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with 8 nurse specialists and 2 medical oncologists from lung, breast, head and neck, and gastrointestinal oncology teams in Glasgow in 2018–2019. Findings: Four themes captured this process: ‘The conversation’, ‘A better experience’, ‘Freedom to focus’ and ‘Working hand in hand’. Conclusion: Together, these four themes explained the process of effective interprofessional working. This process would have been predicted by the J-curve literature on diffusion of innovations. Linking J-curve theory to this successful process provides new understanding that could prove essential for clinical teams who are implementing change within their practice.
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Kearney, Maura, Fiona Williams e Fergal Doherty. "Towards a nurturing city: Promoting positive relations across agencies". Educational and Child Psychology 33, n.º 2 (junho de 2016): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsecp.2016.33.2.43.
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Glasgow Psychological Service (GPS), as part of Glasgow Education Services, has redesigned both its service delivery model and the content of that delivery over the past eight years. With reference to the latter, the values that underpin the framework from which the Service works can be noted as being attachment and strengths based, in particular drawing on the concepts of resilience and actively avoiding the inappropriate labelling of children and young people. Importantly Glasgow Education Services has embraced the GIRFEC agenda (Getting it Right for Every Child – Children and Young People (Scotland) Act, 2014) and the legislative drive to work closely and effectively with our partner agencies in Social Work and Health. In this paper, consideration is given both to the nature of that multi-agency working as well as how a Psychological Service delivers a coherent approach which aspires to the principles of nurture to support the mental health of young people, and what that approach looks like in its applied format.
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Taylor, John R., e K. B. Idris. "Use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act (1984) in south Glasgow". Psychiatric Bulletin 27, n.º 04 (abril de 2003): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0955603600001847.
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Aims and Method A cross-sectional survey of the use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 in a defined urban area. Patients initially detained under civil sections (Sections 24, 25, 26 and 18) between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 1998 were identified using the hospital information system and a hand search of section papers. Results There were 283 detentions involving 204 patients that lasted a median of 6 days. A total of 98% of patients were initially detained on a 72-hour ‘emergency section’. A total of 61% had non-organic psychotic disorders (172/283). Less than half of detentions were during the working week. Consent was usually provided by the mental health officer or relatives, but was not provided for 11% of detentions. Patients detained after admission were more likely to be detained for a longer period (29 v. 3 days) and to have their detention extended over 72 hours (64% v. 41%) compared with those detained in the community. Clinical Implications This paper provides information on some of the gaps identified by recent reviews of mental health legislation in Scotland and discusses the possible impact of the changes proposed by the Millan Committee. The workload of general adult consultant psychiatrists is likely to increase and the proportion of patients detained without consent could also increase. The study supports the differentiation of patients detained after admission from those detained in the community, as the patterns of detention are different.
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Taylor, John R., e K. B. Idris. "Use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act (1984) in south Glasgow". Psychiatric Bulletin 27, n.º 4 (abril de 2003): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.27.4.141.
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Aims and MethodA cross-sectional survey of the use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 in a defined urban area. Patients initially detained under civil sections (Sections 24, 25, 26 and 18) between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 1998 were identified using the hospital information system and a hand search of section papers.ResultsThere were 283 detentions involving 204 patients that lasted a median of 6 days. A total of 98% of patients were initially detained on a 72-hour ‘emergency section’. A total of 61% had non-organic psychotic disorders (172/283). Less than half of detentions were during the working week. Consent was usually provided by the mental health officer or relatives, but was not provided for 11% of detentions. Patients detained after admission were more likely to be detained for a longer period (29 v. 3 days) and to have their detention extended over 72 hours (64% v. 41%) compared with those detained in the community.Clinical ImplicationsThis paper provides information on some of the gaps identified by recent reviews of mental health legislation in Scotland and discusses the possible impact of the changes proposed by the Millan Committee. The workload of general adult consultant psychiatrists is likely to increase and the proportion of patients detained without consent could also increase. The study supports the differentiation of patients detained after admission from those detained in the community, as the patterns of detention are different.
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McDermid, Jane. "Catholic working-class girls' education in Lowland Scotland, 1872-1900". Innes Review 47, n.º 1 (junho de 1996): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.1996.47.1.69.
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Clark, Colin. "Stay or Go? – Roma, Brexit and European Freedom of Movement". Scottish Affairs 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 2020): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0331.
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The spectre of Brexit has raised issues of concern for Roma communities living and working in Scotland and other parts of the UK. The effective ending of freedom of movement has produced new uncertainties and insecurities for people living outside their EU countries of origin, especially for those who are racialised and stigmatised by ‘hostile environment’ policies. Brexit is best understood as both a process and effect of everyday bordering as well as a continuation of historically embedded structural divisions. This paper looks at everyday Roma life in Glasgow, via the work of the NGO Romano Lav (Roma Voice), to assess how Brexit is impacting on people's lives. Further, the paper examines how Scotland can best move forward in terms of independence and the European project. It is argued that a second independence referendum that gives full political independence to Scotland is the only way to secure future EU membership and freedom of movement.
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McLauchlan, Anna. "Grappling with The Glasgow Effect: A critical artistic pedagogy to explode destructive success fantasies". Art & the Public Sphere 11, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps_00067_1.
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The Glasgow Effect is the name given to a public health mystery: Why do people in Glasgow, Scotland, die younger than similar post-industrial UK cities such as Manchester and Liverpool? Ellie Harrison appropriated this name to title an artwork where she confined herself to Glasgow for 2016. During that year the only vehicle Harrison used was her bike and she actively engaged with a variety of communities where she lives. The artwork’s invocation of Glasgow’s poor health record in combination with the £15,000 of public funding awarded to Harrison hit a nerve with some Glaswegians that led to outrage on Facebook. Subsequently, Harrison and her artwork were demonized by a broader UK media. Why fund a middle-class English artist’s ‘poverty safari’ in Glasgow when so many others never have the chance to leave? This article grapples with the educative potential of The Glasgow Effect. Harrison began the project because her teaching job in Dundee required her to ‘write and submit a significant research grant application’. That application’s success prohibited Harrison from travelling from her home in Glasgow to her job in Dundee; making her unable to teach. By enacting a complete dematerialization of markers of success – motorized travel and related carbon emissions – the artwork, and subsequent book, publicly challenge preconceived notions of ‘good career progression’, offering a critical artistic pedagogy that explodes success fantasies that hang on internationalization, excess travel and ultimately vast amounts of carbon emissions.
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Catháin, Máirtin Ó. "‘No longer clad in corduroy’? The Glasgow University Irish National Club, 1907–1917". Scottish Historical Review 99, n.º 2 (outubro de 2020): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2020.0464.
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Unique among university clubs in Britain, the Glasgow University Irish National Club emerged before the first world war among mainly second generation, Scots-born Irish students to assist in the campaign for Irish home rule. It was a useful adjunct to the home rule movement and helped the Irish and mainly catholic students at the university carve out a niche for themselves firstly within the institution and thereafter in wider society. This reflected a growing Irish catholic middle class desirous of playing a greater role in Scottish public life during a time of great transition for the Irish in Scotland.
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McLean, Robert, e Chris Holligan. "The Semiotics of the Evolving Gang Masculinity and Glasgow". Social Sciences 7, n.º 8 (30 de julho de 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7080125.
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Glasgow has a persistent and historical gang culture. Dimensions of ‘the gang’ are widely recognized in terms of behavior, formation, membership, and territoriality. The gap in our knowledge lies in the nature of a gang’s evolutionary flexibility. Given that life-course criminology foregrounds continuity and change in offending, it is surprising that this evolution has gone unrecognized in Scotland. Many contemporary studies of youth gangs connect ‘gang talk’ exclusively with territoriality and masculinity overlooking criminal progression. The argument of this article does not dispute the dominant received conceptualization of the youth urban street gang. The article’s contribution is to progress beyond these narrowing tropes and chronological age boundaries to encompass a more complex portrayal of Glasgow gangs and the lives of the indigenous Scottish young lads who were interviewed. The article does this by voicing the lived experiences of those whose lives are enmeshed with gang membership and whose linguistic register rarely achieves a serious platform in the middle-class world in control of the British media.
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Robson, Anna, e John Higgon. "‘Where are all the older people?’ They’re not here either. Referral rates of over- and under-65s in Dumfries & Galloway". FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, n.º 110 (abril de 2010): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2010.1.110.46.
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Here we report an audit of the number of older adult and working-age adult referrals to the Dumfries & Galloway Psychological Services and Research department (hereafter referred to as ‘Psychological Services’) over a 15-month period. Although older adults comprised 25.3 per cent of the local population we found that they accounted for just 8.9 per cent of referrals to Psychological Services. Working-age adults were between three and four times more likely to be referred to Psychological Services than older-age adults. This finding lends further support to the hypothesis that ageist practices result in under-referral of older adults relative to working age adults.The finding of relative under-referral in Glasgow, the Scottish Borders and Dumfries & Galloway, together with the lack of any contrary findings, suggests the likely existence of a trend throughout Scotland toward under-referral of older adults to psychological therapies.
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Duffy, Paul R. J. "Excavation of a Bronze Age wicker container, Gearraidh na h'Aibhne, Isle of Lewis". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, n.º 19 (2006): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2006.19.1-16.
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An archaeological excavation was carried out at Gearraidh na h'Aibhne near Calanais on the Isle of Lewis (NGR: NB 2333 3068) by Northamptonshire Archaeology, working for Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) as part of the Historic Scotland Human Remains Call Off Contract. The site, initially interpreted as a cist potentially containing a bog body, was identified during annual peat cutting. Excavation demonstrated that the feature was in fact an oval pit containing a quantity of hazel branches, capped with a number of flat slabs of Lewisian Gneiss. Several similar stones had been placed in the base of the feature, overlying more hazel branches.
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MEEK, JEFF. "Boarding and lodging practices in early twentieth-century Scotland". Continuity and Change 31, n.º 1 (maio de 2016): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416016000084.
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ABSTRACTThe social and economic position of lodgers in Europe and North America has attracted considerable scholarship, yet the financial and interpersonal relationships between lodgers and boarders and their hosts in working-class homes is somewhat underdeveloped. This article examines patterns of lodging and boarding in working-class homes in Scotland between 1861 and 1911, focusing upon multiple layers of connection between paying guests and householders. This article demonstrates that connections had national and ethnic roots, and that taking in lodgers and boarders was of prime cultural and economic importance for many. The ability to offer space played a crucial role in the social and economic status of single, separated and widowed women, and this article offers an insight into the sometimes troubled relationships between landladies and their tenants.
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Ross, Duncan. "Savings bank depositors in a crisis: Glasgow 1847 and 1857". Financial History Review 20, n.º 2 (24 de junho de 2013): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000103.
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Savings banks were created as a means to encourage the newly created working class to save for the uncertainties of urban industrial life. This article explores the success of the Savings Bank of Glasgow, and pays particular attention to the response of savers to the financial and commercial crises of 1847 and 1857. The crisis of 1847 was shallower but longer lasting in Glasgow, while that of 1857 was greatly exacerbated by local conditions in the short term, but of little long-term importance to savers. It suggests that, in both crises, some elements of contagion may have been present but that those who panicked in 1857 were systematically different from those who did not.
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Foster, John. "Strike Action and Working-Class Politics on Clydeside 1914–1919". International Review of Social History 35, n.º 1 (abril de 1990): 33–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000009718.
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SUMMARYThe record of strike activity on Clydeside is used to explore the interaction between workplace organisation and political attitudes in working-class communities, focussing in particular upon the shipyard labour force in the years immediately preceding the 1919 General Strike. The findings are used to question research by Iain McLean which minimised the political significance of industrial militancy during the period of the Red Clyde and that by Alastair Reid, which argued that the main consequences of wartime industrial experience were to strengthen social democratic perspectives. It is suggested that a limited but significant radicalisation did occur and that this was related to the specific labour relations practices of employers in the west of Scotland and the structural weakness of Clydeside's economy.
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Mackenney, Linda. "The Oppositional Theatre of McGrath and MacLennan in Scotland, 1989–96". New Theatre Quarterly 30, n.º 4 (21 de outubro de 2014): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x14000694.
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In this article, Linda Mackenney explores the four epic plays John McGrath wrote between 1989 and 1996 in the aftermath of his forced resignation from 7:84 Scotland in 1988. These were produced in association with David MacLennan of Wildcat Stage Productions and televised by McGrath's Freeway Films for Channel Four in the 1990s. McGrath died of leukaemia in 2002, and MacLennan died earlier this year after a battle with motor neurone disease; but the work they did together in the 1990s forms a significant part of their legacy. Linda Mackenney was introduced to McGrath's work as a student, when she attended the lectures at the University of Cambridge which were later published as his seminal critical work, A Good Night Out: Popular Theatre: Audience, Class, and Form. She carried out the research for 7:84 Scotland's Clydebuilt Season in 1982, was the creator of the Scottish Theatre Archive at Glasgow University Library, and is the author of The Activities of Popular Dramatists and Drama Groups in Scotland, 1900–1952 (Edwin Mellen Press, 2000). She was a member of the 7:84 Scotland Board of Directors between 1983 and 1988 and is currently completing a study of John McGrath's theatre writings.
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McKelvie, Christina. "‘Stop the World, Scotland wants to get on’ – Reflections from a Career Driving forward change for Women in Scotland". Scottish Affairs 33, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2024): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2024.0492.
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Since being elected as an MSP in 2007, I have always tried to use the platform that comes as a politician to promote and help drive forward the work of others – particularly those working to tackle inequality and promote social justice. What inspired me personally to get involved in politics was an innate understanding that for women in politics, particularly working-class women in politics, we were simply not represented in a meaningful way. This piece charts my early days getting involved in politics in Scotland, reflecting on some of my most challenging personal experiences, as well some of the political achievements in which I have most pride. While women have contributed to modern Scotland in ways that we never fully celebrate, we need more women in the corridors of power to ensure that the voices of women are never overlooked again.
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Young, Craig. "Financing the Micro-Scale Enterprise: Rural Craft Producers in Scotland, 1840–1914". Business History Review 69, n.º 3 (1995): 398–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117338.
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The micro-scale businesses of independent craft producers have received little attention from historians. This article examines the links between the financing and use of capital by these businesses, and the ambiguous social position of the petit bourgeois business owners. A quantitative examination of the relative importance of the various sources of finance for these firms is assessed in the context of the generally accepted picture of financing for British industry, revealing differences in the pattern of funding for micro-scale enterprises. The ambiguous social relationships between the micro-scale business owners and the larger bourgeoisie, and with the working class, are partly explained by the underlying economic relationships. In particular the supply of trade credit by larger firms, and the use of credit and infrequent wage payments in their relationships with the working class, are identified as important elements.
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Cox, Sarah. "Can an Ecological, Multilingual Approach Help Us to Better Support Reunited Refugee Families in Scotland with Language Learning?" Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition 6, n.º 2 (23 de dezembro de 2020): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/tapsla.7805.
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This paper seeks to explore the relationship between academic literature, policy, and practice in terms of language learning within the specific context of refugee families who have recently reunited in Glasgow through the British Red Cross Family Reunion Integration Service. The paper presents research findings from a pilot teaching study, working collaboratively with participants within their first few weeks of arriving in Scotland to explore whether an ecological, multilingual approach to language learning is effective in this context. Building on principles of translanguaging with participants using their full “linguistic repertoire” (Garcia & Kleifgen, 2010) and drawing on Norton’s construct of “investment” (2013) the paper explores key themes of empowerment and identity in the classroom. The results enable us to draw conclusions regarding the balance of power in the classroom and the impact of the recognition of refugees’ own languages within the learning process.
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Iannelli, Cristina. "Educational Expansion and Social Mobility: The Scottish Case". Social Policy and Society 10, n.º 2 (24 de fevereiro de 2011): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641000059x.
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For over a century, the goal of reducing class inequalities in educational attainment has been based at least in part on the belief that this would help to equalise life chances. Drawing upon the main findings of three ESRC-funded projects, this paper reviews the empirical evidence on trends in social class inequalities in educational attainment and the role of education in promoting social mobility in Scotland. The findings show that in the second half of the twentieth century, despite the increase in overall levels of attainment, class differences in educational attainment persisted. Educational policies in Scotland supported educational expansion which allowed larger numbers of working-class children to climb the social class ladder than in the past. However, these did not translate into any break with the patterns of social inequalities in the chances of entering the top-level occupations. The conclusions highlight that educational policies on their own are not powerful enough to change patterns of social mobility which are mainly driven by labour market and social class structures.
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Lepage, Robert. "Collaboration, Translation, Interpretation". New Theatre Quarterly 9, n.º 33 (fevereiro de 1993): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00007442.
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Robert Lepage, the innovative French-Canadian director whose production of A Midsummer Night's Dream last year joined the repertoire of the National Theatre, developed his working methods out of the resource-based technique of improvisation and creation devised by Anna and Lawrence Halprin at the San Francisco Dance Workshop. His devised shows, widely acclaimed for their arresting visual imagery, include The Dragons' Trilogy, Vinci, Tectonic Plates, and Opium and Needles. Here he discusses in interview his ideas on interculturalism and how these influence his approach to Shakespeare. He was interviewed at the National Theatre in London by Christie Carson, a doctoral student at the University of Glasgow, who is working on a dissertation which compares the approach taken to intercultural projects by the theatre communities of Scotland and Canada. A graduate of Queen's University, Kingston, and the University of Toronto, Christie Carson has also recently been a contributor to a commemorative publication analyzing the work performed as part of the C. P. Taylor retrospective at the 1992 Edinburgh Festival.
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Clark, Julie, e Angela Curl. "Bicycle and Car Share Schemes as Inclusive Modes of Travel? A Socio-Spatial Analysis in Glasgow, UK". Social Inclusion 4, n.º 3 (7 de junho de 2016): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i3.510.
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Public bicycle and car sharing schemes have proliferated in recent years and are increasingly part of the urban transport landscape. Shared transport options have the potential to support social inclusion by improving accessibility: these initiatives could remove some of the barriers to car ownership or bicycle usage such as upfront costs, maintenance and storage. However, the existing evidence base indicates that, in reality, users are most likely to be white, male and middle class. This paper argues that there is a need to consider the social inclusivity of sharing schemes and to develop appropriate evaluation frameworks accordingly. We therefore open by considering ways in which shared transport schemes might be inclusive or not, using a framework developed from accessibility planning. In the second part of the paper, we use the case study of Glasgow in Scotland to undertake a spatial equity analysis of such schemes. We examine how well they serve different population groups across the city, using the locations of bicycle stations and car club parking spaces in Glasgow, comparing and contrasting bike and car. An apparent failure to deliver benefits across the demographic spectrum raises important questions about the socially inclusive nature of public investment in similar schemes.
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LITTLEWOOD, BARBARA, e LINDA MAHOOD. "Prostitutes, Magdalenes and Wayward Girls: Dangerous Sexualities of Working Class Women in Victorian Scotland". Gender & History 3, n.º 2 (junho de 1991): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1991.tb00122.x.
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STRONG, ROWAN. "‘A Church for the Poor’: High- Church Slum Ministry in Anderston, Glasgow, 1845–51". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 50, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046999001670.
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In December 1845 Bishop Michael Russell of Glasgow and Galloway wrote to a keen young Episcopalian layman, Alexander James Donald D'Orsey, a teacher at the High School in Glasgow, suggesting ordination. Conscious of the growing numbers of immigrant Episcopalians in the western suburbs of Glasgow, the bishop's intention was to stimulate a new congregation for ‘the wants of the poorer class there’. Evidently D'Orsey was already known to the bishop for he mentions him as pleading ‘with your usual eloquence’ the cause of the Episcopalian Church Society, which would raise part of the £80 stipend. Russell envisaged that D'Orsey would work in this new congregation for a year or two until something more worthy of the young man's talents came up. D'Orsey wrote stating that the proposal was attractive, not least because it was a congregation which would primarily be comprised of the ‘humbler classes’. He would continue in his present work and undertake the congregational duties part-time. His present income made it preferable to refuse the stipend, suggesting that it should go to augment the livings of poorer clergy. As a new priest D'Orsey went on to create the congregation that eventually became St John's, Anderston, and to become embroiled with Russell's successor, Bishop Walter Trower, over ritualism in the parish. The deposit of D'Orsey's correspondence with these two bishops in the National Library of Scotland provides the opportunity for a localised insight into the emergence of Episcopalian ministry to the poor in nineteenth-century Scotland's most industrialised city, and to the connection of such ministry with ritualism.
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Marshall, Jonathan. "The changing sociolinguistic status of the glottal stop in northeast Scottish English". English World-Wide 24, n.º 1 (9 de maio de 2003): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.1.06mar.
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The spread of the glottal stop as a variant of /t/ in British English has been well documented in the recent literature (Macafee 1994; Macaulay and Trevelyan 1973; Stuart-Smith 1999; Kerswill and Williams 2000; Fabricius 2002). The origins of this feature are not easy to pinpoint, and some theories (Macafee 1997, for example) even point to Glasgow, though not without controversy. It is, nevertheless, spreading rapidly throughout Scotland in predictable patterns along the lines of social class, age and sex (Macaulay 1991; Stuart-Smith 1999; Romaine 1982). This paper presents some of the findings from a recent study of pronunciation changes in rural Aberdeenshire (north-east Scotland). The data confirm the spread of the glottal stop in this area in apparent time. In addition to this, there is an interesting pattern visible. While all of the other phonetic variables in this study show remarkable similarity of patterning across age, the glottal stop shows a different distribution. I argue that the reason for this has to do with its status as an incoming variant which is not a Scottish Standard English form, and that the groups which resist it and those which adopt it are predictable from the results of sociolinguistic research elsewhere in Britain.
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Newton, J. Timothy, Alison C. Williams e Elizabeth J. Bower. "Inequalities in the Provision of NHS Primary Care Dental Services in Scotland in 2004". Primary Dental Care os14, n.º 3 (julho de 2007): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/135576107781327098.
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Objective To assess inequalities in the provision of National Health Service (NHS) primary care dental services between Health Boards and the four provider groups (General Dental Service [GDS] non-specialist, GDS salaried, specialist working in primary care, Community Dental Service [CDS]) in Scotland. Methods A postal questionnaire survey of all dentists (N=2852) registered with the General Dental Council at an address in Scotland was undertaken. The following were assessed: the proportion of primary care dentists not accepting new children/adults for NHS care or using a waiting list, the proportion of dentists working in wheelchair-accessible surgeries, furthest distance travelled by patients to primary care surgery in an average week, waiting time for routine NHS treatment, and the proportion of dentists offering weekend or evening appointments to NHS patients. Data were analysed by Health Board and the four provider groups. Results A total of 2134 (74.8%) completed questionnaires were returned. One thousand, five hundred and seventy-seven dentists (73.9%) of the respondents were providing NHS primary care dental services for at least part of each week. There was a wide variation in the provision of NHS primary care dental services between Health Boards. Borders, Dumfries and Galloway, and Grampian performed poorly on most indicators, whereas Lanarkshire, Greater Glasgow, and Argyll and Clyde generally performed well. The CDS scored well on most indicators of service provision. There were problems with the provision of specialist dental services in primary care, and GDS services provided by Health Boards. Conclusions Because the problem issues differed between Health Boards and the four provider groups, it is likely that both local and national solutions are required to improve the provision of services. Further research on service demand is required to confirm the apparent inequalities in provision suggested by the study.
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Law, Alex, e Gerry Mooney. "‘We’ve never had it so good’: The ‘problem’ of the working class in devolved Scotland". Critical Social Policy 26, n.º 3 (agosto de 2006): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018306065607.
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McBurney, Sandy, e Neil Davidson. "Marxism and the National Question in Scotland: Economic Crisis, Social Radicalisation and the Working Class". Critique 43, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2015): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2015.1051762.
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Stevenson, David. "Four Hundred Years of Freemasonry in Scotland". Scottish Historical Review 90, n.º 2 (outubro de 2011): 280–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2011.0037.
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Scotland has the oldest masonic lodges and the oldest masonic records in the world, predating their English counterparts by over a century. Yet freemasonry is usually neglected by social and cultural historians, partly, it may be, through ignorance and negative stereotypes of the movement and partly through the excessive secrecy of freemasons in the past. It is the purpose of this paper to survey the movement's development and indicate the many aspects of ‘the Craft’ that could prove rich subjects for research. Scottish lodges began as organisations of stonemasons but, at first slowly, began to admit men from other crafts and men of higher social status. This process accelerated fast after the foundation of a Grand Lodge in London in 1717: freemasonry became fashionable. But though many lodges came to be dominated by men of high status, many others remained – and remain – skilled working class in membership.